Ork e BB

CHAPTER 1
INTRODUCTION
1.1 OVERVIEW
Multiphase flow is a simultaneous flow of liquid and gas in pipes. The
liquid component includes oil and water. And the gases are components of
hydrocarbon gases and non-hydrocarbon gases. This type of flow is
encountered in many engineering installations. Multiphase flow occurs in
petroleum industry during the production and transportation of oil and gas1.
This flow occurs in horizontal, vertical, or inclined pipes, in both wellbore and
flow line. For economical and safe transportation of unprocessed reservoir
fluids from reservoir to downstream process facilities, it is necessary to
accurately predict the multiphase- flow behavior in wellbores, flow-lines and
pipelines 2
Pressure drop is one of the most critical parameters for pipeline sizing.
For single-phase flow, pressure drop is mainly controlled by the Reynolds
number that is a function of fluid viscosity, fluid density, fluid velocity and
pipeline size 3. For gas-oil-water three-phase flow, pipe diameter is one of the
factors that affect the pressure drop inside the pipeline.
Optimum pipe size is an important factor that determines the feasibility of the
concurrent flow of oil and gas operations through the sequential parts of the
production system.
The petroleum and chemical industries are interested in accurately
calculating the pressure losses in pipe lines. Accurate predictions of pressure
loses in pipes ensure good well design which includes the selection of
completed strings, the prediction of flow rates, and the design of artificial lift
installations.
The focus phenomenon in this study is the prediction of pressure
gradients and flow regimes occurring during the simultaneous flow of gas and
1
liquids in different tubing sizes.
1.2 Organizational Study

Chapter 2 covers the literature review for both Orkiszewski and Beggs &
Brill correlations which include the flow patterns of the different methods and
the equations for pressure gradient determination. Chapter 3 discusses the
fluid property correlations. Chapter 4 presents the results and discussion of
the effect of the tubing size on the multipase flow. Chapter 5 covers the
summary, conclusions of the study, and recommendations.
1.3 PROBLEM STATEMENT

There are a number of correlations developed to calculate pressure
losses in vertical pipe multiphase flow which includes Poettmann
&Carpenter4, Baxendell & Thomas5, Fancher &Brown6, Hagedorn & Brown7,
Duns & Ros8, Orkiszewski9, Aziz,Govier & Fogarasi10, Chierici, Ciucci &
Sclocehi11, and Beggs & Brill12.
. The purpose of this study is to use Orkiszewski9 and Beggs & Brill12
correlations to accurately predict pressure losses and flow regimes using
different tubing sizes. These correlations were chosen for this study because
they not only predict liquid hold up and friction factor, but also predict flow
pattern. Again, the names and descriptions given by Orkiszewski was used in
the discussion of the vertical flow regimes .Orkiszewski9 correlation integrated
some of the correlations used by Duns & Runs8 and Griffith-Wallis13
correlations and these correlations perform well between a wider range of
tubing sizes as was presented by Bharath Rao14(may 18,1998) in his paper
Multiphase Flow Models Range of Applicability.
1.4 OBJECTIVES
The objectives of this study are:
1. to predict the flow regimes in different tubing sizes using Orkiszewski and
Beggs & Brill multiphase fluid flow correlations.
2
2. to determine the best tubing string size that will give the lowest pressure
loss given that the other flow parameters are known.
CHAPTER 2
LITERATURE REVIEW
2.1 OVERVIEW:
In this chapter, a review of the relevant correlations for estimating
pressure gradients in a vertical pipe multiphase flow with regards to the effect
of different tubing sizes.
Both of these correlations considered slip and flow regime in their different
study approaches.
2.2 General Energy Equations15, 16
The theoretical basis for many fluid flow equations is the general energy
equation which is given in equation 2.1, an expression for the balance or
conservation of energy between two points in a system. The general energy
equation is the basis for the development of the equations that are used to
solve many problems associated with multiphase flow.
The energy balance simply states that the energy of a fluid entering a
control volume, plus any shaft work done on or by fluid, plus any heat energy
added to or taken from fluid, plus any change of energy with time in the
control volume must equal the energy leaving the control volume. Figure 2.1
can be used to illustrate this principle.
Figure 2.1 Energy Diagram (Chukwu, G.A, 2009)
Considering a steady state system, the energy balance16 may be written as

given in equ.2.1
U'1 +P1V1 +
mv12 mgz1
mv 2 mgZ 2
+
+ q ' + Ws' = U 2' + P2V2 + 2 +
2g c
gc
2g c
gc
...2.1
Where
U'
= Internal energy
PV
= energy of expansion or compression,
mv 2
2g c = kinetic energy
q ' = heat energy added to fluid,
W 's = work done on the fluid, and
Z= elevation above reference datum
Dividing this equation by m to obtain energy per unit mass balance and writing
in differential form gives:
P vdv g
dU + d +
+
dZ + dq + dWs = 0 2.2
gc gc
This form of the energy balance equation is difficult to apply because of the
internal energy term, so it is usually converted to a mechanical energy
balance using well known thermodynamic relations. From thermodynamics:
P
dU = dh d

...2.3a
And
dh=TdS+
dP
..2.3b
Or; substitute above expression for dh into Eq. 2.3a;
dU = TdS +
P
dP
d ....2.4
Where
h
= specific enthalpy,
5
S = entropy, and
T = temperature.
Substituting Eq. 2.4 into Eq.2.2 gives
TdS +
P
P vdv g
dP
d + d +
+
dZ + dq + dWs = 0 2.5
gc gc

For an irreversible process, the Clausis inequality states that

dS
dq
T , or
TdS= dq+dL w ,
Where dL w = losses due to irreversibility, such as friction. Using this

relationship and assuming no work is done on or by the fluid, Eq. 1.4
becomes
dp vdv g
+
+ dz + dLw = 0 2.6
gc gc
If we consider a pipe inclined at some angle to the horizontal, as in Fig.

2.2, since
dZ = dL sin
dp vdv g
+
+ dLsin + dLw = 0 2.7
gc gc
Multiplying the equation by dL gives
dL
dp vdv
g
+
+
sin + w = 0 .2.8
dL g dL g c
dL
c
Figure 2.2: Flow Geometry
This equation can be solved for pressure gradient. If we consider a pressure

drop as being positive in the direction of flow
dp
g
vdv dp
=
sin +
+ ... 2.9
dL g c
g c dL dL f
Where
dLw
dp
is the pressure gradient due to viscous shear or friction

dL
dL f
losses.
This equation may be expressed as an equation of pressure gradient in a
general form as follows17:
Pressure Gradient = Density Term + Friction Term + Acceleration Term
The density expression may contain a term defined as "liquid holdup."
This term is a correction for gas slippage. Holdup can be defined as the
fraction of a unit volume of pipe that is occupied by flowing liquid. In other
words:
H L=
Volume of liquid in a pipe segment

Volume of pipe segment
...2.10
Liquid holdup can physically be measured by quickly closing valves in a

segment of pipe and looking at the amount of fluid trapped between valves. If
the variation of liquid holdup is known, it is possible to calculate the average
7
velocity of each phase and their relative difference, which is known as "slip
velocity." When the gas and liquid flow together, the average velocity of the
liquid can be expressed as:
VL =
qg
AH L
VSL
.2.11
HL
And the average velocity of the gas as:

Vg =
qg
A(1 H L )
VSg
1 HL
..2.12
Where VSL and Vsg are the superficial velocities for the liquid and gas, A is the
cross-sectional area of the tubing, and qL and qg are the total liquid and gas
production rates, respectively. This implies that each phase is flowing alone in
the pipe. The slippage velocity is proportional to the slippage loss and is the
difference between the average gas velocity and the liquid velocity. It is given
as:
VS =
qg
A(1 H L )
qL
.2.13
AH L
Replacing VSL and Vsg in the equation above, follows that:
VS =
V
Vsg
SL .2.14
(1 H L ) H L
The friction term is always present in any kind of flow. This term for
multiphase flow is determined
by an analogy with the single phase or it can be determined by experimental
means. Many investigators have tried to correlate this term with the Reynolds
number. Poettmann and Carpenter4,Baxendall3 and Fancher and Brown6 used
in their works only the numerator of the Reynolds number to correlate the
friction factor for predicting vertical flowing pressure losses.
The acceleration component is considered negligible in this study.
2.3 Flow Patterns
2.3.1 Introduction
Whenever liquids and gases flow together through a pipe, their distribution
may vary. It depends on the velocity, the inclination of the pipe, and the
amount of each fluid.
Flow patterns can be considered as the distribution of each phase with
respect to the other in a pipe. The determination of the flow pattern is easier in
a vertical pipe than in a horizontal one, because in the horizontal flow the
phases tend to separate due to gravity.
For a two-phase flow flowing up through an inclined pipe, the flow pattern
is slug or mist for most of the cases. When the flow is downward, the flow
pattern is usually stratified or annular.
Many investigators have named some flow patterns in different ways;
however, most of them coincide with the same descriptions. For a vertical
flow, four different descriptions of flow pattern have been given. In this
discussion, the names and descriptions given by Orkiszewski9 are the ones in
consideration (Fig. 2.3).
2.3.2 Bubble Flow
The pipe is almost completely filled with the liquid. The gas is distributed
in the pipe in form of bubbles that have different sizes and different velocities.
This distribution is random. The liquid moves at a reasonably constant speed.
The effect of the gas in the pressure gradient is small with exception for its
density. The pipe wall is always wet by the liquid.
2.3.3 Slug Flow
The bubbles of gas collide forming bubbles that may have a size close to
the pipe. They are stable. The liquid is still the continuous phase. The bubbles
are surrounded by a liquid film. The velocity of the liquid is not constant. The
liquid around the film may move upward (in direction of bulk flow) or it may
move downward. The bubbles of gas are separated by slugs of liquid. The gas
9
bubbles move faster than the liquid. The velocity of the gas slug can be
predicted in relation to the velocity of the liquid slug. The variation of the liquid
velocity will result not only in the variation of friction losses, but also in a
"Liquid holdup" which influences flowing density. When the liquid moves faster
it can enter into the gas bubbles. The pressure gradient is affected by both
phases.
2.3.4 Transition Flow

The gas phase starts to be continuous. Significant amounts of liquid enter
into the gas phase. The slugs of liquids between bubbles almost disappear.
The gas phase is more predominant than the liquid phase. The effects of
liquid are still significant.
Figure 2.3: Flow patterns as illustrated by Orkiszewski (Orkiszewski, J. (June, 1967))
2.3.5 Annular-Mist Flow

The gas phase is continuous and the liquid is entrained and carried by the
gas. The pipe is wet by the liquid. The gas is the predominant factor.
Depending on the continuity of the liquid and gas phases, the flow regime or
10
flow pattern map is generally divided in three sections. A typical regime map
based on laboratory data by Ros17 is shown in f igure2.4
In region I, the phase liquid is constant; in region in, the gas phase is
constant. Before selecting an equation to predict the flowing pressure
gradient, the flow regime must be established. Many of the equations given by
Ros for the flow regime are used by some investigators.
Fig. 2.4 Flow Regime Map (Orkiszewski, J. (June, 1967))
2.4
Orkiszewski9
Orkiszewski9 based his method on the study of several published
correlations. From his investigation, he showed that no single correlation was

accurate enough to predict the pressure gradient in a well for a wide set of
different flow conditions. A total of 148 wells were tested. A large part of the
data was taken from literature. The author classified the correlations
according to similarity in theoretical concepts and selected them in three
different categories which are described below.
Category 1: the liquid holdup is accounted for in the calculation of the
11
density. The fluid density is calculated as a composition of the produced fluids

(top hole) corrected by temperature and pressure. The liquid holdup and the
wall friction losses are correlated in an empirical friction factor. The flow
regimes are not considered.
Category 2: the liquid holdup is used to calculate the density. It is
correlated separately or combined in some form with the wall friction losses.
The friction losses are calculated using the composite properties of the fluids.
The flow regimes are not considered.
Category 3: the calculation of the density is based on the liquid holdup.
The liquid holdup is determined using the concept of slip velocity. The wall
friction losses are based on the fluid properties of the continuous phase.
Orkiszewski9 distinguished four types of flow patterns, and for each one he
developed some relations to establish the slippage velocity and the friction
losses. The flow patterns were bubble, slug, transition, and mist. In a similar
way, as Duns and Ros8 theory stated, Orkiszewski postulated the matching of
the calculations of the regions with the flow patterns. Taking this into account,
Orkiszewski selected different theories and chose the most appropriate for
each regime. Finally, after his search for different correlations, he found that
no method was accurate enough for the prediction of the pressure gradient for
a wide set of flow conditions. However, he selected the Griffith-Wallis13 and
Duns and Ros8 correlations as the best, and decided to modify them. Duns
and Ros correlations were inaccurate for high viscosity oils in the low flow
range of the slug flow, and Griffith-Wallis13 correlations were inaccurate for the
higher range of flow rates in the same regime.
Orkiszewski9 used the Griffith-Wallis correlation to describe the bubble flow,

but he did not modify it. For the slug flow, the same correlation was used, but
it was improved. In the description of the transition flow and mist flow, he used
the Duns and Ros correlations but with some modifications.
The modification of Griffith-Wallis13 correlation for the slug flow included
12
a Parameter to account for the liquid distribution, the liquid film, and the liquid
entrained in the gas bubble. Because the Griffith and Wallis13 method was
reliable in the lower flow rate range of slug, but not in the higher range, this
parameter accounts for the liquid holdup at the higher flow velocities.
The Orkiszewskis method is a composite of the following:
Table 2.1
Flow Regimes
Method
Flow Regime
Griffith18
Bubble
Griffith and Wallis13
Slug (density term)
Orkiszewski9
Slug (friction gradient term)
Duns and Ros8
Transition
Duns and Ros8
Mist or Annular
(Orkiszewski, J. (June, 1967))
The Orkiszewski equation is:

dp
dp
+
dp dz el dz f
=
2.15
dz
1 Ek
Where we define E K =
v m v sg n
gc p
.2.16
dp
= Pressure gradient due to gravity
dz el
dp
= Pressure gradient due to Friction
dz f
Pressure gradient due to Acceleration is negligible, E K = 0
The boundaries of flow can be determined from Table 2.2
13
Table 2.2
Flow Boundaries
Flow Regime
Limits
Bubble
V sg
<L B
Vm
Slug
V sg
>L B ,N gv <L s
Vm
Transition
L m >N gv >L s
Mist
N gv >L m
(Orkiszewski, J. (June, 1967))
Where
LB = 1.071 0.2218V 2 d .2.17

m
With the constriction LB 0.13

d
= Tubing diameter, ft
Ls = 50 + 36 N LV .2.18
Lm = 75 + 84 N
LV 0.75
2.19
2.4.1 Bubble Flow

The liquid holdup (HL) is determined by:
V
V
1
H L = 1 1 + m 1 + m
2 Vs
Vs
2
V
4 sg ..2.20
Vs
The value of slip velocity V s is taken to have a constant value of 0.8ft/sec.

The average density is calculated as:
= H L L + (1 H L ) g ..2.21
The friction gradient is calculated from the Weisbach formula valid for liquid
flow:
V
f L sL
dp
HL
=
2g c d
dz f
.2.22
14
is obtained from a Haalands Formula which is an alternative to the
Moody19& Colebrook20 Formula diagram. The Reynolds number is calculated

as:
N Re =
1488 L dVsL
..2.23
H L L
The acceleration term was considered negligible in this flow regime.
2.4.2 Slug Flow

The two phase density is expressed as:
s =
L (VsL + Vb ) + gVsg
Vm + Vb
+ L ....2.24
Where
Vb = C1C 2 gd , ft/sec...2.25
= liquid distribution coefficient
C1 and C2 are Griffith Wallis Coefficients13,21 and can be read from Figures 2.5
and 2.6, respectively. C1 is a function of the bubble Reynolds number (NReb)
and C2 is a function of NReb and liquid Reynolds number (NReL). These
variables can be expressed as:
N Reb =
1488 L dVb
2.26
L
N ReL =
1488 L dVm
......2.27
L
Where Vm is the total velocity of the fluid (qt/Ap).

Vb is calculated by trial and error because it is not a linear correlation. The
following are the steps to calculate Vb.
1. Assume a Vb = 0.5 gd for 1st guest
2. Calculate NReb using the value of Vb from step1
3. Calculate Vb from equation 2.25 or 2.28 to 2.30.
15
4. Compare the Vb assumed and the Vb calculated. If they are not close
enough repeat steps 1 to 4.
The Orkiszewski correlation incorporated Fig. 2. Which is an extrapolation
done by Nicklin, Wilkes and Davidson22. In this way, Vb could be estimated at
the higher Reynolds number.
The following equations to calculate Vb are provided in case that C2 cannot be
read from the fig 2.6.
When
N Reb 3000
Vb = 0.546 + 8.74 10 6 N ReL
gd .....2.28
When
N Reb 8000
Vb = 0.35 + 8.74 10 6 N ReL
gd ...2.29
When
3000 < N Reb < 8000
13.59 L
1
Vb = + 2 +
2
L d
..2.30
Where
= 0.251+ 8.74 10 6 N ReL
gd .2.30a
16
Fig
Fig 2.5: GRIFFITH- WALLIS COEFFICIENT,C1 (Griffith, Peters and Wallis, Graham(August, 1961))
Fig 2.5: GRIFFITH- WALLIS COEFFICIENT,C2 (Griffith, Peters and Wallis, Graham(August, 1961))
The frictional pressure gradient can be determined from:
17
f LVm
dp
=
2g c d
dz f
VsL + Vb
+ ..2.31
Vm + Vb
can be determined from the following equations according to some

conditions:
Table 2.3: Continuous liquid distribution equations for different mixture velocities (Orkiszewski, J. (June,
1967)
Continuous
Equation for
liquid Value of Vm
phase
Water
<10
2.32
Water
>10
2.33
Oil
<10
2.34
Oil
>10
2.35
= 0.013log L d 1.38 0.681 + 0.232logVm 0.428logd ...2.32

= 0 . 045log L d 0 . 799 0 . 709 0. 162log V m 0 .888log d 2.33
= 0.0127log( L + 1)d 1.415 0.284 + 0.167logVm 0.113logd .........2.34

= 0.0274log( L + 1)d 1.371 + 0.161 + 0.569logd + X ......2.35
Where
X = logVm (0.01log( + 1)d 1.571 )+ 0.397 + 0.63logd .2.36

The value of is constrained by the following limits:
(a)
If Vm <1 0
0.065Vm ...2.37a
(b)
If Vm >1 0
Vb
Vm + Vb

1 s 2.37b
L
These constraints are supposed to eliminate pressure discontinuities between

equations for
since the equation pairs do not necessarily meet
Vm=10ft/sec.
18
2.4.3 Transition Flow

The average density and friction gradient are calculated according to Duns
and Ros8
dP
dp
A
+ B ..2.38
dz Slug
dz Mist
dp
=
dz
Where A ans B are defined as follows:

Lm N gv
A=
B=
Lm Ls
N gv Ls
Lm Ls
2.4.4
..2.39
= 1 A ..2.40
Mist Flow
Duns ad Ros8 assumed that with the high gas flow rate in Mist Flow
region, the slip velocity is zero. Therefore, the mixture density is the no-slip
density and is calculated from. The two-phase density is calculated as follow:
n = L L + g g = L
Vsg
VsL
+ g
2.41
Vm
Vm
The friction gradient can be determined as:

V 2
dp
sg
2.42
= f g
2g c d
dz f
2.5 Beggs and Brill12

This correlation was developed from 584 measured experimental
12
. They
used a small test facility, which consisted of 1 in. and 1.5 in. sections of acrylic
pipe 90 ft long. The pressure gradient and the liquid holdup were measured
for different angles with the horizontal base. These angles are 0, 5, 10, 15, 20,
35, 55, 75, and 90 degrees.
The parameters studied and their variations were:
1. Gas flow rate (0 to 300 Mscf/D),
19
2. Liquid flow rate (0 to 30 gal/min),

3. Average system pressure ( 35 to 95 psia),
4. Pipe diameter (1 and 1.5 in.),
5. Liquid holdup (0 to 0.870),
6. Pressure gradient (0 to 0.8 psi/ft),
7. Inclination angle (-90 to 90),
8. Horizontal flow pattern.
When a flow rate was set, the angle was varied to see the effects of the flow
patterns and liquid holdup on the pressure gradient. For all tests, liquid and
gas were in turbulent flow. The fluids tested were water and air. In order to
include a transition zone between the segregated and intermittent flow
regimes, the original flow pattern map was slightly modified (see Fig. 2.8). The
friction factor is calculated using equations that are independent of the flow
regime, but are dependent on the holdup. This can be seen from
Fig 2.7, which shows the friction factor as a function of the liquid holdup and
input liquid content.
2.5.1 Flow Regime Determination

The following procedure is used to determine which flow regime would
exist if the pipe in a horizontal position. This flow regime is a correlating
parameter and gives no information about the actual flow regime unless the
pipe is horizontal.
Based on Dukler23 et al., three flow regimes were distinguished for horizontal
flow (see Fig. 2.8). The regimens are segregated, transition, intermittent, and
distributed. The investigators defined some variables to determine which
regime would exist if the pipe is horizontal. These variables help to find the
holdup and they are defined as:
20
Fig 2.7 Liquid hold-up (Beggs, H.D and Brill, J.P. (May, 1973))
Fig
2.8
Horizontal Flow pattern (Beggs, H.D and Brill, J.P. (May, 1973))
21
V
N FR =
L =
m2
gd
..2.43
VsL
.2.44
Vm
L1 = 316 0.302 .2.45

L
2.46
L2 = 0.0009252
L 2.4684
L3 = 0.10
..2.47
L4 = 0.5
L1.4516
L 6.738
2.48
The horizontal flow regime limits are:
2.5.1.1 Segregated Flow
Limits: L < 0.01

Or L 0.01
N FR <L1
and
N FR <L2
and
2.5.1.2 Transition Flow
Limits: L 0.01
L 2 N FR L3
and
2.5.1.3 Intermittent Flow
L3 < N FR L1
Limits: 0.01 L < 0.4
and
Or L 0.4
L3 < N FR L4
and
22
2.5.1.4 Distributed Flow

Limits: L < 0.4
Or L 0.4
N FR L1
and
and
N FR > L4
When the flow falls in the transition regime the liquid holdup must be
calculated using both the segregated and intermittent equations and
interpolated using the following weighting factors.
H L (transition ) = A H L (segregated ) + B H L (intermittent ) ....2.49

A=
Where
L3 N FR
L3 L 2 ...2.49a
B = 1 A ......2.49b
The same equations are used to calculate liquid holdup for all flow
regimes. The coefficients and exponents used in the equations are different
for each flow regime.
2.5.2 Two-Phase Density
H L () = H L (0) 2.50
Where HL
(0)
is the holdup, which would exist at the same conditions in a
horizontal pipe. It is calculated from
H L (0) =
a b
L
.2.51
FR c
Where a, b, and c are determined for each flow pattern from the table 2.4:
Table 2.4: Constant values for different Flow Regimes (Beggs, H.D and Brill, J.P. (May, 1973))
Flow pattern
Segregated
0.98
0.4846
0.0868
Intermittent
0.845
0.5351
0.0173
Distributed
1.065
0.5824
0.0609
With the constraint that H L L

The factor for correcting the holdup for the effect of pipe inclination is given by
23
= 1 + C Sin(1.8 ) 0.333Sin 3 (1.8 ) .2.52

Where is the actual angle of the pipe from horizontal.
For vertical upward flow, = 90o and becomes
= 1+ 0.3C .....2.53
Where
C = (1 L )In d e N
L
LV f
FR g
)..2.54
Where d, e, f and g are determined for each flow condition from the table
Table 2.5 Constants for C Coefficient (Beggs, H.D and Brill, J.P. (May, 1973))
Horizontal
0.011
-3.768
3.539
-1.614
2.96
0.305
-0.4473
0.0978
0.1244
-0.5056
Flow pattern
Segregated
Uphill
Intermittent
uphill
Distributed
No correlation, C=0
uphill
Downward
4.70
-0.3692
Flow pattern
2.5.3 Friction Factor
f fp nV 2
dp
m
=
2g c d
dz f
...2.55
Where
n = L L + g g ......2.56
f tp = f n
f tp
fn
......2.57
The no-slip friction factor is determined from Churchill correlation across the
whole range of Reynolds number19
f Moody
12
12
8
1
= 8
+
3
Re
(
A
+
B
)
.......2.58
24
Where
A = 2.457
In
Re
0.9

+ 0.27
16
....2.59
16
37530
B=
...........2.60
Re
Using the following Reynolds number

Re =
nVm d
..2.61
n
Where
n = L L + g g .......2.62
The ratio of the two-phase to no-slip friction factor is calculated from

f tp
fn
= e s 2.63
Where
s = [In( y )] 0.0523 + 3.182 In( y ) 0.8725[In( y )] + 0.01853[In( y )] ..2.64

2
-4
And
y=
[H L ()]2
...2.65
The value of S becomes unbounded at a point in the interval 1< y < 1.2; and
for y in this interval, the function S is calculated from
s = In(2.2y 1.2) .......2.66

Although acceleration pressure gradient should be included for increased
accuracy, it was neglected in this study because the study was done for a
vertical flow only.
Thus the Beggs and Brill equation for calculating pressure gradient is given
as:
dp dp
dp
= + ....2.67
dz dz el dz f
25
CHAPTER 3
FLUID PROPERTY CORRELATIONS
3.1 Introduction
The empirical correlations that are used to find fluid physical properties
were developed due to the fact that PVT analysis is not always available. PVT
analysis is usually conducted at reservoir temperature at different pressures.
For the production case, the determination of PVT analysis at different
pressures and temperatures is not available. Therefore, the use of empirical
correlations is a good tool for the determination of different fluid physical
properties.
This chapter summarizes some of the best empirical correlations available
to determine fluid physical properties.
3.2 Pressure Traverse24

The correlations for multiphase flow in pipes enable the calculation of the
calculation of the pressure gradient as a function of the production variables.
The pressure gradient is a local measurement of the pressure changes with
distance and can be applied at any location in the pipe.
It is function of fluid properties and of the flow rates occurring at the pipe
location.
p = Pb Pa =
a
dp
dz ....3.1
dz
Over those long distances, the local pressure gradient will change depending
on the flow rates and flow conditions occurring at each location along the
pipe. The main reason for this is that fluid properties, amount of gas in
26
solution and free and local volumetric gas and liquid flow rates are function of
the pressure and temperature.
The challenging problem then is how to obtain the pressure losses by
integrating of the pressure gradient along the pipe length. The problem is
even more interesting since the flow pattern can also change with location in
the pipe.
b
p = Pb Pa =
a
dp
dz .................................................................................3.1b
dz
In a tubing string for instance, at the bottom of the well the pressure may be
high enough to ensure single phase flow. As the fluids move upwards on the
tubing string, the pressure reduction allows gas to come out of solution and
we start to have two phase flow. As the fluid continues to move upwards, we
will have more and more gas coming out of solution and expanding.
In some situations we may have wells that are on single phase flow at the
bottom and as we move upwards on the tubing string the flow may become
bubble, chum, slug and eventually annular.
Fig 3.1 Upward Vertical flow regime (Mauricio, P. (2009))
27
This procedure can be done numerically by numerical integration of the

equations for two phase flow in pipes. Usually this is carried out by a program
to implement Orkiszewski and Beggs and Brill to perform two phase flow
pressure drop calculations.
Attention was paid to the conventions for calculating pressure differences in
pipes. The calculation can be performed to calculate the pressure drop in the
direction of the flow (available pressure) or in the direction opposite to the flow
direction (required pressure).
3.2.1 Pipe Inclination Angle24

It commonly assumed that z coordinate along the pipe axis is in the direction
of the flow rate.
The inclination angle of the pipe with the horizontal line is the angle between
the z coordinate axis and the horizontal line. It is assumed positive for upward
flow and negative for downward flow.
Fig. 3.2a Pipe Inclination (Mauricio, P. (2009))
With this convention, the gravitational pressure loss along the z direction or in
the direction of the flow is expressed in the following form:
Fig. 3.2b Pipe Inclination (Mauricio, P. (2009))
dp
|g = gsin ( ) ..3.2
dz
28
f moody | V | V
dp
q 2
= 8f moody 2 5 .3.3
|f =
dz
2
d
d
3.2.2 Available and Required Pressure24

When calculating pressure profiles in pipes, two calculations are interesting:
(a) The first is called available pressure.
(b) The second is called required pressure.
Starting with a certain reference pressure pi at one extremity of the pipe, the
available pressure is the pressure at the downstream extremity of the pipe in
the same direction of the flow. The required pressure is the pressure at the
upstream extremity in the opposite direction of the flow.
As a convention we will measure the pipe length l always as a positive
quantity starting at the location of the reference pressure pi
Fig. 3.2c Pipe Inclination (Mauricio, P. (2009))
We have then:
dp
dp
= j
.....3.4
dl
dz
Our interest was to solve this problem for a pipe segment of known length.
There are basically two algorithms to numerically integrate this equation.
(a) Based on length increments (iterative)
(b) Based on pressure increments (direct but has problems with small
pressure gradients). See equation 3.4 above.
29
3.2.3 Algorithm based on Length Increments24

The pipe is divided into several sections and calculations proceed from one
section to the other.
The two-phase flow variables should be calculated at the average conditions
on the segment and this result in an iterative procedure, since the average
pressure is not known.
Fig. 3.3 Pipe segments based on length increment (Mauricio, P. (2009))
Pi+1 = Pi + j
dp
|P ......3.5
dz avg
For Segment 1 to n
- If Pi>14.7 then
o
Pav = Pi
Convergence is False
Do while Convergence is False

- calculate conditions and pressure gradient at Pav
-
dp
P i + 1 = min 14 . 6 , P i + j l
dz
- If
+ Pi
P
abs i + 1
P av < tol
2
Convergence is true
Pav =
Else
Pi + 1 + Pi
2
End if
o
Continue
- Else
- Pi+1=14.6
- End if
Pav
Next Segment
30
then
3.2.4 Algorithm based on Pressure Increments14

The average flow conditions in a pipe section are assumed equal to the flow
conditions at the inlet of the section.
The pressure increment in the section must be small enough to ensure that
fluid properties are representative of flow conditions.
Fig. 3.4 Pipe segments based on pressure increment (Mauricio, P. (2009))
Pi+1 = Pi + j
dp
|P
dz i
Pi + Pi = Pi + j
dp
|P
dz i
l =
Pi
dp
j
|p
dz i
Algorithm based on pressure increments:

l =
Pi
..3.6
dp
j
|p
dz i
As the pressure gradient tends to zero (or small value), the length increment
tends to be undetermined (or big values). This can occur for instance in
downward flow when the gravitation pressure is balanced by frictional losses
and the total pressure gradient is zero.
In those cases, we needed to proceed with a limited and bounded length
l max
increment
Distance Left =Pipe Length
P = Pi
Do while abs(Distance Left ) > Tol

-
If P=< 0.1 then

o
Pf = 0
Calculate Properties, flow conditions and pressure gradient at
Else
P=
o
dp
dz
Pi
Calculate the allowable pressure increment
31
P (P )
Calculate
l = min Dis tan ceLeft ,
abs
Distance Left-Distance Left-
dp
Pf = max 0, P + jl
dz
End if
P=
P( P)
dp
j
+ 10 8
dz p
, l max
Pf
Continue
3.3 Gas Solubility in Oil- Rso25

Standing25 based his correlation on 105 experimental bubble point
pressures. Twenty-two different oil natural gas mixtures from California were
tested. The gas solubility in oil correlation was presented by Standing25 as
given in equation. 3.7
R SO
P + 14.7
= g
+ 1.4 10 (0.0125API 0.00091T )
18.2
1.2048
......3.7
Where
RSO is in scf/stb, P in psig and T in 0F
3.3.1 Gas Solubility in Water- Rsw (Culberson and Maketta correlation)

Culberson and Maketta gave the correlation for gas solubility in water as
RSw = A + B(P + 14.7 ) + C (P + 14.7 ) ...3.8

2
Where:
A = 8.15839 6.12265 10 2 T + 1.91663 10 4 T 2 2.1654 10 7 T 3 ....3.8a
B = 1.01021 10 2 7.44241 10 5 T + 3.05553 10 7 T 2 2.94883 10 10 T 3 ...3.8b
C = 9.02505+ 0.130237T 10 2 T 8.53425 10 4 T 2 + 2.34122 10 6 T 2.37049 10 9 T 4 10 7
...3.8c
32
3.4 Water Cut

The fraction of water in the liquid is calculated using equation 3.9
WC =
qW
..3.9
qO + qW
Water Cut is given in fraction and the flow rates are in stb/d
Production Gas Oil Ratio and Production Gas Liquid Ratio is given as:
GLR P = GOR P ( 1 WC) ..3.10
The mixture bubble point is the solution to:

GLRP ( 1 WC)R SO (Pb )1 WC (RSW )(Pb ) = 0 ..3.11
3.5 Free Gas Liquid Ratio- GLRfree (Gas Mass Balance)
If P < Pb ,
GLR free = GLR P RSO (1 WC ) RSW WC .3.12
And for P Pb , GLR free = 0 ....3.12a

3.5.1 Isothermal Oil Compressibilty,CO26
This is the compressibility of the oil as a single-phase liquid with a certain
amount of gas in solution. It is valid above the bubble point only 26.
CO =
1433 + 5R SO + 17.2T 1180 g + 1261API
Where P>Pb
(P +14.7 ) 10 5
and
....3.13
RSO=RSO (Pb)
3.5.2 Formation Volume Factor Bo 25

The formation volume factors (FVF) are used to correlate surface
measured volumetric flow rates to in-situ flow rates. This covers formation
volume factors for oil, water and gas.
3.5.2.1 Oil Formation Volume Factor Bo

Standing26 gave the correlation for determination of Bo as
g
BO = 0.9759 + 12 10 RSO
+ 1.25T
O
1.2
..3.14
For pressures above the bubble point pressure, equation 3.15 should be used
33
BO = BOb e
[ (P
CO
P )]
.....3.15
Where
BOb
g
= 0.9759 + 12 10 5 RSOb
+ 1.25T
O
1.2
..3.16
and
RSOb=RSO (Pb)
Isothermal Water Compressibility CW25
3.5.3
This is the compressibility of the water as a single-phase liquid with a

certain amount of gas in solution. It is valid above the bubble point only.
Cw =
At
a + bT + cT 2
1 + 8.9 10 3 Rswb 3.17
10 6
P>P b
RSWb = RSW (Pb ) ..3.17a
Where
a = 3.8546 1.34 10 4 (P + 14.7 ) ....3.18
b = 0.01052 + 4.77 10 7 (P + 14.7 ) ...3.19
c = 3.9267 10 5 8.8 10 10 (P + 14.7 ) ..3.20
3.5.4
Water Formation Volume Factor BW (Gould Correlation)
This property shows the change in volume of one STB of water due to
changes in pressure and temperature over the system. The change in volume
due to gas evolving from water system is smaller compared with change in
volume of oil systems. This is because water systems hold less gas in
solution than oil systems. The main factor that influences the change in
volume of water system is the change in temperature. Gould presented
correlation in equation 3.21 for calculation of BW
BW = 1.0 + 1.2 10 4 (T 60) + 1.0 10 6 (T 60) 3.33 10 6 (P + 14.7 ) ...3.21

2
And the correlation of BW above bubble point pressure is given as:
34
B w = B wb e
[ (P
Cw
P )]
..3.22
Where
) [ (P P)] 3.23
BWb = 1.0+1.2 104 (T 60) +1.0 106 (T 60) 3.33 106 (P +14.7) e
2
Cw
3.5 Gas deviation factor Z (Papay, 1968)

Papay
presented
equations
3.24-3.29
for
determination
of
the
compressibility factor, Z.
T pc = 168 + 325 g 12.5
g2
Ppc = 677 + 15.0 g 37.5
...3.24
g2
..3.25
T pr =
(T + 460 ) 3.26
Ppr =
(P + 14.7 ) ..........3.27
T pr =
(T + 460 ) 3.28
TPc
PPc
Z =1
TPc
PPr
PPr
0.3675 0.04188423
TPr
TPr
........3.29
3.6 Gas Formation Volume Factor Bg27

Gas formation volume factor, Bg is the volume in barrels that one standard
cubic foot of gas will occupy as free gas at reservoir conditions of pressure
and temperature. It can be expressed as (bbl of free gas/scf) standard
conditions are defined as 60oF and 14.7psia. Hall and Yarborough presented
equations 3.30-3.36 for gas formation volume factor calculation.
pv
=cte ..3.30
ZT
(P +14.7 )VPT
...3.31
60 F
Z 14.7 psi (460 + 60) Z PT (T + 460)
14.7V
60 F14.7 Psi
35
(T + 460)
........3.32
Z
(
460 + 60)(P + 14.7 )
60F
14.7 Psi
14.7(T + 460) Z PT
.....3.33
520(P + 14.7 ) Z
60F
14.7Z
PT
14.7 Psi 60F
PT
14.7 Psi 60F
PT
PT
14.7 Psi
= 0.028269
14.7 Psi 60F
B g = 0.028269
(T + 460) Z PT
(P +14.7 ) Z14.7 Psi60F
(T + 460 ) Z PT
(P + 14.7 ) Z 14.7 Psi60F
...3.34
...3.35
Bg in equation 3.35 is in ft/scf and the expression in equation 3.36 is in bbl/scf.
B g = 0.00503475
(T + 460 ) Z PT
(P + 14.7 ) Z 14.7 Psi60F
...3.36
3.8 Gas density

Density of Real gas was calculated using equations 3.37-3.44
=
PMW
ZTR ...3.37
Where R=10 . 47
MW dryair= 28. 97
mol psi ft 3
.....3.38
R lbm
Z=1....3.39
For air density at standard condition, equation 3.40 -3.41were used
air sc
(14.7 )(28.97 ) = 0.0764 ....3.40

(1)(10.47 )(520)
air = 0 .0764 .3.41

sc
The gas density given the gas specific gravity.

g = 0 . 0764 g ..3.42
sc
Then gas density is given as equations 3.43 and 3.44 at a given gas formation
volume factor Bg
g=
0 . 0764 g
...3.43
Bg
g=
0 . 0764 g
5 .614 B g ......3.44
36
3.9 Oil Specific gravity

The oil specific gravity is given in equation 3.45 at an oil API gravity.
o=
141. 5
131. 5+API 3.45
3.9.1 Density of pure water

Water density was calculated using equation 3.46 in the excel spread
sheet, but equation 3.47 was given for further calculation of water density in
lbm/scf if needed.
w = 350 (lbm/stb)...3.46
sc
w = 62 . 4 (lbm/scf)..3.47
sc
3.9.2 Stock tank Oil density-dead Oil density at standard conditions

Dead oil density at standard condition was calculated using equation 3.48
w = 350 O
w = 62 . 4 O ...3.48
sc
sc
Density of Live Oil is given as

O =
350 o + 0.0764 g RSo (1 WC )

5.615 BO
..3.49
3.9.3 Density of Live Water

The density of live water was calculated using equation 3.50
w =
350 w + 0.0764 g RSw (1 WC )

5.615 Bw
.3.50
3.10 Fluid Flowrates

In-situ oil flow rate was calculated using equations 3.51-3.53.
q
q
q
o in situ
oin situ
oin situ
= (1 WC )q l BO
5.614583
.....3.51
86400
5.614583
= WCq l Bw
.....3.52
86400
5.614583
= GLR free ql B g
.3.53
86400
Where
q
o in situ
is in ft^3/sec .
37
3.11 Superficial Fluid Velocities

The superficial oil, eater and gas velocities were calculated using
equations 3.54, 3.55 and 3.56 respectively.
4q
VSO =
win situ
2
........3.55
d

12
4q
VSg =
........3.54
d

12
4q
VSw =
o in situ
2
g in situ
d

12
.....3.56
Where
VSO is ft/sec
And mixture velocity is given as
Vm = Vsg + Vso + Vsw ...3.57
3.12 Oil Viscosity

Viscosity is the measurement of strength of the internal resistance offered
by the cohesive forces between the fluid molecules when motion is induced.
Therefore, viscosity is a measure of the resistance to flow. In an oil system, an
increment in temperature produces a decrease in viscosity. For an
undersaturated oil system, an increment in pressure compresses the oil
causing an increase in viscosity.
3.12.1 Dead Oil Viscosity
The ter dead oil means that there is no gas in solution in the oil system,
and the term live oil means that there is gas in solution in the oil system.
Terms like dead oil viscosity and live oil viscosity were given in equations 3.59
and 3.60 respectively according to Beggs and Robinson28 correlation.
x=
10 (3.03240.02023API )
...3.58
T 1.163
38
od = 10 x 1 ....3.59
For Live oil viscosity which is calculated below the bubble point pressure,
equation 3.60 was used.
o = 10.715(R SO + 100 )
0.515
) (
od
5.44 RSO
+150 )0.338
) ...3.60
3.12.2 Oil Viscosity above the bubble point

Vasquez and Beggs26 presented the correlation for oil viscosity above the
bubble point pressure as in equation 3.61
P + 14.7
o = Ob
P
+
14.7
b
2.6 ( P+14.7 )1.187
e(11.5138.9810
(P + 14.7 ))
...3.61
ob = 10.715(RSOb + 100 )
0.515
) (
od
5.44 RSOb
+150 )0.338
) ....3.62
Rsob = RSO (Pb )

3.13 Gas Viscosity
The excel spread sheet uses only one correlation for the calculation of
gas viscosity. This correlation is the one presented by Lee, Gonzalez and
Eakin29.
.
y
g =
(9.4 + 0.02MW )(T + 460)1.5

209 + 19 MW + (T + 460 )
g
x
62.4
4
.....3.63
10 e
Where
x = 3.5 +
986
+ 0.01MW ......3.64
T + 460
and
y= 2 . 4 0. 2x
3.14 Water Viscosity (Kestin, Khalifa and Correa)

The excel calculation used the correlation given by Kestin, Khalifa and
Correa for calculating water viscosity as given in equation 3.65
w = 109.574T 1.12166 0.9994+ 4.0295 10 5 (P +14.7) + 3.1062 10 9 (P +14.7) .3.65

2
39
3.15 No Slip Liquid and Gas phase fraction

No-slip velocities and phase fractions of both the gas and liquid were
calculated using equations 3.66 and 3.67 respectively.
g=
V sg
V sg +V so +V sw
f w=
V sw
V so +V sw ......3.66
l=
V so +V sw
V sg +V so +V sw
f o=
V so
V so +V sw ......3.67
40
Chapter 4
SAMPLE CALCULATIONS, RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS
4.1 Introduction
This chapter presents and discusses sample calculations in tabular form
as prepared in excel sheets based on both Orkiszewski and Beggs & Brill
correlations, the results of calculated pressure gradients, flow regimes,
pressure profiles for different tubing sizes using both Orkiszewski and Beggs
& Brill methods.
Outflow Performance Rate (OPR) graphs constructed from varying liquid
flow rates and the pressures at the node for different tubing sizes were also
presented.
4.2 Sample Calculation Based on Orkiszewski Correlation
The sample calculation is presented in tabular form according to the excel
spread sheet prepared in Orkiszewski correlation and the fluid properties
correlations discussed in both chapter 3 and 4 respectively.
The sample data for the calculation is given in table 4.1 and the sample
calculation for 10 rows (10 data points0 are presented in table 4.2 -4.9
Table 4.1: Well data
DATA
ORKISZEWSKI
Oil Flowrate (STB/day)
400
Liquid Flowrate (STB/day)
444
Pipe Internal Diameter (in)
1.995
Roughness (ft)
0.00015
Inclination Angle with Horizontal (degrees)
90
API
25
Gas Specific Gravity
0.65
Average Fowing Temperature (F)
175
Water Cut (%)
10
Production GOR (scf/STB)
1328
Production GLR (scf/STB)
1195
41
Produced Water Specific Gravity
1.07
Initial Pressure (psi)
Type of Calculation (Required or Available)
Required
Bubble Point
Bubble Point Pressure (psi)
7097
Gas Solubility in Oil at the Bubble Point (scf/bbl)
1324.85
Gas Solubility in Water at the Bubble Point (scf/bbl)
26.34
Free Gas Liquid Ratio (scf/bbl - SHOULD BE ZERO) 0.00

Node Results
Node Distance from Initial Pressure (ft)
8000
Pressure at Node (psi)
5039
Table 4.2: Calculations of fluid properties
P inc
Pressure
Rso
Rsw
FGLR
Co
Bo
Cw
Bw
0.0
2.58
2.22
1192.45
NA
1.05
NA
1.03
5.0
80
2.97
2.25
1192.10
NA
1.05
NA
1.03
10.0
185
3.37
2.27
1191.74
NA
1.05
NA
1.03
15.0
314
3.78
2.30
1191.37
NA
1.05
NA
1.03
20.0
465
4.20
2.32
1190.99
NA
1.05
NA
1.03
25.0
636
4.62
2.35
1190.60
NA
1.05
NA
1.03
30.0
745
5.06
2.37
1190.21
NA
1.05
NA
1.03
35.0
788
5.49
2.39
1189.82
NA
1.05
NA
1.03
40.0
827
5.94
2.42
1189.42
NA
1.06
NA
1.03
45.0
869
6.38
2.44
1189.01
NA
1.06
NA
1.03
Table 4.3: Calculations of fluid properties continue
Ppc
Tpc
Ppr
Tpr
Pstpr
Tstpr
Zst
Bg
rho gas
rho oil
670.91
373.97
0.02
1.70
1.00
0.02
1.39
0.99
0.22
0.04
53.49
670.91
373.97
0.03
1.70
0.99
0.02
1.39
0.99
0.16
0.05
53.49
670.91
373.97
0.04
1.70
0.99
0.02
1.39
0.99
0.13
0.07
53.49
670.91
373.97
0.04
1.70
0.99
0.02
1.39
0.99
0.11
0.08
53.48
670.91
373.97
0.05
1.70
0.99
0.02
1.39
0.99
0.09
0.10
53.48
670.91
373.97
0.06
1.70
0.99
0.02
1.39
0.99
0.08
0.11
53.47
670.91
373.97
0.07
1.70
0.99
0.02
1.39
0.99
0.07
0.12
53.47
670.91
373.97
0.07
1.70
0.98
0.02
1.39
0.99
0.06
0.14
53.46
670.91
373.97
0.08
1.70
0.98
0.02
1.39
0.99
0.06
0.15
53.46
670.91
373.97
0.09
1.70
0.98
0.02
1.39
0.99
0.05
0.17
53.45
670.91
373.97
0.10
1.70
0.98
0.02
1.39
0.99
0.05
0.18
53.45
42
rho
water
qo
vso
qw
vsw
qg
vsg
vm
fw
vis doil
viso
64.95
0.03
1.26
0.00
0.14
7.50
345.41
346.81
0.10
5.73
5.60
64.95
0.03
1.26
0.00
0.14
5.58
257.25
258.65
0.10
5.73
5.58
64.95
0.03
1.26
0.00
0.14
4.45
204.78
206.18
0.10
5.73
5.56
64.95
0.03
1.26
0.00
0.14
3.69
169.98
171.38
0.10
5.73
5.54
64.95
0.03
1.26
0.00
0.14
3.15
145.21
146.60
0.10
5.73
5.52
64.95
0.03
1.26
0.00
0.14
2.75
126.67
128.07
0.10
5.73
5.50
64.95
0.03
1.26
0.00
0.14
2.44
112.28
113.68
0.10
5.73
5.48
64.95
0.03
1.26
0.00
0.14
2.19
100.79
102.19
0.10
5.73
5.46
64.95
0.03
1.26
0.00
0.14
1.98
91.40
92.80
0.10
5.73
5.44
64.96
0.03
1.26
0.00
0.14
1.81
83.58
84.98
0.10
5.73
5.42
64.96
0.03
1.26
0.00
0.14
1.67
76.97
78.37
0.10
5.73
5.40
Table 4.5: Calculations of fluid properties and flow regime correction factor for liquid viscosity
Liq
Gas
rhog
Mg
visg
visw
Lambda
Lambda
Ls
Lm
18.83
5.24
1.35
130.17
0.013
0.33
0.00
1.00
141.07
243.49
0.001
18.83
5.24
1.35
130.17
0.013
0.33
0.01
0.99
141.08
243.50
0.001
18.83
5.24
1.35
130.17
0.013
0.33
0.01
0.99
141.08
243.51
0.001
18.83
5.24
1.35
130.17
0.013
0.33
0.01
0.99
141.09
243.53
0.002
18.83
5.24
1.35
130.17
0.013
0.33
0.01
0.99
141.10
243.54
0.002
18.83
5.24
1.35
130.17
0.013
0.33
0.01
0.99
141.11
243.56
0.002
18.83
5.24
1.35
130.17
0.013
0.33
0.01
0.99
141.12
243.57
0.002
18.83
5.24
1.35
130.17
0.013
0.33
0.01
0.99
141.13
243.58
0.002
18.83
5.24
1.35
130.17
0.013
0.33
0.02
0.98
141.15
243.60
0.003
18.83
5.24
1.35
130.17
0.013
0.33
0.02
0.98
141.16
243.61
0.003
18.83
5.24
1.35
130.17
0.013
0.33
0.02
0.98
141.17
243.63
Table 4.6: Calculations of flow regimes, flow regime correlation boundaries and Reynoldss numbers.
Guess
LB
vsg/vm
Flow Regime
Vs
n(mist)
trans
B trans
NreL
Vb
0.13
0.996
MIST FLOW
0.8
-0.180
-3.72
4.72
921447
1.16
0.13
0.995
MIST FLOW
0.8
-0.241
-2.17
3.17
689525
1.16
0.13
0.993
MIST FLOW
0.8
-0.302
-1.24
2.24
551535
1.16
0.13
0.992
MIST FLOW
0.8
-0.364
-0.62
1.62
460035
1.16
0.13
0.990
MIST FLOW
0.8
-0.426
-0.19
1.19
394927
1.16
0.13
0.989
TRANSITION FLOW
0.8
-0.487
0.14
0.86
346237
1.16
0.13
0.988
TRANSITION FLOW
0.8
-0.549
0.40
0.60
308454
1.16
0.13
0.986
TRANSITION FLOW
0.8
-0.611
0.60
0.40
278287
1.16
0.13
0.985
TRANSITION FLOW
0.8
-0.673
0.76
0.24
253645
1.16
43
0.13
0.984
TRANSITION FLOW
0.8
-0.735
0.90
0.10
233141
1.16
Table 4.7: Calculations of the pressure gradient from the calculated fluid properties and flow regimes.
Corrected
rho
T sup d
Vb
HL
s(slug)
Nreb
liqu
oil
T sup oil
-0.13
19.21
19.90
N/A
-12.17
2791.29
-0.07
54.61
72
72
-0.12
14.52
15.21
N/A
-11.35
2800.79
-0.07
54.61
72
72
-0.12
11.73
12.42
N/A
-10.68
2810.50
-0.07
54.60
72
72
-0.12
9.88
10.57
N/A
-10.11
2820.42
-0.07
54.60
72
72
-0.11
8.57
9.25
N/A
-9.61
2830.51
-0.07
54.60
72
72
-0.11
7.58
8.26
N/A
-9.15
2840.77
-0.07
54.59
72
72
-0.11
6.82
7.50
N/A
-8.74
2851.20
-0.07
54.59
72
72
-0.11
6.21
6.89
N/A
-8.35
2861.77
-0.07
54.58
72
72
-0.10
5.71
6.39
N/A
-7.99
2872.48
-0.07
54.58
72
72
-0.10
5.30
5.98
N/A
-7.65
2883.33
-0.07
54.58
72
72
Table 4.8: Calculations of the pressure gradient from the calculated fluid properties and flow regimes
continue.
(dp/dz)f
T sup
sup
Slug,Bubble&
(dp/dz)f
(dp/dz)f
wat
liq
Nlv
Ngv
Mist
SLUG
mist
(dp/dz)
slug
72
72
2.53
624.72
-8.83
N/A
-8.83
-9.01
N/A
72
72
2.53
465.26
-6.61
N/A
-6.61
-6.85
N/A
72
72
2.53
370.36
-5.29
N/A
-5.29
-5.59
N/A
72
72
2.53
307.41
-4.41
N/A
-4.41
-4.77
N/A
72
72
2.53
262.60
-3.78
N/A
-3.78
-4.21
N/A
72
72
2.53
229.08
N/A
N/A
N/A
-6.59
N/A
72
72
2.53
203.05
N/A
N/A
N/A
-16.61
N/A
72
72
2.53
182.27
N/A
N/A
N/A
-18.62
N/A
72
72
2.53
165.28
N/A
N/A
N/A
-17.32
N/A
(dp/dz)
Table 4.9: Calculations of the pressure gradient from the calculated fluid properties and flow regimes
continue.
(dp/dz)
slug
(dp/dz)
(dp/dz)
vis
vis
TRA
mist
(dp/dz) mist TRA
Transition
liqu
mixt
fn
dpdz
dpdl
dl
-9.01
8.83
N/A
5.08
0.033
0.02
-0.06
0.06
79.91
-6.85
6.61
N/A
5.07
0.040
0.02
-0.05
0.05
105.12
-5.59
5.29
N/A
5.05
0.047
0.02
-0.04
0.04
128.85
149.94
-4.77
4.41
N/A
5.03
0.054
0.02
-0.03
0.03
150.90
-98.21
-4.21
3.78
N/A
5.01
0.061
0.02
-0.03
0.03
171.13
858.47
425.09
241.97
-
44
-66.77
N/A
3.31
-6.59
5.00
0.067
0.02
-0.05
0.05
109.24
-46.52
N/A
2.95
-16.61
4.98
0.074
0.02
-0.12
0.12
43.34
-32.89
N/A
2.66
-18.62
4.96
0.081
0.02
-0.13
0.13
38.67
-23.40
N/A
2.42
-17.32
4.94
0.087
0.02
-0.12
0.12
41.58
-16.59
N/A
2.22
-14.76
4.92
0.094
0.02
-0.10
0.10
48.77
4.3 Orkiszewski Multiphase flow Results and Discussions.

From this study, pressure gradient was observed to reduce with a
decrease in mixture velocity of the fluids in a mist flow regime, but increases
with reduction in mixture velocity of the fluids in both transition, slug and
bubble flow regimes as was shown in tables 4.10 and 4.11
As the tubing size increases within the range of (1.4-4.0), the pressure
drop decreases with a reduction in mixture velocities of the fluids as was
presented in table 4.11.
The data are given as in table 4.1
Table 4.10: Orkiszewski Results of calculations based on the data in table 4.1
Pressure, (psi)
Depth, (ft)
Temp., (F)
dp/dz, (psi/ft)
vm, (ft/sec.)
vis mixt, (cp)
Flow Regime
175
0.0626
346.8
0.0335
MIST FLOW
80
175
0.0476
258.7
0.0404
MIST FLOW
10
185
175
0.0388
206.2
0.0472
MIST FLOW
15
314
175
0.0331
171.4
0.0540
MIST FLOW
20
465
175
0.0292
146.6
0.0608
MIST FLOW
TRANSITION
25
636
175
0.0458
128.1
0.0675
FLOW
TRANSITION
30
745
175
0.1154
113.7
0.0742
FLOW
TRANSITION
35
788
175
0.1293
102.2
0.0808
FLOW
TRANSITION
40
827
175
0.1202
92.8
0.0874
FLOW
TRANSITION
45
869
175
0.1025
85.0
0.0939
FLOW
50
918
175
0.0360
78.4
0.1004
SLUG FLOW
55
1057
175
0.0618
72.7
0.1069
SLUG FLOW
60
1138
175
0.0814
67.8
0.1133
SLUG FLOW
45
65
1199
175
0.0965
63.5
0.1196
SLUG FLOW
70
1251
175
0.1084
59.7
0.1260
SLUG FLOW
75
1297
175
0.1178
56.4
0.1323
SLUG FLOW
80
1339
175
0.1253
53.4
0.1385
SLUG FLOW
85
1379
175
0.1313
50.7
0.1447
SLUG FLOW
90
1417
175
0.1362
48.2
0.1508
SLUG FLOW
95
1454
175
0.1402
46.0
0.1569
SLUG FLOW
100
1490
175
0.1282
44.0
0.1630
SLUG FLOW
105
1529
175
0.1316
42.1
0.1690
SLUG FLOW
155
1909
175
0.1485
29.5
0.2268
SLUG FLOW
205
2245
175
0.1557
22.7
0.2805
SLUG FLOW
255
2566
175
0.1618
18.4
0.3304
SLUG FLOW
305
2876
175
0.1681
15.4
0.3767
SLUG FLOW
355
3173
175
0.1750
13.3
0.4197
SLUG FLOW
405
3459
175
0.1823
11.6
0.4598
SLUG FLOW
455
3733
175
0.1900
10.4
0.4972
SLUG FLOW
505
3996
175
0.2106
9.3
0.5320
SLUG FLOW
555
4234
175
0.2247
8.5
0.5646
SLUG FLOW
605
4456
175
0.2385
7.8
0.5951
SLUG FLOW
655
4666
175
0.2518
7.2
0.6236
SLUG FLOW
705
4864
175
0.2646
6.6
0.6503
SLUG FLOW
755
5053
175
0.2771
6.2
0.6754
SLUG FLOW
805
5234
175
0.9661
5.8
0.6989
BUBBLE FLOW
855
5285
175
0.9837
5.5
0.7210
BUBBLE FLOW
905
5336
175
1.0013
5.2
0.7417
BUBBLE FLOW
955
5386
175
1.0191
4.9
0.7612
BUBBLE FLOW
1005
5435
175
1.0370
4.6
0.7794
BUBBLE FLOW
1055
5484
175
1.0549
4.4
0.7965
BUBBLE FLOW
1105
5531
175
1.0728
4.2
0.8126
BUBBLE FLOW
1155
5578
175
1.0908
4.0
0.8276
BUBBLE FLOW
1205
5623
175
1.1087
3.9
0.8417
BUBBLE FLOW
1255
5668
175
1.1265
3.7
0.8548
BUBBLE FLOW
46
Table 4.11: Orkiszewski Results for 1.995 and 2.375 and oil flow rate of 400stb/d and other well data as
given in table 4.1
Pressure,
Depth,
Depth,
dp/dz,
dp/dz,
Vm,
Vm,
Flow Regime
Flow Regime
(psi)
(ft)
(ft)
(psi/ft)
(psi/ft)
(ft/sec)
(ft/sec)
For
For
for
for
for
for
For
For
1.995
2.375
1.995
2.375
1.995
2.375
1.995
2.375
0.0626
0.0260
346.8
244.7
MIST FLOW
MIST FLOW
80
192
0.0476
0.0202
258.7
182.5
MIST FLOW
MIST FLOW
10
185
439
0.0388
0.0170
206.2
145.5
MIST FLOW
MIST FLOW
15
314
734
0.0331
0.0150
171.4
120.9
MIST FLOW
MIST FLOW
20
465
1068
0.0292
0.0824
146.6
103.4
MIST FLOW
TRANSITION
FLOW
25
30
35
40
45
636
745
788
827
869
1129
1165
1200
1238
1281
0.0458
0.1154
0.1293
0.1202
0.1025
128.1
0.1364
0.1432
113.7
0.1324
102.2
0.1161
92.8
0.0579
85.0
90.4
80.2
72.1
65.5
60.0
TRANSITION
TRANSITION
FLOW
FLOW
TRANSITION
TRANSITION
FLOW
FLOW
TRANSITION
TRANSITION
FLOW
FLOW
TRANSITION
TRANSITION
FLOW
FLOW
TRANSITION
SLUG FLOW
FLOW
50
918
1368
0.0360
0.0787
78.4
55.3
SLUG FLOW
SLUG FLOW
55
1057
1431
0.0618
0.0945
72.7
51.3
SLUG FLOW
SLUG FLOW
60
1138
1484
0.0814
0.1067
67.8
47.8
SLUG FLOW
SLUG FLOW
65
1199
1531
0.0965
0.1163
63.5
44.8
SLUG FLOW
SLUG FLOW
70
1251
1574
0.1084
0.1240
59.7
42.1
SLUG FLOW
SLUG FLOW
75
1297
1614
0.1178
0.1302
56.4
39.8
SLUG FLOW
SLUG FLOW
80
1339
1653
0.1253
0.1352
53.4
37.7
SLUG FLOW
SLUG FLOW
85
1379
1690
0.1313
0.1394
50.7
35.7
SLUG FLOW
SLUG FLOW
90
1417
1725
0.1362
0.1430
48.2
34.0
SLUG FLOW
SLUG FLOW
95
1454
1760
0.1402
0.1459
46.0
32.5
SLUG FLOW
SLUG FLOW
100
1490
1795
0.1282
0.1485
44.0
31.0
SLUG FLOW
SLUG FLOW
105
1529
1828
0.1316
0.1507
42.1
29.7
SLUG FLOW
SLUG FLOW
155
1909
2160
0.1485
0.1636
29.5
20.8
SLUG FLOW
SLUG FLOW
205
2245
2466
0.1557
0.1714
22.7
16.0
SLUG FLOW
SLUG FLOW
47
255
2566
2757
0.1618
0.1787
18.4
13.0
SLUG FLOW
SLUG FLOW
305
2876
3037
0.1681
0.1862
15.4
10.9
SLUG FLOW
SLUG FLOW
355
3173
3306
0.1750
0.2009
13.3
9.4
SLUG FLOW
SLUG FLOW
405
3459
3555
0.1823
0.2183
11.6
8.2
SLUG FLOW
SLUG FLOW
455
3733
3784
0.1900
0.2348
10.4
7.3
SLUG FLOW
SLUG FLOW
505
3996
3997
0.2106
0.2506
9.3
6.6
SLUG FLOW
SLUG FLOW
555
4234
4196
0.2247
0.2656
8.5
6.0
SLUG FLOW
SLUG FLOW
605
4456
4384
0.2385
0.6849
7.8
5.5
SLUG FLOW
BUBBLE
FLOW
655
4666
4457
0.2518
0.7018
7.2
5.1
SLUG FLOW
BUBBLE
FLOW
705
4864
4529
0.2646
0.7190
6.6
4.7
SLUG FLOW
BUBBLE
FLOW
755
5053
4598
0.2771
0.7365
6.2
4.4
SLUG FLOW
BUBBLE
FLOW
805
855
905
955
1005
1055
5234
5285
5336
5386
5435
5484
4666
4732
4797
4860
4922
4983
0.9661
0.9837
1.0013
1.0191
1.0370
1.0549
0.7541
5.8
0.7719
5.5
0.7899
5.2
0.8079
4.9
0.8259
4.6
0.8439
4.4
4.1
3.9
3.6
3.4
3.3
3.1
BUBBLE
BUBBLE
FLOW
FLOW
BUBBLE
BUBBLE
FLOW
FLOW
BUBBLE
BUBBLE
FLOW
FLOW
BUBBLE
BUBBLE
FLOW
FLOW
BUBBLE
BUBBLE
FLOW
FLOW
BUBBLE
BUBBLE
FLOW
FLOW
Table 4.12: Well data for a tubing diameter of 3.0
DATA
ORKISZEWSKI METHOD
400
444.44
3.0
Roughness (ft)
0.00015
90
API
25
0.65
175
Water Cut (%)
10
1327.78
48
1195
1.07
Required
Bubble Point
7097.32
1324.85
26.34
Free Gas Liquid Ratio (scf/bbl - SHOULD BE ZERO)
0.0
Node Results
8000
4280.88
Table 4.13: Orkiszewsi Results for 3.0 tubing
Vm,
Mixt. Viscosity,
Press, (psi)
Depth,(ft)
Temp., (F)
dp/dz, (psi/ft)
(ft/sec.)
(cp)
Flow Regime
175
0.0086
153.37
0.0335
MIST FLOW
4.3
500
175
0.0074
118.51
0.0394
MIST FLOW
8.0
1000
175
0.0068
99.24
0.0445
MIST FLOW
TRANSITION
11.4
1500
175
0.0454
86.32
0.0491
FLOW
TRANSITION
16.4
1610.1
175
0.0990
72.40
0.0559
FLOW
TRANSITION
21.4
1660.6
175
0.1011
62.33
0.0626
FLOW
TRANSITION
26.4
1710.0
175
0.0891
54.72
0.0693
FLOW
31.4
1766.2
175
0.1249
48.75
0.0760
SLUG FLOW
36.4
1806.2
175
0.1421
43.96
0.0826
SLUG FLOW
41.4
1841.4
175
0.1540
40.02
0.0892
SLUG FLOW
46.4
1873.8
175
0.1625
36.72
0.0957
SLUG FLOW
51.4
1904.6
175
0.1687
33.92
0.1022
SLUG FLOW
56.4
1934.3
175
0.1733
31.52
0.1086
SLUG FLOW
61.4
1963.1
175
0.1767
29.43
0.1150
SLUG FLOW
66.4
1991.4
175
0.1794
27.60
0.1214
SLUG FLOW
71.4
2019.3
175
0.1815
25.99
0.1277
SLUG FLOW
76.4
2046.8
175
0.1832
24.54
0.1340
SLUG FLOW
81.4
2074.1
175
0.1846
23.25
0.1402
SLUG FLOW
86.4
2101.2
175
0.1857
22.09
0.1464
SLUG FLOW
91.4
2128.1
175
0.1867
21.04
0.1525
SLUG FLOW
96.4
2154.9
175
0.1875
20.08
0.1586
SLUG FLOW
49
101.4
2181.6
175
0.1882
19.21
0.1647
SLUG FLOW
151.4
2447.2
175
0.1936
13.35
0.2228
SLUG FLOW
201.4
2705.5
175
0.1990
10.20
0.2767
SLUG FLOW
251.4
2956.7
175
0.2133
8.24
0.3269
SLUG FLOW
301.4
3191.1
175
0.2354
6.90
0.3734
SLUG FLOW
351.4
3403.5
175
0.2558
5.93
0.4167
SLUG FLOW
401.4
3598.9
175
0.4318
5.19
0.4570
BUBBLE FLOW
451.4
3714.7
175
0.4483
4.62
0.4946
BUBBLE FLOW
501.4
3826.3
175
0.4653
4.15
0.5296
BUBBLE FLOW
551.4
3933.7
175
0.4829
3.77
0.5623
BUBBLE FLOW
601.4
4037.3
175
0.5009
3.45
0.5929
BUBBLE FLOW
651.4
4137.1
175
0.5194
3.18
0.6216
BUBBLE FLOW
701.4
4233.3
175
0.5382
2.95
0.6485
BUBBLE FLOW
751.4
4326.2
175
0.5572
2.75
0.6736
BUBBLE FLOW
801.4
4416.0
175
0.5764
2.58
0.6973
BUBBLE FLOW
851.4
4502.7
175
0.5958
2.42
0.7194
BUBBLE FLOW
901.4
4586.6
175
0.6151
2.29
0.7403
BUBBLE FLOW
951.4
4667.9
175
0.6345
2.17
0.7598
BUBBLE FLOW
1001.4
4746.7
175
0.6537
2.06
0.7781
BUBBLE FLOW
1051.4
4823.2
175
0.6727
1.96
0.7953
BUBBLE FLOW
1101.4
4897.5
175
0.6915
1.87
0.8115
BUBBLE FLOW
1151.4
4969.9
175
0.7100
1.79
0.8266
BUBBLE FLOW
1201.4
5040.3
175
0.7281
1.72
0.8407
BUBBLE FLOW
4.4 Sample Calculation Based on Beggs & Brill Correlation

The sample calculation is presented in tabular form according to the excel
spread sheet prepared using Beggs & Brill correlation and the fluid properties
correlations discussed in both chapter 3 and 4 respectively.
The sample data for the calculation is given in table 4.14. and the sample
calculation for 10 rows are presented in table 4.15 -4.23
Table 4.14: Well data for Beggs & Brill Calculations
DATA
BEGGS & BRILL
400
444
1.995
Roughness (ft)
0.00015
90
API
25
50
0.65
175
Water Cut (%)
10
1327
1195
1.07
Required
Bubble Point
7096
1324.56
26.33
0.00
Node Results
8000
1303
Table 4.15: Calculations of fluid properties
P
inc
Pressure
Rso
Rsw
FGLR
Co
Bo
Cw
Bw
2.58
2.22
1192.19
NA
1.05
NA
1.03
2.97
2.25
1191.83
NA
1.05
NA
1.03
10
15
3.37
2.27
1191.47
NA
1.05
NA
1.03
15
26
3.78
2.30
1191.10
NA
1.05
NA
1.03
20
40
4.20
2.32
1190.72
NA
1.05
NA
1.03
25
56
4.62
2.35
1190.34
NA
1.05
NA
1.03
30
73
5.06
2.37
1189.95
NA
1.05
NA
1.03
35
93
5.49
2.39
1189.55
NA
1.05
NA
1.03
40
115
5.94
2.42
1189.15
NA
1.06
NA
1.03
45
139
6.38
2.44
1188.74
NA
1.06
NA
1.03
rho
rho
Ppc
Tpc
Ppr
Tpr
Pstpr
Tstpr
Zst
Bg
gas
oil
670.9
373.97
0.02
1.70
1.00
0.02
1.39
0.99
0.22
0.04
53.49
670.9
373.97
0.03
1.70
0.99
0.02
1.39
0.99
0.16
0.05
53.49
670.9
373.97
0.04
1.70
0.99
0.02
1.39
0.99
0.13
0.07
53.49
670.9
373.97
0.04
1.70
0.99
0.02
1.39
0.99
0.11
0.08
53.48
670.9
373.97
0.05
1.70
0.99
0.02
1.39
0.99
0.09
0.10
53.48
670.9
373.97
0.06
1.70
0.99
0.02
1.39
0.99
0.08
0.11
53.47
670.9
373.97
0.07
1.70
0.99
0.02
1.39
0.99
0.07
0.12
53.47
670.9
373.97
0.07
1.70
0.98
0.02
1.39
0.99
0.06
0.14
53.46
670.9
373.97
0.08
1.70
0.98
0.02
1.39
0.99
0.06
0.15
53.46
51
670.9
373.97
0.09
1.70
0.98
0.02
1.39
0.99
0.05
0.17
53.45
rho
water
qo
vso
qw
vsw
qg
vsg
vm
fw
vis doil
viso
64.95
0.03
1.26
0.00
0.14
7.50
345.34
346.74
0.10
5.73
5.60
64.95
0.03
1.26
0.00
0.14
5.58
257.20
258.59
0.10
5.73
5.58
64.95
0.03
1.26
0.00
0.14
4.44
204.74
206.14
0.10
5.73
5.56
64.95
0.03
1.26
0.00
0.14
3.69
169.94
171.34
0.10
5.73
5.54
64.95
0.03
1.26
0.00
0.14
3.15
145.17
146.57
0.10
5.73
5.52
64.95
0.03
1.26
0.00
0.14
2.75
126.64
128.04
0.10
5.73
5.50
64.95
0.03
1.26
0.00
0.14
2.44
112.26
113.66
0.10
5.73
5.48
64.95
0.03
1.26
0.00
0.14
2.19
100.77
102.17
0.10
5.73
5.46
64.95
0.03
1.26
0.00
0.14
1.98
91.38
92.78
0.10
5.73
5.44
64.96
0.03
1.26
0.00
0.14
1.81
83.56
84.96
0.10
5.73
5.42
Table 4.18: Calculations of fluid properties continue and Froude Numbers
rhog
Mg
visg
visw
Liq Lambda
Fr
Fr1
0.00
18.83
5.24
1.35
130.17
0.01
0.33
0.00
22458.40
59.79
0.00
18.83
5.24
1.35
130.17
0.01
0.33
0.01
12491.62
65.33
0.00
18.83
5.24
1.35
130.17
0.01
0.33
0.01
7937.64
69.96
0.00
18.83
5.24
1.35
130.17
0.01
0.33
0.01
5484.08
73.98
0.00
18.83
5.24
1.35
130.17
0.01
0.33
0.01
4013.16
77.55
0.00
18.83
5.24
1.35
130.17
0.01
0.33
0.01
3062.60
80.79
0.00
18.83
5.24
1.35
130.17
0.01
0.33
0.01
2413.13
83.75
0.00
18.83
5.24
1.35
130.17
0.01
0.33
0.01
1949.87
86.50
0.00
18.83
5.24
1.35
130.17
0.01
0.33
0.02
1607.92
89.05
0.00
18.83
5.24
1.35
130.17
0.01
0.33
0.02
1348.37
91.46
Table 4.19: Calculations of Froude Numbers, flow boundary correlation and flow regime
Fr2
Fr3
Fr4
HFR
alfa h l seg
alfa h l int
alfa h l dist
alfa h l tra
Alfa h
752.13
298.9
6.79E+15
Distributed
0.0283958
0.04
0.02
-0.39
0.02
364.54
195.2
9.40E+14
Distributed
0.0344446
0.04
0.03
-0.65
0.03
208.24
140.5
2.04E+14
Distributed
0.0399904
0.05
0.03
-1.10
0.03
131.90
107.4
5.86E+13
Distributed
0.045168
0.06
0.04
-2.23
0.04
89.68
85.59
2.04E+13
Distributed
0.0500599
0.06
0.04
-10.19
0.04
64.22
70.33
8.22E+12
Distributed
0.0547207
0.07
0.05
5.41
0.05
47.84
59.15
3.68E+12
Distributed
0.0591895
0.07
0.05
2.37
0.05
36.76
50.66
1.79E+12
Distributed
0.0634949
0.07
0.06
1.60
0.06
28.97
44.03
9.35E+11
Distributed
0.0676591
0.08
0.06
1.24
0.06
23.30
38.74
5.16E+11
Distributed
0.0716995
0.08
0.06
1.03
0.06
52
Table 4.20: Calculations of pressure gradient based on the calculated flow regime and fluid properties
Guess Liq
rho
T sup d
T sup
T sup
T sup
C seg
C in
C dis
Hr Alf
Alpha
liqu
oil
oil
wat
liq
Nlv
up
up
up
0.02
0.02
54.61
72
72
72
72
2.53
3.36
0.00
0.03
0.03
54.61
72
72
72
72
2.53
3.20
0.00
0.03
0.03
54.60
72
72
72
72
2.53
3.07
0.03
0.04
0.04
54.60
72
72
72
72
2.53
2.97
0.05
0.04
0.04
54.60
72
72
72
72
2.53
2.88
0.06
0.05
0.05
54.59
72
72
72
72
2.53
2.81
0.08
0.05
0.05
54.59
72
72
72
72
2.53
2.74
0.09
0.06
0.06
54.58
72
72
72
72
2.53
2.68
0.10
0.06
0.06
54.58
72
72
72
72
2.53
2.62
0.11
0.06
0.06
54.58
72
72
72
72
2.53
2.57
0.12
continue
alfah s
alfah in
alfah di
alfah
alfa h int
C down
up
up
up
down
up
Alphag2
Alphacor
gama
mixt
Pgrav
0.05
0.02
0.02
0.02
0.02
0.02
0.02
-0.01
0.06
0.03
0.03
0.03
0.03
0.03
0.03
-0.01
0.06
0.03
0.03
0.03
0.03
0.03
0.03
-0.01
0.07
0.04
0.04
0.04
0.04
0.04
0.03
-0.02
0.08
0.04
0.04
0.04
0.04
0.04
0.04
-0.02
0.09
0.05
0.05
0.05
0.05
0.05
0.04
-0.02
0.09
0.05
0.05
0.05
0.05
0.05
0.05
-0.02
0.10
0.06
0.06
0.06
0.06
0.06
0.05
-0.02
0.11
0.06
0.06
0.06
0.06
0.06
0.05
-0.02
-
0.11
0.07
0.06
0.06
0.06
0.06
0.06
continue
ftpfn
rho ns
vis liq
vis mixt
Nre
fn
7.4110
0.6422
1.9006
0.2608
5.0849
0.0335
668075.2100
0.0197
6.5743
0.6117
1.8435
0.3496
5.0675
0.0404
554131.1500
0.0198
5.9927
0.5893
1.8027
0.4386
5.0498
0.0472
473795.3600
0.0199
5.5568
0.5719
1.7716
0.5277
5.0319
0.0540
414118.4500
0.0200
5.2134
0.5577
1.7467
0.6169
5.0138
0.0608
368045.7100
0.0201
4.9333
0.5458
1.7261
0.7061
4.9955
0.0675
331405.8200
0.0202
4.6989
0.5357
1.7086
0.7955
4.9770
0.0742
301574.3300
0.0203
4.4986
0.5268
1.6935
0.8849
4.9585
0.0808
276817.5300
0.0204
4.3249
0.5190
1.6803
0.9745
4.9398
0.0874
255944.1200
0.0205
53
0.02489
4.1721
0.5120
1.6686
1.0642
4.9210
0.0939
238108.4900
0.0206
continue
qm
Pfric
dpdz
dpdl
dl
115826.5
0.763575
-0.77269
0.772691
6.470891
-0.56651
0.566511
8.825955
-0.44826
0.44826
11.15425
-0.37218
0.372177
13.43446
-0.31946
0.319456
15.65163
-0.28098
0.28098
17.79484
-0.25181
0.251812
19.85611
-0.22905
0.229045
21.82975
-0.21087
0.210865
23.71184
-0.19608
0.196079
25.49999
86382.96
0.555274
-
68859.59
0.435049
-
57236.16
0.357102
-
48962.29
0.302602
-
42772.41
0.262418
-
37967.22
0.231598
-
34128.81
0.207231
-
30992.08
0.187493
-
28380.73
0.171187
4.5 Beggs & Brill Multiphase flow calculation Results and Discussions
From this study, pressure gradient was observed to reduce with a
decrease in mixture velocity of the fluids in a distributed flow regime, but
increases with reduction in mixture velocity of the fluids in an intermittent and
transition flow regimes as was shown in tables 4.24, 4.25 and 4.27
As the tubing size increases within the range of (0.8- 3.0), the pressure
drop decreases with a reduction in mixture velocities of the fluids as was
presented in table 4.24.
54
Table 4.24: Beggs & Brill Results
Pressure, (psi)
Depth, (ft)
Temp.(F)
dp/dz, (psi/ft)
vm, (ft/sec.)
vis mixt, (cp)
Flow Regime
175
0.7727
346.7
0.0335
Distributed
175
0.5665
258.6
0.0404
Distributed
10
15
175
0.4483
206.1
0.0472
Distributed
15
26
175
0.3722
171.3
0.0540
Distributed
20
40
175
0.3195
146.6
0.0608
Distributed
25
56
175
0.2810
128.0
0.0675
Distributed
30
73
175
0.2518
113.7
0.0742
Distributed
35
93
175
0.2290
102.2
0.0808
Distributed
40
115
175
0.2109
92.8
0.0874
Distributed
45
139
175
0.1961
85.0
0.0939
Distributed
50
164
175
0.1839
78.4
0.1004
Distributed
55
191
175
0.1737
72.7
0.1069
Distributed
60
220
175
0.1650
67.8
0.1133
Distributed
65
251
175
0.1577
63.5
0.1197
Distributed
70
282
175
0.1514
59.7
0.1260
Distributed
75
315
175
0.1460
56.4
0.1323
Distributed
80
349
175
0.1412
53.4
0.1385
Distributed
85
385
175
0.1371
50.6
0.1447
Distributed
90
421
175
0.1335
48.2
0.1509
Distributed
95
459
175
0.1304
46.0
0.1570
Distributed
100
497
175
0.1276
44.0
0.1630
Distributed
105
536
175
0.1252
42.1
0.1690
Distributed
155
936
175
0.1123
29.5
0.2269
Distributed
205
1381
175
0.1192
22.7
0.2806
Intermittent
255
1801
175
0.1217
18.4
0.3304
Intermittent
305
2212
175
0.1258
15.4
0.3767
Intermittent
355
2609
175
0.1309
13.3
0.4198
Intermittent
405
2991
175
0.1364
11.6
0.4599
Intermittent
455
3357
175
0.1422
10.4
0.4973
Intermittent
505
3709
175
0.1480
9.3
0.5321
Intermittent
555
4047
175
0.1539
8.5
0.5647
Intermittent
605
4372
175
0.1598
7.8
0.5952
Intermittent
655
4685
175
0.1656
7.2
0.6237
Intermittent
705
4987
175
0.1713
6.6
0.6504
Intermittent
755
5278
175
0.1770
6.2
0.6755
Intermittent
805
5561
175
0.1825
5.8
0.6990
Intermittent
855
5835
175
0.1879
5.5
0.7211
Intermittent
905
6101
175
0.1932
5.2
0.7418
Intermittent
55
955
6360
175
0.1983
4.9
0.7613
Intermittent
1005
6612
175
0.2034
4.6
0.7795
Intermittent
1055
6858
175
0.2083
4.4
0.7967
Intermittent
1105
7098
175
0.2130
4.2
0.8127
Intermittent
1155
7333
175
0.2177
4.0
0.8277
Intermittent
1205
7562
175
0.2222
3.9
0.8418
Intermittent
1255
7787
175
0.2266
3.7
0.8549
Intermittent
Table 4.25: Beggs & Brill Results for 1.995 and 2.375 and oil flow rate of 400stb/d and other well data as
given in table 4.14
Pressure,
Depth,
Depth,
dp/dz,
dp/dz,
Vm,
Vm,
Flow
Flow
(psi)
(ft)
(ft)
(psi/ft)
(psi/ft)
(ft/sec)
(ft/sec)
Regime
Regime
for
for
for
for
For
For
For
For
1.995
2.375
1.995
2.375
1.995
2.375
1.995
2.375
0.7727
0.3109
346.7
244.7
Distributed
Distributed
16
0.5665
0.2316
258.6
182.5
Distributed
Distributed
10
15
38
0.4483
0.1866
206.1
145.4
Distributed
Distributed
15
26
64
0.3722
0.1579
171.3
120.9
Distributed
Distributed
20
40
96
0.3195
0.1384
146.6
103.4
Distributed
Distributed
25
56
132
0.2810
0.1244
128.0
90.3
Distributed
Distributed
30
73
172
0.2518
0.1140
113.7
80.2
Distributed
Distributed
35
93
216
0.2290
0.1060
102.2
72.1
Distributed
Distributed
40
115
264
0.2109
0.0999
92.8
65.5
Distributed
Distributed
45
139
314
0.1961
0.0950
85.0
59.9
Distributed
Distributed
50
164
366
0.1839
0.0912
78.4
55.3
Distributed
Distributed
55
191
421
0.1737
0.0881
72.7
51.3
Distributed
Distributed
60
220
478
0.1650
0.0856
67.8
47.8
Distributed
Distributed
65
251
536
0.1577
0.0836
63.5
44.8
Distributed
Distributed
70
282
596
0.1514
0.0820
59.7
42.1
Distributed
Distributed
75
315
657
0.1460
0.0807
56.4
39.8
Distributed
Distributed
80
349
719
0.1412
0.0797
53.4
37.6
Distributed
Distributed
85
385
782
0.1371
0.0789
50.6
35.7
Distributed
Distributed
56
90
421
845
0.1335
0.0783
48.2
34.0
Distributed
Distributed
95
459
909
0.1304
0.0779
46.0
32.4
Distributed
Distributed
100
497
973
0.1276
0.0776
44.0
31.0
Distributed
Distributed
105
536
1037
0.1252
0.0775
42.1
29.7
Distributed
Distributed
155
936
1537
0.1123
0.0882
29.5
22.3
Distributed
Intermittent
205
1381
2037
0.1192
0.0935
22.7
17.4
Intermittent
Intermittent
255
1801
2537
0.1217
0.1002
18.4
14.1
Intermittent
Intermittent
305
2212
3036
0.1258
0.1078
15.4
11.7
Intermittent
Intermittent
355
2609
3500
0.1309
0.1154
13.3
9.9
Intermittent
Intermittent
405
2991
3934
0.1364
0.1229
11.6
8.6
Intermittent
Intermittent
455
3357
4340
0.1422
0.1304
10.4
7.7
Intermittent
Intermittent
505
3709
4724
0.1480
0.1376
9.3
6.9
Intermittent
Intermittent
555
4047
5087
0.1539
0.1447
8.5
6.2
Intermittent
Intermittent
605
4372
5433
0.1598
0.1516
7.8
5.7
Intermittent
Intermittent
655
4685
5763
0.1656
0.1583
7.2
5.2
Intermittent
Intermittent
705
4987
6079
0.1713
0.1648
6.6
4.8
Intermittent
Intermittent
755
5278
6382
0.1770
0.1711
6.2
4.5
Intermittent
Intermittent
805
5561
6674
0.1825
0.1773
5.8
4.2
Intermittent
Intermittent
855
5835
6956
0.1879
0.1832
5.5
3.9
Intermittent
Intermittent
905
6101
7229
0.1932
0.1890
5.2
3.7
Intermittent
Intermittent
955
6360
7494
0.1983
0.1946
4.9
3.5
Intermittent
Intermittent
1005
6612
7750
0.2034
0.2001
4.6
3.3
Intermittent
Intermittent
1055
6858
8000
0.2083
0.2054
4.4
3.2
Intermittent
Intermittent
1105
7098
8244
0.2130
0.2105
4.2
3.0
Intermittent
Intermittent
1155
7333
8481
0.2177
0.2154
4.0
2.9
Intermittent
Intermittent
1205
7562
8713
0.2222
0.2202
3.9
2.8
Intermittent
Intermittent
1255
7787
8941
0.2266
0.2248
3.7
2.7
Intermittent
Intermittent
57
Table 4.26: Well data
BEGGS & BRILL

DATA
METHOD
400
444
3.000
Roughness (ft)
0.00015
90
API
25
0.65
175
Water Cut (%)
10
1327
1195
1.07
Required
Bubble Point
7096
1324.56
26.33
Free Gas Liquid Ratio (scf/bbl - SHOULD BE

ZERO)
0.00
Node Results
8000
822
Table 4.27: Beggs & Brill Results for 3.0
Pressure, (psi)
Depth, (ft)
Temperature, (F)
dp/dz, (psi/ft)
Vm, (ft/sec.)
Mixt. Visc.(cp)
Flow Regime
175
0.0977
153.34
0.0335
Distributed
5.0
51.2
175
0.0767
114.36
0.0404
Distributed
10.0
116.3
175
0.0654
91.16
0.0472
Distributed
15.0
192.8
175
0.0587
75.77
0.0540
Distributed
20.0
277.9
175
0.0545
64.82
0.0608
Distributed
25.0
369.6
175
0.0519
56.62
0.0675
Distributed
30.0
465.9
175
0.0502
50.26
0.0742
Distributed
35.0
565.4
175
0.0493
45.18
0.0808
Distributed
40.0
666.9
175
0.0487
41.03
0.0874
Distributed
58
45.0
769.5
175
0.0486
37.57
0.0939
Distributed
50.0
872.5
175
0.0487
34.65
0.1004
Distributed
55.0
975.2
175
0.0489
32.15
0.1069
Distributed
60.0
1077.4
175
0.0494
29.98
0.1133
Distributed
65.0
1178.6
175
0.0579
28.08
0.1197
Intermittent
70.0
1265.0
175
0.0587
26.41
0.1260
Intermittent
75.0
1350.2
175
0.0596
24.92
0.1323
Intermittent
80.0
1434.0
175
0.0606
23.59
0.1385
Intermittent
85.0
1516.6
175
0.0615
22.40
0.1447
Intermittent
90.0
1597.9
175
0.0625
21.32
0.1509
Intermittent
95.0
1677.8
175
0.0635
20.33
0.1570
Intermittent
100.0
1756.5
175
0.0646
19.44
0.1630
Intermittent
105.0
1834.0
175
0.0656
18.61
0.1690
Intermittent
137.8
2334.0
175
0.0726
14.56
0.2074
Intermittent
174.1
2834.0
175
0.0803
11.71
0.2478
Intermittent
214.2
3334.0
175
0.0885
9.62
0.2900
Intermittent
258.5
3834.0
175
0.0973
8.02
0.3338
Intermittent
307.1
4334.0
175
0.1065
6.78
0.3786
Intermittent
357.1
4803.6
175
0.1155
5.84
0.4216
Intermittent
407.1
5236.4
175
0.1242
5.12
0.4615
Intermittent
457.1
5639.1
175
0.1324
4.56
0.4988
Intermittent
507.1
6016.6
175
0.1404
4.10
0.5336
Intermittent
557.1
6372.7
175
0.1481
3.73
0.5660
Intermittent
607.1
6710.4
175
0.1555
3.42
0.5964
Intermittent
657.1
7032.0
175
0.1626
3.15
0.6249
Intermittent
707.1
7339.5
175
0.1695
2.93
0.6515
Intermittent
757.1
7634.5
175
0.1761
2.73
0.6765
Intermittent
807.1
7918.4
175
0.1825
2.56
0.7000
Intermittent
857.1
8192.3
175
0.1887
2.41
0.7220
Intermittent
907.1
8457.2
175
0.1947
2.27
0.7427
Intermittent
957.1
8714.1
175
0.2008
2.15
0.7621
Transition
1007.1
8963.0
175
0.2083
2.05
0.7803
Transition
1057.1
9203.1
175
0.2154
1.95
0.7974
Transition
1107.1
9435.2
175
0.2223
1.86
0.8134
Transition
1157.1
9660.1
175
0.2289
1.78
0.8284
Transition
1207.1
9878.6
175
0.2352
1.71
0.8424
Transition
59
4.6 The Effect of the Tubing Sizes on the Frictional and Total Pressure
Gradient.
From this calculation, both Total and Frictional pressure gradient increase
with increase in liquid flow rate of the fluid as was shown in table 4.28, 4.29
and 4.30.
Generally, Total and frictional pressure gradient decrease with increase in
tubing diameter as was shown by both Orkiszewski and Beggs & Brill.
Table 4.28 Pressure Gradient Results for 2.375 Tubing
Beggs &
d=2.375
Orkiszewski
ql
(dp/dz)Total
Brill
(dp/dz)frictn
111
(dp/dz)Total
(dp/dz)frictn
0.0280
0.0140
222
0.0066
0.0051
0.0677
0.0548
333
0.0122
0.0105
0.1354
0.1232
444
0.0202
0.0186
0.2316
0.2198
555
0.0305
0.0289
0.3566
0.3451
666
0.0431
0.0414
0.5107
0.4994
777
0.0578
0.0562
0.6944
0.6833
888
0.0749
0.0732
0.9078
0.8969
1111
0.1157
0.1141
1.4253
1.4147
d=2.875
Orkiszewski
Beggs &
Brill
ql
(dp/dz)Total
(dp/dz)frictn
111
(dp/dz)Total
(dp/dz)frictn
0.0200
0.0053
222
0.0058
0.0021
0.0338
0.0202
333
0.0086
0.0043
0.0581
0.0451
444
0.0124
0.0069
0.0926
0.0801
60
555
0.017
0.0107
0.1376
0.1254
666
0.0225
0.0154
0.1929
0.1810
777
0.0288
0.0208
0.2589
0.2471
888
0.0359
0.0271
0.3354
0.3239
1111
0.0439
0.0422
0.5209
0.5096
d=3.0''
Orkiszewski
Beggs &
Brill
(dp/dz)Total
(dp/dz)frictn
111
0.0192
0.0042
222
0.03
0.0162
ql
(dp/dz)Total
(dp/dz)frictn
333
0.005
0.0036
0.0492
0.0361
444
0.0074
0.0058
0.0767
0.0641
555
0.0103
0.0086
0.1125
0.1002
666
0.0141
0.0123
0.1566
0.1445
777
0.0184
0.0167
0.2091
0.1972
888
0.02341
0.0217
0.2701
0.2584
1111
0.0355
0.0338
0.4176
0.4063
4.7 The Effect of Tubing Diameter on Outflow Performance Rate (OPR)

As the oil flow rate increases, the pressure at the node drops until a
particular oil flow rate of 200stb/d for 2.375 and 2.875 tubing diameters and
the pressure at the node started to increase from 300stb/d to 500stb/d as was
presented on table 4.31. The OPR plot was also shown in the figure below.
61
Table 4.31 OPR Data
d=2.375''
d=3.0''
d=2.875''
qo
P(Ork)
P(Beggs)
Pressure(Ork)
Pressure(BB)
Pressure(ork)
Pressure(BB)
100
4396
1135
4448
1727
4443
1627
200
3660
827
4281
1093
3893
986
300
4334
931
3778
823
3888
807
400
4971
1035
4281
822
4354
852
500
5102
1149
4900
879
4998
917
5023
938
5420
976
600
Figure 4.1 PLOT OF PRESSURE AT THE NODE AGAINST OIL FLOWRATE USING ORKISZEWSKI METHOD
62
Figure 4.2 OPR Construction for Tubing diameter of 2.875 Sizes Using Orkiszewski and Beggs & Brill
(Orkiszewski, J. (June, 1967) and Beggs & Brill, (May, 1973))
4.8 Pressure Profile for Different Tubing Sizes

The pressure and depth (pressure profile) reduces with increase in tubing
sizes. See figures 4.3 and 4.4 and more in the appendices.
FIGURE 4.3 PRESSURE PROFILE BY ORKISZEWSKI(Orkiszewski, J. (June, 1967))
63
FIGURE 4.4 PRESSURE PROFILE BY BEGGS & BRILL (Beggs & Brill, (May, 1973))
64
Chapter 5
SUMMARY, CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS.
5.1 Summary
The objective of this study was to determine the effect of tubing sizes on
the multiphase flow in vertical wells using Orkiszewski and Beggs & Brill
correlations.
The above objective was achieved by the development of the excel
Based on the results of the calculations and generated graphs, it was
observed that the size of the tubing is one of the important parameters
affecting both the pressure gradient and flow regime.
If the future range of expected rates and gas/oil ratio can be estimated,
selection of the tubing size can be made, which would assume operation
within the efficient range of the gradients, with the resulting increase in flowing
life of the well. Such selection can be made by calculating gradients for
different tubing sizes for a given set of conditions.
5.2 Conclusions
Based on the results obtained from the study, the following conclusions
were reached:
1. As the tubing size increases within the range of (1.4 to 4.0 inches), the
pressure drop decreases with a reduction in mixture velocities of the fluids
for Orkiszewski method.
2. As the tubing size increases within the range of (0.8 to 3.0 inches), the
pressure drop decreases with a reduction in mixture velocities of the fluids
for Beegs & Brill method.
3. At any tubing size greater than or equal to 14.0 inches, the flow regime at
every depth is bubble for Orkiszeski method.
65
4. For Beggs & Brill, the flow regime at every depth is segregated for any
tubing size greater than or equal to 8.0 inches.
5. Total pressure gradient decreases with increase in tubing diameter
between 2.375 and 3.0 inches for both Orkiszewski and Beggs & Brill.
6. For high mixture velocity of the fluid, friction becomes the controlling factor
and for low velocity, the slippage of gas by liquid contributes to the
pressure losses.
7. The pressure and depth reduce with increase in tubing size.
8. As the oil flow rate increases, the pressure at the node reduces until an oil
flow rate of 200 stb/d and increases from 300 stb/d for 2.375 and 2.875
inches tubing diameter.
9. Orkiszewskis method gives the lower results in calculation of pressure
losses than Beggs and Brills method.
5.3 Recommendations
1. The future range of expected rates and gas/oil ratio should be estimated
to enhance tubing selection for increase in the flowing life of the well.
2. The predicted pressure gradients should be compared with those
accurately measured in field wells to ensure accurate calculation of
pressure losses.
66
NOMENCLATURE
A = Tubing Area, ft2
API = American Petroleum Institute gravity, oAPI
Bg = Gas formation volume factor
Bo = Oil formation volume factor
Bw = Water formation volume factor
Bwb = Water formation volume factor at bubble point
C1 and C2 = Griffith-Wallis coefficient for calculating bubble rise velocity
Co = Oil compressibility
Cte = Constant
Cw = Isothermal water compressibility
d = Tubing diameter, ft
dlw = Losses due to irreversibility, lbf-ft/lbf
ds = Entropy change
du = Change in internal energy, ft-lbf
dws = Change in shaft work, ft-lbf
dZ = Change in elevation, ft
dp
= Pressure gradient due to Friction, psi/ft
dz f
dp
= Pressure gradient due to gravity, psi/ft
dz el
dp
= Pressure gradient due to mist flow, psi/ft
dz mist
dp
= Pressure gradient due to slug flow, psi/ft
dz slug
dp
= Total Pressure gradient, psi/ft

dz Total
e = exponent
Ek = Pressure gradient due to acceleration, psi/ft
67
es = Ratio of the two phase to no-slip friction factor

f = Friction factor
fmoody = Moody friction factor
fn = No-slip friction factor
fo = Oil phase, fraction
ftp = Two phase friction factor
fw = Water fraction, fraction
g = Acceleration due to gravity, ft/sec2
gc = Conversion constant (32.2), lbm-ft/lbf-sec2
GLRfree = Free gas liquid ratio, scf/bbl
GLRp = Production gas liquid ratio, scf/bbl
GORp = Production gas oil ratio, scf/bbl
h
= specific enthalpy
HL = Liquid holdup
j = Sign convention (-1 or 1)
L1 = Correlation boundary
LB =Bubble-slug boundary
Lm = Transition- mist boundary
LS = Slug- Transition boundary
mv 2
2g c = kinetic energy, ft-lbf
MW = Molecular Weight, lbf

NFR = Froude number
Ngv = Gas velocity number
Nlv = Liquid velocity number
NRe = Reynolds number
NReB = Bubble Reynolds number
68
NReL = Liquid Reynols number

P = Pressure, psi
Pb = Bubble point pressure, psi
Ppc = Pseudo- critical pressure, psi
Ppr = Pseudo reduced pressure
PV
= energy of expansion or compression, ft-lbf
q ' = heat energy added to fluid, ft-lbf
qg = Gas flow rate, stb/d

qL = Liquid flow rate, stb/d
qo = Oil flow rate, stb/d
qw = Water flow rate, stb/d
R = Gas constant, mol-psi-ft3/R-lbm
Rso = Gas solubility in oil, scf/stb
Rsw = Gas solubility in water, scf/stb
Rswb = Gas solubility in water at bubble point pressure, scf/stb
s = Constant for calculating two phase friction factor
S = entropy
Sin = Sine of angle of inclination
T = Temperature
T = temperature, 0F
Tpc = Pseudo critical temperature
Tpr = Pseudo reduced temperature
U'
= Internal energy, ft-lbf
Vb = Bubble rise velocity, ft/sec

Vg = Average gas velocity, ft/sec
VL = Average liquid velocity, ft/sec
Vm = Mixture velocity, ft/sec
Vs = Slip velocity
Vsg = Superficial gas velocity, ft/sec
VsL = Superficial liquid velocity, ft/sec
69
WC = Water cut, %
W 's = work done on the fluid, ft-lbf
y = Constant for calculating s

z = Compressibility factor
Z= elevation above reference datum, ft
SYMBOLS
g = Gas gravity
o = Oil gravity
= Liquid distribution coefficient
P = Pressure change, psi
= Absolute pipe Roughness, ft
g = No-slip gas holdup, friction
L = No-slip liquid holdup, fraction
= Pie
= Density, lbm/ft3
g = Gas density, lbm/.ft3
l = Liquid density, lbm/ ft3
n = Two phase no-slip density, lbm/ft3
= Angle of inclination, degree
= Holdup correction factor
g = Gas viscosity, cp
L = Liquid viscosity, cp
o = Oil viscosity, cp
ob = Dead oil viscosity, cp
w = Water viscosity, cp
70
REFERENCES
1. Ovadia, S.: Mechanistic Modeling of Gas-Liquid Two-Phase Flow in
Pipes, Elsevier Inc., 2005.
2. Ryo M., Testuro T., Tsukuda M., and Nairobi A.: Experimental and
Modeling Studies of Two-Phase Flow in Pipelines, SPE Production &
Facility, November, 1997.
3. Guo, Boyun etal, Offshore Pipelines, Elsevier Inc., 2005.
4. Poettmann, F.H., and Carpenter, P.C., The multiphase flow of Gas, Oil
and Water through vertical flow strings with Application to the Design of
Gas Lift Installations, Drill and Production Practice (1952), 257
5. Baxendall, P.B., The Calculation of Pressure Gradients in High- Rate
flowing wells, Jour. Petr. Tech (October, 1961) 13, 1023
6. Winkler, H.W., and Smith, S.S., Gas Lift Manual, Camco, Inc., Dallas,
Texas (1962)
7. Hagedorm, Alton R. and Brown, Kermit E., Experimental Study of
Pressure Gradients Occuring During Continous Two Phase Flow in Small
Diameter Vertical Conducts, J. Petr. Tech. (April, 1965) 475.
8. Duns, H., Jr. and Ros, N.C.J.: Vertical Flow of Gas and Liquid Mixtures in
Wells, Proc. Sixth World Pet. Congress, Frankfurt (June 19-26, 1963)
Section 2, Paper 22-PD6
9. Orkiszewski, J.: Predicting Two-Phase Pressure Drops in Vertical Pipe,
J. Pet. Tech (June. 1967) 829-838
10. Aziz, K., Govier, G. W. and Fogarasi, M., Pressure Drop in Wells
Producing Oil and Gas, J. Cdn. Petr. Tech. (July-Sept., 1972) 38-48
11. Chierici, G.L. etal, Two-Phase Vertical Flow in Oil Wells-Prediction of
Pressure Drop, Trans. AIME (1994), 927.
12. Beggs, H.D. and Brill, J.P., A Study of Two Phase Flow in Inclined Pipes,
J. Petr. Tech. (May, 1973) 607-617
13. Griffith, Peter, and Wallis, Graham B., Two Phase Slug, ASME Jour. Of
71
Heat Transfer (August, 1961) 307

14. Bharath Rao Multiphase Flow Models Range of Application CTES, L.C.,
(May 18, 1998)
15. Chukwu, G. A.: Multiphase Flow in Pipes, Prepared class lecture, 2009
16. Ikoku Natural Gas Engineering Handbook, Pg. 310-345
17. Ros, N.C.J., Simultaneous Flow of Gas and Liquid as Encountered in
Well Tubing, Jour. Petr. Tech. 13 (October, 1961) 1037
18. Griffith, P.: Two Phase Flow in Pipes, Special Summer Program,
Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts (1962)
19. Moody, L.F.: Friction Factors in Pipe Flow, Trans., ASME (1944) 66, 671684
20. Colebrook, C.F., Turbulent Flow in Pipes, With Particular Reference to
the Transition Region between the Smooth and Rough Pipe Laws,
Journal of the Institution of Civil Engineers, London, England, 11, (193839) p. 133
21. Wallis, G.B. (1969), One-dimensional Two-Phase Flow, McGraw-Hill Book
Co, New York, (1969) 288
22. Nicklin, D.J., Wilkes, J.O. and Davidson, J.F., Two Phase Flow in Vertical
Tube, Trans. Inst. Chem. Engrs. (1962) 40, 61-68
23. Brown, K.E., and Smith, S.S., Gas Lift Manual, Camco, Inc., Dallas, Texas
(1962)
24. Mauricio, P.: Two Phase Flow, Prepared Class lecture p (212-384), 2009
25. Standing, M.B., A Pressure-Volume-Temperature correlation, Trans.,
ASME (1958) 213, 379-81
26. Vasquez, M. and Beggs, H.D., Correlations for Fluid Physical Property
Prediction, Jour. Petr. Tech. (June, 1980) 968-70
27. Hall, K.R. and Yarborough, l., A New Equation of State for Z-factor
Calculations, Oil and Gas Jour. (Jan. 18, 1973) 82-92
28. Beggs, H.D. and Robinson, J.R., Estimating the Viscosity of Crude Oil
Systems, Jour. Petr. Tech. (Sept. 1975) 1140-41
72
29. Lee, L.A., Gon Zalez, M.H., Bertam, E.E., The Viscosity of Natural
Gases, Jour. Petr. Tech. (August. 1966) 997-1000
73
APPENDIX A: DIFFERENT GENERATED PLOTS
Fig A1: Pressure Profile for Tubing size of 1.995 (Orkiszewski, J. (June, 1967) and Beggs & Brill, (May,
1973))
Fig A2: Pressure Profile for Tubing size of 2.375(Orkiszewski, J. (June, 1967) and Beggs & Brill, (May, 1973))
74
75
76
(after reference 9 )
A8: Pressure Profile for Different Tubing sizes Using Orkiszewski Method(Orkiszewski, J. (June, 1967))
77
Fig A9: Pressure Profile for Different Tubing sizes Using Orkiszewski Method(Orkiszewski, J. (June, 1967))
Fig A10: Pressure Profile for Different Tubing sizes Using Beggs & Brill Method( Beggs & Brill, (May, 1973))
78
Fig A11: Pressure Profile for Different Tubing sizes Using Orkiszewski Method(Orkiszewski, J. (June, 1967))
Fig A12: Pressure Profile for Different Tubing sizes Using Beggs & Brill Method( Beggs & Brill, (May, 1973))
79
Fig A13: OPR Construction for Different Tubing Sizes Using Orkiszewski Method(Orkiszewski, J. (June,
1967))
Fig A14: OPR Construction for Tubing diameter of 2.875 Sizes Using Orkiszewski and Beggs & Brill
Method(Orkiszewski, J. (June, 1967) and Beggs & Brill, (May, 1973))
80
Fig A15: OPR Construction for 3.0 Tubing Size(Orkiszewski, J. (June, 1967) and Beggs & Brill, (May, 1973))
FigA16: Friction Pressure Gradient for Different tubing sizes Using Orkiszewski Methods(Orkiszewski, J.
(June, 1967))
81
FigA18: Total Pressure Gradient for 2.875 tubing size (Orkiszewski, J. (June, 1967) and Beggs & Brill, (May,
1973))
FigA19: Total Pressure Gradient for 3.0 tubing size(Orkiszewski, J. (June, 1967) and Beggs & Brill, (May,
1973))
82
FigA20: Pressure Gradient for 2.375 tubing size Using Orkiszewski Method(Orkiszewski, J. (June, 1967))
FigA21: Pressure Gradient for 2.375 tubing size Using Beggs & Brill Method( Beggs & Brill, (May, 1973))
83
FigA22: Pressure Gradient for Different tubing sizes Using Orkiszewski Method(Orkiszewski, J. (June, 1967))
84
FigA23: Pressure Gradient for Different tubing sizes Using Beggs & Brill Method( Beggs & Brill, (May, 1973))
85
0
1000
2000
Reference Position (ft)
3000
4000
5000
6000
7000
8000
9000
10000
0
500
1000
1500
2000
2500
3000
3500
4000
4500
Pressure (psi)
Fig A24: Pressure Profile for Tubing size of 3.0 and Liquid flowrate of 222.22stb/d Using Orkiszewski
method (Orkiszewski, J. (June, 1967))
0
1000
2000
ReferencePosition (ft)
3000
4000
5000
6000
7000
8000
9000
10000
0
500
1000
1500
2000
2500
3000
3500
4000
4500
Pressure (psi)
Fig A25: Pressure Profile for Tubing size of 3.0 and Liquid flowrate of 222.22stb/d Using Beggs & Brill
method( Beggs & Brill, (May, 1973))
86
2000
4000
D
is
ta
n
c
efro
m
th
eIn
itia
lP
re
s
s
u
reL
o
c
a
tio
n(ft)
6000
8000
10000
12000
14000
16000
18000
20000
0
500
1000
1500
2000
2500
3000
3500
4000
4500
Pressure (psi)
Fig A26: Pressure Profile for Tubing size of 3.0 and Liquid flowrate of 222.22stb/d Using
Orkiszewski(Orkiszewski, J. (June, 1967))
2000
4000
D
is
ta
n
c
efr
o
m
th
eIn
itia
lP
r
e
s
s
u
r
eL
o
c
a
tio
n(ft)
6000
8000
10000
12000
14000
16000
18000
20000
0
500
1000
1500
2000
2500
3000
3500
4000
4500
Pressure (psi)
87
0
1000
2000
ReferencePosition(ft)
3000
4000
5000
6000
7000
8000
9000
10000
0
500
1000
1500
2000
2500
3000
3500
4000
4500
Pressure (psi)
Method(Orkiszewski, J. (June, 1967))
0
1000
2000
3000
4000
5000
6000
7000
8000
9000
10000
0
500
1000
1500
2000
2500
3000
3500
4000
4500
Pressure (psi)
Fig A29: Pressure Profile for Tubing size of 3.5 and Liquid flowrate of 222.22stb/d Using Begss & Brill
88
2000
4000
D
is
ta
n
c
efr
o
m
th
e
In
itia
lP
r
e
s
s
u
r
e
L
o
c
a
tio
n
(ft)
6000
8000
10000
12000
14000
16000
18000
20000
0
500
1000
1500
2000
2500
3000
3500
4000
4500
Pressure (psi)
2000
4000
D
is
ta
n
c
efro
m
th
eIn
itia
lP
re
s
su
reL
o
c
a
tio
n(ft)
6000
8000
10000
12000
14000
16000
18000
20000
0
500
1000
1500
2000
2500
3000
3500
4000
4500
Pressure (psi)
89
0
1000
2000
R
eferenceP
osition(ft)
3000
4000
5000
6000
7000
8000
9000
10000
0
500
1000
1500
2000
2500
3000
3500
4000
4500
Pressure (psi)
Method( Beggs & Brill, (May, 1973))
0
1000
2000
3000
4000
5000
6000
7000
8000
9000
10000
0
500
1000
1500
2000
2500
3000
3500
4000
Pressure (psi)
A33: Pressure Profile for Tubing size of 6.0 and Liquid flowrate of 222.22stb/d Using Orkiszewski
method(Orkiszewski, J. (June, 1967))
90
4500
2000
4000
D
is
ta
n
c
e
fr
o
m
th
e
In
itia
lP
r
e
s
s
u
r
e
L
o
c
a
tio
n
(ft)
6000
8000
10000
12000
14000
16000
18000
20000
0
500
1000
1500
2000
2500
3000
3500
4000
4500
Pressure (psi)
A34: Pressure Profile for Tubing size of 6.0 and Liquid flowrate of 222.22stb/d Using Beggs & Brill method(
Beggs & Brill, (May, 1973))
2000
4000
D
istancefromtheInitial P
ressureLocation(ft)
6000
8000
10000
12000
14000
16000
18000
20000
0
500
1000
1500
2000
2500
3000
3500
4000
4500
Pressure (psi)
91
92
F Fig A39: Pressure Profile for Tubing size of 9.625 and Liquid flowrate of 444.44stb/d Using Begss & Brill
93
APPENDIX B: TABLE OF DATA AND EXCEL RESULTS

Table B1: Orkiszewski Data For Excel Calculation of Pressure GradientTT
DATA
Roughness (ft)
API
Water Cut (%)
Bubble Point
Node Results
ORKISZEWSKI METHOD
400
444.44
3.0
0.00015
90
25
0.65
175
10
1327.78
1195
1.07
0
Required
7097.32
1324.85
26.34
0.0
8000
4280.88
Table B2: Orkiszewski Excel Calculation of Pressure Gradient and Flow Regime for Oil Flowrate of 400stb/d
and Tubing Diameter of 3.0
Press, (psi)
0
4.3
8.0
Depth,(ft)
0
500
1000
Temp., (F)
175
175
175
dp/dz, (psi/ft)
0.0086
0.0074
0.0068
Vm,
(ft/sec.)
153.37
118.51
99.24
Mixt. Viscosity,
(cp)
0.0335
0.0394
0.0445
11.4
1500
175
0.0454
86.32
0.0491
16.4
1610.1
175
0.0990
72.40
0.0559
21.4
1660.6
175
0.1011
62.33
0.0626
26.4
31.4
36.4
41.4
46.4
51.4
56.4
61.4
66.4
1710.0
1766.2
1806.2
1841.4
1873.8
1904.6
1934.3
1963.1
1991.4
175
175
175
175
175
175
175
175
175
0.0891
0.1249
0.1421
0.1540
0.1625
0.1687
0.1733
0.1767
0.1794
54.72
48.75
43.96
40.02
36.72
33.92
31.52
29.43
27.60
0.0693
0.0760
0.0826
0.0892
0.0957
0.1022
0.1086
0.1150
0.1214
94
Flow Regime
MIST FLOW
MIST FLOW
MIST FLOW
TRANSITION
FLOW
TRANSITION
FLOW
TRANSITION
FLOW
TRANSITION
FLOW
SLUG FLOW
SLUG FLOW
SLUG FLOW
SLUG FLOW
SLUG FLOW
SLUG FLOW
SLUG FLOW
SLUG FLOW
71.4
76.4
81.4
86.4
91.4
96.4
101.4
151.4
201.4
251.4
301.4
351.4
401.4
451.4
501.4
551.4
601.4
651.4
701.4
751.4
801.4
851.4
901.4
951.4
1001.4
1051.4
1101.4
1151.4
1201.4
2019.3
2046.8
2074.1
2101.2
2128.1
2154.9
2181.6
2447.2
2705.5
2956.7
3191.1
3403.5
3598.9
3714.7
3826.3
3933.7
4037.3
4137.1
4233.3
4326.2
4416.0
4502.7
4586.6
4667.9
4746.7
4823.2
4897.5
4969.9
5040.3
175
175
175
175
175
175
175
175
175
175
175
175
175
175
175
175
175
175
175
175
175
175
175
175
175
175
175
175
175
0.1815
0.1832
0.1846
0.1857
0.1867
0.1875
0.1882
0.1936
0.1990
0.2133
0.2354
0.2558
0.4318
0.4483
0.4653
0.4829
0.5009
0.5194
0.5382
0.5572
0.5764
0.5958
0.6151
0.6345
0.6537
0.6727
0.6915
0.7100
0.7281
25.99
24.54
23.25
22.09
21.04
20.08
19.21
13.35
10.20
8.24
6.90
5.93
5.19
4.62
4.15
3.77
3.45
3.18
2.95
2.75
2.58
2.42
2.29
2.17
2.06
1.96
1.87
1.79
1.72
0.1277
0.1340
0.1402
0.1464
0.1525
0.1586
0.1647
0.2228
0.2767
0.3269
0.3734
0.4167
0.4570
0.4946
0.5296
0.5623
0.5929
0.6216
0.6485
0.6736
0.6973
0.7194
0.7403
0.7598
0.7781
0.7953
0.8115
0.8266
0.8407
SLUG FLOW
SLUG FLOW
SLUG FLOW
SLUG FLOW
SLUG FLOW
SLUG FLOW
SLUG FLOW
SLUG FLOW
SLUG FLOW
SLUG FLOW
SLUG FLOW
SLUG FLOW
BUBBLE FLOW
BUBBLE FLOW
BUBBLE FLOW
BUBBLE FLOW
BUBBLE FLOW
BUBBLE FLOW
BUBBLE FLOW
BUBBLE FLOW
BUBBLE FLOW
BUBBLE FLOW
BUBBLE FLOW
BUBBLE FLOW
BUBBLE FLOW
BUBBLE FLOW
BUBBLE FLOW
BUBBLE FLOW
BUBBLE FLOW
Table B3: Orkiszewski Data for Excel Calculation of Pressure Gradient and the Excel Calculation of Pressure
Gradient and Flow Regime for Oil Flowrate of 400stb/d and Tubing Diameter of 3.0
DATA
Roughness (ft)
API
Water Cut (%)
Bubble Point
95
ORKISZEWSKI
400
444
1.995
0.00015
90
25
0.65
175
10
1328
1195
1.07
0
Required
7097
1324.85
26.34
0.00
Node Results
8000
5039
Pressure, (psi)
0
5
10
15
20
Depth, (ft)
0
80
185
314
465
Temp., (F)
175
175
175
175
175
dp/dz, (psi/ft)
0.0626
0.0476
0.0388
0.0331
0.0292
vm, (ft/sec.)
346.8
258.7
206.2
171.4
146.6
vis mixt, (cp)

0.0335
0.0404
0.0472
0.0540
0.0608
25
636
175
0.0458
128.1
0.0675
30
745
175
0.1154
113.7
0.0742
35
788
175
0.1293
102.2
0.0808
40
827
175
0.1202
92.8
0.0874
45
50
55
60
65
70
75
80
85
90
95
100
105
155
205
255
305
355
405
455
505
555
605
655
705
755
805
855
905
955
1005
1055
1105
1155
869
918
1057
1138
1199
1251
1297
1339
1379
1417
1454
1490
1529
1909
2245
2566
2876
3173
3459
3733
3996
4234
4456
4666
4864
5053
5234
5285
5336
5386
5435
5484
5531
5578
175
175
175
175
175
175
175
175
175
175
175
175
175
175
175
175
175
175
175
175
175
175
175
175
175
175
175
175
175
175
175
175
175
175
0.1025
0.0360
0.0618
0.0814
0.0965
0.1084
0.1178
0.1253
0.1313
0.1362
0.1402
0.1282
0.1316
0.1485
0.1557
0.1618
0.1681
0.1750
0.1823
0.1900
0.2106
0.2247
0.2385
0.2518
0.2646
0.2771
0.9661
0.9837
1.0013
1.0191
1.0370
1.0549
1.0728
1.0908
85.0
78.4
72.7
67.8
63.5
59.7
56.4
53.4
50.7
48.2
46.0
44.0
42.1
29.5
22.7
18.4
15.4
13.3
11.6
10.4
9.3
8.5
7.8
7.2
6.6
6.2
5.8
5.5
5.2
4.9
4.6
4.4
4.2
4.0
0.0939
0.1004
0.1069
0.1133
0.1196
0.1260
0.1323
0.1385
0.1447
0.1508
0.1569
0.1630
0.1690
0.2268
0.2805
0.3304
0.3767
0.4197
0.4598
0.4972
0.5320
0.5646
0.5951
0.6236
0.6503
0.6754
0.6989
0.7210
0.7417
0.7612
0.7794
0.7965
0.8126
0.8276
96
Flow Regime
MIST FLOW
MIST FLOW
MIST FLOW
MIST FLOW
MIST FLOW
TRANSITION
FLOW
TRANSITION
FLOW
TRANSITION
FLOW
TRANSITION
FLOW
TRANSITION
FLOW
SLUG FLOW
SLUG FLOW
SLUG FLOW
SLUG FLOW
SLUG FLOW
SLUG FLOW
SLUG FLOW
SLUG FLOW
SLUG FLOW
SLUG FLOW
SLUG FLOW
SLUG FLOW
SLUG FLOW
SLUG FLOW
SLUG FLOW
SLUG FLOW
SLUG FLOW
SLUG FLOW
SLUG FLOW
SLUG FLOW
SLUG FLOW
SLUG FLOW
SLUG FLOW
SLUG FLOW
SLUG FLOW
BUBBLE FLOW
BUBBLE FLOW
BUBBLE FLOW
BUBBLE FLOW
BUBBLE FLOW
BUBBLE FLOW
BUBBLE FLOW
BUBBLE FLOW
1205
1255
5623
5668
175
175
1.1087
1.1265
3.9
3.7
0.8417
0.8548
BUBBLE FLOW
BUBBLE FLOW
Table B4: Orkiszewski Data For Excel Calculation of Pressure Gradient
DATA
Roughness (ft)
API
Water Cut (%)
Bubble Point
ZERO)
Node Results
ORKISZEWSKI
400
444
2.375
0.00015
90
25
0.65
175
10
1328
1195
1.07
0
Required
7097
1324.85
26.34
0.00
8000
4971
Pressure, (psi)
0
5
10
15
Depth, (ft)
0
192
439
734
Temp., (F)
175
175
175
175
dp/dz, (psi/ft)
0.0260
0.0202
0.0170
0.0150
vm, (ft/sec)
244.7
182.5
145.5
120.9
vis mixt, (cp)

0.0335
0.0404
0.0472
0.0540
20
1068
175
0.0824
103.4
0.0608
25
1129
175
0.1364
90.4
0.0675
30
1165
175
0.1432
80.2
0.0742
35
1200
175
0.1324
72.1
0.0808
40
45
50
55
60
65
70
75
1238
1281
1368
1431
1484
1531
1574
1614
175
175
175
175
175
175
175
175
0.1161
0.0579
0.0787
0.0945
0.1067
0.1163
0.1240
0.1302
65.5
60.0
55.3
51.3
47.8
44.8
42.1
39.8
0.0874
0.0939
0.1004
0.1069
0.1133
0.1196
0.1260
0.1323
97
Flow Regime
MIST FLOW
MIST FLOW
MIST FLOW
MIST FLOW
TRANSITION
FLOW
TRANSITION
FLOW
TRANSITION
FLOW
TRANSITION
FLOW
TRANSITION
FLOW
SLUG FLOW
SLUG FLOW
SLUG FLOW
SLUG FLOW
SLUG FLOW
SLUG FLOW
SLUG FLOW
80
85
90
95
100
105
155
205
255
305
355
405
455
505
555
605
655
705
755
805
855
905
955
1005
1055
1105
1155
1205
1255
1653
1690
1725
1760
1795
1828
2160
2466
2757
3037
3306
3555
3784
3997
4196
4384
4457
4529
4598
4666
4732
4797
4860
4922
4983
5042
5100
5157
5213
175
175
175
175
175
175
175
175
175
175
175
175
175
175
175
175
175
175
175
175
175
175
175
175
175
175
175
175
175
0.1352
0.1394
0.1430
0.1459
0.1485
0.1507
0.1636
0.1714
0.1787
0.1862
0.2009
0.2183
0.2348
0.2506
0.2656
0.6849
0.7018
0.7190
0.7365
0.7541
0.7719
0.7899
0.8079
0.8259
0.8439
0.8619
0.8797
0.8975
0.9151
37.7
35.7
34.0
32.5
31.0
29.7
20.8
16.0
13.0
10.9
9.4
8.2
7.3
6.6
6.0
5.5
5.1
4.7
4.4
4.1
3.9
3.6
3.4
3.3
3.1
3.0
2.9
2.7
2.6
0.1385
0.1447
0.1508
0.1569
0.1630
0.1690
0.2268
0.2805
0.3304
0.3767
0.4197
0.4598
0.4972
0.5320
0.5646
0.5951
0.6236
0.6503
0.6754
0.6989
0.7210
0.7417
0.7612
0.7794
0.7965
0.8126
0.8276
0.8417
0.8548
Table B6: Beggs & Brill Data For Excel Calculation of Pressure Gradient
DATA
Roughness (ft)
API
Water Cut (%)
Bubble Point
ZERO)
Node Results
98
BEGGS & BRILL

METHOD
400
444
3.000
0.00015
90
25
0.65
175
10
1327
1195
1.07
0
Required
7096
1324.56
26.33
0.00
SLUG FLOW
SLUG FLOW
SLUG FLOW
SLUG FLOW
SLUG FLOW
SLUG FLOW
SLUG FLOW
SLUG FLOW
SLUG FLOW
SLUG FLOW
SLUG FLOW
SLUG FLOW
SLUG FLOW
SLUG FLOW
SLUG FLOW
BUBBLE FLOW
BUBBLE FLOW
BUBBLE FLOW
BUBBLE FLOW
BUBBLE FLOW
BUBBLE FLOW
BUBBLE FLOW
BUBBLE FLOW
BUBBLE FLOW
BUBBLE FLOW
BUBBLE FLOW
BUBBLE FLOW
BUBBLE FLOW
BUBBLE FLOW

8000
822
Table B7: Beggs & Brill Excel Calculation of Pressure Gradient and Flow Regime for Oil Flowrate of 400stb/d
Pressure, (psi)
0
5.0
10.0
15.0
20.0
25.0
30.0
35.0
40.0
45.0
50.0
55.0
60.0
65.0
70.0
75.0
80.0
85.0
90.0
95.0
100.0
105.0
137.8
174.1
214.2
258.5
307.1
357.1
407.1
457.1
507.1
557.1
607.1
657.1
707.1
757.1
807.1
857.1
907.1
957.1
1007.1
1057.1
1107.1
1157.1
1207.1
Depth, (ft)
0
51.2
116.3
192.8
277.9
369.6
465.9
565.4
666.9
769.5
872.5
975.2
1077.4
1178.6
1265.0
1350.2
1434.0
1516.6
1597.9
1677.8
1756.5
1834.0
2334.0
2834.0
3334.0
3834.0
4334.0
4803.6
5236.4
5639.1
6016.6
6372.7
6710.4
7032.0
7339.5
7634.5
7918.4
8192.3
8457.2
8714.1
8963.0
9203.1
9435.2
9660.1
9878.6
Temperature,
(F)
175
175
175
175
175
175
175
175
175
175
175
175
175
175
175
175
175
175
175
175
175
175
175
175
175
175
175
175
175
175
175
175
175
175
175
175
175
175
175
175
175
175
175
175
175
dp/dz, (psi/ft)
0.0977
0.0767
0.0654
0.0587
0.0545
0.0519
0.0502
0.0493
0.0487
0.0486
0.0487
0.0489
0.0494
0.0579
0.0587
0.0596
0.0606
0.0615
0.0625
0.0635
0.0646
0.0656
0.0726
0.0803
0.0885
0.0973
0.1065
0.1155
0.1242
0.1324
0.1404
0.1481
0.1555
0.1626
0.1695
0.1761
0.1825
0.1887
0.1947
0.2008
0.2083
0.2154
0.2223
0.2289
0.2352
99
Vm, (ft/sec.)
153.34
114.36
91.16
75.77
64.82
56.62
50.26
45.18
41.03
37.57
34.65
32.15
29.98
28.08
26.41
24.92
23.59
22.40
21.32
20.33
19.44
18.61
14.56
11.71
9.62
8.02
6.78
5.84
5.12
4.56
4.10
3.73
3.42
3.15
2.93
2.73
2.56
2.41
2.27
2.15
2.05
1.95
1.86
1.78
1.71
Mixt. Visc.(cp)
0.0335
0.0404
0.0472
0.0540
0.0608
0.0675
0.0742
0.0808
0.0874
0.0939
0.1004
0.1069
0.1133
0.1197
0.1260
0.1323
0.1385
0.1447
0.1509
0.1570
0.1630
0.1690
0.2074
0.2478
0.2900
0.3338
0.3786
0.4216
0.4615
0.4988
0.5336
0.5660
0.5964
0.6249
0.6515
0.6765
0.7000
0.7220
0.7427
0.7621
0.7803
0.7974
0.8134
0.8284
0.8424
Flow Regime
Distributed
Distributed
Distributed
Distributed
Distributed
Distributed
Distributed
Distributed
Distributed
Distributed
Distributed
Distributed
Distributed
Intermittent
Intermittent
Intermittent
Intermittent
Intermittent
Intermittent
Intermittent
Intermittent
Intermittent
Intermittent
Intermittent
Intermittent
Intermittent
Intermittent
Intermittent
Intermittent
Intermittent
Intermittent
Intermittent
Intermittent
Intermittent
Intermittent
Intermittent
Intermittent
Intermittent
Intermittent
Transition
Transition
Transition
Transition
Transition
Transition
DATA
BEGGS & BRILL
400
444
1.995
Roughness (ft)
0.00015
90
API
25
0.65
175
Water Cut (%)
10
1327
1195
1.07
0
Required
Bubble Point
7096
1324.56
26.33
0.00
Node Results
8000
1303
Table B8: Beggs & Brill Excel Calculation of Pressure Gradient and Flow Regime for Oil Flowrate of 400stb/d
Pressure, (psi)
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
45
50
55
60
65
70
75
80
85
90
95
100
105
155
205
255
Depth, (ft)
0
6
15
26
40
56
73
93
115
139
164
191
220
251
282
315
349
385
421
459
497
536
936
1381
1801
Temp.(F)
175
175
175
175
175
175
175
175
175
175
175
175
175
175
175
175
175
175
175
175
175
175
175
175
175
dp/dz, (psi/ft)
0.7727
0.5665
0.4483
0.3722
0.3195
0.2810
0.2518
0.2290
0.2109
0.1961
0.1839
0.1737
0.1650
0.1577
0.1514
0.1460
0.1412
0.1371
0.1335
0.1304
0.1276
0.1252
0.1123
0.1192
0.1217
100
vm, (ft/sec.)
346.7
258.6
206.1
171.3
146.6
128.0
113.7
102.2
92.8
85.0
78.4
72.7
67.8
63.5
59.7
56.4
53.4
50.6
48.2
46.0
44.0
42.1
29.5
22.7
18.4
vis mixt, (cp)

0.0335
0.0404
0.0472
0.0540
0.0608
0.0675
0.0742
0.0808
0.0874
0.0939
0.1004
0.1069
0.1133
0.1197
0.1260
0.1323
0.1385
0.1447
0.1509
0.1570
0.1630
0.1690
0.2269
0.2806
0.3304
Flow Regime
Distributed
Distributed
Distributed
Distributed
Distributed
Distributed
Distributed
Distributed
Distributed
Distributed
Distributed
Distributed
Distributed
Distributed
Distributed
Distributed
Distributed
Distributed
Distributed
Distributed
Distributed
Distributed
Distributed
Intermittent
Intermittent
305
355
405
455
505
555
605
655
705
755
805
855
905
955
1005
1055
1105
1155
1205
1255
2212
2609
2991
3357
3709
4047
4372
4685
4987
5278
5561
5835
6101
6360
6612
6858
7098
7333
7562
7787
175
175
175
175
175
175
175
175
175
175
175
175
175
175
175
175
175
175
175
175
0.1258
0.1309
0.1364
0.1422
0.1480
0.1539
0.1598
0.1656
0.1713
0.1770
0.1825
0.1879
0.1932
0.1983
0.2034
0.2083
0.2130
0.2177
0.2222
0.2266
15.4
13.3
11.6
10.4
9.3
8.5
7.8
7.2
6.6
6.2
5.8
5.5
5.2
4.9
4.6
4.4
4.2
4.0
3.9
3.7
0.3767
0.4198
0.4599
0.4973
0.5321
0.5647
0.5952
0.6237
0.6504
0.6755
0.6990
0.7211
0.7418
0.7613
0.7795
0.7967
0.8127
0.8277
0.8418
0.8549
Intermittent
Intermittent
Intermittent
Intermittent
Intermittent
Intermittent
Intermittent
Intermittent
Intermittent
Intermittent
Intermittent
Intermittent
Intermittent
Intermittent
Intermittent
Intermittent
Intermittent
Intermittent
Intermittent
Intermittent
Table B9: Beggs & Brill Data for Excel Calculation of Pressure Gradient
DATA
Roughness (ft)
API
Water Cut (%)
Bubble Point
ZERO)
Node Results
BEGGS & BRILL

400
444
2.375
0.00015
90
25
0.65
175
10
1327
1195
1.07
0
Required
7096
1324.56
26.33
0.00
8000
1035
Table B10: Beggs & Brill Excel Calculation of Pressure Gradient and Flow Regime for Oil Flowrate of
400stb/d and Tubing Diameter of 2.375
0
5
10
0
16
38
175
175
175
0.3109
0.2316
0.1866
101
244.7
182.5
145.4
0.0335
0.0404
0.0472
Distributed
Distributed
Distributed
15
20
25
30
35
40
45
50
55
60
65
70
75
80
85
90
95
100
105
144
188
235
285
335
385
435
485
535
585
635
685
735
785
835
885
935
985
1035
1085
1135
1185
1235
64
96
132
172
216
264
314
366
421
478
536
596
657
719
782
845
909
973
1037
1537
2037
2537
3036
3500
3934
4340
4724
5087
5433
5763
6079
6382
6674
6956
7229
7494
7750
8000
8244
8481
8713
8941
175
175
175
175
175
175
175
175
175
175
175
175
175
175
175
175
175
175
175
175
175
175
175
175
175
175
175
175
175
175
175
175
175
175
175
175
175
175
175
175
175
175
0.1579
0.1384
0.1244
0.1140
0.1060
0.0999
0.0950
0.0912
0.0881
0.0856
0.0836
0.0820
0.0807
0.0797
0.0789
0.0783
0.0779
0.0776
0.0775
0.0882
0.0935
0.1002
0.1078
0.1154
0.1229
0.1304
0.1376
0.1447
0.1516
0.1583
0.1648
0.1711
0.1773
0.1832
0.1890
0.1946
0.2001
0.2054
0.2105
0.2154
0.2202
0.2248
102
120.9
103.4
90.3
80.2
72.1
65.5
59.9
55.3
51.3
47.8
44.8
42.1
39.8
37.6
35.7
34.0
32.4
31.0
29.7
22.3
17.4
14.1
11.7
9.9
8.6
7.7
6.9
6.2
5.7
5.2
4.8
4.5
4.2
3.9
3.7
3.5
3.3
3.2
3.0
2.9
2.8
2.7
0.0540
0.0608
0.0675
0.0742
0.0808
0.0874
0.0939
0.1004
0.1069
0.1133
0.1197
0.1260
0.1323
0.1385
0.1447
0.1509
0.1570
0.1630
0.1690
0.2142
0.2626
0.3105
0.3583
0.4026
0.4439
0.4823
0.5182
0.5517
0.5830
0.6123
0.6398
0.6655
0.6896
0.7123
0.7335
0.7535
0.7722
0.7898
0.8063
0.8217
0.8362
0.8497
Distributed
Distributed
Distributed
Distributed
Distributed
Distributed
Distributed
Distributed
Distributed
Distributed
Distributed
Distributed
Distributed
Distributed
Distributed
Distributed
Distributed
Distributed
Distributed
Intermittent
Intermittent
Intermittent
Intermittent
Intermittent
Intermittent
Intermittent
Intermittent
Intermittent
Intermittent
Intermittent
Intermittent
Intermittent
Intermittent
Intermittent
Intermittent
Intermittent
Intermittent
Intermittent
Intermittent
Intermittent
Intermittent
Intermittent
and Different Tubing Diameters
Pressure,
(psi)
Depth,
(ft)
for
1.995
Depth,
(ft)
for
2.375
dp/dz,
(psi/ft)
for
1.995
dp/dz,
(psi/ft)
for
2.375
Vm,
(ft/sec)
For
1.995
Vm,
(ft/sec)
For
2.375
Flow Regime
For
1.995
Flow Regime
For
2.375
0.0626
0.0260
346.8
244.7
MIST FLOW
MIST FLOW
80
192
0.0476
0.0202
258.7
182.5
MIST FLOW
MIST FLOW
10
185
439
0.0388
0.0170
206.2
145.5
MIST FLOW
MIST FLOW
15
314
734
0.0331
0.0150
171.4
120.9
MIST FLOW
MIST FLOW
20
465
1068
0.0292
0.0824
146.6
103.4
MIST FLOW
TRANSITION
FLOW
25
30
35
40
45
636
745
788
827
869
1129
1165
1200
1238
1281
0.0458
0.1154
0.1293
0.1202
0.1025
128.1
0.1364
0.1432
113.7
0.1324
102.2
0.1161
92.8
0.0579
85.0
90.4
80.2
72.1
65.5
60.0
TRANSITION
TRANSITION
FLOW
FLOW
TRANSITION
TRANSITION
FLOW
FLOW
TRANSITION
TRANSITION
FLOW
FLOW
TRANSITION
TRANSITION
FLOW
FLOW
TRANSITION
SLUG FLOW
FLOW
50
918
1368
0.0360
0.0787
78.4
55.3
SLUG FLOW
SLUG FLOW
55
1057
1431
0.0618
0.0945
72.7
51.3
SLUG FLOW
SLUG FLOW
60
1138
1484
0.0814
0.1067
67.8
47.8
SLUG FLOW
SLUG FLOW
65
1199
1531
0.0965
0.1163
63.5
44.8
SLUG FLOW
SLUG FLOW
70
1251
1574
0.1084
0.1240
59.7
42.1
SLUG FLOW
SLUG FLOW
75
1297
1614
0.1178
0.1302
56.4
39.8
SLUG FLOW
SLUG FLOW
80
1339
1653
0.1253
0.1352
53.4
37.7
SLUG FLOW
SLUG FLOW
85
1379
1690
0.1313
0.1394
50.7
35.7
SLUG FLOW
SLUG FLOW
90
1417
1725
0.1362
0.1430
48.2
34.0
SLUG FLOW
SLUG FLOW
95
1454
1760
0.1402
0.1459
46.0
32.5
SLUG FLOW
SLUG FLOW
100
1490
1795
0.1282
0.1485
44.0
31.0
SLUG FLOW
SLUG FLOW
105
1529
1828
0.1316
0.1507
42.1
29.7
SLUG FLOW
SLUG FLOW
155
1909
2160
0.1485
0.1636
29.5
20.8
SLUG FLOW
SLUG FLOW
205
2245
2466
0.1557
0.1714
22.7
16.0
SLUG FLOW
SLUG FLOW
255
2566
2757
0.1618
0.1787
18.4
13.0
SLUG FLOW
SLUG FLOW
305
2876
3037
0.1681
0.1862
15.4
10.9
SLUG FLOW
SLUG FLOW
355
3173
3306
0.1750
0.2009
13.3
9.4
SLUG FLOW
SLUG FLOW
405
3459
3555
0.1823
0.2183
11.6
8.2
SLUG FLOW
SLUG FLOW
455
3733
3784
0.1900
0.2348
10.4
7.3
SLUG FLOW
SLUG FLOW
505
3996
3997
0.2106
0.2506
9.3
6.6
SLUG FLOW
SLUG FLOW
103
555
4234
4196
0.2247
0.2656
8.5
6.0
SLUG FLOW
SLUG FLOW
605
4456
4384
0.2385
0.6849
7.8
5.5
SLUG FLOW
BUBBLE
FLOW
4666
655
4457
0.2518
0.7018
7.2
5.1
SLUG FLOW
BUBBLE
FLOW
4864
705
4529
0.2646
0.7190
6.6
4.7
SLUG FLOW
BUBBLE
FLOW
5053
755
4598
0.2771
0.7365
6.2
4.4
SLUG FLOW
BUBBLE
FLOW
5234
805
5285
855
5336
905
5386
955
5435
1005
5484
1055
4666
4732
4797
4860
4922
4983
0.9661
0.9837
1.0013
1.0191
1.0370
1.0549
0.7541
5.8
0.7719
5.5
0.7899
5.2
0.8079
4.9
0.8259
4.6
0.8439
4.4
4.1
3.9
3.6
3.4
3.3
3.1
BUBBLE
BUBBLE
FLOW
FLOW
BUBBLE
BUBBLE
FLOW
FLOW
BUBBLE
BUBBLE
FLOW
FLOW
BUBBLE
BUBBLE
FLOW
FLOW
BUBBLE
BUBBLE
FLOW
FLOW
BUBBLE
BUBBLE
FLOW
FLOW
400stb/d and Different Tubing Diameters
Pressure,
(psi)
Depth,
(ft)
for
1.995
Depth,
(ft)
for
2.375
dp/dz,
(psi/ft)
for
1.995
dp/dz,
(psi/ft)
for
2.375
Vm,
(ft/sec)
For
1.995
Vm,
(ft/sec)
For
2.375
Flow
Regime
For
1.995
Flow
Regime
For
2.375
0.7727
0.3109
346.7
244.7
Distributed
Distributed
16
0.5665
0.2316
258.6
182.5
Distributed
Distributed
10
15
38
0.4483
0.1866
206.1
145.4
Distributed
Distributed
15
26
64
0.3722
0.1579
171.3
120.9
Distributed
Distributed
20
40
96
0.3195
0.1384
146.6
103.4
Distributed
Distributed
25
56
132
0.2810
0.1244
128.0
90.3
Distributed
Distributed
30
73
172
0.2518
0.1140
113.7
80.2
Distributed
Distributed
35
93
216
0.2290
0.1060
102.2
72.1
Distributed
Distributed
40
115
264
0.2109
0.0999
92.8
65.5
Distributed
Distributed
45
139
314
0.1961
0.0950
85.0
59.9
Distributed
Distributed
50
164
366
0.1839
0.0912
78.4
55.3
Distributed
Distributed
55
191
421
0.1737
0.0881
72.7
51.3
Distributed
Distributed
60
220
478
0.1650
0.0856
67.8
47.8
Distributed
Distributed
104
65
251
536
0.1577
0.0836
63.5
44.8
Distributed
Distributed
70
282
596
0.1514
0.0820
59.7
42.1
Distributed
Distributed
75
315
657
0.1460
0.0807
56.4
39.8
Distributed
Distributed
80
349
719
0.1412
0.0797
53.4
37.6
Distributed
Distributed
85
385
782
0.1371
0.0789
50.6
35.7
Distributed
Distributed
90
421
845
0.1335
0.0783
48.2
34.0
Distributed
Distributed
95
459
909
0.1304
0.0779
46.0
32.4
Distributed
Distributed
100
497
973
0.1276
0.0776
44.0
31.0
Distributed
Distributed
105
536
1037
0.1252
0.0775
42.1
29.7
Distributed
Distributed
155
936
1537
0.1123
0.0882
29.5
22.3
Distributed
Intermittent
205
1381
2037
0.1192
0.0935
22.7
17.4
Intermittent
Intermittent
255
1801
2537
0.1217
0.1002
18.4
14.1
Intermittent
Intermittent
305
2212
3036
0.1258
0.1078
15.4
11.7
Intermittent
Intermittent
355
2609
3500
0.1309
0.1154
13.3
9.9
Intermittent
Intermittent
405
2991
3934
0.1364
0.1229
11.6
8.6
Intermittent
Intermittent
455
3357
4340
0.1422
0.1304
10.4
7.7
Intermittent
Intermittent
505
3709
4724
0.1480
0.1376
9.3
6.9
Intermittent
Intermittent
555
4047
5087
0.1539
0.1447
8.5
6.2
Intermittent
Intermittent
605
4372
5433
0.1598
0.1516
7.8
5.7
Intermittent
Intermittent
655
4685
5763
0.1656
0.1583
7.2
5.2
Intermittent
Intermittent
705
4987
6079
0.1713
0.1648
6.6
4.8
Intermittent
Intermittent
755
5278
6382
0.1770
0.1711
6.2
4.5
Intermittent
Intermittent
805
5561
6674
0.1825
0.1773
5.8
4.2
Intermittent
Intermittent
855
5835
6956
0.1879
0.1832
5.5
3.9
Intermittent
Intermittent
905
6101
7229
0.1932
0.1890
5.2
3.7
Intermittent
Intermittent
955
6360
7494
0.1983
0.1946
4.9
3.5
Intermittent
Intermittent
1005
6612
7750
0.2034
0.2001
4.6
3.3
Intermittent
Intermittent
1055
6858
8000
0.2083
0.2054
4.4
3.2
Intermittent
Intermittent
1105
7098
8244
0.2130
0.2105
4.2
3.0
Intermittent
Intermittent
1155
7333
8481
0.2177
0.2154
4.0
2.9
Intermittent
Intermittent
1205
7562
8713
0.2222
0.2202
3.9
2.8
Intermittent
Intermittent
1255
7787
8941
0.2266
0.2248
3.7
2.7
Intermittent
Intermittent
105
Table B13: Orkiszewski Data For Excel Calculation of Pressure Gradient
Case 1
Orkiszewski
ql (STB/day)
444.4444444
dp (in)
9.625
Angle (deg)
90
API
25
Gravity of Gas
0.65
Average temperature
(F)
175
GLRp (scf/STB)
1195
% Water
10
Gravity of Water
1.07
Pi (psi)
Type of Calculation
Required
Liquid Gravity
0.920738019
Oil Gravity
0.904153355
Pb
7097.32
Rsob
1324.85
RSwb
26.34
e/d
0.000187013
Depth
8000
Index
95
P below
3742.928241
L below
7941.973055
P above
3792.92824
L above
8002.845694
3790.590824
Pressure
Ls
Lm
LB
vsg/vm
Flow Regime
dpdz
dpdl
53.9123847
90.89950392
0.644677
0.995967
SLUG FLOW
0.383013481
0.3830
4.999999869
13.05437045
53.91278173
90.90071404
0.833874
0.994592
SLUG FLOW
0.351742781
9.999999727
27.26930286
53.9131881
90.90195258
0.920322
0.993215
SLUG FLOW
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5042.928225
5092.928225
5142.928224
5192.928223
9520.643929
9581.300509
9641.964116
9702.636327
54.95467325
54.96820569
54.98178334
54.99540596
93.98076336
94.01963097
94.05860187
94.09767512
1.070987
1.070987
1.070987
1.070987
0.034304
0.033149
0.032041
0.030977
5242.928223
9763.318736
55.00907325
94.13684977
1.070987
0.029952
5292.928222
9824.012955
55.02278497
94.17612491
1.070987
0.028966
5342.928221
5392.928221
5442.92822
5492.92822
9884.7206
9945.443289
10006.18263
10066.94022
55.03654085
55.05034063
55.06418407
55.07807091
94.21549962
94.254973
94.29454415
94.33421221
1.070987
1.070987
1.070987
1.070986
0.028013
0.027093
0.026201
0.025336
0.824217376
0.824100504
0.823961996
0.823801681
BUBBLE
FLOW
0.823619487
BUBBLE
FLOW
0.823415441
BUBBLE
FLOW
0.823189671
BUBBLE
FLOW
0.822942401
BUBBLE
FLOW
0.822673951
0.822673951
FLOW
-0.82238473
0.82238473
BUBBLE
FLOW
0.822075234
BUBBLE
FLOW
0.821746039
BUBBLE
FLOW
0.821397792
BUBBLE
FLOW
0.821031208
BUBBLE
FLOW
0.820647061
BUBBLE
FLOW
0.820246172
0.823619487
0.823415441
0.823189671
0.822942401
BUBBLE
5542.928219
5592.928218
5642.928218
5692.928217
5742.928217
5792.928216
5842.928215
10127.71764
10188.51644
10249.33812
10310.18417
10371.05601
10431.95504
10492.88257
55.0920009
55.1059738
55.11998937
55.13404737
55.14814757
55.16228974
55.17647365
94.3739763
94.41383557
94.45378917
94.49383628
94.53397607
94.57420772
94.61453045
1.070986
1.070986
1.070986
1.070986
1.070986
1.070986
1.070986
112
0.024495
0.023675
0.022875
0.022091
0.021323
0.020567
0.019822
0.822075234
0.821746039
0.821397792
0.821031208
0.820647061
0.820246172
5892.928215
5942.928214
5992.928214
6042.928213
6092.928212
6142.928212
6192.928211
10553.83988
10614.82817
10675.84861
10736.90225
10797.99013
10859.11318
10920.27228
55.19069906
55.20496576
55.21927353
55.23362215
55.24801141
55.26244108
55.27691096
94.65494345
94.69544594
94.73603716
94.77671633
94.81748272
94.85833557
94.89927415
1.070986
1.070986
1.070986
1.070986
1.070986
1.070986
1.070985
0.019085
0.018356
0.017631
0.016911
0.016192
0.015473
0.014752
BUBBLE
FLOW
0.819829409
BUBBLE
FLOW
0.819397673
BUBBLE
FLOW
0.818951892
BUBBLE
FLOW
0.818493016
BUBBLE
FLOW
0.818022006
BUBBLE
FLOW
0.817539829
BUBBLE
FLOW
0.817047453
0.817047453
FLOW
-0.81654584
0.81654584
BUBBLE
FLOW
0.816035941
0.816035941
-0.81551869
0.81551869
0.819829409
0.819397673
0.818951892
0.818493016
0.818022006
0.817539829
BUBBLE
6242.928211
6292.92821
10981.46823
11042.70178
55.29142085
55.30597054
94.94029774
94.98140562
1.070985
1.070985
0.014029
0.013302
BUBBLE
6342.928209
11103.97359
55.32055981
95.02259708
1.070985
0.012569
6392.928209
11165.28426
55.33518849
95.06387142
1.070985
0.011829
6442.928208
6492.928207
6542.928207
6592.928206
6642.928206
6692.928205
6742.928204
6792.928204
6842.928203
6892.928203
6942.928202
11226.63433
11288.02426
11349.45447
11410.92528
11472.43699
11533.98982
11595.58394
11657.21946
11718.89646
11780.61495
11842.37489
55.34985635
55.36456322
55.37930889
55.39409318
55.40891589
55.42377683
55.43867583
55.45361269
55.46858724
55.48359929
55.49864868
95.10522795
95.14666599
95.18818486
95.2297839
95.27146245
95.31321986
95.35505548
95.39696868
95.43895883
95.48102531
95.5231675
1.070985
1.070985
1.070985
1.070985
1.070985
1.070985
1.070985
1.070985
1.070984
1.070984
1.070984
113
0.01108
0.010322
0.009554
0.008773
0.007979
0.007172
0.006349
0.00551
0.004654
0.00378
0.002887
FLOW
BUBBLE
FLOW
0.814995006
BUBBLE
FLOW
0.814465778
BUBBLE
FLOW
0.813931876
BUBBLE
FLOW
0.813394136
BUBBLE
FLOW
0.812853366
BUBBLE
FLOW
0.812310341
BUBBLE
FLOW
0.811765804
BUBBLE
FLOW
0.811220463
BUBBLE
FLOW
0.810674991
BUBBLE
FLOW
0.810130027
BUBBLE
FLOW
0.809586176
BUBBLE
FLOW
0.809044008
0.814995006
0.814465778
0.813931876
0.813394136
0.812853366
0.812310341
0.811765804
0.811220463
0.810674991
0.810130027
0.809586176
0.809044008
6992.928201
7042.928201
7092.9282
7142.928199
7192.928199
7242.928198
7292.928198
7342.928197
7392.928196
11904.17623
11966.01884
12027.90256
12089.82722
12151.76192
12213.70372
12275.65259
12337.6085
12399.57137
55.51373521
55.52885873
55.54401905
55.54338889
55.54126566
55.53917204
55.53710742
55.53507119
55.53306276
95.5653848
95.60767661
95.65004233
95.64828191
95.64235008
95.63650044
95.63073127
95.62504091
95.61942772
1.070984
1.070984
1.070984
1.070984
1.070984
1.070984
1.070984
1.070984
1.070984
0.001974
0.00104
8.49E-05
0
0
0
0
0
0
7442.928196
12461.54112
55.53108156
95.61389014
1.070984
7492.928195
12523.51766
55.52912703
95.60842663
1.070984
7542.928194
7592.928194
7642.928193
7692.928193
7742.928192
7792.928191
7842.928191
7892.92819
12585.50087
12647.49062
12709.48676
12771.48915
12833.49762
12895.512
12957.53211
13019.55778
55.52719864
55.52529585
55.52341815
55.52156505
55.51973605
55.51793069
55.51614851
55.51438905
95.6030357
95.59771588
95.59246576
95.58728398
95.58216918
95.57712006
95.57213535
95.5672138
1.070984
1.070984
1.070984
1.070984
1.070984
1.070984
1.070984
1.070984
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
BUBBLE
FLOW
0.808504061
BUBBLE
FLOW
0.807966838
BUBBLE
FLOW
0.807432813
BUBBLE
FLOW
0.807301808
BUBBLE
FLOW
0.807209363
BUBBLE
FLOW
0.807117188
BUBBLE
FLOW
0.807025589
BUBBLE
FLOW
0.806934841
BUBBLE
FLOW
0.806845196
BUBBLE
FLOW
0.806756877
0.808504061
0.807966838
0.807432813
0.807301808
0.807209363
0.807117188
0.807025589
0.806934841
0.806845196
0.806756877
BUBBLE
FLOW
0.806670085
BUBBLE
FLOW
0.806584998
BUBBLE
FLOW
0.806501776
BUBBLE
FLOW
0.806420555
BUBBLE
FLOW
0.806341458
BUBBLE
FLOW
0.806264589
BUBBLE
FLOW
0.806190037
BUBBLE
FLOW
0.806117879
BUBBLE
FLOW
0.806048176
0.806048176
-0.80598098
0.80598098
FLOW
-0.80591633
0.80591633
BUBBLE
FLOW
0.805854257
0.806670085
0.806584998
0.806501776
0.806420555
0.806341458
0.806264589
0.806190037
0.806117879
BUBBLE
7942.92819
13081.58881
55.51265188
95.56235422
1.070984
FLOW
BUBBLE
7992.928189
8042.928188
13143.62501
13205.66619
55.51093657
55.50924271
95.55755542
95.55281625
1.070984
1.070984
114
0
0
0.805854257
8092.928188
13267.71215
55.50756989
95.5481356
1.070984
BUBBLE
FLOW
0.805794783
0.805794783
FLOW
-0.80573792
0.80573792
BUBBLE
FLOW
0.805683674
BUBBLE
FLOW
0.805632045
BUBBLE
FLOW
0.805583025
BUBBLE
FLOW
0.805536603
BUBBLE
FLOW
0.805492761
BUBBLE
FLOW
0.805451477
BUBBLE
FLOW
0.805412728
BUBBLE
FLOW
0.805376484
BUBBLE
8142.928187
8192.928186
8242.928186
8292.928185
8342.928185
8392.928184
8442.928183
8492.928183
13329.76269
13391.8176
13453.8767
13515.93977
13578.00662
13640.07704
13702.15085
13764.22783
55.50591772
55.50428581
55.5026738
55.5010813
55.49950798
55.49795347
55.49641744
55.49489956
95.54351238
95.53894553
95.534434
95.52997678
95.5255729
95.52122138
95.51692128
95.51267169
1.070984
1.070984
1.070984
1.070984
1.070984
1.070984
1.070984
1.070985
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
8542.928182
13826.3078
55.4933995
95.50847172
1.070985
8592.928181
13888.39057
55.49191695
95.50432048
1.070985
8642.928181
8692.92818
8742.92818
8792.928179
8842.928178
8892.928178
8942.928177
8992.928176
13950.47594
14012.56372
14074.65374
14136.7458
14198.83973
14260.93536
14323.0325
14385.131
55.4904516
55.48900315
55.4875713
55.48615577
55.48475627
55.48337254
55.4820043
55.4806513
95.50021713
95.49616083
95.49215076
95.48818614
95.48426618
95.48039013
95.47655723
95.47276678
1.070985
1.070985
1.070985
1.070985
1.070985
1.070985
1.070985
1.070985
115
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
BUBBLE
FLOW
0.805342713
BUBBLE
FLOW
0.805311382
BUBBLE
FLOW
0.805282454
BUBBLE
FLOW
0.805255891
BUBBLE
FLOW
0.805231652
BUBBLE
FLOW
0.805209696
BUBBLE
FLOW
0.805189981
BUBBLE
FLOW
0.805172463
BUBBLE
FLOW
0.805157097
0.805683674
0.805632045
0.805583025
0.805536603
0.805492761
0.805451477
0.805412728
0.805376484
0.805342713
0.805311382
0.805282454
0.805255891
0.805231652
0.805209696
0.805189981
0.805172463
0.805157097
Table B15: Beggs & Brill Data For Excel Calculation of Pressure Gradient
Beggs &
Case 1
Brill
ql (STB/day)
444.4444444
dp (in)
9.625
Angle (deg)
90
API
25
Gravity of Gas
0.65
Average temperature
(F)
175
GLRp (scf/STB)
1194.733348
% Water
10
Gravity of Water
1.07
Pi (psi)
Type of Calculation
Required
Liquid Gravity
0.920738019
Oil Gravity
0.904153355
Pb
7096.00
Rsob
1324.56
RSwb
26.33
e/d
0.000187013
Depth
8000
Index
70
P below
2504.999921
L below
7911.448278
P above
2554.999919
L above
8053.659269
2536.133843
400stb/d and Tubing Diameter of 9.625
Pressure
Fr1
Fr2
Fr3
Fr4
HFR
dpdz
dpdl
59.78774
752.1346
298.9153
6.79E+15
Segregated
0.05307
4.999999058
94.21987
65.32758
364.5384
195.2398
9.4E+14
Segregated
0.06304
0.053067
0.063039
9.999998265
173.5352
69.95979
208.2404
140.4629
2.04E+14
Segregated
0.07201
0.072005
14.99999757
242.9744
73.97988
131.8968
107.3813
5.86E+13
Segregated
0.08024
0.080238
19.99999695
305.2888
77.55477
89.68485
85.58891
2.04E+13
Segregated
-0.0879
0.087905
116
24.99999638
362.1687
80.78899
64.22303
70.32832
8.22E+12
Segregated
0.09511
0.095114
29.99999585
414.737
83.75281
47.8408
59.14529
3.68E+12
Segregated
0.10195
0.101946
34.99999536
463.7826
86.49593
36.76202
50.65766
1.79E+12
Segregated
0.10846
0.108456
39.9999949
509.8841
89.05499
28.96688
44.03327
9.35E+11
Segregated
0.11469
0.11469
44.99999447
553.4801
91.45781
23.30211
38.74398
5.16E+11
Segregated
0.12068
0.12068
49.99999405
594.9119
93.72608
19.07356
34.44002
2.99E+11
Segregated
0.12646
0.126456
54.99999366
634.4515
95.87709
15.8448
30.8814
1.8E+11
Segregated
0.13204
0.132039
59.99999328
672.3192
97.92484
13.33123
27.89856
1.12E+11
Segregated
0.13745
0.137448
64.99999291
708.6966
99.88085
11.34135
25.36856
7.23E+10
Segregated
-0.1427
0.142699
69.99999256
743.7354
101.7547
9.742826
23.20037
4.78E+10
Segregated
0.14781
0.147806
74.99999222
777.5635
103.5546
8.441999
21.32521
3.23E+10
Segregated
0.15278
79.9999919
810.2904
105.2874
7.371231
19.69032
2.23E+10
Segregated
0.15763
0.15278
0.157631
84.99999158
842.0101
106.959
6.480757
18.25455
1.57E+10
Segregated
0.16237
0.162367
89.99999127
872.8044
108.5745
5.733366
16.98541
1.12E+10
Segregated
-0.167
0.166998
94.99999097
902.7449
110.1386
5.100821
15.85696
8.16E+09
Segregated
0.17153
0.171529
99.99999068
931.8946
111.655
4.561406
14.84821
6.02E+09
Segregated
0.17597
0.175966
104.9999904
960.3091
113.1274
4.098222
13.94205
4.49E+09
Segregated
0.18032
0.180316
154.9999876
1237.601
125.9745
1.70126
8.313535
4.08E+08
Segregated
0.21987
0.219866
204.9999853
1465.012
136.4851
0.883718
5.655931
68186608
Segregated
0.25409
0.254086
254.9999834
1661.796
145.5131
0.523541
4.157173
16333006
Segregated
0.28454
0.284536
304.9999816
1837.521
153.5028
0.338228
3.215261
4955962
Segregated
0.31209
0.312089
354.99998
1997.732
160.7172
0.23237
2.578356
1778713
Segregated
0.33729
0.337294
404.9999785
2145.971
167.326
0.167161
2.124329
723826.2
Segregated
0.360521
117
0.36052
454.9999772
2284.659
173.4455
0.124633
1.787478
324779.8
Segregated
0.37546
0.375464
504.9999758
2417.827
179.159
0.095628
1.529626
157596.8
Segregated
-0.375
0.375002
554.9999745
2551.16
184.5282
0.075122
1.327223
81549.58
Segregated
0.37453
0.374531
604.9999732
2684.66
189.6005
0.060188
1.165032
44531.85
Segregated
0.37405
0.374049
654.9999718
2818.333
194.4125
0.049039
1.032806
25457.57
Segregated
0.37356
0.373559
704.9999705
2952.18
198.9936
0.040539
0.923421
15140.45
Segregated
0.37306
0.373061
754.9999691
3086.207
203.3675
0.033938
0.83179
9321.104
Segregated
0.37255
0.372554
804.9999678
3220.415
207.5535
0.028732
0.754193
5916.233
Segregated
0.37204
0.372039
854.9999665
3354.81
211.5678
0.024568
0.687851
3858.599
Segregated
0.37152
0.371517
904.9999651
3489.393
215.4237
0.021196
0.630654
2578.818
Segregated
0.37099
0.370988
954.9999638
3624.168
219.1327
0.018436
0.580973
1762.015
Segregated
0.37045
1004.999962
3759.138
222.7046
0.016153
0.537532
1228.402
Segregated
0.36991
1054.999961
3894.306
226.1478
0.01425
0.499318
872.3275
Segregated
0.36936
0.370453
0.36991
0.369362
1104.99996
4029.674
229.4694
0.012649
0.465521
630.0772
Segregated
0.36881
0.368808
1154.999958
4165.246
232.6759
0.011292
0.435483
462.3084
Segregated
0.36825
0.368247
1204.999957
4301.025
235.7729
0.010136
0.408667
344.1998
Segregated
0.36768
0.367682
1254.999956
4437.012
238.7653
0.009143
0.384629
259.7791
Segregated
0.36711
0.367111
1304.999954
4573.211
241.6576
0.008286
0.363001
198.5795
Segregated
0.36653
0.366534
1354.999953
4709.623
244.4537
0.007542
0.343473
153.6256
Segregated
0.36595
0.365953
1404.999952
4846.253
247.1572
0.006894
0.325786
120.1956
Segregated
0.36537
0.365368
1454.99995
4983.101
249.7715
0.006326
0.30972
95.04646
Segregated
0.36478
0.364777
1504.999949
5120.171
252.2995
0.005826
0.295085
75.92021
Segregated
0.364182
118
0.36418
1554.999947
5257.465
254.744
0.005384
0.281721
61.22473
Segregated
0.36358
0.363584
1604.999946
5394.985
257.1076
0.004993
0.269488
49.82387
Segregated
0.36298
0.362981
1654.999945
5532.734
259.3927
0.004645
0.258267
40.89768
Segregated
0.36237
0.362374
1704.999943
5670.713
261.6016
0.004334
0.247952
33.84814
Segregated
0.36176
0.361763
1754.999942
5808.925
263.7364
0.004055
0.238452
28.23468
Segregated
0.36115
0.361149
1804.999941
5947.372
265.7992
0.003805
0.229688
23.72965
Segregated
0.36053
0.360531
1854.999939
6086.056
267.7919
0.00358
0.221588
20.08717
Segregated
0.35991
0.35991
1904.999938
6224.98
269.7164
0.003376
0.214091
17.12113
Segregated
0.35929
0.359286
1954.999936
6364.145
271.5745
0.003192
0.207141
14.68953
Segregated
0.35866
0.358658
2004.999935
6503.553
273.368
0.003025
0.20069
12.68316
Segregated
0.35803
0.358028
2054.999934
6643.207
275.0986
0.002873
0.194694
11.01743
Segregated
-0.3574
0.357395
2104.999932
6783.108
276.7679
0.002734
0.189114
9.626338
Segregated
0.35676
2154.999931
6923.259
278.3775
0.002607
0.183916
8.45805
Segregated
0.35612
0.356759
0.356121
2204.999929
7063.66
279.9291
0.002492
0.179067
7.471582
Segregated
0.35548
0.35548
2254.999928
7204.315
281.4242
0.002385
0.17454
6.634336
Segregated
0.35484
0.354837
2304.999927
7345.225
282.8644
0.002288
0.17031
5.920227
Segregated
0.35419
0.354192
2354.999925
7486.391
284.2511
0.002198
0.166354
5.308262
Segregated
0.35354
0.353545
2404.999924
7627.816
285.5858
0.002116
0.16265
4.781457
Segregated
0.35289
0.352895
2454.999922
7769.501
286.87
0.00204
0.15918
4.325992
Segregated
0.35224
0.352244
2504.999921
7911.448
288.1052
0.001969
0.155926
3.930571
Segregated
0.35159
0.35159
2554.999919
8053.659
289.2926
0.001904
0.152874
3.585913
Segregated
0.35094
0.350935
2604.999918
8196.136
290.4339
0.001844
0.150008
3.284357
Segregated
0.350279
119
0.35028
2654.999917
8338.879
291.5302
0.001788
0.147316
3.01955
Segregated
0.34962
0.34962
2704.999915
8481.892
292.583
0.001736
0.144785
2.786201
Segregated
0.34896
0.348961
2754.999914
8625.174
293.5937
0.001688
0.142405
2.579887
Segregated
-0.3483
0.3483
2804.999912
8768.729
294.5634
0.001643
0.140166
2.39689
Segregated
0.34764
0.347637
2854.999911
8912.557
295.4936
0.001601
0.138058
2.234079
Segregated
0.34697
0.346974
2904.999909
9056.66
296.3854
0.001562
0.136072
2.088803
Segregated
0.34631
0.346309
2954.999908
9201.04
297.2402
0.001526
0.134202
1.958809
Segregated
0.34564
0.345643
3004.999907
9345.698
298.0592
0.001492
0.132438
1.842179
Segregated
0.34498
0.344976
3054.999905
9490.635
298.8435
0.00146
0.130776
1.73727
Segregated
0.34431
0.344309
3104.999904
9635.854
299.5944
0.00143
0.129208
1.642673
Segregated
0.34364
0.34364
3154.999902
9781.355
300.313
0.001403
0.127729
1.557176
Segregated
0.34297
0.342971
3204.999901
9927.14
301.0005
0.001377
0.126333
1.47973
Segregated
-0.3423
0.342301
3254.999899
10073.21
301.6579
0.001352
0.125015
1.409427
Segregated
0.34163
3304.999898
10219.57
302.2863
0.00133
0.12377
1.345478
Segregated
0.34096
0.34163
0.340959
3354.999896
10366.21
302.8869
0.001308
0.122595
1.287197
Segregated
0.34029
0.340288
3404.999895
10513.15
303.4606
0.001288
0.121485
1.233982
Segregated
0.33962
0.339616
3454.999893
10660.37
304.0085
0.001269
0.120436
1.185307
Segregated
0.33894
0.338943
3504.999892
10807.89
304.5315
0.001252
0.119446
1.140709
Segregated
0.33827
0.338271
3554.99989
10955.7
305.0306
0.001235
0.118509
1.099781
Segregated
-0.3376
0.337598
3604.999889
11103.81
305.5068
0.001219
0.117624
1.062164
Segregated
0.33692
0.336925
3654.999887
11252.21
305.961
0.001205
0.116787
1.027538
Segregated
0.33625
0.336251
3704.999886
11400.9
306.394
0.001191
0.115996
0.995622
Segregated
0.33558
0.335578
3754.999885
11549.9
306.8067
0.001178
0.115248
0.966164
Segregated
-0.3349
0.334905
120
3804.999883
11699.2
307.2
0.001165
0.11454
0.938939
Segregated
0.33423
0.334231
3854.999882
11848.79
307.5747
0.001154
0.113871
0.913749
Segregated
0.33356
0.333558
3904.99988
11998.69
307.9315
0.001143
0.113238
0.890414
Segregated
0.33289
0.332885
3954.999879
12148.9
308.2713
0.001133
0.112639
0.868772
Segregated
0.33221
0.332212
4004.999877
12299.4
308.5947
0.001123
0.112073
0.848679
Segregated
0.33154
0.33154
4054.999875
12450.21
308.9026
0.001114
0.111537
0.830006
Segregated
0.33087
0.330868
4104.999874
12601.33
309.1956
0.001105
0.11103
0.812634
Segregated
-0.3302
0.330196
4154.999872
12752.76
309.4744
0.001097
0.11055
0.796457
Segregated
0.32952
0.329524
4204.999871
12904.49
309.7396
0.00109
0.110096
0.781379
Segregated
0.32885
0.328853
4254.999869
13056.53
309.992
0.001082
0.109666
0.767311
Segregated
0.32818
0.328182
4304.999868
13208.89
310.232
0.001076
0.109259
0.754175
Segregated
0.32751
4354.999866
13361.55
310.4603
0.001069
0.108873
0.741897
Segregated
0.32684
0.327512
0.326842
4404.999865
13514.53
310.6775
0.001063
0.108508
0.730412
Segregated
0.32617
0.326173
4454.999863
13667.83
310.8841
0.001057
0.108161
0.719658
Segregated
-0.3255
0.325505
4504.999862
13821.43
311.0806
0.001052
0.107833
0.709581
Segregated
0.32484
0.324837
4554.99986
13975.36
311.2677
0.001047
0.107522
0.700128
Segregated
0.32417
0.32417
4604.999859
14129.6
311.4457
0.001042
0.107227
0.691254
Segregated
-0.3235
0.323503
4654.999857
14284.16
311.6152
0.001037
0.106947
0.682914
Segregated
0.32284
0.322838
4704.999856
14439.03
311.7766
0.001033
0.106681
0.675069
Segregated
0.32217
0.322173
4754.999854
14594.23
311.9304
0.001029
0.106429
0.667682
Segregated
0.32151
0.321509
4804.999853
14749.74
312.077
0.001025
0.106189
0.66072
Segregated
0.32085
0.320846
4854.999851
14905.58
312.2168
0.001021
0.10596
0.654149
Segregated
0.32018
0.320184
4904.999849
15061.74
312.3502
0.001017
0.105743
121
0.647942
Segregated
0.31952
0.319522
4954.999848
15218.23
312.4777
0.001014
0.105536
0.642071
Segregated
0.31886
0.318862
5004.999846
15375.03
312.5995
0.001011
0.105338
0.636509
Segregated
-0.3182
0.318203
5054.999845
15532.17
312.7161
0.001008
0.105149
0.631235
Segregated
0.31754
0.317545
5104.999843
15689.63
312.8279
0.001005
0.104969
0.626225
Segregated
0.31689
0.316887
5154.999842
15847.41
312.935
0.001002
0.104796
0.62146
Segregated
0.31623
0.316231
5204.99984
16005.52
313.0379
0.000999
0.104631
0.616919
Segregated
0.31558
0.315576
5254.999838
16163.96
313.1368
0.000997
0.104472
0.612584
Segregated
0.31492
0.314922
5304.999837
16322.73
313.2321
0.000994
0.104319
0.60844
Segregated
0.31427
0.314269
5354.999835
16481.83
313.324
0.000992
0.104172
0.604469
Segregated
0.31362
0.313618
5404.999834
16641.26
313.4129
0.00099
0.104031
0.600657
Segregated
0.31297
0.312967
5454.999832
16801.02
313.4989
0.000987
0.103893
0.596989
Segregated
0.31232
5504.99983
16961.12
313.5824
0.000985
0.10376
0.593454
Segregated
0.31167
0.312318
0.31167
5554.999829
17121.54
313.6636
0.000983
0.103631
0.590037
Segregated
0.31102
0.311023
5604.999827
17282.3
313.7426
0.000981
0.103506
0.586728
Segregated
0.31038
0.310378
5654.999826
17443.4
313.8199
0.000979
0.103384
0.583515
Segregated
0.30973
0.309734
5704.999824
17604.82
313.8955
0.000977
0.103264
0.580388
Segregated
0.30909
0.309091
5754.999822
17766.59
313.9696
0.000975
0.103147
0.577337
Segregated
0.30845
0.30845
5804.999821
17928.69
314.0426
0.000973
0.103032
0.574353
Segregated
0.30781
0.307809
5854.999819
18091.13
314.1145
0.000972
0.102918
0.571427
Segregated
0.30717
0.307171
5904.999817
18253.9
314.1855
0.00097
0.102807
0.56855
Segregated
0.30653
0.306533
5954.999816
18417.02
314.2559
0.000968
0.102696
0.565715
Segregated
-0.3059
0.305897
6004.999814
18580.47
314.3258
0.000966
0.102586
0.562915
Segregated
0.30526
0.305263
6054.999813
18744.26
314.3954
0.000965
0.102477
0.560142
Segregated
0.30463
122
0.30463
6104.999811
18908.4
314.4648
0.000963
0.102368
0.55739
Segregated
-0.304
0.303998
6154.999809
19072.87
314.5342
0.000961
0.10226
0.554653
Segregated
0.30337
0.303368
6204.999808
19237.69
314.6037
0.000959
0.102151
0.551924
Segregated
0.30274
0.30274
6254.999806
19402.85
314.6735
0.000958
0.102043
0.549199
Segregated
0.30211
0.302113
6304.999804
19568.35
314.7437
0.000956
0.101933
0.546472
Segregated
0.30149
0.301487
6354.999803
19734.19
314.8145
0.000954
0.101823
0.543738
Segregated
0.30086
0.300863
6404.999801
19900.38
314.8859
0.000952
0.101712
0.540993
Segregated
0.30024
0.300241
6454.999799
20066.91
314.9581
0.000951
0.1016
0.538232
Segregated
0.29962
0.29962
6504.999798
20233.79
315.0313
0.000949
0.101487
0.535452
Segregated
-0.299
0.299
6554.999796
20401.02
315.1054
0.000947
0.101372
0.532648
Segregated
0.29838
0.298383
6604.999794
20568.59
315.1807
0.000945
0.101256
0.529817
Segregated
0.29777
0.297766
6654.999793
20736.5
315.2572
0.000943
0.101138
0.526955
Segregated
0.29715
0.297152
6704.999791
20904.77
315.335
0.000941
0.101018
0.524061
Segregated
0.29654
6754.999789
21073.38
315.4143
0.000939
0.100896
0.52113
Segregated
0.29593
0.296539
0.295928
6804.999788
21242.34
315.4951
0.000937
0.100772
0.518161
Segregated
0.29532
0.295318
6854.999786
21411.65
315.5775
0.000935
0.100645
0.51515
Segregated
0.29471
0.29471
6904.999784
21581.31
315.6616
0.000933
0.100516
0.512096
Segregated
-0.2941
0.294103
6954.999782
21751.32
315.7475
0.000931
0.100385
0.508997
Segregated
-0.2935
0.293499
7004.999781
21921.67
315.8353
0.000929
0.100251
0.505851
Segregated
-0.2929
0.292895
7054.999779
22092.38
315.925
0.000927
0.100114
0.502657
Segregated
0.29229
0.292294
7104.999777
22263.44
316
0.000925
0.1
0.5
Segregated
0.29183
0.291829
7154.999776
22434.78
316
0.000925
0.1
0.5
Segregated
0.29198
0.29198
7204.999774
22606.02
316
0.000925
0.1
0.5
Segregated
0.29213
0.292129
7254.999772
22777.18
316
0.000925
0.1
0.5
Segregated
0.292275
123
0.29228
7304.999771
22948.25
316
0.000925
0.1
0.5
Segregated
0.29242
0.29242
7354.999769
23119.24
316
0.000925
0.1
0.5
Segregated
0.29256
0.292563
7404.999767
23290.14
316
0.000925
0.1
0.5
Segregated
-0.2927
0.292704
7454.999765
23460.96
316
0.000925
0.1
0.5
Segregated
0.29284
0.292844
7504.999764
23631.7
316
0.000925
0.1
0.5
Segregated
0.29298
0.292981
7554.999762
23802.36
316
0.000925
0.1
0.5
Segregated
0.29312
0.293117
7604.99976
23972.94
316
0.000925
0.1
0.5
Segregated
0.29325
0.293251
7654.999759
24143.44
316
0.000925
0.1
0.5
Segregated
0.29338
0.293383
7704.999757
24313.87
316
0.000925
0.1
0.5
Segregated
0.29351
0.293514
7754.999755
24484.22
316
0.000925
0.1
0.5
Segregated
0.29364
0.293644
7804.999753
24654.49
316
0.000925
0.1
0.5
Segregated
0.29377
0.293771
7854.999752
24824.69
316
0.000925
0.1
0.5
Segregated
-0.2939
0.293897
7904.99975
24994.82
316
0.000925
0.1
0.5
Segregated
0.29402
7954.999748
25164.88
316
0.000925
0.1
0.5
Segregated
0.29415
0.294022
0.294145
8004.999747
25334.86
316
0.000925
0.1
0.5
Segregated
0.29427
0.294267
8054.999745
25504.77
316
0.000925
0.1
0.5
Segregated
0.29439
0.294387
8104.999743
25674.62
316
0.000925
0.1
0.5
Segregated
0.29451
0.294506
8154.999742
25844.39
316
0.000925
0.1
0.5
Segregated
0.29462
0.294623
8204.99974
26014.1
316
0.000925
0.1
0.5
Segregated
0.29474
0.294739
8254.999738
26183.74
316
0.000925
0.1
0.5
Segregated
0.29485
0.294854
8304.999736
26353.32
316
0.000925
0.1
0.5
Segregated
0.29497
0.294968
8354.999735
26522.83
316
0.000925
0.1
124
0.5
Segregated
0.29508
0.29508
8404.999733
26692.28
316
0.000925
0.1
0.5
Segregated
0.29519
0.295191
8454.999731
26861.66
316
0.000925
0.1
0.5
Segregated
-0.2953
0.2953
8504.99973
27030.98
316
0.000925
0.1
0.5
Segregated
0.29541
0.295409
8554.999728
27200.23
316
0.000925
0.1
0.5
Segregated
0.29552
0.295516
8604.999726
27369.43
316
0.000925
0.1
0.5
Segregated
0.29562
0.295622
8654.999725
27538.56
316
0.000925
0.1
0.5
Segregated
0.29573
0.295727
8704.999723
27707.64
316
0.000925
0.1
0.5
Segregated
0.29583
0.295831
8754.999721
27876.65
316
0.000925
0.1
0.5
Segregated
0.29593
0.295933
8804.99972
28045.61
316
0.000925
0.1
0.5
Segregated
0.29603
0.296035
8854.999718
28214.51
316
0.000925
0.1
0.5
Segregated
0.29614
0.296135
8904.999716
28383.35
316
0.000925
0.1
0.5
Segregated
0.29623
8954.999714
28552.14
316
0.000925
0.1
0.5
Segregated
0.29633
0.296234
0.296333
9004.999713
28720.87
316
0.000925
0.1
0.5
Segregated
Table B17: Total and Friction Pressure Gradient For Tubing size of 2.375
Beggs &
d=2.375
Orkiszewski
ql
(dp/dz)Total
Brill
(dp/dz)frictn
111
(dp/dz)Total
(dp/dz)frictn
0.028
0.014
222
0.0066
0.0051
0.0677
0.0548
333
0.0122
0.0105
0.1354
0.1232
444
0.0202
0.0186
0.2316
0.2198
555
0.0305
0.0289
0.3566
0.3451
666
0.0431
0.0414
0.5107
0.4994
777
0.0578
0.0562
0.6944
0.6833
888
0.0749
0.0732
0.9078
0.8969
1111
0.1157
0.1141
1.4253
1.4147
125
0.29643
0.29643
d=2.875
Orkiszewski
Beggs &
Brill
ql
(dp/dz)Total
(dp/dz)frictn
(dp/dz)Total
(dp/dz)frictn
0.02
0.0053
111
222
0.0058
0.0021
0.0338
0.0202
333
0.0086
0.0043
0.0581
0.0451
444
0.0124
0.0069
0.0926
0.0801
555
0.017
0.0107
0.1376
0.1254
666
0.0225
0.0154
0.1929
0.181
777
0.0288
0.0208
0.2589
0.2471
888
0.0359
0.0271
0.3354
0.3239
1111
0.0439
0.0422
0.5209
0.5096
d=3.0''
Orkiszewski
Beggs &
Brill
(dp/dz)Total
(dp/dz)Total
(dp/dz)frictn
111
0.0192
0.0042
222
0.03
0.0162
ql
(dp/dz)frictn
333
0.005
0.0036
0.0492
0.0361
444
0.0074
0.0058
0.0767
0.0641
555
0.0103
0.0086
0.1125
0.1002
666
0.0141
0.0123
0.1566
0.1445
777
0.0184
0.0167
0.2091
0.1972
888
0.02341
0.0217
0.2701
0.2584
1111
0.0355
0.0338
0.4176
0.4063
Table B20: Pressure at the nodes for Different Flowrate
d=2.375''
d=3.0''
d=2.875''
qo
P(Ork)
P(Beggs)
Pressure(Ork)
Pressure(BB)
Pressure(ork)
Pressure(BB)
100
4396
1135
4448
1727
4443
1627
200
3660
827
4281
1093
3893
986
300
4334
931
3778
823
3888
807
400
4971
1035
4281
822
4354
852
500
5102
1149
4900
879
4998
917
5023
938
5420
976
600
126
127

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CHAPTER 1

liquids in different tubing sizes.

1.2 Organizational Study

1.3 PROBLEM STATEMENT

Figure 2.1 Energy Diagram (Chukwu, G.A, 2009)

Considering a steady state system, the energy balance16 may be written as

= energy of expansion or compression,

W 's = work done on the fluid, and

Z= elevation above reference datum

Or; substitute above expression for dh into Eq. 2.3a;

For an irreversible process, the Clausis inequality states that

Where dL w = losses due to irreversibility, such as friction. Using this

If we consider a pipe inclined at some angle to the horizontal, as in Fig.

Multiplying the equation by dL gives

Figure 2.2: Flow Geometry

This equation can be solved for pressure gradient. If we consider a pressure

Volume of liquid in a pipe segment

Liquid holdup can physically be measured by quickly closing valves in a

And the average velocity of the gas as:

Replacing VSL and Vsg in the equation above, follows that:

2.3 Flow Patterns

2.3.4 Transition Flow

Figure 2.3: Flow patterns as illustrated by Orkiszewski (Orkiszewski, J. (June, 1967))

2.3.5 Annular-Mist Flow

Fig. 2.4 Flow Regime Map (Orkiszewski, J. (June, 1967))

correlations. From his investigation, he showed that no single correlation was

density. The fluid density is calculated as a composition of the produced fluids

Orkiszewski9 used the Griffith-Wallis correlation to describe the bubble flow,

Griffith and Wallis13

Slug (density term)

Slug (friction gradient term)

Duns and Ros8

Duns and Ros8

The Orkiszewski equation is:

LB = 1.071 0.2218V 2 d .2.17

With the constriction LB 0.13

2.4.1 Bubble Flow

The value of slip velocity V s is taken to have a constant value of 0.8ft/sec.

is obtained from a Haalands Formula which is an alternative to the

Moody19& Colebrook20 Formula diagram. The Reynolds number is calculated

The acceleration term was considered negligible in this flow regime.

2.4.2 Slug Flow

= liquid distribution coefficient

Where Vm is the total velocity of the fluid (qt/Ap).

Vb = 0.546 + 8.74 10 6 N ReL

Vb = 0.35 + 8.74 10 6 N ReL

= 0.251+ 8.74 10 6 N ReL

The frictional pressure gradient can be determined from:

can be determined from the following equations according to some

= 0.013log L d 1.38 0.681 + 0.232logVm 0.428logd ...2.32

= 0.0127log( L + 1)d 1.415 0.284 + 0.167logVm 0.113logd .........2.34

X = logVm (0.01log( + 1)d 1.571 )+ 0.397 + 0.63logd .2.36

These constraints are supposed to eliminate pressure discontinuities between

since the equation pairs do not necessarily meet

2.4.3 Transition Flow

Where A ans B are defined as follows:

The friction gradient can be determined as:

2.5 Beggs and Brill12

2. Liquid flow rate (0 to 30 gal/min),

2.5.1 Flow Regime Determination

L1 = 316 0.302 .2.45

The horizontal flow regime limits are:

2.5.1.1 Segregated Flow