i.

One-Dimensional

flow;

Flow field variables such as pressure, Velocity and density are

functions of x only,
P = p(x),

u = u(x)

Stream tube of such flow must be a constant area

A = constant
X, p, T, u = f(x)

Quasi-one dimensional
A = A(x)

At boundary of stream tube, velocity must be tangent to boundary but velocity in

y &r -directions can be neglected as compared with u(x)
In such case flow field Variables can be assumed to vary with x only

II.3, Energy Equation

Physical principle
Conservation of energy.
Energy can neither be created nor be destroyed but can be transformed from one
form to other
First law of Thermodynamics.

Heat added to system + work done by surrounding on system =change in internal

energy.

Fluid model;
Consider a fixed finite control volume in space through which fluid element passes.

When we apply first law of thermodynamics on fluid model.

Rate of heat added in c.v. from surroundings (B 1)+ Rate work done on fluid inside
c.v.(B2)
= Rate of change of
energy of fluid passer c.v.( B3)
Rate of volumetric heat=

qdv

Viscous heat addiction= Q

viscous

Rate of work on moving fluid due to pressure= p . ds . V

f x dv . V

Rate of work done on fluid due Body forces=

V2
(
p
V
.
ds
)
e+
Net rate of flow d total energy across control surface=
2

Time rate of change of total energy inside v due =

to transient variation
B1 =

qdv+Qvis

B2 = p ds . v + pfdv V

B3 =

e+

V
dv
2

( pv . ds )

e+

V
2

B1+B2 = B3 =>

qdv+Qvis

pfdvV pds . v

V2
e+
dv

t
2

dv e+
=

V2
V2
+ ( pv . dv ) e+
2
2

This is called energy equation.

ii. Momentum equation;

Physical principle; F= ma
Newtons seconds law.
surface force (pressure, shear stress)
Forces
Body force
(force acts at a distance from body ie,
Electromagnetic force, gravity force)

F=

pds

Ma =

p V ds . v

fdv

+ t

+ Fvis

( dv ) . V

On direction

pds

pds

fdv

+ Fvis =

. dv

On X- component

p V ds . v

( V dv )
+ t

Gradient theorem.

p
u
dv+ f x dv +f x = ( vds ) u+
dv
x
t

For momentum equation in point:

( vds ) u=

v ( puv ) dv

( u )
p
+ f x + f x vis=v . ( pvu )+
x
t

ii. i. Continuity eqn;

Physical principle;
Net mass flow coming out of control volume through surface s= time rate of
decrease of mass inside control volume v

( dv )
t

pV ds=

pV ds +
=>

( p V ) +

( dv )=0
t

( dv )=0
t

.(

Discussion;

So far we have derived continuity, momentum and energy equation. In that flow
variables are ,p,v, & e for incompressible flow p is known, But for compressible
flow is a unknown so ,we have system of equation consists of
4unknow,3equation,which is not a determinant form
To solve, we need additional equation,

e = c vT
So to find T,

State equations.

P = RT

Now the system is in conical form

On applying continuity equation,

( +d )(a+da) =

a+ da+adp+dda= a
On neglecting small value dda

a+ da+ad

da = -ad
a=

da
d

From Momentum equation for steady, in viscid,

P,+ a2 = (p+dp)+( +d )(a+da)2, on expanding,
O = dp+ da2+ 2(a)(da)+d a2+d
O = dp+2ada+a2d
d a

(2a)(da)+d da2

on applying s in *

= - x

2 a

dp+ a2 d

2a
dp

dp = dp +

dp

dp
d
a

For isentropic relations,

p1

= 1
p2
2

( )( )
P =c

dp
p
=c . 1= . . p 1
d

( dpd ) = p

=> RT

So for isentropic flow

a=

RT

Hence speed of sound through medium depends upon temperature alone.

II.6 Area Mach number relation

Governing equation for Quasi-one-dimensional flow continuity equation
for steady, quasi one-dimensional flow,

u1A1 =

u2A2

u A = constant

On logarithmic differentiation

d dv dA
+ + =0

v A
dA dv d
=

A
v

dA dv
d v
=
1

A
v
dv

From Eulers eqn.

dp = - vdv =>

dp
V

(d ) v
dA dv
=
1+
v
A
v
dp

dA dv
=
A
v

= - dv

v2
1
dp
d

(( ) )

For adiabatic, in viscid ie., isentropic flow without shock

dp
dp

=a2
d
d s

( )( )

and

V2
2
=M
2
a

dA dv
= ( M 21 )
A
v
Area velocity relation
Conclusion, so for supersonic speed C D Nozzle is required.

Case(i)
For M <1. i.e., subsonic and convergent

dA dv
= ( M 21 )
A
v
-Ve +Ve

dv
v

is positive, which

-Ve

Implies that it is a nozzle.

(ii) For M>1 ie., supersonic and convergent

dA dv
= ( M 21 )
A
v
-Ve

is diffuser and vice versa

+Ve

Nozzle Flows:
Consider a duct as show in figure.

Assume that sonic flow exist at throat where A is A *,M* & u* =a* are flow
and geometric characteristics, similarly M,u,a are Mach number, velocity and speed
of sound at section
On Relating section 1 & 2 with continuity equation
*u*A*= uA

A u
=
A u

A u p po u
=
.
=

A
u o u

From isentropic Relation ( there is shock we can justify the flow as isentropic )

po
1 2
= 1+
M
p
2

1
1

At M = 1 ; p =>

p o +1
=

( )

1
1

Consider a point in a subsonic flow Where the local static temperature is T. At

this point, imagine the flow is accelerated adiabatically to sonic condition then the
properties are M*, u, a*,T*, called characteristic flow properties.

Remember a* is value of speed of sound at sonic conditions not actual local value.

+1
M
(
2 )
u
M=
=
a
1
1+(
M
)
2
2

A 2 p
=
po
A

a
u

po
p

( ) ( )( )( )

2
1

2
2 1

M )
( 2+1 ) ( 1+ 1
2

[ (

A 2 1
2
1 2
1+
M
=
2
2
A
M +1

( )
M=

( AA )

1 2
M
2
+1 2
M
2

1+

)]

( +1 )
( 1 )

(i) A<A* is not physically possible isentropic flow.

(ii) A>A* => two solutions of M. Which value M holes depends on pressure at inlet
and exit.
(iii) As A/A* decreases, M increases for subsonic flow in convergent section.
(iv) As A/A* increases, for supersonic flow, M increases.

A
=2
A

=>

M=0.31

M=2.2

ii. Adiabatic, steady state flow equation,

Consider a long cylinder filler with a fluid especially air, and containing piston
is sudden moved to right as shown in fig.

dv
A BCD
since the gas is compressible, the gas molecules in layer A will first compress
those in layer B. These will compress the molecules in layer C and so on. The
process of compression. Is steady and adiabatic process, and propagates to the
right at a finite velocity called sonic speed.
Simply the above piston cylinder system can be replaced with a moving
compression wave as shown in figure. Consider a

Control volume enclosing the wave. The thickness of control volume is unit and
It is perpendicular to the paper, so we are looking only on surface a b c d. The
pressure , velocity and density are approaching the control surface cd The
surface vector ds =dAxn ie,ds is always outward on all surface As the c.v. is
rectangular the Area of ab=cd=A
From continuity equation.

pV ds +

pdv=0
t

Momentum equation.

( p V ds ) . V

( dv ) V
t

p ds

fdv

+ Fvis

Energy equation.

dv e+

V2
= qdv +Qvis+Wvis pvd
2
s
V2

(
)
p V . ds e+ 2 + t

All three equation can be valid for all types of flow ( i.e., viscous or non-viscous,
steady or unsteady, diffusion etc., only assumption involved here is continuum
But the form of continuity momentum and energy equations can be simplified
into simpler form by applying the above moving compressible wave and
rectangular system. our compressible wave is steady ,So

=0
t

And it is adiabatic q=0

In viscid except inside ware =>

Fvis = 0

The face a b and cd are perpendicular to flow and its area is (A)
From 1 =>

dv+ vd s=0
t

As flow is steady

Then

=0
t

vd s=0

For face ab, p=p1 ; V=u1 ; ds = A, p=p1; e=e1;

Direction V points into the control volume
Direction ds point out of the control volume

v.ds = -u1A

(direction of v and ds are opposite to each other)

p.ds = -p1A
For bc face
V and ds are perpendicular to each other
Hence v.ds = 0
Similarly for face cd

= 2 ; V = V ; ds =A ; e = e
2
2
Direction of v point out of control volume
Direction of ds points into the control volume
v.ds = u2.A

( V and ds are in same direction)

p.ds = p2A
Similar to face bc for da
v.ds = 0

v . ds + v . ds=0
Then

v . ds+
v . ds= v . ds+

abcd

ab
=

bc

=-

u1A =

u1 =

cd

(-u1A)+0+

u1A +

da

(u2A)+0 = 0

u2A = 0

u2A

u2

From eqn 2 i.e., Momentum eqn,

( V ds ) . v

( dv ) v
t

pds

fdv

+ Fvis

Recalling flow of compressible wave inside the rectangular control volume is

steady, in viscid, adiabatic

( V ds ) . v

pds

abcd

abcd

( V ds ) . v + ( V ds ) . v+ ( V ds ) . v+ ( V ds ) . v= pds pds pds pds

ab
cd

bc

cd

da

1 ( u1 A ) u1 +O+ 2 ( u2 A ) u 2+O
=-(p1A) -O-O-(p2A)
2

1 u1 A + 2 u 2 A= p 1 Ap 2 A
On dividing by A on both sides,

p1+ 1 u12= p 2+ 2 u22

From Energy equation,

( pds ) v + fdv +Qvis +W vis

dv=

( v . ds )

e+

V2

+
2
t

For stead, in viscid, adiabatic flow

( v . ds )

e+

V2
= ( pds ) v
2

da

ab

bc




+ =
+
+

ab

bc

cd

da
2

ab

bc

cd
2

u
u
1 ( u1 A ) e1 + 1 +O+ 2 ( u2 A ) e 2+ 2
2
2

da

=-(p1Au1) -O-(p2Au2)+0

u12
u22
1 u 1 e 1+
+ 2 u2 e 2+
=p 1 u1 p2 u2
2
2

) (

p1u1 on both sides

1 u 1 e 1+

u1
u
+ p1 u 1=p 2 u2 + 2 u2 e 2 + 2
2
2

On dividing by

1 u 1=2 u 2 ie., continuity eqn

u1 2 p1 p 2
u2 2
e 1+ + = +e 2+
2 1 2
2

e 1+

u12
u2
+ p1 1=p 2 2 +e 2+ 2
2
2
h=e + p

From definition of enthalphy,

u12
u22
h1 + =h2+
2
2

Eqns. ,& are called adiabatic steady and inviscid flows continuity
momentum and energy equations.