Physic PDF

READINGMODULEFORSPM2013
SMKMERBAUMIRISARAWAK
PART1:MASTERINGTHEDEFINITION
PHYSICSTERM
Physicalquantity
Basequantity
Derivedquantity
Scalarquantity
Vectorquantity
Distance
Displacement
Speed
DEFINITION
FORM4CHAPTER1INTRODUCTIONTOPHYSICS
Isaquantitythatcanbemeasured.
Isaquantitythatcannotbedefinedinothertermsofphysicalquantities.
EXAMPLE/QUESTION
Isaquantitythatcanbedefinedinothertermsofphysicalquantitiesbyeithermultiplication
ordivisionorboth.
Isaquantitywithmagnitudeonly.
Example:distance,speed,time,mass,temperature
Isaquantitywithbothmagnitudeanddirection.
Example:displacement,velocity,acceleration,force
FORM4CHAPTER2FORCESANDMOTION
Isthetotallengthbetweentwopoints.
Measuretheactuallength.
Isthetotallengthbetweentwopointsatcertaindirection.
Measuretheshortcutlength
Distance
Istherateofchangeofdistance.
Speed=
Time taken
Unitofspeedisms1.
Velocity
Istherateofchangeofdisplacement.
Velocity,v=
Displacement
Time taken
Unitofvelocityisms1.
Acceleration
Istherateofchangeofvelocity.
Acceleration,a=
Change of velocity
Time taken
Unitofaccelerationisms2.
Anda=
Inertia
Momentum
Principleofconservationof
momentum
Impulse
v-u
No formula as it is not a physical quantity that can be

measured.
BUTinertiadependsonthemass.Biggermasshasbigger
inertia.
Momentum,p=mvm=mass,v=velocity
Unitofmomentumiskgms1
Statesthatinclosedsystem,totalmomentumbeforecollisionisequaltothetotal Elastic:m1u1+m2u2=m1v1+m1v2
momentumafterthecollisionsuchthatthetotalmomentumisconserved.
Inelastic:m1u1+m2u2=(m1+m1)v
Explosion:0=m1v1+m1v2
Isthechangeofmomentum.
Impulse=FtF=force,t=time
Impulse=mvmu
Unitofimpulseiskgms1
Isthetendencyofobjecttoresistthesuddenchangeactingonthesystem
OR
Isthetendencyofobjecttoremainatrestifrestorcontinuetomovewithuniform
velocityinstraightlineifmovingunlessexternalforceactingonit.
Istheproductofmassandvelocity.
http://edu.joshuatly.com/
http://fb.me/edu.joshuatly
PHYSICSTERM
Impulsiveforce
DEFINITION
Istherateofchangeofmomentum.
EXAMPLE/QUESTION
Impulsiveforce,F=
mv - mu
Unitofimpulsiveforceiskgms2
Shorterimpacttime,biggerimpulsiveforce.
Force
Istheproductofmassandacceleration.
Force,F=mam=mass
a=acceleration
Unitofforceiskgms2orNewtonorN
Newtonsfirstlawofmotion Statesthatabodycontinuesinstateofrestoruniformvelocityinstraightlineunless Alwaysreferredtoinertiacondition!!
acteduponbyanexternalforce.
Newtonssecondlawof
States that the rate of change of momentum of moving object is directly Alwaysreferredtocollisionsystems!!
motion
proportionaltoandinthesamedirectionastheforceactingonit.
Newtonsthirdlawof
States that if one body exerts a force on another, there is an equal but opposite Alwaysreferredtoactionandreaction!!
motion
forcecalledreactionexertedonthefirstbodybythesecond.
(Ihitballaction)
(Theballcausesmyhandpainreaction)
Energy
Istheabilityofdoingwork.
Workdone
Istheproductofforceanddisplacementwhichisparalleltothedisplacementofthe Workdone,W=Fs[noangle]
object.
Workdone,W=Fscos[ifangle]
F=force
s=displacement
UnitofworkdoneisJouleorJ
Potentialenergy
Istheenergypossessedbytheobjectduetoitspositionorlocation.
Potentialenergy,Ep=mgh
m=mass
g=gravityvalue=10ms2
h=height
UnitofpotentialenergyisJoule
Kineticenergy
Istheenergypossessedbytheobjectduetoitsconditionofmovement.
Kineticenergy,Ek=mv2
m=mass
v=velocity
UnitofkineticenergyisJoule
Principleofconservationof Statesthatinaclosedsystem,theenergycannotbecreatedordestroyedbutitcan
energy
be changed from one form to another form that is the total energy is being
conserved.
PHYSICSTERM
Power
DEFINITION
EXAMPLE/QUESTION
Istherateofworkdone.
Power,P=
WorkDone
Time
OR
Power,P=
Energy
Time
UnitofpowerisWattorW
Efficiency
Istheratioofoutputworkdonetotheinputenergysuppliedbythesystem.
Hookeslaw
Statesthattheextensionofspringisdirectlyproportionaltotheforceactingonit Force,F=kx
suchthattheelasticlimitisnotexceeded.
k=forceconstant
x=extensionofspring
Fistotheweightofobjectwhereweight=massx10
Is the ability of an object to resume to its original state once the applied force is
removed.
Istheforceperunitlengthofextension.
k=F/x
UnitofspringconstantisNm1
FORM4CHAPTER3FORCESANDPRESSURE
Istheforceactingnormallytothesurfaceperunitarea.
Pressure,p=F/A[ifsolid]
F=force
A=area
UnitofpressureisNm2orPascalorPa
OR
Pressure,p=hg[ifliquid]
h=depth
=densityofliquid
UnitofpressureisNm2orPascalorPa
OR
Pressure,p=76cmHg+unbalance[mercury]
Isthepressureexertedbytheatmosphereonthesurfaceoftheearth.
Elasticity
Springconstant
Pressure
Atmosphericpressure
Efficiency,e=
OutputWork
x100%
InputEnergy
PHYSICSTERM
Pascalsprinciple
DEFINITION
States that in enclosed system, the applied pressure will be transmitted equally to
everypartofthefluidandalsotothewallofthecontainer.
EXAMPLE/QUESTION
F1 F2
=
A1 A2
AndA1d1=A2d2
A=area
d=distancemoved
Achimedesprinciple
Statesthatwhenanobjectisimmersedpartiallyorwhollyintoafluid,theweightof Buoyantforce,F=Vg
water being displaced due buoyant force is equal to the weight of object being =densityofliquid
immersed.
V=Immersedvolumeoftheobject
UnitofbuoyantforceisNewtonorN
Bernoullisprinciple
Statesthataregionwhereexperienceshighairspeedwillhaslowairpressureand Highspeedlowpressure
viceversa.
Lowspeedhighpressure
FORM4CHAPTER4HEAT
Thermalequilibrium
Isaconditionwheretwoobjectsincontacthavethesametemperatureandthereis
nonettransferofheatbetweentwoobjects.
Heat
Isaformofenergy.
Temperature
Isthedegreeofhotnessofanobject.
Specificheatcapacity
Istheamountofheatrequiredtoincreasethetemperatureof1kgobjectby1C Heat,H=mc
withoutchangeinphysicalstate.
m=mass,c=specificheatcapacity,=riseintemperature
UnitofheatisJouleorJ
Lowspecificheatcapacityfastergettinghot
Highspecificheatcapacityslowergettinghot
Waterisagoodcoolingagentasithashighspecificheat
capacity
Meltingpoint
Isthemaximumtemperaturepointthatcanbesustainedbytheobjectbeforethe Highmeltingpointcanwithstandhightemperature
objectstartstomelt.
beforeitgetsmelt
Boilingpoint
Isthemaximumtemperaturepointthatcanbesustainedbytheobjectbeforethe
objectstartstoboil.
Specificlatentheatoffusion Is the amount of heat required to change the 1 kg object physically from solid to Heat,H=mLf
liquidwithoutthechangeintemperature.
m=mass
Lf=specificlatentheatoffusion
Specificlatentheatof
vapourisation
Is the amount of heat required to change the 1 kg object physically from liquid to Heat,H=mLv
steamwithoutthechangeintemperature.
m=mass
Lv=specificlatentheatofvapourisation
PHYSICSTERM
Boyleslaw
Charleslaw
DEFINITION
Statesthatforafixedmassofgas,thepressureofgasisinverselyproportionaltoits
volumesuchthatthetemperatureofgasiskeptconstant.
Statesthatforafixedmassofgas,thevolumeofgasisdirectlyproportionaltoits
absolutetemperaturesuchthatthepressureofgasiskeptconstant.
EXAMPLE/QUESTION
P1V1=P2V2
P=pressure,V=volume
V1 V 2
=
T1 T2
V=volume,T=temperaturemustbeinunitKelvin
T=(+273)K
Pressurelaw
Snellslaw
Mirror
Lens
Refractiveindex
Statesthatforafixedmassofgas,thepressureofgasisdirectlyproportionaltoits P1 P2
=
absolutetemperaturesuchthatthevolumeofgasiskeptconstant.
T1 T2
P=pressure,T=temperaturemustbeinunitKelvin
T=(+273)K
FORM4CHAPTER5LIGHT
Statesthattheangleofincidence,angleofreflectionandthenormaltothesurface
all lie in the same plane such that the angle of incidence is equal to the angle of
reflection.
Isanobjectwithonlyonesideoffocus/viewwhereitwillreflecttheincidentray.
Isanobjectwithtwosidesoffocus/viewwhereitallowstherefractionoflight.
sin i
Istheratioofsineofincidenceangletothesineofrefractedangle.
Refractiveindex,n=
sin r
imustbeinairandrinmedium
Apparentdepth
Realdepth
Isthedistanceofthevirtualimagefromthesurfaceofthewater.
Isthedistanceoftherealobjectfromthesurfaceofthewater.
Criticalangle
1
Is defined as the angle of incidence in the denser medium when the angle of
Refractiveindex,n=
refractioninthelessdensemediumis90.
sin c
c=criticalangle
Statesthatwhentheangleofincidenceisfurtherincreasesothatitisgreaterthan Example:mirage,opticalfibre
thecriticalangle,thenthelightisnolongerrefractedbutitisreflectedinternally.
Isapointwherealltherayswillfocusat.
IsthedistancebetweenthecentreofthelenswiththeprincipleF.
Isthereciprocalofthefocallengthofalens.
Poweroflens,P=1/f
f=focallength(mustconverttounitmetre)
UnitofpoweroflensisDioptreorD
Formulaoflens: 1 + 1 = 1
Totalinternalreflection
Focalpoint
Focallength,f
Poweroflens
Refractiveindex,n=
Real Depth
Apparent Depth
u=objectdistance,v=imagedistance,f=focallength
Imagemagnification,m=v/u
PHYSICSTERM
Wave
Transversewave
DEFINITION
EXAMPLE/QUESTION
FORM5CHAPTER1WAVES
Isthevibrationoroscillationofparticlewhichtransfersenergywithouttransferring
matterandthesevibrationsarerepeatedperiodically.
Is a wave where the direction of vibrations of particles is perpendicular to the Anytypesofwavesexceptsoundwave!!
propagationofwave
Forexample:electromagneticwave,light,waterwave
#producecrestsandtroughs
Longitudinalwave
Isawavewherethedirectionofvibrationsofparticlesisparalleltothepropagation Soundwaveonly
ofwave
#Produceaseriesofcompressionsandrarefactions
Dampedoscillations
Isanoscillationwhereitsamplitudedecreaseswithtimebutthefrequencyremains
constantandthisvibrationwillcometoastop.
Resonance
Is the vibration where is forced frequency is equal to the natural frequency of the
object.
Asoundwhereitdependsonitsamplitude
Asoundwhereitdependsonitsfrequency
Refraction,diffraction,reflectionandinterference
Refractionpassesthrough/seethroughthemedium
frequencyconstant
decreaseinspeed,wavelength(deeptoshalloworlessdensetodenser)
Loudnessofsound
Pitchofsound
Phenomenonofwave
Refraction
Example:Bridgefallsbywindblow
PHYSICSTERM
Diffraction
DEFINITION
Diffractionpassesthroughthegaporhole
frequency,wavelengthandspeedconstant
changeinshapeonlydependsonsizeofgap
EXAMPLE/QUESTION
Wavelengthissmallerthansizeofgap
diffractioneffectislessobvious
strongerenergyofwaveenteringthegap
Wavelengthisbiggerthansizeofgap
diffractioneffectismoreobvious
lesserenergyofwaveenteringthegap
Reflection
Interference
Diffractiongoandreboundedbyshinnysurfaceorreflector
frequency,wavelengthandspeedconstant
changeindirectionofmovingonly
Interferenceresultantofallwaves
AntinodeAlinejoiningalltheconstructivepoints
NodeAlinejoiningallthedestructivepoints
Wavelength,=
ax
D
a=sizeofgap/distancebetweensource
x=distancebetweentwoadjacentbrightfringeOR
distancebetweentwoadjacentdarkfringe
D=distancebetweenthescreenwithgaps
Monochromaticlight
Isonewavelengthoronecolouroflight
Coherent
Samefrequencyandsamephase
Electromagneticspectrum
Isthecontinuousspreadoflightrayintosevencolourswithdifferentwavelengths Gammaray(highfrequency,lowwavelength)dangerous
andfrequencies.
andkillscancercells
#Gamma,Xray,ultraviolet,visiblelight,infrared,microwave,radiowave
Xray(Scanning),ultraviolet(detectforgenote),
infrared(shortdistancelinking),microwave(heatingand
satellite),radiowave(aerial/signalreceiver)
7
PHYSICSTERM
Charge
DEFINITION
FORM5CHAPTER2ELECTRICITY
Isthetotalamountofelectronsflow
EXAMPLE/QUESTION
Charge,Q=nen=numberofelectrons,e=1.67x1019C
Charge,Q=ItI=current,t=timeinseconds
UnitforchargeiscoulomborC
I=Q/t
UnitforcurrentisampereorA
##Lowcurrentifhighresistance!!
Higherresistanceproducemoreheat
morevoltage
lowercurrent
Unitforresistanceisohmor
Current
Istherateofelectronflow
Resistance
Istheoppositionofcurrentflow.
Note:Resistance,R=L/A
Higherresistancehigherresistivity,longerwirelengthbutthinnerwire
Coppergoodconductorofelectricity
Aluminiumgoodaselectriccableascheapandlowrustingrate
Tungstengoodasfilamentbulbasitcanionizeeasilytogiveoutray
Copperveryhighresistanceandthusitisgoodasheatingelement
Is the work done when one coulomb of charge passes from one point to another Voltage,V=IR
point
##Morevoltageifhighresistance!!
##Highvoltagedoesnotmeanhighcurrent!!
##Highvoltagecansayhighresistance!!
States that the potential difference across an ohmic conductor is directly OhmslawmeansV=IR
proportional to its current flow such that the temperature and other physical
quantityarekeptconstant!
##AnytypesofwiresobeyOhmslaw
##Bulbandheatingmaterialsdoesnotobeyohmslaw
Voltage
Potentialdifference
Ohmslaw
Electricalenergy
Totalworkdonetomoveonecoulombofchargeinonesecond
Electricpower
Istherateofelectricenergy
Electricalenergy,E=VIttinsecond
InunitJouleorJ
Power,P=IV=V2/R=I2/R
InunitWattorW
PHYSICSTERM
240V,300W
Fuse
Electromagnet
Righthandgriprule
Flemingslefthandrule
Flemingsrighthandrule
Lenzslaw
Faradayslaw
Inducedcurrent
Thermionicemission
Cathoderayoscilloscope
DEFINITION
EXAMPLE/QUESTION
Means the device is supplied with potential difference of 240 V and releases the 240V,300WV=240
powerat300Joulesinonesecond
P=300
FromP=IV
300=I(240)
I=1.25A
Isanelectriccomponentinstalledinelectricsockettosurgethepowerdownonce Fusemustcangethoteasily
thecurrentisoverloadedbyburningthefuseitself
canbeburnteasily
lowmeltingpoint
highresistanceandproducesheatfast
FORM5CHAPTER3ELECTROMAGNETISM
Istheflowofelectricaroundthecoilofwirewhichproducemagnet
Statethatforacurrentcarryingconductor,thethumbwillpointtothedirectionof
currentflowwhereastherestoffingerwillpointtothemagneticdirection
Statethatwhenthethumb,forefingerandmiddlefingerareextendedattheright Forelectricmotorwhichcarriescurrent
angletoeachothersforsystemwhichcarriescurrent,thenthethumbwillshowthe Thumbdirectionofforce
magnetic force, the forefinger will point to the direction of magnetic field and the Forefingerdirectionofmagnet(fromnorthtosouth)
middlefingerwillpointtothecurrentdirection.
Middlefingercurrentdirection
Statethatwhenthethumb,forefingerandmiddlefingerareextendedattheright Forelectricdynamowhichgenerateelectriccurrent
angle to each others for system generating current, then the thumb will show the Thumbdirectionofforce
magnetic force, the forefinger will point to the direction of magnetic field and the Forefingerdirectionofmagnet(fromnorthtosouth)
middlefingerwillpointtothecurrentdirection.
Middlefingercurrentdirection
States that the direction of induced current is always opposing to the direction determinethedirectionofinducedcurrent
whichproducesthecurrent.
determinethemagneticpole(northorsouth)
Statesthatthemagnitudeofinducedcurrentisalwaysdirectlyproportionaltothe determinethemagnitudeofinducedcurrent
rateofmagneticfluxbeingcutbymovingmagnetinsolenoid
Is the produce of current by movement of magnet bar in solenoid and there is no
physicalcontactbetweenthem
FORM5CHAPTER4ELECTRONICS
Istheprocessofreleasingelectronsfromtheheatedcathode
Moreelectronscanbereleasedif
cathodeisheatedathightemperature
moresurfaceareaisexposedtoheat
typeofmaterialwhichcanproducemoreelectrons
Is a device used to display waveform, measure short time intervals or to measure
thepotentialdifference
PHYSICSTERM
Rectification
Semiconductor
Logicgate
Radioisotopes
Radioactivity
Spontaneous
Random
Halflife
Whatisalpha
Whatisbeta
Whatisgamma
DEFINITION
EXAMPLE/QUESTION
Istheprocessofchangingalternatingcurrenttodirectcurrent
Usediode
Isamaterialwhichhastheconductivitybetweentheconductorandinsulatorandits ptypesemiconductorsilicondopedwithtrivalent
conductivitycanbeimprovedbyincreasingitstemperature.
majoritychargecarrierofhole
ntypesemiconductorsilicondopedwithpentavalent
majoritychargecarrierwhichis
calledelectron
Isgatewhichhasoneormorethanoneinputsbutwithonlyoneoutputandlogic
gatesarereferredtoswitch
FORM5CHAPTER5RADIOACTIVITY
Isunstablesubstancewhichhassameprotonnumberbutdifferentnucleonnumber
Is the spontaneous and random disintegration of unstable substance to become
stablenucleusbyemittingradiationsandhugeenergy
Meanshappenautomaticallybyitselfwithouttriggeredbyanyexternalsourcelike
temperatureorpressure
Meansthereisnowaytotellwhichradioisotopewillundergothedecayprocessand
whenitwillhappen
Isthetimetakenforhalfoftheradioactivesubstancetodisintegrateordecay
Alphaisheliumparticle
Range0fewcm(canbestoppedbypaper)
highionizingpower(canchangethestructureof)
positiveheavychargewithsmalldeflectiontoward
negativeplate
deflectupfromthemagneticfield
lowpenetratingpower
movesstraightin
Betaisafastmovingelectronbeam
Range0fewm(canbestoppedbyaluminiumfoil)
mediumionizingpowerandpenetratingpower
negativelightchargewithbigdeflectiontoward
positiveplate
deflectdownfromthemagneticfield
Gammaisanenergeticelectromagneticray
Range0fewhundredm
(canbestoppedonlybylead)
lowionizingpower
veryhighpenetratingpower(killthe.)
nochargeandnodeflectionneitherinelectricfield
normagneticfield
10
PHYSICSTERM
Nuclearfusion
Nuclearfission
Chainreaction
DEFINITION
EXAMPLE/QUESTION
is the combining of two lighter nuclei to form a heavier nucleus, releasing a vast
amountofenergyduringtheprocess
isthesplittingofaheavynucleusintotwolighternucleiafterthenucleusofanatom 1 n 235U 91Kr 142Ba 3 1 n Energy
0
92
36
56
0
is bombarded with a neutron with the release of a large amount of energy during
theprocess.
isaselfsustainingreactioninwhichtheproductsofareactioncaninitiateanother Theprocessisexpandingandnonstopasthenumberof
similar reaction. For instance, as uranium atoms continue to split, a significant neutronskeepsonmultiplyingwithtime
amountofenergyisreleasedduringeachreaction.Theheatreleasedisharnessed
andusedtogenerateelectricalenergy.
11
PART2:MASTERINGTHEPROBLEMSOLVING[EXPLAININGTHEPROCESS]
1
Diagram1showsthephenomenonofseabreeze.
1st:Betaisusedforpaperdetectionasithasmediumpenetratingpoweranditspenetration
powervarieswiththethicknessofpaper.
2nd:Betaislocatedunderneaththepaper.Theratemeter(GeigerMullertube)whichisconnected
tothesignalgeneratorislocatedabovethepaper.
3rd:Thedetectorismovedalongthepapertodetecttheamountofradioisotopeswhichhas
penetratedthroughthepaper.
4th:Theregionwhereshowshighreadingindicatesthatthepaperisverythinasmostofthe
betacanpenetratethroughit.So,thecompressorwillbetriggeredtostopcompressingthe
paper.
5th:Theregionwhereshowslowreadingwillindicatethatthepaperisverythickasmostofthe
betacannotpenetratethroughit.So,thecompressorwillbetriggeredtocompressthepaper
Diagram1
Using the concept of specific heat capacity, explain how the phenomenon of sea
breezeoccurs.
Answer
Seabreeze
1st:Seabreezehappensduringdaytime.
2nd:Thelandhaslowerspecificheatcapacity
thanthesea.
3rd:Thelandisfastergettinghotthanthe
seawhenexposedtosunlight.
4th:Theairmoleculesatlandarefaster
heatedup.
5th:Thehotairmoleculesatlandwillriseup
andreplacedwithcoolairfromthesea.
6th:Movementofcoolairmoleculesfromthe
seatothelandiscalledtheseabreeze.
Landbreeze[Extranote]
1st:Landbreezehappensduringnighttime.
2nd:Thelandhaslowerspecificheatcapacity
thanthesea.
3rd:Theseaisslowergettingcoldthanthe
seaatnightime.
4th:Theairmoleculesatseaareslowerbeing
cooleddown.
5th:Thehotairmoleculesatseawillriseup
andreplacedwithcoolairfromtheland.
6th:Movementofcoolairmoleculesfromthe
landtotheseaiscalledthelandbreeze.
Diagram2showsarelayusedinanelectricalcircuit.
Diagram2
Explaintheworkingprincipleofrelayswitch.
Answer
Diagram4showsaBunsenburner.
Diagram4
ExplainhowtheBunsenburnercanproduceasmallblueflameorbigyellowreddish
flame.
Answer
Smallblueflame
Whentheairholeisopened,thereisahigh
airspeedflowbetweentheinnerofBunsen
burnerwiththesurroundingair.
AccordingtoBernoullisprinciple,highair
speedwillresultinlowpressureinsidethe
Bunsenburner.
Thislowairpressurecannotpushupthe
flamehighandcausesasmallflame
Theflameisbluebecausethereisa
completecombustionastheairholeis
opened
1st:Theworkingprincipleofrelayswitchisbasedontheelectromagnetconcept.
2nd:Therelayswitchhasthesoftironcoreinsidewiththecoilofwire.
3rd:Whenasmallcurrentflowsintotherelayswitch,thesystemismagnetizedandproduces
magneticforce.
4th:Themagneticforcewillpulltheswitchandcompletethecircuit.
5th:Whenthecurrenttotherelayswitchiscutoff,thesystemisdemagnetizedandtheswitchis
released.
Explain the arrangement of the paper thickness detector apparatus and state how
radioactivityisusedtodetectthethicknessofthepaper.
Explaintheprocessofdetectionofpaperthicknessinfactorywithuseofonenamed
radioisotope.
Answer
12
Bigyellowreddishflame
Whentheairholeisclosed,thereisnoair
speedflowbetweentheinnerofBunsen
burnerwiththesurroundingair.
AccordingtoBernoullisprinciple,lowair
speedwillresultinhighpressureinsidethe
Bunsenburner.
Thishighairpressurecanpushuptheflame
highandresultinbigflame
Theflameisyellowreddishbecausethe
combustionisnotcompleteastheairholeis
closed.
Youaregiventwocoils,P andQ,with100turnsand500turnsrespectively,asolid
coreanda240Va.c.powersupply.Usingallthematerialssuppliedandwiththeaid
oflabeleddiagram,showshowyoucanbuildasimplestepdowntransformer.
Answer
Diagram8.1andDiagram8.2showsanexperimenttostudytherelationshipbetween
thepressureandvolumeofairtrappedinanairtightcontainer.Thepistonsforboth
diagramsarepusheddownslowly.
AsimplestepdowntransformercanbeconstructedusingasoftUshapeironcorewithnumber
ofinputcoilsismorethantheoutputcorewhichisusingana.c.inputvoltageasshownbelow:
Remember:Transformermustuseinputa.cvoltage
Diagram8.1Diagram8.2
Theexperimentaboveisusuallyapplicableifagasexpandsorcompressedslowly.
Whyisthisso?
Answer
Explain how you would go to escape from being chased by a bull based on one
concept.
Answer
1st:TheBoyleslawisapplicableifthetemperatureofthegasisconstant.
2nd:Thegasmustbeexpandedorcompressedslowlyastoreducethecollisionbetweenthe
moleculesofgas.
3rd:Thecollisionofmoleculesincreasethefrictionofmoleculesbetweenthemandthisfriction
willproduceheat.
4th:Iftheheatproduced,thenthetemperatureofthegasisnotconstantalready.
1st:Iwillperformmyruninzigzagdirectionswithnodefinitedirectionofrun.
2nd:Thebullhasbiggermassifcomparedtome.
3rd:Thismeansthatthebullwillhasbiggerinertiaastheinertiadependsonthemass.
4th:Duetoinertia,thebullishardertochangeitsdirectionandwilllosecontrolandfall
Diagram7.1and7.2 showtwoidenticalblockA andblockB hangingbystringX and

string Z. In Diagram 7.1, the string W is given by an increasing gradually of pulling
force.InDiagram7.2,thestringYisgivenbyasharppullandfast.
1st:reducespowerlossduringtransmission
2nd:thesupplyofelectricityismorestableandreliable
3rd:electricitycanbedistributedtodifferentusersaccordingtothevoltagerequirement
4th:maintenanceandrepairworkofpowerstations,cableandpylonscanbedoneatanytime
Diagram7.1:PulledgentlyDiagram7.2:Pulledveryfast
(a) InDiagram7.1,explainwhatwillhappenifthestringW isgivenbyanincreasing
graduallyofpullingforce.
Answer
10
(b) InDiagram7.2,explainwhatwillhappenifthestringWisgivenbyasharppull
andfast.
Answer
IfthestringWisgivenbyasharppullandfast,thestringYitselfwillcrack.
Reason:
IfthestringYisgivenbyasharppullandfast,thestringYwillpossessaninertiawhichwill
tendtoresistthesuddenpullexertingontoit.Asaresult,stringYwillcrack.
Explainwhyaspringiselastic?
Answer
1st:Undernormalcircumstances,thespringhasitsattractiveandrepulsiveforcesbetween
neighbouringatomswhicharebalancingoneanother.
2nd:Whenthespringisstretched,theattractiveforcesbetweenneighbouringatomsactto
againsttheforcethattriestoseparatethem.
3rd:Whenthespringiscompressed,therepulsiveforcesbetweenneighbouringatomsactto
resisttheforcethattriestobringthemtogether.
4th:Itisthecombinedactionoftheattractiveandrepulsiveforcesthatenablethespringto
resumetoitsoriginalshapeandsizewhentheexternalforcethatactsonitisremoved.
IfthestringWisgivenbyanincreasinggraduallyofpullingforce,thestringXwillcrack.
Reason:
ThepullingforcewillbetransferredfromstringWtothestringX.
StringXhastosupportthepullingforceandalsohastosupporttheweightofblockAat
thesametime.So,stringXwillcrack.
Largegeneratorsareusedtogeneratetheelectricitythatwillbeusedinthecountry.
ElectricityisdistributedthroughoutthecountrybytheNationalGridNetwork.
StatefouradvantagesintheuseoftheNationalGridNetworktodistributeelectricity
totheconsumers.
Answer
13
11 A small amount of impurities are normally added into the pure crystal of
semiconductorastoimprovetheconductivityofsemiconductor.
(a) Withaidofdiagram,explainhowyougotoproduceaptypesemiconductor.
Answer
12
1st:Asemiconductorlikessiliconhasfourvalenceelectrons.
2nd:Toproduceaptypesemiconductor,itmustbedopedwithelementwhichhasthree
valenceelectrons.
3rd:Elementwithindiumatomisdopedintothesiliconandproducesanemptyspacein
indiumasshownbelow,
Diagram12 showsthepatternofseawaveswhenapproachingthebeach.
Diagram12
ExplainintermsofthewavephenomenainDiagram12,whythewaterwavesfollow
theshapeofthebeachasitapproachestheshore.
Answer
1st:Whenthewavesrefractfromdeepseatoshallowersea,boththewavelengthandenergy
decrease.
2nd:Therefore,itbecomesweakerandfollowstheshapeofthebeach.
13
4th:Thisemptyspaceiscalledtheholeandbecomethemajoritychargecarriertothe
semiconductor.
5th:Asaresult,thesemiconductorbecomesptypewithmajoritychargecarrierwhichis
calledthehole.
Diagramshowsasoundwaveproducedbyvibrationofatuningfork.Thesoundwave
travelsinair.
WiththehelpofDiagram13,explainhowthesoundwaveisproduced.
Answer
1st:Whenatuningforkvibrates,airmoleculeswillvibrate.
2nd:Whenthetuningforkmovesforwards,theairiscompressed.
3rd:Whenthetuningforkmovesbackwards,theairlayersarepulledapartand
causetherarefaction.
4th:Therefore,aseriesofcompressionandrarefactionswillproducesound.
5th:Thesoundenergyispropagatedthroughtheairarounditintheformofwaves.
11 (b) Withaidofdiagram,explainhowyougotoproducentypesemiconductor.
Answer
1st:Asemiconductorlikessiliconhasfourvalenceelectrons.
2nd:Toproduceantypesemiconductor,itmustbedopedwithelementwhichhasfive
valenceelectrons.
3rd:Elementwitharsenicatomisdopedintothesiliconandproducesanextraelectron
aroundthearsenicasshownbelow,
14
Diagramshowsatransformer.Atransformerisoperatedbasedontheprincipleof
electromagneticinduction.
Explaintheworkingprincipleoftransformer.
1st:Theworkingprincipleoftransformerisbasedonelectromagneticinductionwiththeinput
voltagemustbealternatingcurrent.
2nd:Whenanalternatinginputcurrentflowsinprimarycoil,itinducesamagneticfluxaround
thecoil.
3rd:Thisinducedmagneticfluxwillbeinducedtothesecondarycoil.
4th:Themagnitudeofe.m.f.inducedtothesecondarycoilsdependsonthenumberofsecondary
coilsbesidesthecoreislaminatedorsoftornot.
5th:Thisinducede.m.fwillproduceaninducedvoltageandalsoinducedcurrenttothebulbto
lighton.
4th:Thisextraelectronwillmovefreelyandbecomethemajoritychargecarriertothe
semiconductor.
5th:Asaresult,thesemiconductorbecomesntypewithmajoritychargecarrierwhichis
calledtheelectron.
14
PART3:QUESTIONANSWERORIENTATED[SELECTEDTOPICS]
1
Diagram1.1showsanverniercallipers.
10 11 12
Diagram 2.1 shows a student taking the reading of thermometer at three

differentpositions,P,QandR.
13 14 15
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
Mainscale
Vernierscale
Diagram1.1
Namethephysicalquantitybeingmeasuredbyverniercalipers.
(a)
(b)
(i)
NamethepartlabeledZ.
(ii)
StatethefunctionofpartZ.
(c)
Whatisthesensitivityoftheverniercalipers?
(d)
(a)
(b)
Temperature
Diameter
Tail
Vectorquantity
Whatisthesmallestscaledivisionofthescaleofthethermometerin
Diagram2.1?
(c)
(d)
Whatisthecorrectpositionofthestudenttotakethereadingofthe
scaleofthermometer?
(e)
What is the reading of the thermometer based on your position in

2(d)?
(f)
Explainwhythemercuryisusedinthermometer?
0.01cm
0.1C
Nameonemeasuringinstrumentwhichismoresensitivethanvernier
calipers.
Micrometerscrewgauge
(e)
Whatisthetypeofphysicalquantityyounamein2(a)?Tickthecorrect
answerintheboxprovided.
Scalarquantity
Tomeasurethedepth
Diagram2.1
Namethephysicalquantitybeingmeasuredbythermometer.
AtpositionQ
Diagram1.2showsthereadingoftheverniercaliperswhenthejawsis
closed.
28.7C
Itissensitivetotheheat.
Itdoesnotsticktothewallofcapillarytubeinthermometer.
Itissensitivetowiderangeoftemperature.
Itisagoodheatconductor
Diagram1.2
BasedonDiagram1.2:
(i) Namethetypeoferroroccurred.
(ii)
Nameoneprincipleinvolvedforthemeasuringofthermometer.
(h)
Stateawaytoincreasethesensitivityofthermometerbeingmade?
Makethecapillarytubenarrowerwiththinnerstem.
Statethevalueoftheerror.
(i)
Nameatypeoferrorduetothewrongpositioningofeyesduringscale
reading.
Parallaxerror
Valueis0.03cm[Remember:Negativereadfrombehind]
(g)
Thermalequilibriumconcept
Zeroerror
15
Diagram3.1showsanimageisformedbyacurvedmirror.
(g)
Explain how to use a concave mirror to heat up water in a container

usingsolarenergy.
1st:concavemirrorcanreflecttheparallelsunlight.
2nd:Thereflectedraysareconvergingtofocalpoint
3rd:Thefocalpointisplacedwiththewatertobeheated
(a)
(b)
Diagram3.1
Namethelightphenomenoninvolved.
(h)
Diagram 3.3 shows a microscope. You are given two convex lenses P
andQ,withfocallengthsof20cmand5cmrespectively.Bothofthe
lensesareusedtobuildamicroscope.
Reflection
NamethetypeofmirrorasshowninDiagram3.1.
Convexmirror
(c)
(i)
CompletetheraydiagraminDiagram3.2toshowtheformation
ofimage.
Diagram3.3
Whatismeantbyfocallength?
FocallengthisthedistancebetweenthecentreoflenswiththeprincipalF.
Diagram3.2
Answer
(ii)
(d)
Stateoneuseofthismirrorindailylife
Stateonecharacteristicoftheimageformed.
Distancebetweentheobjectiveand
eyepiecelensmustbebiggerthanthe
sumoffocallengthsofbothlens
Storethemicroscopeatcoolanddryplace
Asmirroratsharpcornerofroad//parkingarea
Asmirrorinsidethesupermarkettoviewunwantedactivitiesofshoplifter
(e)
(f)
Whythismirrorisusedin3(d)insteadofothertypesofmirrors?
Haswiderviewofvision
Whathappentothesizeofimageiftheobjectisplacednearertothe
mirror?
Installoneconcavemirrorunderneaththe
slaid
Sizeofimageincreases
Using an appropriate physics concept, suggest and explain suitable

modifications to enable the microscope to form brighter and clear
image.Yourmodificationscanbeemphasizedonthefollowingaspects:
Theselectionoflensasobjectivelensandasaneyepiece
Thediameterofthelens
Thedistancebetweentheobjectivelensandeyepiece
Conditionoftheplacetostorethemicroscope
.Additionalcomponenttothemicroscope
Answer
Suggestion
Shorterfocallengthasobjectivelens
Longerfocallengthaseyepiecelens
Diameteroflensmustbebig
Upright//Diminished//Virtual
16
Reason
Producebigimagemagnification
Morerefractionoflightsandthusthe
imageisbrightandclearq
Atnormaladjustment
Preventtheactivitiesoffungusonthe
lenses
Thereflectedrayisconvergingtothe
slaid
Diagram 5.4 shows an astronomical telescope to be used to view distant

objects.
(a)
Whatismeantbyfocallength?
(b)
UsingDiagram6.1andDiagram6.2,compare;
(i) Thefocallengthofthelens.
(ii)
(iii) Theheightofimage,h1andh2.
(iv) State the relationship between the object distance and the
heightofimage.
FocallengthisthedistancebetweenthecentreoflenswithitsprincipalF.
Boththelenseshavethesamefocallength.
Diagram5.4
Table5.4showsthecharacteristicsoffourdifferenttelescopes.
Telescope Typeof
Focallengthof
Poweroflens Diameterof
lens
objectivelens
lens
S
Convex
40
10
5.0
T
Concave
10
40
5.0
U
Convex
10
40
2.5
V
Concave
40
10
2.5
Explainthesuitabilityofeachcharacteristicofthetelescopeanddetermine
the most suitable telescope to be used to observe very far object. Give
reasonforyourchoice.
Answer
u1isshorterthanu2.
h1islongerthanh2.
Shortertheobjectdistance,longertheheightofimage.
(v)
(c)
Diagram6.3showsanobject,Oplacedatthefrontofaconcavelensof
focallength2cm.Thelightraysoftheobjectpassingthroughthelens
usingthelightphenomenonin6(b)(ii).
Reason
Thelightisconvergingtoonepoint
Toviewdistantobject
Toproducebigmagnificationofimage
More refraction of lights and thus the
imageisbrighterandclearer
So,thetelescopeSischosenbecauseitusesconvexlens,focal lengthoftheobjectivelensis
long,powerofthelensisbigandthediameterofthelensisbig.
Diagram6.1andDiagram6.2showtwoidenticalobjectslocatedatdifferent
positionsinfrontofidenticalconvexlens.Realimageswithdifferentheight
areproduced.
(i)
Diagram6.3
Sketchraydiagramoftheobjecttoshowanimageisformed.
(ii)
Statethreecharacteristicsoftheimageformed.
(iii) Stateoneuseofconcavelens.
Diagram6.1
Name the light phenomenon that occurs in Diagram 6.1 and

Diagram6.2.
Refraction
Characteristics
Useconvexlens
Focallengthofobjectivelensmustbebig
Poweroflensisbig
Diameteroflensmustbebig
Theobjectdistance,u1andu2.
Upright//Diminished//Virtual
Tomakespectaclelens
Diagram6.2
17
Diagram 7.1 shows a method used to detect leakage of pipes lay

underground. A little radioisotope substance is dissolved in the water that
flowsinthepipes.AGeigerMullertubewhichisconnectedtotheratemeter
is then moved over the pipes according to the layout plan of the
undergroundpipes.
(ii)
Explainyouranswerin7(d)(i).
Alphaispositivechargeandthusdeflectedtonegativeplate.
Betaisnegativechargeandthusdeflectedtopositiveplate.
(iii) Calculatethenumberofparticleandparticlethatemittedin
theThorium234decaysafterwritingthedecayequation.
Answer
234
90
4
0
Th 226
88 Ra +2( 2 He )+2( 1 e )+Energy
So,releasetwoalphasandtwobetas.
Diagram7.1
Table7.1showsthereadingsoftheratemeteratthedifferentlocations.
LocationofGeigerMullerTube A
B
C
D
E
F
Readingoftheratemeter
290 295 284 372 290 216
(countsperminute)
Table7.1
(a) Whatismeantbyradioisotope?
(b)
(c)
Based on Table 7.1, state the location on the pipe where the leakage
takesplace.Statereasonforyouranswer.
Diagram 7.2 shows a nuclide Thorium234,
234
90
Th is placed in a
container.Thorium234nuclidedecaystoanuclideRadium226, 226
88 Ra
byemittingparticleandparticle.
Thoriumnuclide
Bekas
(i)
(v)
(d)
Table7.1showsthecharacteristicsoffiveradioisotopesP,Q,R,SandT.
Radioisotope Halflife Ionizing Radiation
Stateof
power
matter
P
5minutes
Low
Gamma
Liquid
Q
8days
High
Alpha
Solid
R
6hours
Low
Gamma
Liquid
S
5years
Low
Beta
Solid
T
7hours
High
Alpha
Liquid
Table7.1
Asamedicalofficer,youarerequired todeterminethemostsuitable
radioisotopeasaradiotherapytreatmentforabraintumor.Explainthe
characteristicsofallthefiveradioisotopesgivenandthen,choosethe
mostsuitableradioisotopetobeused.Justifyyourchoice.
Answer
Definethemeaningofhalflife.
Reason
Does not give long term effect to the
patientasitdecaysfast
Theionizingpowermustbelow
Does not change the structure of
substantialcells
Usegammaradiation
Has high penetrating power which can
killthecancercells
Stateofmatterisliquid
Easy to put into the area of tumor by
injection
So, the radioisotope P is chosen as its halflife is short, has low ionizing power, use
gammaradiationandisinliquidstate.
Diagram7.2
InDiagram7.2,drawthepathofparticleandparticle.
Answer
Characteristics
Useshorthalflife
Nuklidathorium
Container
Thorium234 has halflife of 20 days and initial mass of 48 g.

CalculatethemassofundecayedThorium234after60days.
Halflifeisthetimetakenforhalfoftheradioactivesubstancetodecay.
LocationDshowstheleakagetakesplace.
Becausesuddenincreaseinthereadingofratemetershowingthattheradioisotopeis
comingoutfromtheleakagetobedetectedbyratemeter.
(iv)
48g24g12g6g
202020
So,massundecayedis20g.
Radioisotope is an unstable nucleus which has same proton number but different
nucleonnumber.
18
Neptunium239( 239
93 Np )has93protonsanddecaystonuclideXwithproton
numberof94.
ThemassofNeptunium=239.04251am.u
massofnuclideX=239.02312a.m.u
Massofelectron=0.00054a.m.u,1a.m.u=1.67x1027kg,
Speedoflight,c=3x108ms1
(a) Whatisthemeaningofprotonnumber?
(b)
Protonnumberisthetotalnumberofprotoncontainedinnucleus.
NametheradiationgivenoutinthedecayofNeptunium239.
Betaparticle
(c)
WritethedecayequationforthedecayofNeptunium239.
239
93 Np
0
239
94 X + 1 e +Energy
(d)
(i)
Statethetypeofnuclearprocessfor8(c).
(ii)
Calculatethemassdefect,inkg,inthisnuclearprocess.
Nuclearfission
Characteristics
Typeofreactionisfission
Halflifeofnuclearfuelmustbelong
Reason
Reactioncanoccuratlowtemperature
Canbeusedforlongertimewiththeleast
ofreplacement
Specificheatcapacitymustbelow
Heatupfaster
Materialofshieldmustbeconcrete
Lessleakageofradiation
So,thedesignRischosenbecauseitstypeofreactionisfission,halflifeofthefuelis
long,specificheatcapacityofgasislowandmaterialoftheshieldisconcrete.
Totalmassbefore=239.04251a.m.u
Totalmassafter=239.02312a.m.u+0.00054a.m.u
=239.02366a.m.u
Totalmassdefect=239.04251a.m.u239.02366a.m.u
=0.01885a.m.u
=0.01885x1.67x1027kg
=3.14795x1029kg
(iii) Calculatethetotalenergyreleasedinthisprocess.
FromEinsteinstheory,E=mc2
So,energy=(3.14795x1029)(3x108)2J
=2.83x1012J
(e)
Diagram 8.1 shows the schematic diagram of a nuclear reactor at a

nuclearpowerstation.
Diagram8.1
Table8.1showsthefourdesignsP,Q,RandSofnuclearreactorwith
differentspecifications.
Design Typeof
Halflifeof
Specificheat
Materialof
reaction nuclearfuel capacityofgas shield
P
Fusion
Long
Low
Brick
Q
Fission
Short
High
Concrete
R
Fission
Long
Low
Concrete
S
Fusion
Short
High
Brick
Table8.1
You are required to determine the most suitable design of nuclear
reactorsothatthenuclearenergycanbeusedefficientlyandsafelyin
the generation of electricity. Determine the most suitable design and
justifyyourchoice.
Answer
(f)
Table8.2showsthecharacteristicsoffourradioisotopesP,Q,RandS.
Radioisotope Halflife Typesof Stateof
Ionising
ray
matter
power
P
7hours Alpha
Solid
High
Q
7years Gamma
Solid
Low
R
10days Gamma Liquid
High
S
8years
Beta
Solid
Low
Table8.2
Asafactoryengineer,youarerequiredtodeterminethemostsuitable
radioisotope that can be used to detect the volume of guava juice in
tin.Determinethemostsuitableradioisotopeandgivethereasonfor
yourchoice.Answer
Characteristics
Reason
Uselonghalflife
Canbeusedforlongertimewithlessrefillmentcost
Usegammaray
Canpenetratethetintosee
Physicalstateissolid
Easytohandle
Ionizingpowerislow
Doesnotchangethetasteofjuiceinside
So,radioisotopeQischosenasitshalflifeisshort,usegammaray,insolidstateand
haslowionizingpower.
19
Diagram9.1andDiagram9.2showmovementsofidenticalbarmagnetinto
thesolenoid withthesameforceastoproduce current.Bothsolenoidsare
madeofsamewireswhichareconnectedtoazerocenteredgalvanometer.
Coilofinsulatedcopperwire
Gegelungdawaikuprumbertebat
Magnet
Magnet
Softironcore
Terasbesilembut
(a) Underline the correct answer in the bracket to complete the sentence
below.
The method of producing current without electrical supply is called
(electromagnet,electromagneticinduction).
(b) OnDiagram9.1andDiagram9.2:
(i) StatethepolarityofregionP.
(ii) Namethelawusedtodeterminethepolarityin9(b)(i).
(c)
BasedonDiagram9.1andDiagram9.2,compare:
(i) Thenumberofturnsofcoils
Diagram9.3
Explainhowthebicycledynamoworkstoproducealternatingcurrent
tolightupthelamp.
1st:Thecoilrotateswithinthemagneticfield.
2nd:Magneticfieldlinescutbythecoil.
3rd:Cutofmagneticfieldlinescausestheinducedcurrentflowinthecircuit
(g)
Diagram9.4showsamovingcoilammeterwhichislesssensitive.
Northpole
Lenzslaw
Diagram9.4
Explainhowyouwoulddesignamovingcoilammeterthatcanfunction
better.Inyourexplanation,emphasizethefollowingaspects:
NumberofturnsofcoilMaterialofcore
ShapeofthemagnetStiffnessofhairspring
Typeoftheammeterscale
Additionalcomponenttogiveaccuratereading
Answer
NumberofturnsofcoilsinDiagram9.1ismorethaninDiagram9.2
(ii) Deflectionofthepointerofthegalvanometer
DeflectionofpointerofgalvanometerishigherinDiagram9.1thaninDiagram
9.2
(d)
Statetherelationshipbetweenthenumberofturnsofcoilsand
(i) deflectionofthepointerofthegalvanometer
(ii) magnitudeofinducedcurrent
(e)
State what will happen to the deflection of galvanometer if a soft

magnetisused?
(f)
Morenumberofturnsofcoils,moredeflectionofthepointerofgalvanometer
Suggestion
Morenumberofturnsofcoils
Softironcorematerial
Curvemagnet
Lowstiffnessofhairspring
Stripmirrorunderthepointer
Hasadjustmentscrew
Morenumberofturnsofcoils,highermagnitudeofinducedcurrent
Deflectionofgalvanometerwillincrease
Diagram9.3showsacrosssectionofabicycledynamowhichhastwo
magnets with difference pole, a coil of insulated copper wire. The
outputofthedynamoisconnectedtothebicyclelamp.
20
Reason
Increasemagneticfieldstrength
Canbemagnetisedordemagnetizedeasily
Produceradialmagneticfield
Thepointeriseasiertodeflect
Toavoidparallaxerror
Tocorrectthezeroerror
10
Diagram10.1showsthreetransformersX,YandZ.Eachtransformerhasits
own specific number of turns of primary and secondary coils respectively.
Each transformer is connected to 240 V alternating current suppliers. The
output for each transformer is connected to electric filament bulbs in
differentarrangement.
(d)
A student wants to build a simple transformer. Table 10.1 shows the

characteristicoffourcores.
Core
Shapeofthe Materialof
Typeof
Thicknessof
core
core
core
wire
A
Softiron
Laminated
Thick
B
Steel
Single
Thin
C
D
TransformerXTransformerYTransformerZ
Diagram10.1
(a) Whatistransformer?
(b)
(i)
StatethetypeoftransformerusedinDiagram10.1.
(ii)
Stateonereasonwhythea.c.voltageissupplied.
Sothatthevoltagecanbealternatedaccordingtothechangingmagneticflux
beinginducedtosecondarycoilintransformer
(iii) Statethefunctionofdiodeinthecircuit.
(b)
Statetheprincipleappliedfortheworkingprincipleoftransformer.
(c)
Thin
Thick
Characteristics
Reason
ShapeofcoreisUshape
Centralizethemagnetfromleaking
Usesoftironcorematerial
Canbemagnetizedordemagnetizedeasily
Thecoreislaminated
Toreduceeddycurrent
Usethickwire
Lowresistance
So,coreDischosenbecauseitcoreisUshape,madeofsoftiron,laminatedanduse
thickwire.
Stepdowntransformer
Single
Laminated
Table10.1
Explain the suitability of the characteristics given so that it can produce the
mostefficienttransformer.Choosethebestcoreandjustifyyourchoice.
Answer
Transformerisadeviceusedtostepuporstepdowntheinputa.cvoltage.
Steel
Softiron
Tochangethea.cvoltagetod.cvoltage
(e)
Diagram10.2 showsacrosssectionofamovingcoilmicrophone.
Electromagneticinduction
Whentheswitchison,0.25Acurrentflowsthroughtheprimarycoilin
eachtransformer.Allthebulbslightsupnormally.
(i) Calculatetheinputpower.
Inputpower,P=IV=0.25x240
=60W
(ii)
All the transformers in Diagram 10.1 have the same output

voltage.Calculateitsoutputvoltage.
Diagram10.2
Using an appropriate concept in physics, suggest and explain suitable
modifications or ways to enable the microphone to detect sound effectively
andgeneratebiggercurrentbasedonthefollowingaspect:
(i)thicknessofdiaphragm(ii)strengthofthematerialfordiaphragm
(iii)numberofturnsofcoil(iv)diameterofthewireofcoil
(v)strengthofmagnet
Byratio:1200turns240V
800turns?
So,1200/800=240/?
?=160V
(iii) CalculatetheoutputpowerforallthetransformersX,YandZ.
OutputpowerfortransformerX=12W+12W+12W=36W
OutputpowerfortransformerY=24W+12W+12W=48W
OutputpowerfortransformerZ=18W+18W+18W=54W
Characteristics
Usethickerdiaphragm
Highstrengthofdiaphragm
Usemoreturns
Biggerdiameterofwirecoil
Higherstrengthofmagnet
(iv) Between transformer X, Y and Z, which one has the highest

efficiency?Why?
Transformer Z. Because its output power is closed to input power with its
efficiencyof90%
21
Reason
Canwithstandhighpressureofsoundvibrations
Longlasting
moremagneticfluxcut
Reduceresistance
Producestrongermagneticflux
11
Diagram 11.1 shows an apparatus used to investigate one physics concept.

When an air is blown from region P, the water level in the arms of tube
changesasshown.
(a)
(b)
Diagram11.1
Namethephysicsprincipleinvolved.
(f)
Table 11.1 shows four Bunsen burners, P, Q, R and S, with different

specifications.
Bunsen StructureofBunsenburner Meltingpoint Density of
burner
ofmaterial
material
P
High
High
High
Low
High
Low
Low
Low
Bernoullisprinciple
(i)
ComparetheairspeedatregionPandregionQ.
AirspeedatregionPislowerthanatregionQ.
(ii)
ComparetheairpressureatregionPandregionQ.
AirpressureatregionPishigherthanatregionQ.
(iii) ExplainwhythereisadifferenceinairpressureatregionPand
regionQ.
AccordingtoBernoullisprinciple,regionwhichhashighairspeedwillhaslow
pressureandviceversa.
AtregionP,theairspeedislowbutwithhighpressure.
AtregionQ,theairspeedishighbutwithlowpressure.
(c)
CalculatethedifferenceinwaterpressurebetweenregionPandregion
Q.Giventhedensityofwateris1000kgm3.
Table11.1
You are required to determine the most suitable Bunsen burner that
canproducebiggerblueflameandportable.
Study the specifications of all the four Bunsen burners from the
followingaspects:
(a)Sizeofgasnozzle(b)Sizeoforifice
(c)Meltingpointofthematerial(d)Densityofthematerial
Explainthesuitabilityoftheaspects.Justifyyourchoice.
Differenceinwaterpressure=hg
=(0.05)(1000)(10)Pa
=500Pa
(d)
Suggest three ways by which the difference in water pressure can be

increased.Givereasonsforyouranswers.
Suggestion1:increasethespeedofairflow
Reason:differenceinairpressurebetweenPandQwillbebigger
Suggestion2:reducethediameteroftubeQ.
Reason:higherspeedproduceatQresultinlowerpressureatQ
Suggestion3:reducethediameterofarms
Reason:thearmswillbemoresensitivetosmallchangeinpressure
(e)
Characteristics
Reason
Smallgasnozzle
Producehighairspeed
Sizeoforificeisbig
MoreairflowintotheBunsenburner
Highmeltingpoint
Canwithstandhightemperaturewithoutmelt
Lowdensity
Lighterandportable
So,BunsenburnerRischosenbecauseitssmallgasnozzle,smallorifice,hashigh
meltingpointandlowdensitymaterial.
Whatwillhappentothewaterlevelifthenonuniformhorizontaltube
isreplacedwithuniformhorizontaltube?
Thedifferenceinwaterlevelwillbereversed.
22
12
Diagram12.1showsanordinarybicycle.
(c)
Diagram12.4
Theobjectiveistotraveltherocketasfaraspossible.Usingtheappropriate
physicsconcepts,suggestandexplainthefollowingaspects:
(i)Theshapeoftherocket(ii)Volumeofwatertobefilledtobottle
(iii)Thestabilityofthemotion(iv)Densityofmaterialtotherocket
(v)Angleoflaunching
Diagram12.1
You are required to give some suggestions to enable the cyclist to ride the
bicycle safely at higher speed. Your explanations are based on following
characteristics:
(i)
Massofbicycle
(ii)
Typeofmaterialforthebodyofbicycle
(iii)
Widthoftyres
(iv)
Typeofbrakingdistance
(v)
Theattireoraccessoriesforthecyclist
Answer
Suggestion
Themassofbicyclemustbesmall
Materialforbodymustbelowdensity
Widthoftyresmustbebig
Usehydraulicdiscbrake
Weartightattire
Wearglove
Wearhelmet
(b)
Answer
Suggestion
Theshapeofrocketisaerodynamics
1/3ofthebottleisfilledwithwater
Addwingstothebody
Densityofthematerialislow
Launchat45fromhorizontal
Reason
Smallmassproducehigheracceleration
Lighterforcyclisttoride
Stablewhileriding
Canstopthebicycleinshorterdistanceand
shorterbrakingtime
Reduceairfriction
Bettergriponhandles
Protecttheheadofcyclistoncefall
Diagram 12.2 and Diagram 12.3 shows the situation of the canopy of
thelorrybeforelorrymovesandwhenthelorrymovesatahighspeed.
Explainwhythecanopyofthelorryliftsupwhenthelorrymovesata
highspeed.Nametheprincipleinvolved.
(d)
Reason
Reducesairfrictionwhileflying
Gainmomentumtolaunch
Stablewhileflyingandnotwobble
Nottooheavytofly
Getmaximumprojectilewithmaximum
distancetraveled.
Diagram12.5 showsfourracingcars,P,Q,R andS,withdifferentspecifications.

Car
Shape
Ridgeson
Engine
Materialfor
tyre
power
thecarbody
P
Yes
518kW
Lightand
elastic
Aerodynamics
Q
745kW
Heavyandstiff
None
Aerodynamics
R
Yes
518kW
Heavyand
elastic
Invertedaerofoil
S
None
745kW
Lightandstiff
Invertedaerofoil
Diagram12.5
Youarerequiredtoinvestigatethespecificationsgivensothatthecarcanrun
veryfast.Determinethemostsuitablecarandjustifyyourchoice.
Characteristics
Reason
Theshapeisinvertedaerofoil Producedownwardforce
Noridgeontyre
Canmovefast
Enginepowerisbig
Producebigacceleration
Materialislightandstiff
Nottooheavytomovebutyetcanwithstandforce
So,carSischosenbecauseitisinvertedaerofoil,noridgeontyres,enginepowerisbig
andmaterialofbodyislightandstiff.
1st:Beforelorrymoves,theairspeedoutsideandinsidethecanopyissame.
2nd: When the lorry moves, the air speed outside the canopy is high causing low
pressureoutside.Insidethecanopy,theairspeedislowbutwithhighpressure.
3rd:HighpressureinsidethecanopypushesupthecanopyasshoninDiagram12.3
4th:PhysicsprincipleinvolvedistheBernoullisprinciple.
Diagram12.4showsawaterrocketmadefromanempty1.5litreplasticbottle
byaddingwaterandpressurizingitwithairforlaunching.
23
13
Diagram 13.1 shows a submarine floating in sea water due to the effect of
buoyantforce.
(a)
(b)
(ii)
(iii) Deducetherelationshipbetweentheweightoftheshipandthe
weightofthewaterdisplaced.
(iv) A ship that travels round the world will has Plimsoll symbol as
showninDiagram13.4.
Explainhowasubmarineisabletosubmergeintodeepseawater.
Explainwhytheboatisabletofloat?
Weightoftheshipisequaltotheweightofwaterdisplaced
1st:Tosubmerge,thelowervalveoftheballasttankisopenedtoletinthewater.
2nd:Theuppervalveisopentoletoutthetrappedairinsidetheballasttank
3rd:Whentheweightofsubmarineishigherthanbuoyantforce,thesubmarinestarts
tosubmerge.
4th:Theloweranduppervalvesareclosedwhenthesubmarinehasreachedthedepth
required.
(c)
(i)
Theboatdisplacesthewaterandthusgainsthesamebuoyantforcetofloat.
Buoyantforceisanupthrusttotheobjectfromwatercausingtheobjecttofloat.
SeaRiver
Diagram13.3
Nametheprincipleappliedforthefloatingoftheboat.
Archimedesprinciple
Diagram13.1
Whatisthemeaningofbuoyantforce?
Diagram13.2showstheairballoonwhichisusedasaweatherballoon
to carry a radiosonde instrument for collecting data about the
atmosphere.
Diagram13.4
StatethecommonfunctionofthePlimsollline.
To guide navigator the maximum weight load limits that can still be safely
loadedbytheshipbeforeitstartstosink.
(i)
Diagram13.2
StatetheArchimedesprinciple.
Archimedes principle states that the when the object is immersed partially or
whollyintofluid,theweightofwaterdisplacedisequaltotheweightofobject
beingimmersed.
(ii)
Explainwhyaweatherballoonthatisrisingupintheairwillstop
atcertainaltitude.
1st:Densityofairdecreasesasthealtitudeincreases
2nd:Buoyantforcebecomesmaller
3rd:Atcertainheight,theweightofairdisplacedisequaltotheweightof
balloon.
4th:Therefore,nonetforcetopushtheballoonup.
(d)
(e)
Youarerequiredtogivesomesuggestionsonhowtodesigntheboatin
Diagram 13.3 as to increase the floating force and safer. Explain the
suggestionsbasedonthefollowingaspects:
Materialused
Shapeofboat
Densityofboat
Additionalcomponents
Safetyfeature
Answer
Suggestion
Materialusedmustbewithlowrusting
rate(fibrecomposite)
Shapeofboatisstreamline
Densityofboatislight
Haslifejacketandtyre
Installperiscope
Diagram 13.3 shows two boats of the same weight floating on the
surfaceofwaterintheseaandintheriver.
24
Reason
Longlastingwithoutrust
Reducewaterfrictionwhileflying
Cancarrymoreloadbeforeitsinks
Forpassengertofloatinemergencycase
Toviewhiddenobjectwhichmaycollide
theboat
14
(a)
Table 14.1 shows four hot air balloons P, Q, R and S with different
features.
Balloon Sizeand
Numberof
Typeof
Temperatureof
volume
burners
balloon
airinside
fabric
P
Smalland
1
Synthetic
100C
3
800m
nylon
Q
Largeand
2
Synthetic
120C
3
2500m
nylon
R
Largeand
1
Canvas
60C
2500m3
S
Smalland
2
Canvas
70C
800m3
Table14.1
You are required to investigate the hot air balloon which is able to
carry three or four people to a higher altitude in a shorter time.
Determinethemostsuitableballoonandjustifyyourchoice.
Answer
Reason
Candisplacemorewaterandthusgains
morebuoyantforce
Usemoreairtank
Cantrapmoreairtogainmorebuoyant
force
Higherpressurethatcanbetolerated
Cansubmergedeeperwithoutcrackdue
waterpressure
Shapeofsubmarineisstreamline
Reducewaterfrictionwhilemoving
So,thesubmarineQischosenbecauseithashighvolumeofballasttankwithmoreair
tanks,cantoleratehigherpressureandisinstreamlineshape.
Reason
Candisplacemoreairandgainshigherbuoyant
force
Usemoreburners
Fasterheatingtheairinsidetheballoon
Usesyntheticnylon
Resistancetoheatwithoutmelt
Hightemperatureinsideballoon
Hotairislighter
So,theballoonQischosenbecauseitisbigsizewithhighvolume,usemoreburners,
theballoonismadeofsyntheticnylonandtemperatureofairinsideishigh.
(b)
Theweightofaboatwithoutloadis15000N.Theboatisthenloaded
withaheavybox.Thevolumeoftheimmersedportionoftheboatis
5.0m3.
(i) Calculatethebuoyantforceexertedtotheboat.
[Densityofseawateris1020kgm3]
Fromformula,buoyantforce,F=Vg
=1020x5x10
=51000N
(ii)
Calculate the maximum weight of the box so that the boat will
notsinkcompletely.
Weightofboat+weightofloadload=buoyantforce
15000N+weightofload=51000N
Weightofload=36000N
You are asked to investigate the characteristics of four submarines

showninTable14.2.
Volumeof Number
Maximum
Shapeofsubmarine
ballasttank ofairtank pressuretobe
tolerated
3000litre
15
4.5atm
P
2500litre
30
6.0atm
Q
350litre
3
6.1atm
R
400litre
1
2.0atm
S
Table14.2
Explain the suitability of each characteristic of the submarines and
determinethesubmarinewhichcantravelfaster,staylongerindeeper
seawaterandabletocarrymorecrew.Givereasonsforyourchoice.
Answer
Characteristics
Volumeofballasttankishigh
Characteristics
Bigsizeandhighvolume
(c)
25
15
Diagram15.1
Diagram15.2
Diagram15.3
Diagram15.1showsoneendofaspringisfixedtoawoodenblock.
Diagram15.2showsthespringiscompressedbyasteelballofmass0.52kg
usingaforceF.
Diagram15.3showsthesteelballmovesaftertheforce,Fisremoved.
[Thespringconstant=50Nm1]
(a)
Whatismeantbyelasticity?
(ii)
Theelasticityofaspringcanbeexplainedbyonelaw.Statethat
law.
Hookeslaw
(d)
Whenthespringiscompressed,itslengthdecreasesandreturnsback
to its original length after compressive force is removed due to
elasticity property of a material. Based on the forces between atoms,
explainwhythespringiselastic.
(e)
Diagram15.4showsatrampoline.Itusestheelasticpropertyofa
materialtorebounceapersonupwards.
RefertoabovenotePage13..
Whatismeantbyforce?
(b)
(i)
Nametheformofenergystoredincompressedspringasshown
inDiagram15.2.
(ii)
CalculatethevalueofF.
Diagram15.4
Youarerequiredtogivesomesuggestionstoimprovethedesignofthe
trampolinesothatitcanbeusedbythechildrensafelyandcanjump
higher.Explainthesuggestionsbasedonthefollowingaspects:
(i)thenumberofspringused
(ii)springconstant
(iii)thematerialusedforframe
(iv)thematerialusedforfabric
(v)extrafittingordesignofthetrampolinetoensuresafety
Elasticpotentialenergy
FromF=kx
=50x(0.200.15)
=2.5N
(iii) Statetheconversionofenergywhentheballisreleased.
(iv) Calculatethespeedofball,v.
Elasticpotentialenergyischangedtokineticenergy
Workdonetocompressspring=kx2
=(50)(0.200.15)2
=0.0625J
Fromkineticenergy:mv2=0.0625
(0.52)v2=0.0625
v=0.49ms1
(v)
Suggestion
Usemorespringinparallel
Lowspringconstant
Mainframeismadeofsteel
Usenylonforfabric
Hasnetaroundtheedgeoftrampoline
Statetheprincipleyouusedtofind(iv).
Principleofconservationofenergy
(i)
Elasticity is the ability of an object to resume to its original state once the
appliedforceisremovedwithelasticlimitisnotexceeded.
Forceistheproductofmassandacceleration
(c)
26
Reason
Increasetheelasticityofspring
Canextendorcompressmore
Strongmaterialwhichdoesnotbreak
Doesnottear
Topreventthechildrenfromslippingout
tothefloor
16
AtypicaltorchlightwithbatteriesisshowninDiagram16.1.
(a)
(i)
(ii)
DrawacircuitdiagramforthetorchlightinDiagram16.1.
Reason
To reduce the resistance of the power socket
extensionastheresistanceincreaseswithlength
Once one of the fuse is burnt due overloaded of
that socket, the rest of the sockets can still
function
There is a power surge To shut down the whole current to the power
protection
socketifthereisaelectriccurrentleakage
Must have head plug To flow the unused current to the earth so that
earthing
theuserwillnotbeelectrocuted
So,thetypeSischosenbecauseithasnoextensioncordlength,havefusefor
everysocket,haspowersurgeprotectionandhaveheadplugearthing.
Directcurrent
(b)
Answer
Characteristics
No extension cord
lengthisneed
Must have fuse for
everysocket
Diagram16.1
Namethetypeofcurrentusedinthetorchlight.
(c)
Diagram16.2showsatwodoorrefrigeratorforhouseholduse.
Energy efficiency and safety are important considerations in the

purchaseanduseofelectricalproductsandappliances.
(i) Afuseinapowerplugislabeled8A.
Whatdoesthelabel8Amean?
Meansmaximumcurrentbeingloadedtothepowerplugis8A.
(ii)
Table16.1showsfourtypesofpowersocketextensionsP,Q,R
andSavailableinasupermarket.
Type
Type
Extension
cord
length
5m
None
5m
None
Number
offuse
Four
sockets
onefuse
Four
sockets
onefuse
Each
socket
onefuse
Each
socket
onefuse
Power
Surge
Protection
Available
Not
Available
Not
available
Available
Earthing
system
Diagram16.2
Using the knowledge about heat flows, explain the modification
needed to produce a refrigerator which is constantly cold, energy
savingandlastingforthepurposeofkeepingthefreshnessofthefood
stored in it. Your modification should be based on the following
characteristics:Materialusedtomakethedesk,Typeoflampusedin
refrigerator, Power of the refrigerator, Air circulation in the
refrigerator,Specificheatcapacityofthecoverofrefrigerator
Not
available
Available
Not
available
Available
Characteristics
Thedeskismadeofplastic
UseLEDlamporlampoflowpower
andjustlightwhenthedoorisopen
Usehighpowerofrefrigerator
Reason
Doesnotrustandlonglasting
Does not heat up the refrigerator inside due
tothelampofbulb
Therefrigeratorwillbemorecoldtokeepthe
freshnessoffoodstored
Thefreezermustbeinstalledatthe The cool air has higher density will move
highestpartinsidetherefrigerator downtocoolthelowerpartoffoodandthus
causes the air circulation. Hot air at lower
part will move up and cooled down by the
freezer.
The specific heat capacity of the Slower conducting the heat outside into the
coverofrefrigeratormustbehigh.
refrigerator.
Table16.1
Using physics concepts, explain the suitability of the power
socketextensionsforeachaspectwhichcanbeusedsafelyand
efficiently for normal home use. Determine the most suitable
socketextensionandjustifyyourchoice.
27
17
Diagram17.1showsahairdryerlabelled240V,500Wconnectedtoathree
pinplug.Diagram17.2showsthefuseinthethreepinplug.
(b)
(i)
Whatisthemeaningofthelabel0.5Aonthefuse?
(ii)
Table17.1showsthespecificationofafewmetalstobeusedas
afusewire.
Diameter Resistivity
Metal Melting Specificheat
point/C capacity/Jkg1C1
W
1100
900
Big
Low
X
600
900
Small
High
Y
1100
240
Big
Low
Z
700
240
Small
High
Table17.1
Explain the suitability of each characteristic of the four metals
and determine the most suitable metal to be used as the fuse
wire.Givereasonsforyourchoice.
Maximumcurrentthatcanbeloadedtothefuseis0.5A
Reason
Easymeltwhenhot
Fastergettinghot
Produceshigherresistancewhichcan
convertcurrenttoheat
Theresistivitymustbehigh
Produceshighresistance
So,themetalZischosenbecauseitsmeltingpointislow,specificheatcapacity
islow,smalldiameteranditsresistivityislow.
(d)
Fusetakessometimetomeltorblow.Afastblowingfuseisrequired
toprotectsemiconductorequipmentswhichcannotstandhighcurrent
surge for too long. When a fuse blows, sparking may occur and
produceshightemperature.
Reason
Hashigherresistancewhichcangethotfaster
Easilygetbrokenwhenhot
Enoughtobreakdownthe240V,2000Wsemiconductor
devicewhichneedsonlyacurrentof8.33A
Themeltingpointmust Fastergettingmeltandshortopenthecircuitwhenthe
below
circuitoverheated
So,thefuseQischosenbecauseitsthicknessoffusewireisthin,cartridgetyeismade
ofglass,fuseratingis10Aandthemeltingpointislow.
##Remember:Thefuseitselfmustbecangethotfasterwithhighresistanceandeasily
getmeltsothatthecircuitisshortopenandthusprotecttheelectricalcomponentfrom
gettingburnt.
Giventhehairdryerlabelled240V,500W
VoltagePower
FromPower,P=IV
500=I(240)
I=2.08A
(iii) Calculatetheenergyusedbythehairdryerwhenitisswitched
onfor10minutes.
Characteristics
Thethicknessoffuse
wireisthin
Thecartridgetyemust
beglass
Thefuseratingis10A
ThehairdryerinDiagram17.1isswitchedon.
(i) Calculatethecurrentflowingthroughthehairdryer.
Table 17.2 shows the specifications of five fuses that can be used to
protectasemiconductordevice.
Fuse Thicknessoffuse
Cartridge
Rating Melting
wire
tye
point
P
Medium
Rubber
10A
Medium
Q
Thin
Glass
10A
Low
R
Thin
Ceramic
13A
Low
S
Thick
Plastic
10A
High
Table17.2
Determine the most suitable fuse to protect a 240V, 2000 W
semiconductormaterialdevice.Studythespecificationsofallfivefuses
givenandjustifyyourchoice.
Characteristics
Themeltingpointmustbelow
Specificheatcapacitymustbelow
Thediameterofmetalmustbelow
(c)
Statewhetherthe0.5Afuseissuitabletobeusedintheplug.
Power=Energy/Time
Energy=PowerTime
=500(1060)J
=300000J@300kJ
Hashighmeltingpoint,hashighresistance,haslowspecificheatcapacity
(ii)
Not suitable. The hair dryer needs 2.08 A to function. This current of 2.08 A
whichpassestothefuseof0.5Awillburnthefusedirectlybeforeworkingup
thehairdryer.
(a) State three properties of the material of the heating element in the
hairdryer.
28
18
19
Diagram 18.1 and Diagram 18.2 shows an experiment to study the

relationship betweenthepressureandvolumeofairtrappedinanairtight
container.Thepistonsforbothdiagramsarepusheddownslowly.
(a) StatethephysicalquantitybeingmeasuredbyBourdongauge.
(b)
BasedonDiagram18.1andDiagram18.2;
(i) Comparethevolumeofthegasintheairtightcontainer
(ii)
(iii) Temperatureofthegasintheairtightcontainer
(i)
(ii)
(ii)
StatethesensitivityoftheBourdonGauge.
(b)
(i)
State the correct position of the eye while taking reading from
theBourdonGauge?
(ii)
Whatisthepressureofthegasinsidetheroundbottomflaskas
shownbytheBourdongauge?
(c)
The round bottom flask is then heated. Would the reading of the
Bourdongaugeincreaseordecrease?
(d)
(i)
Stateonelawthatyouusedin(c).
(ii)
Definethelawyoustatein(d)(i).
Increases
Statethegaslawinvolved.
Pressurelaw
Boyleslaw
Using your answer in (b)(i) and (b)(ii), state the relationship

betweenthevolumeofgasandthereadingofBourdongauge.
VolumeofgasisinverselyproportionaltothereadingofBourdongauge
(i)
165Pa
The temperature of the gas in the airtight container for both diagram are
same.
(c)
(a)
Perpendiculartothescale
ThereadingofBourdongauge
ThereadingofBourdongaugeinDiagram18.1islowerthaninDiagram18.2
5Pascal[#smallestscale]
Volume of gas in the airtight container in Diagram 18.1 is more than in

Diagram18.2
(iii) Definethegaslawyounamein(c)(ii).
Pressurelawstatesthatforafixedmassofgas,thepressureofgasisdirectly
proportional to its absolute temperature such that the volume of gas is kept
constant.
Boyleslawstatesthatforafixedmassofgas,thepressureofgasisinversely
proportionaltoitsvolumeatconstanttemperature.
(d)
(e)
An experiment is carried out to investigate the relationship between

the pressure, P and the temperature, of a fixed mass of a gas as
showningraphbelow.
Asyringecontains50m3ofairatapressureof100kPa.Thispistonis
pulled outwards slowly so that the air expands. What would be the
volumeoftheairwhentheairpressuredropsto80kPa?
(i)
FromBoyleslaw:P1V1=P2V2
(100)(50)=80(V2)
V2=62.5m3
What is the value of temperature, To when the pressure of the

gasiszero?
(ii)
WhatisthenamegiventoTo?
The experiment above is usually applicable if a gas expands or

compressedslowly.Whyisthisso?
TheBoyleslawisapplicableifthetemperatureofthegasisconstant.Thegasmustbe
expandedorcompressedslowlyastoreducethecollisionbetweenthemoleculesofgas.
The collision of molecules increase the friction of molecules between them and this
frictionwillproduceheat.Iftheheatproduced,thenthetemperatureofthegasisnot
constantalready.
(e)
273C
Diagram19.1
Whatismeantbysensitivity?
Sensitivityistheabilitytodetectthesmallchangeinitsreading
Gaspressure
Diagram19.1showsaBourdongaugewhichisusedtomeasuregaspressure
insidearoundbottomflask.
Absolutezerotemperature
29
20
Diagram20.1showsacarandalorrystoppingataredtrafficlight.Whenthe
trafficlightturnsgreenasinDiagram16.2,thecarisfoundtomoveaheadof
thelorry.
P
Q
M
N
S
Answer
(a) Whatismeantbymass?
Massisthequantityofmattercontainedbyanobject.
(b)
BasedonDiagram20.1andDiagram20.2,comparethemassesofthe
vehiclesandtheirabilitytospeedahead.Relatethemassofthevehicle
and the way it can start moving from rest to deduce a concept in
physicswithregardtothemotionofobjects.
(c)
(d)
Definethephysicsconceptyounamein(b).
Basedonthephysicsconceptstatedin(b)(i),explainwhyadriverlurch
forwardswhenacarheisdrivingcomestoasuddenhalt.
(g)
Whenthecarcomestoasuddenhalt,theinertiaisverybigactingontothedriver.The
inertiawillcausethedrivertocontinuetomoveforwardalthoughthecarhasstopped.
Asaresult,thedriverwillbesurgedforward.
(e)
(f)
Reason
Topreventthebackhoefromsinkingintosoft
ground
Liquidhasverylowcompressibility
Diagram 20.4 shows a transformer connected between a 240 V a.c.

powersupplyandtwolightbulbs.Thebulbsareatnormalbrightness
andthereadingoftheammeteris0.25A.
You are asked to investigate the characteristics of each backhoes in

Table20andchooseabackhoethatcandoheavyworks,anexampleof
a backhoe is shown in Diagram 20.3. Explain the suitability of the
characteristics each backhoes. Determine the most suitable backhoe.
Givereasonforyourchoice
(1)
Diagram20.4
StatethetypeoftransformerinDiagram20.4.
(2)
Whatistheoutputvoltageofthetransformer?
6V
(3)
Calculatetheefficiencyofthetransformer?
Inputpower,P=IV=2400.25=60W
Outputpower,P=12W+24W=36W
Efficiency=(36/60)100%=60%
(4)
Explainwhythetransformermustusea.c.inputvoltage?
Sothatthevoltagecanbechangedeasily
Diagram20.3
Stepdowntransformer
Centre
of
gravity
Large
Low
Large
Low
Small
High
Medium
Low
Medium
High
Explainhowyouwouldgotoescapefrombeingchasedbyabullbased
ononeconcept.
1st:Iwillperformmyruninzigzagdirectionswithnodefinitedirectionofrun.
2nd:Thebullhasbiggermassifcomparedtome.Thismeansthatthebullwillhas
biggerinertiaastheinertiadependsonthemass.
3rd:Duetoinertia,thebullishardertochangeitsdirectionandwilllosecontrolandfall
Base
area
Fluidusedinthehydraulicsystem
isliquid
Themassmustbebig
Thebackhoewillbemorestable
Thebaseareamustbebig
Ensurethatthebackhoewillnotcollide
Thecentreofgravitymustbelow Stablefromfalling
So,thebackhoePischosenbecauseitstyreisbig,fluidusedinhydraulicsystemis
liquid,haslargemass,thebaseareaislargeandhaslowcentreofgravity.
Inertiaisthetendencyofanobjecttoresistthesuddenchangeexertingontheobject.
Fluidusedin Mass
hydraulic
system
Large
Liquid
Large
Large
Liquid
Small
Large
Gas
Large
Medium
Liquid
Large
Large
Liquid
Large
Characteristics
Thesizeoftyremustbebig
The mass of the lorry is more than the car causing the lorry has less ability to speed
ahead.Thebiggermassoflorrycausesthelorryhardertostartmovingfromrest.The
physicsconceptinvolvedistheinertia.
Typeof
Sizeof
Backhoe tyre
30
21
Diagram21.1showsabrightspot,M,formedonthescreenonthecathode
rayoscilloscope,CRO,whenitisswitchedon.
(a)
(b)
CalculatethevalueofthevoltageshownbyN.
Valueofvoltage=5Vperdivision2divisions
=10V
Diagram21.1
Whatisthemeaningofcathoderay?
(f)
TheCROinDiagram21.2isconnectedtoalternatingcurrentsupply,a.c
andthetimebaseissetoff.
On Diagram 21.3 below, sketch the output waveform that will be
displayedonthescreen.
Diagram21.3
Answer
Cathoderayisafastmovingelectronbeam
Whatisthemeaningofthermionicemission?
Thermionic emission is the process of releasing electrons from a heated cathode
surface.
(c)
Nametheparticlethatproducesthebrightspot,M,whenithitsthe
fluorescentscreenoftheCRO.
Electron
(d)
(e)
(g)
StateonecommonfunctionofCRO.
To display waveform //To measure short time interval // To measure the potential
difference
Explainhowtoproduceabrightspot,MonthescreenofCRO?
Thed.cvoltageissuppliedtotheCROwiththetimebaseissetoff.
Diagram21.2showsthebrightspot,Nwhenadirectcurrentd.c.supply
isconnectedtotheYinputoftheCRO.
(h)
Diagram 21.4 and Diagram 21.5 show two circuits which consist of
identicalammeters,drycellsandsemiconductordiodes.
(1) Nameanexampleofpuresemiconductormaterial.
(2)
Silicon
ThecurrentflowisinforwardbiasinDiagram21.4causesanammeterreading
butnoreadinginDiagram21.4duetothereverseofdiodewhichhasblocked
thecurrentflow
Diagram21.2
TheYgainoftheCROissetat5V/divisionwiththetimebaseisset
off.
Explainthedifferenceinthereadingsoftheammeters
(3)
Basedontheanswerin(h)(2),statethefunctionofdiode.
Toallowtheflowofcurrentinonedirectiononly
31
22
Diagram22.1showsthepatternofseawaveswhenapproachingthebeach.
ItisobservedthatthefourpendulumsB,C,DandEwilloscillatewith
differentamplitudesbutwiththesamefrequency
(i) Whatisthemeaningofamplitude?
(ii)
(iii) Stateonereasonforyouranswerin22(d)(ii).
(iv) Namethephenomenonstatedin22(d)(iii).
(e)
Ultrasonicechoesarewiselyusedinmedicinetoseetheinternalorgansof
insidethebody.Diagram22.3showstheuseofultrasoundscanneracrossthe
motherswombtoseetheunbornbabies.
Amplitudeisthemaximumdisplacementofwavefromtheequilibriumposition
(a)
Diagram22.1
NamethewavephenomenonshowninDiagram22.1.
PendulumC
HasthesamelengthwiththependulumA
Refraction
(b)
Explainintermsofthewavephenomenain22(a),whythewaterwaves
followtheshapeofthebeachasitapproachestheshore.
Resonance
Whenthewavesrefractfromdeepseatoshallowersea,boththewavelengthandthe
energydecrease.Therefore,itbecomesweakerandfollowstheshapeofthebeach.
(c)
Diagram22.1showstheseashoreofafishingvillage.Duringtherainy
season, waves are big. One year the waves eroded the seashore,
causedthejettytocollapseanddamagedthefishermensboats.
To prevent similar damage in the future, the fishermen suggest
building retaining walls and relocating the jetty. You should use your
knowledgeofreflection,refractionanddiffractionofwavestoexplain
thesesuggestion,toincludetheaspects:
i.thedesignandstructureoftheretainingwall
ii.thelocationofthenewjetty
iii.thesizeorenergyofthewaves.
Answer
Suggestion
Reason
Designaninclinedconcretebarrier
Jettyisbuildatbay
Builtdiffractionbarrier(slitvery
small)forshippassage
Barrierisbuiltfromastrong
material/concrete
Designthehigherbarrier
Ultrasonic waves
Gelombang ultrasonik
(d)
Diagram22.3
Table22showsthecharacteristicsoftheultrasoundscannerW,X,YandZ.
Waveisrefractedwithdecreasingwavelength
Waveatbayiscalmer
Lesswaveenergypassingthrough
Typeofwave
W
X
Y
Z
Mechanical
Mechanical
Electromagnet
Electromagnet
Frequencies
range(Hz)
<20000
>20000
<20000
>20000
Penetrating
power
High
Low
Low
Low
Ionizing
power
Low
Low
High
High
Characteristics
Reason
Usemechanicalwave
Ultrasonicneedsmediumtotravel
Usehighfrequency
Theimagescannedisclear
Uselowpenetratingpower
Doesnothurtthefoetus
Uselowionizingpower
Doesnotchangethestructureofcellsoffoetus
So, scanner X is chosen because it use mechanical wave, use high frequency, low
penetratingpowerandlowionizingpower
Diagram22.2showsaBartonspendulumwhichconsistsoffivesimple
pendulums hanging on a horizontal string. When A is pulled and
released,itwillcausetheotherfourpendulumstooscillate.
Scanner
Table22
Explain the suitability of each characteristic in Table 22 that can be used as
ultrasound scanner to scan the image of foetus safely. Determine the most
suitableultrasoundscannertobeusedandhence,justifyyourchoice.
Noteasilycorrosive/broken//canpreventa
stronghardwave
Watercannotoverflow
Diagram22.2
Ultrasound scanner
Pengimbas ultrasonik
Foetus
Whichpendulumoscillateswiththemaximumamplitude?
32
23
Diagram 23.1 and Diagram 23.2 shows water waves passing through the
entranceoftwodifferentharbours.
(i)
Namethephenomenoninvolved.
(ii)
What will happen to the frequency, wavelength and speed of

waveafterpassingthroughthegap?
Refraction
Frequency:unchanged
Wavelength:decreases
Speedofwave:decreases
(a) Namethetypeofwaveofwaterwave.
(b)
(i)
Namethephenomenoninvolvedinbothdiagrams.
(ii)
What will happen to the frequency, wavelength and speed of

waveafterpassingthroughthegap?
(iii) CompletethewavepatterninDiagram23.3.
Transversewave
Diffraction
Frequency:unchanged
Wavelength:unchanged
Speedofwave:unchanged
(c)
(f)
BetweenDiagram23.1andDiagram23.2,whichoneshowstheobvious
diffractioneffect?Explainwhy?
Deep area
Shallow area
Kawasan dalam
Kawasan cetek
Diagram23.4showsadriverthatisdrivingunderahotsun,seesapool
of water appearing on the road ahead, but the pool of water
disappearsasthecarapproachesit.
Diagram23.1showsobviousdiffractioneffect.
Becausethesizeofgapislessthanthewavelengthofthewave
(d)
BetweenDiagram23.1andDiagram23.2,whichoneshowsthebigger
energywaveenteringthegap?
Diagram23.2
(e)
(i)
Diagram23.4
Namethisnaturalphenomenonasobservedbythedriver.
Mirage
Diagram23.3showsthewavesenteringtwodifferentmediums.
(ii)
Statethephysicsconceptthatisinvolvedinthisphenomenon.
Totalinternalreflection
(iii) When light rays propagates from a denser medium to a less

dense medium, state what happen to the direction of the
refractedrays.
(iv) Stateoneapplicationofthisphenomenon.
Refractedawayfromnormal
Opticalfibre
Diagram23.3
33
PAPER3EXPERIMENTS
DEPTHWITHPRESSURE
Diagram 1.1 shows a scuba diving in a sea notices that the water pressure
acted on his eardrums is greater when he dives at greater depth.
ANSWER
(a)
(b)
(c)
Thewaterpressureisinfluencedbythedepthofwater
Whenthedepthofwaterincreases,itswaterpressureincreasesalso
Tofindtherelationshipbetweenthedepthwiththewaterpressure
(i)
ManipulatedVariable:depthofwater
(ii)
RespondingVariable:waterpressure
ConstantVariable:densityofwater
Apparatus: Metre rule, manometer, water, rubber tube, measuring cylinder,
(iii)
thistlefunnel,rubbersheet
Materials:water
(iv)
Diagram 1.1
Based on your knowledge of the pressure and observation above:
[1 mark]
(a) State one suitable inference.
(b)
State one suitable hypothesis.
(c)
With the use of apparatus such as thistle funnel, a manometer and other
apparatus, describe an experiment framework to investigate the
hypothesis stated in 1(b).
In your description, state clearly the following:
[1 mark]
(i)
Aim of the experiment
(ii)
Variables in the experiment
(iii)
List of apparatus and materials
(iv)
Arrangement of the apparatus and materials
(v)
The procedure of the experiment which include the method of

controlling the manipulated variable and the method of measuring
the responding variable
(vi)
The way you would tabulate the data
(vii)
The way you would analyse the data
(v)
(vi)
(vii)
OperationalDefinitions:
Thedepthofwaterismeasuredusingmetrerule
Thewaterpressureismeasuredfromdifferenceheightbetweenthecolumn
ofwaterinmanometermeasuredusingmetrerule
The experiment is started by lowering the thistle funnel into the water to
depth,x=2cm.Thereadingofdifferenceinheightofwatercolumn,h,ofthe
manometerisrecorded.
Theprocedureisrepeatedwiththedepthsof4cm,6cm,8cm,10cmand12
cm and the respective readingof the manometer are read respectively from
metrerule.
Depthx/cm Differenceinheightofcolumn,h/cm
2
10
12
Agraphofdifferenceinheightofwatercolumnagainstthedepthisplotted.
[10 marks]
34
DENSITYOFLIQUIDWITHPRESSURE
Diagram 2.1 shows a scuba diving in a sea notices that the water pressure
acted on his eardrums is greater compared to fresh water at same depth.
ANSWER
(a)
(b)
(c)
Thewaterpressureisinfluencedbythedensityofwater
Whenthedensityofwaterincreases,itswaterpressureincreasesalso
Tofindtherelationshipbetweenthedensityofliquidwiththewaterpressure
(i)
ManipulatedVariable:densityofwater
(ii)
RespondingVariable:waterpressure
ConstantVariable:depthofthistlefunnelimmersed
Apparatus: Metre rule, manometer, water, rubber tube, measuring cylinder,
(iii)
thistlefunnel,rubbersheet
Materials:water,salts
(iv)
Diagram 2.1
Based on observation above:

(b)
(c)
With the use of apparatus such as thistle funnel, salts, a manometer and
other apparatus, describe an experiment framework to investigate the
hypothesis stated in 2(b).
[1 mark]
[1 mark]
(i)
(ii)
(iii)
(iv)
(v)

(vi)
(vii)
(v)
(vi)
(vii)
[10 marks]
Thedepthofthistlefunnelisfixedat10cm.
Thewaterpressureismeasuredfromdifferenceheightbetweenthecolumn
ofwaterinmanometermeasuredusingmetrerule
Densityofwaterisdeterminedfromthemassofsaltsdissolved
Theexperimentisstartedbydissolving200gofsaltintothewaterwithfixed
volumeofV.Thethistlefunnelimmersedintothewatertodepth10cm.The
reading of difference in height of water column, h, of the manometer is
recorded.
Theprocedureisrepeatedwiththeamountofsaltdissolvedof400g,600g,
800g and 1000g and the respective reading of the manometer are read
respectivelyfrommetrerule.
Amountof
Differenceinheightofcolumn,h/cm
salt,m/g
200
400
600
800
1000
Agraphofdifferenceinheightofwatercolumnagainstthemassofsaltis
plotted.
35
DEPTH WITH READING OF SPRING BALANCE (BUOYANT FORCE)

Diagram 3.1 shows a boy lifted up a rock in the sea water.
Diagram 3.2 shows the boy lifted up the rock at the surface of the sea water.
He feels much heavier than before.
Diagram 10.1
Diagram 10.2
Based on your knowledge of the buoyant force and observation above:
[1 mark]
(b)
(c)
With the use of apparatus such as tall beaker, spring balance, a metal
rod and other apparatus, describe an experiment framework to
investigate the hypothesis stated in 3(b).
ANSWER
(a)
(b)
(c)
Theimmersedistanceaffectsthebuoyantforce
Whentheimmersedistanceincreases,itsbuoyantforceincreasesalso
Tofindtherelationshipbetweentheimmersedistancewiththebuoyantforce
(i)
ManipulatedVariable:immersedistance
(ii)
RespondingVariable:buoyantforce(decreaseinspringbalancereading)
ConstantVariable:densityofwater
Apparatus:springbalance,beaker,metrerule,load
(iii)
Materials:string,tapwater
(iv)
[1 mark]
(i)
(ii)
(iii)
(iv)
(v)

(vi)
(vii)
(v)
(vi)
(vii)
Operationaldefinition
Theimmersedistanceismeasuredusingmetrerule
Thebuoyantforceismeasuredfromthedecreaseinspringbalancereading
(readinginairreadinginwater)
Theexperimentisstartedbyimmersingtheloadintothewatertoadepthof,
d=2cmandthebuoyantforceactingtothewoodenblockcanbecountedby
thechangesinthereadingofspringbalance,F1isrecorded.
Theexperimentisthenrepeatedbyimmersingtheloadtodepthof4cm,6
cm,8cm,10cmand12cmandtherespectivechangesinthereadingofspring
balance,Farerecorded.
Immersedepth,d/cm
Buoyantforce,F/N
2
10
12
Agraphofbuoyantforceagainsttheimmersedistanceisplotted.
[10 marks]
36
TRANSFORMER (NUMBER OF TURNS OF SECONDARY COILS WITH INDUCED

CURRENT/VOLTAGE)
Diagram 4.1 shows a substation in a residential area in Shah Alam. The number of
turns of primary coil of the transformer is 200 with the voltage of 450V while the
numberofturnsofsecondarycoilofthetransformeris107withthevoltageof240V.
(a)
(b)
ANSWER
(c)
Themagnitudeofinducedcurrentdependsonthenumberofturnsofsecondarycoils
When the number of turns of secondary coils increases, the magnitude of induced
currentincreasesalso
To investigate the relationship between number of turns of secondary coils
(i)
withthemagnitudeofinducedcurrent
MV:numberofturnsofthesecondarycoil
(ii)
RV:Magnitudeofinducedcurrentorpotentialdifference
CV:numberofturnsofprimarycoils/strengthofmagnetused
Apparatus:softiron,ammeters/voltmeter,Cshapemagnetbars,a.cpower
(iii)
supply,bulb,connectingwires
(iv)
Diagram4.1
Basedontheaboveobservation;
(b)
(c)
With the use of apparatus such as ammeter, voltmeter, constantan wire,

metre rule and other apparatus, describe an experiment framework to
investigate the hypothesis stated in 4(b).
[1 mark]
[1 mark]
(i)
(ii)
(iii)
(iv)
(v)

(vi)
(vii)
[10 marks]
Theinducedcurrentismeasuredusingammeter
Setuptheapparatusasshown,witha240Vaccurrentsupplywith50turns
ontheprimarycoil.
Setthesecondarycoilsothatthenumberofturnsn=20
Switchonthepowersupply,measurethecurrent,I(withtheammeter)that
passesthroughthesecondarycoil.
Repeatstep2and3forn=40,60,80and100turns.
Numberofsecondarycoils,n Inducedcurrent,I/A
20
40
60
80
100
Graph of induced current, I/A against the number of secondary coils, n is

plotted.
(v)
(vi)
(vii)
ALSO READ
-SWING OF PENDULUM BOB
-MASS/VOLUME OF WATER WITH BOILING TIME
-ANGLE OF INCIDENT WITH ANGLE OF REFRACTION
-DISTANCE BETWEEN TWO SPEAKERS WITH DISTANCE BETWEEN
TWO LOUD SOUNDS
-NUMBER OF TURNS WITH INDUCED CURRENT (LENZS LAW)
-SPEED/HEIGHT OF MAGNET BAR DROPPED WITH INDUCED CURRENT
(LENZS LAW)
ENDOFREADINGOFMODULE
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