FRAME

WORK

A FRAMEWORK
PRESENTS THE
THEORETICAL
FOUNDATION
OF YOUR
RESEARCH

A framework is a logical structure of meaning that

guides the study.

"All frameworks are based on the identification of

key concepts and the relationships among those
concepts. A framework can be derived from
concepts or existing theories.

Theory based on observation; it

uses the inductive method by
observing scenarios then looking
at patterns to derive universal
principles. The analysis is not
set up to confirm or disconfirm
specific hypotheses.

KINDS OF
FRAMEWORK

THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK
-

WHY A CHOSEN
THEORY BEST
INFORMS THE
RESEARCH

Theorys author/s and historical roots, original

context, and history
Includes a literature-based critique of the theory
Thorough research of the theorys evolution itself
and a comprehensive analysis of its concepts and
arguments
If multiple theories, each one should be discussed
and its integration

THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK
shapes the justification of the research problem/research objectives
in order to provide the legal basis for defining its parameters. It is
desirable for an investigator to identify key concepts that are used in the
study for better understanding of the role of theory in research."

THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK
A collection of interrelated concepts/theories that guide the research
(what you look for, the variables, the relationships, the boundaries of
interaction, the methodology).

THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK
Maxwell calls the theoretical framework a coat
closet or a spotlight.

THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK
adds that this type of framework is more formal and is used
for studies based on existing theories; also, it is "derived from specific
concepts and propositions that are induced or deduced."

THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK
list the following steps to writing a
theoretical framework:
1. In one sentence: what is the concern you are investigating?
2. Brainstorm on the key variables in our research.
3. Read and review related literature on your topic.
4. Identify key authors in this field.
5. List constructs and variables. In a quantitative study, list dependent/
independent variables.

THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK
6. Consider how the variables relate to the theory. Explain the connection.
7. Use keywords from your research to find more theories/to find the most
appropriate one.
8. Discuss the assumptions/propositions of its theory as well as its
relevance to your research. Consider alternative theories that may
challenge your perspective. Know the limits of your theory/gaps in the
research.

KINDS OF
FRAMEWORK

CONCEPTUAL
SOUNDNESS OF HOW A
CONCEPT AS ORIGINALLY
DEFINED BY ITS AUTHOR
TRANSLATES INTO THE
CURRENT EFFORT

FRAMEWORK

CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK
CONCEPT

the name for an object

or phenomena.

CONSTRUCT

a concept "at very high

levels of abstraction that
have general meanings."

A CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK
HAS CONCEPTS PLACED IN A
LOGICAL AND SEQUENTIAL
DESIGN AND "REPRESENTS
LESS FORMAL STRUCTURE
AND [IS] USED FOR STUDIES
IN WHICH EXISTING THEORY
IS INAPPLICABLE OR
INSUFFICIENT."

CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK
called
concepts the building blocks of theory or elements representing "classes
of phenomena within the field of study." (p. 52)

ex. for a theory on juvenile delinquency, concepts involve juvenile and

delinquency, as well as peer group, social class, ethnicity, and perhaps
school performance.

CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK
VARIABLE

"A variable is a special kind of

concept... [it] comprises a set of
attributes."

CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK
: it "shows the relationship of different constructs that
a researcher wants to investigate." His steps to constructing a
conceptual framework are the following:
1. Cite your conceptual framework or paradigm.
2. Identify your variables.
3. Point out the dependent and intervening variables.
4. Show the direction of the study.

CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK
also offers tips on how to write a conceptual
framework:
1. Do a review of related literature.
2. Create a flow chart to diagram your variables,
or you can write a narrative presenting your variables and hypothesis.

KINDS OF
FRAMEWORK

OPERATIONAL FRAMEWORK
OPERATIONALIZES
THE VARIABLES
IN THE THEORY/
CONCEPTS USED
IN TF AND CF

Specific measures for the measures

Must match the components of the
research instrument

OPERATIONAL FRAMEWORK
According to
operationalization "literally
means the operations involved in measuring a variable." (p. 53)
ex. operationalizing delinquency means stating that delinquency in the
context of your study means "being arrested of a crime". For another
study, it can mean "being convicted of a crime", or something else.

CONNECTING ALL THREE TYPES

As opposed to the TF which works with general names for the
variables, the CF specifies the variables.
TF: Stimulus elicits response
CF: New teaching method improves students' academic performance.

CONNECTING ALL THREE TYPES

In addition, an OF would operationalize which variables
correspond to the concepts in the CF.
TF: Technological determinism-->Marketing-->People
CF: Internet-->Advertising-->Students
OF: Facebook-->Facebook Advertising-->UP Cebu students

INTEGRATED
THEORETICAL
FRAMEWORK

PUTTING TOGETHER
THEORIES
(TRIANGULATION)
AND EXPLAINING
HOW THEY ALL
WORK TOGETHER.

TRIANGULATION
It is used to enrich a research and make it more
comprehensive/develop richer understanding of the study.

TRIANGULATION
four reasons for triangulation
1. Enriching the study
2. Refuting a hypothesis generated by another set of options
3. Confirming the hypothesis of another set of options
4. Explaining findings of another set of options

TRIANGULATION
1. Methods triangulation- quali + quanti in a study; different data
collections
2. Sources triangulation-different points in time, public + private
settings, different POVs
3. Analyst triangulation-using multiple analysts to get multiple ways to
see the data NOT to get a consensus
4. Theory/perspective triangulation-multiple perspectives to interpret
data

TERMS THAT ARE

USED DIFFERENTLY
FROM THEIR
DICTIONARY
DEFINITIONS.

DEFINITION
OF TERMS

STATEMENT OF THE HYPOTHESIS

"guides the researcher
in that it describes the
procedure to follow in
conducting the study...
what to do and how to
go about solving the
research problem."

- includes quantitative
studies that involve
statistical analysis
- each hypothesis must
be introduced by an
explanatory paragraph

TYPES OF HYPOTHESES
Null hypothesis

Alternative Hypothesis

denial of existence of a trait,

value, correlation, etc.; stated in
negative form.

affirms a correlation or existence of a

phenomena; stated in the positive form

There is no correlation between jobrelated problems and job performance

of staff nurses in the city and province
of Iloilo, Philippines.

There is a correlation between job-related

problems and job performance of staff nurses
in the city and province of Iloilo, Philippines.

RELATING THEORIES
Axioms or postulates

The following are fundamental assertions taken to be true, on which

a theory is grounded. In a theory of juvenile delinquency, we might
begin with axioms such as 'Everyone desires material comforts' &
"The ability to obtain material comforts legally is greater for the
wealthy than the poor.

RELATING THEORIES
Epistemology

Epistemology -defined by
as the science of knowing
(as opposed to methodology, which is the science of finding out)

END