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INTRODUCTION
Duck production plays an important role in providing
meat and eggs in the diet of the people in the Mekong Delta,
where over 10 million ducks are reared annually for egg and
meat production. In recent years Muscovy ducks have been
introduced and are especially popular and profitable for
producers around the cities, but are also reared in the rural
areas. The population of Muscovy ducks is about 20% of
the total number of ducks raised in the Mekong Delta
(Phuoc et al., 1994), and crosses between male French
Muscovy and female local Muscovy ducks are popular.
Muscovy ducks are easy to raise because they are more
resistant to diseases and efficiently consume various low
quality local feeds to produce meaty carcasses that are sold
at higher prices than local common ducks, as the dark,
flavorous lean meat is particularly liked by consumers in
the Mekong Delta. To meet the increasing consumer
demand, there is a growing interest in confinement of
Muscovy ducks given locally available feeds. In addition to
conventional feeds (cereals, soybeans, fish meal etc.) and
* Corresponding Author: R. Brian Ogle. Department of Animal
Nutrition and Management, Swedish University of Agricultural
Sciences, P.O. Box 7024, S-750 07 Uppsala, Sweden, Tel: +46-18
67-2061, Fax: +46-18-67-2995, E-mail: Brian.ogle@huv.slu.se
1
Department of Animal Nutrition and Management, Swedish
University of Agricultural Sciences P. O. Box 7024, S-750 07
Uppsala, Sweden.
Received September 26, 2002; Accepted May 29, 2003
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of the dietary
Dukweed
5.40 (5.33-5.64)
30.1 (29.8-30.4)
5.6 (5.5-5.7)
18.0 (17.5-18.5)
22.2 (21.9-22.4)
24.0 (23.6-25.2)
3.31
0.49
9.2
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Table 3. Daily intakes (g/day) of dietary ingredients by local Muscovy (LM) and crossbred Muscovy (CM) ducks, Expt. 1 (DM)
Beed (B)
Diet (D)
P value
Item
LM
CM
C100
C75
C50
C25
C0
B
D
Total DM
115
119
103a
118b
120b
121cd
125d
***
***
Concentrate
49.4
51.1
97.7a
76.5b
51.2c
25.7d
0.0
***
***
a
b
63.4
90.5c
120d
***
***
Brewery waste
60.7
63.3
0.0
36.1
Duckweed
5.0
5.1
5.1
5.1
5.0
5.0
5.1
ns
ns
24.4b
26.0c
27.6d
29.8e
***
***
Total CP
25.1
26.0
19.8a
8.7b
11.8c
14.9d
18.4e
***
***
Total CF
11.3
11.8
4.16a
a
a
b
c
1.30
1.17
1.04
0.92d
***
***
ME, MJ
1.13
1.17
1.31
18.8b
22.3c
26.6d
32.3e
ns
***
CP/ME, g/MJ
23.0
23.1
15.2a
*** Significantly different (p<0.001).Values in rows with different superscript letters are significantly different (p<0.05).
Table 4. Daily intakes (g/day) of macro mineral and amino acids by local Muscovy (LM) and crossbred Muscovy (CM) ducks, Expt. 1
(DM)
Beed (B)
Diet (D)
P value
Item
LM
CM
C100
C75
C50
C25
C0
B
D
Calcium
0.92
0.96
1.64a
1.33b
0.96c
0.58d
0.20e
***
***
Phosphorus
1.01
1.05
1.41a
1.28b
1.05c
0.82d
0.60e
***
***
2.06b
2.08c
2.09d
2.14e
***
***
Arginine
2.00
2.07
1.81a
Leucine
2.30
2.38
1.95a
2.30b
2.39c
2.47d
2.59e
***
***
1.39b
1.33c
1.27d
1.24e
***
***
Lysine
1.28
1.33
1.30a
0.58b
0.60c
0.61d
0.64e
***
***
Methionine
0.57
0.60
0.50a
1.10b
1.11b
1.12b
1.15c
***
***
Threonine
1.07
1.11
0.97a
*** Significantly different (p<0.001).Values in rows with different superscript letters are significantly different (p<0.05).
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Table 5. Effect of level of replacement of concentrate by brewery waste on live weight changes, daily gains and feed conversion ratios of
local (LM) and corssbred (DM) Muscovy ducks, Expt. 1
Beed (B)
Diet (D)
P value
Item
LM
CM
C100
C75
C50
C25
C0
B
D
Initial weight, kg
0.76
0.92
0.83
0.84
0.85
0.84
0.84
***
ns
Final weight, kg
2.35
2.50
2.54a
2.49a
2.52a
2.37b
2.21c
***
***
a
b
ab
c
30.1
30.4
28.0
25.0d
***
***
Daily gain, g
28.4
29.3
31.1
3.91b
3.94b
4.33c
5.01d
ns
***
Kg, feed/kg gain
4.07
4.14
3.31a
43.1a
38.5b
37.1c
37.0c
ns
***
ME/gain, MJ/kg
39.4
39.7
42.1a
811b
858c
989d
1,194e
*
***
CP/gain, g/kg
889
907
639a
*, **, *** Significantly different, p<0.05, p<0.01 and p<0.001, respectively.
Values in rows with different superscript letters are significantly different (p<0.05).
Table 6. Effect of level of replacement of concentrate by brewery waste on carcass traits1 and weights of internal organs1 of local (LM)
Muscovy ducks, Expt. 1
Beed (B)
Diet (D)
P value
Item
LM
CM
C100
C75
C50
C25
C0
B
D
Carcass weight, kg
1.55
1.74
1.80a
1.74a
1.73a
1.73a
1.40c
***
***
Carcass %
66.5
66.9
68.5
68.4
66.3
66.3
64.5
ns
ns
341a
327ab
327ab
249c
**
***
Breast muscle, g
301
326
356a
228a
239a
239a
193b
ns
**
Thigh muscle, g
223
219
237a
Liver, g
44.9
60.8
55.0
51.3
5.34
53.4
49.1
***
ns
66.4a
77.4b
77.4b
84.0b
ns
***
Gizzard, g
74.3
72.4
56.2a
20.7a
20.9a
19.9a
9.23b
**
ns
Abdominal fat, g
14.2
21.9
25.6a
1
Mean of males and females. *, **, *** Significantly different, p<0.05, p<0.01 and p<0.001, respectively.
Values in rows with different superscript letters are significantly different (p<0.05).
that ducks can digest high fiber diets more efficiently than
chickens, as suggested by Schubert et al. (1982).
Feed conversion ratio was significantly (p<0.001) lower
for the group fed concentrate only (C100) and increased
with increasing intakes of BW, being highest when no
concentrate was given (C0) (Table 5). These results are in
agreement with reports of Siregar et al., (1982b), Dean
(1985) and Yeong (1985) which showed that feed
conversion ratios decreased with increases in dietary energy
concentration. The regression equation for the relationship
between feed conversion ratio and total daily BW intake is
as follows:
Y=3.29+0.013X, r2 = 0.90
Where Y=feed conversion ratio (kg feed/kg weight gain)
and X=BW intake (g/day).
Carcass evaluation : Mean carcass yields of the two
breeds, as well as between diets, were significantly different
(p<0.001) (Table 6). The weights of breast and thigh muscle
were significantly higher on the control, C75 and C50%
diets than on the C0 diet with only BW (p<0.001 and
p<0.01, respectively). There were no significant differences
in weights of the components of the digestive tract, except
that the weight of the gizzard increased with increased
consumption of BW, probably, due to the large amounts of
CF consumed. This result is consistent with a report
showing that gizzard weights for both ducks and chickens
increased with increasing amounts of fiber in the diet
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