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Drinkingandbathingwatermonitoring

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Kenmonitors

http://www.ymparisto.fi/default.asp?node=6740&lan=fi

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Thequalityofdrinkingwaterintheamountofsocialwelfareand
MinistryofHealth(STM),whichhasadoptedRegulation
461/2000ofdrinkingwaterqualitystandardsand
surveillancestudies.TheRegulationenteredintoforceon26.5.2000and
itannulledtheprovisionsofRegulation74/1994.
Thequalityofdrinkingwateranditscontrolwererequiredtobringnew
inaccordancewithRegulation12.25.2003atthelatest.
Healthprotectionauthoritiesfromcarryingout
supervisionwasremovedfromtherawwatermonitoringresponsibilities

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Householdwater

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Swimmingpoolsandhygiene

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Whosupervises?

Publicbeachesandswimmingpoolsinwaterquality
controlispartofthemunicipalhealthprotectionauthority
tasks.

Also,thebeachauxiliaryfacilities,structuresandequipment
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ismonitored,thattheypresentnohealthhazard
swimmers.

Seealso:
http://www.valvira.fi/ohjaus_ja_valvonta/terveydensuojelu/
Poolwater

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Swimmerssourceofinfection

theentiresurfaceoftheskin
leachintothewaterfromtheskinsurfacebacteriaandihosieni.
mucousmembranes
rectal
urethra

Inoneexperiment,apersonwasinthetub,wherethewaterwas150liters.
Withinfiveminutesofsubjectswerewashedwithoutsoap
water600million.bacteria.

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Whenapersonwasheshimselfintheshower,theskinsurfaceiswashed100000000
3000000000bacteria.
Itisestimatedthat1mlofsalivacontains20000000400000000
bacteria.
Mucousmembranesformthesurfaceoftheskinafterthenextmajor
bacterialsource.
Skinandmucousmembranestowaterofbacteriaareoftenmucus
covered

thereforerelativelywellresistantbacteriadisinfectants
effects.

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Suchslimecoveredbacteriafloatinginthepoolofwateringeneral
onthesurfaceandonbathers'pointofviewthisisquiteahygienicsignificance
Personalhygieneanditsassociatedculturearetoilet
Oneofthemostimportanthygienicproblemsofbathingwaters.
Itisestimatedthatonegramoffecesupto100billion
bacteria

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carelesswashingafterusingthetoilet
causequitealoadofhygienicswimmingpool

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Althoughurineusuallyisgermfree,formsofbathers'
liraukset"basinexcessnitrogenload.Accordingtoestimates,
Eachswimmerlirauttaaintothepoolforaswimwhen5060mlofurine.

Urineammoniatoformtogetherwiththeaddedchlorineinthepool
withchloramination.Desinfektiotehoofthesecompoundsissubstantially
worsethanthefreeactivechlorineandprovideeyesand
otherirritationofmucousmembranesandcauseaversive
indoorswimmingpoolodor.

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Accordingtooneestimate,evenafteryourbath,indepth
poolpassesforoneswimmersstillabout35million.bacteriaand
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120mgoforganicmatter,forexample.epithelialcellsoftheskin.

Beforeenteringthepoolexecutablecarefulnot
Bath&Showercannotcompletelypreventwatercontamination.

Someestimatessuggestthatuptoahundredthofaswimmercouldwork
pathogenicbacteriacarrier

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Bathingwateranddisinfection

Oneofthemostimportantspecialfeaturesofswimmingpoolwaterbacteriaistheir
chlorineresistance.
Assessingtheeffectofthedisinfectanteffectoftimeiscrucial
Escherichiacoliisthemostcommonindicatorofbacterialhygienicbathingwaters
spaceobservation
E.colibacteriain100%destructionoftherequiredchlorine
concentrationwilldependonthewatertemperature,pH,andtheorganicsubstance
quantityandquality.
Themorewaterisoforganicmaterial,thegreaterpartofthe
chlorineisconsumedforoxidationofthissubstance
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ThepHofthewater'seffectmanifestsitselfinsuchawaythatthehigherthepH,the
morechlorineneededtokillthebacteria,sodisinfection
ithastobeaslowaspHvalueaffordable.

Ingeneral,thefreechlorinecontentof0.4mg/Lissufficient
todestroytheE.colibacteriumalmost100%foroneminute
theeffectoftime.

Ozone:
Ozoneisproducedonsiteswimmingpoolofdriedair
OzonatorTheelectricaldischargeform.Theozonecontainingair
isdissolvedinwater.

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Ourindoorswimmingpoolsistheaverageozonedosageisusually
0.30.6g/m.

ThestartingpointisinFinlandalwaysbeenthatozoneisused
swimmingpoolwatertreatmentplant,butitwillberemovedfromthewaterbefore
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basinmanagement.

Removalisnormallyaccomplishedthroughactivatedcharcoal.

Sincethepoolsmustbeadisinfectant,dispenseswateralso
chlorine.
Ozonationandchlorinationarenotmutuallyexclusiveanddisinfection
foroxidation.

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Theuseofozoneforcleaningswimmingwaterbasedonthefactthat
ozonatingthewaterqualityisinfluencedinsuchawaythatthechlorination
operatingconditionsareimproved.

Mostmicroorganisms,inparticularwithrespecttoviruses,ozone
moreeffectivethanchlorinedisinfectionmethod.

However,thereareorganismsthataremoreresistanttoozonethanchlorine
against

Overall,itisthecaseofdisinfectionofozoneandchlorine,
Concomitantuseofinexpensiveandcanbeawealthloaded
indoorswimmingpoolstomaintainexcellentswimmerspleasantwaterquality.

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Foundinswimmingpoolsmicrobesandtheirhealth
importance

Staphylococci
Staphylococcicauseavarietyofdiseasesthatoccurpredominantly
ontheskinandaminorextent,alsomucousmembranes,respiratorytract,or
thenasalpassages
Staphylococciarethemostcommonbacteriaencounteredinbathingwaters.They
resistanttochlorinerelativelywell.Theirpresence
thepossibilitycannotbedetectedE.coliassay
Streptococci
Normally,streptococci(Streptococcussalivarius)excretedinthemouth
andmucousmembranesofthenoseandpharynx.Similarly,S.faecalis
originofthebacteriaoftheintestine

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Pneumococci
Pneumococcimayoccurbathingwaters,althoughtheir
theprobabilityislow.Theydonottolerateverywell
chlorine
Mycobacterium
Mycobacteriumbalnei,swimmingpoolmycobacterialhascaused
Accordingtoliterature,anumberofcases,mainlychronic
uimareissaulcers.
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Salmonella
Thereislittlefoundinbathingwaters.Thereasonforthis,Salmonellalasts
poorchlorine.

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Ifabathingwatermeetsthehygienicrequirements
coliformratiodoesnothavetheSalmonella
germs.

InordertogetinfectedwithSalmonella,theswimmermustbeswallowed
arelativelylargedoseofSalmonellagerms.

Pseudomonasaeruginosa
Itisoneofthemostimportantbathersbornebacterialand
alsothemostcommonspreadingthroughthebathingwaterspathogenic
bacterium(Pipes,1978)
Ithasbeenshowntocausediseases,especially
whirlpoolskyneisspersons.

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Chlamydia
Ittakesarelativelylowchlorine,soitiseliminated
generallyeffectivefordisinfection.
Thispathogenmustthereforequestionmainlyonly
inadequatelychlorinatedswimmingpools.
Leptospira
Ontheveryrareswimmingpoolsspreading
pathogenicbacterium.
Trichomonas
Canbeconsideredasonepossiblebathers'health
endangerelin

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Amoebas
Theseorganismscanwithstandrelativelywellchlorine.
Kloramiinikonsentraatio2mg/ltokillthemuntiltwo
hourslifetime.
Ithasbeensuggestedthattheswimmingpoolwatertemperatureshouldbe
kept<+25C,sincebelowthistemperature
eg.Naegleriafowleriisunabletoreproduce.

FungalDiseases
Variousfungaldiseasesarespreadingstudies,swimmingclubs
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through

Norovirusspreadsthroughswimmingclubs

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Criticalplacesareconstantlywetareassuchaswashroomsandflooring
thelowestlevelsinthesteamroomandthefloors.

Theindoorswimmingpoolfacilitiesintemperatureandhumidityprovidefavorableconditions
microbes

Detergentselectionshouldpayattentionto.Alkaline
detergentdisinfectantiseffectiveagainstboththebodyandthedirtthatyleislikaan
disinfectsatthesametime.

Rollinshowerroom,washroom,toiletsasdressingshouldbe
cleandisinfectantdetergent.

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HotTubs

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Whirlpoolspropertiesfavorofpathogenicbacteriasuchas
Pseudomonasaeruginosagrowth.
Legionellacanbespreadthroughaerosolizationandporeallasveden
causerespiratoryinfections.
Whirlpoolspasarecharacterizedbyasmallamountofwaterrelativetokylpijmr,water
hightemperature(3640C),highloadandefficientaeration.
Warmairporeallasvedessofhumanorigin
bacteria,includingpathogensmultiplyeasily.
Inaddition,efficientporeistusbathersremovedfromtheskineffectively
impurities.

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Carefulwashingisimportantbeforetakingabath.
Cleaningofthepoolswillalsopayspecialattentionto
theorganicdirtisremoved.

Sources:
Seppnen,H.WaterHygieneandDisinfection
Oftheenvironmentandhealth.5/87

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Legionella

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Features

Gramnegativerods

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generaloffreshwaterbacteria

humansliveinsidewhitebloodcells

isnotpartofnormalfloraofman

workenrichersuseofwateranddistributionsystems
aswellasairconditioningducts

Legionellapneumophilafamous

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AdhesionandEpidemiology

thriveinhumidandwarmconditions

adhesionisobtainedfromthewatervaporofaerosolparticles
throughwhichinhaledinthelungs

directcontactwithwatereg.awoundareapossible

infectiondoesnotspreadfrompersontoperson

InFinland,from1979tot.approx.300cases(usually
fromthesouthreturnsontourists)

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Infections

Legionellapneumonia

L.pneumiphilacause

Theincubationperiod:210day

Symptoms:mm.fever,cough,chestpain,headache,
confusion,abdominalpain,bradycardia,pulmonarychanges
xray

thediseaseprogressesrapidly

predisposingfactors:immunosuppression,cancer,
loweredresistance,AIDS,asthma

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...Continued

Pontiacfever

L.pneumophilacauses
Theincubationperiod:12day
symptoms:faststart,similartothesymptomsofflu
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(musclepain,fever,cough,headache)
milderlegionellosis

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LaboratoryDiagnostics

Cultivation

210days
requiresspecialculturemediaandconditions
aremm.sputum,biopsies,imulimasta,BAL
fluid

Directimmunofluorescencestaining

thefastestdiagnosticmethod
tofindalltheL.pneumophilaserotype14
posit.Result100%specific
notassensitiveascultivation

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...Laboratorydiagnostics

Indirectimmunofluorescence

NucleicAcidHybridization
highspecificity
notassensitiveascultivation

EIA,RIA,latexagglutinaatiotestit

Serology
islow,suitableforepidemiological
followup

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MedicationsandSensitivity

Severaltypesofinductionofresistancetopenicillinandcephalosporins

Thebestantibioticerythromycin

powerisbasedonitsabilitytopenetrateinsidemacrophages,
whereLegionellabacteriamultiply
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Thedurationoftreatmentapprox.3weeks

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