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15 Viscoelastic Composites
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Table 15.1. Complex Youngs modulus, creep, and relaxation of composite material
determined from Youngs modulus of such material. Examples are composites made
of components exhibiting Power law viscoelasticity. [ ]P and [ ]S mean that E, b, and
in [ ] are subscripted as indicated
Youngs Modulus Analogy Youngs Modulus
Example
1 + 2 J () 1 cos(t) d; J = EI
C(t) = E
I
I
2
|EC |
0
2
R(t) = E
EI ()
Table 15.2. Internal stress from external load on, and eigenstrain/stress in composite material determined from analogy Youngs modulus of such material
A
A
A
Internal Stress from Ext-Load (eA = E A /E A
S ; n = EP /ES )
1/eA 1
(t) cP (t)
P (t) = 1c L1
; S (t) =
1c
1/nA 1
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15 Viscoelastic Composites
where FELAST and F are the elastic and viscoelastic solutions respectively
to the problem considered. EPEFF and ESEFF are the effective Youngs moduli
explained in Sect. 14.3.1. Load (stress or strain) is denoted by P . In another
formulation the method was first suggested by Ross [158] as an easy way of
estimating the stress distribution in a composite structure made of concrete
and steel. An example of applying (15.1) in a composite analysis is explained
in (15.2). The elastic composite stiffness, E, is converted to the creep function
of the counterpart viscoelastic composite.
1
C(t) EFF with E EFF = E EPEFF , ESEFF where E = E(EP , ES ) (15.2)
E
Remark: The quality of composite solutions obtained by the composite
E EFF -method depends on the quality of EPEFF and EEFF
considered in Sect.
S
14.3.1. The load restrictions explained in this section must hold for each phase
also on a composite level. The authors (tentative) experience with respect
to the quality of E EFF -estimates is the following:
Estimates of reasonable accuracy can be obtained for the material properties, creep functions, creep stresses, eigenstress/strain properties. To get
a similar level of accuracy for estimated relaxation functions, it might be
necessary to determine this function numerically from the creep function
using the basic (14.2).
In general, estimates of reasonably high accuracy can be expected in any
analysis when composites are considered where both components have Power
Law viscoelasticity with b < 1/3.
These statements are based on testing the composite E EFF -method on composites such as Maxwell materials mixed with elastic spheres, mixtures of two
materials exhibiting Power Law creep, and layered composites made of two
Maxwell materials.
Approximate Inversion Method
It is tempting (see Sect. 14.3.1) to use this method when problem solutions are
formulated by their Laplace transformed as they are in Tables 15.1 and 15.2:
Multiply the Laplace transformed solution with s and then replace s with /t.
The inversion parameter , however, has to be estimated as some composite
average of inversion parameters applying to phases P and S. In the authors
opinion this feature disqualifies, in practice, the approximate inversion method
to be better than the plain EEFF -method. In any case, more research has to
be made on this matter.
15.2 Applications
Some examples are presented in this section, which illustrate how the analysis of viscoelastic composites just explained in Sect. 15.1 works on various