29/09/2015

Internal reproductive anatomy of male

includes:
The testes (gonads)
Main functions are to produce
gametes and testosterone
Suspended by spermatic cord
Cryptorchidism
The ejaculatory pathway
Epididymis
Vas deferens and ampulla
Ejaculatory ducts
The seminal glands 2 in. long behind
bladder make 2/3 volume of semen,
alkaline, fructose, vitamins
Prostate gland - doughnut shaped &
walnut sized

Internal Anatomy
Male
Reproductive
Anatomy
and Physiology

Seminiferous tubules
Where sperm are produced
Each testicle has 250 to 1000 tubules
and each is 1 to 3 ft. in length
Each tubule is lined with two types of
cells, which form the blood-testes
barrier to prevent antibodies and other
substances in blood from accessing
developing sperm
Sertoli cells nurture and facilitate
spermatogenesis also secretes antimullerian hormone involved in
prenatal sexual differentiation
Spermatogia- primordial germ cell
and develop into mature sperm cells

Components
of the Testes

Interstitial cells of Leydig

Connective tissue spaces between
tubules that synthesize and secrete
testosterone and other androgens

Seminal Glands
Semen contains ~ 300
million sperm
in the 1-2 tsp. ejaculated
Seminal fluid from 3
glands: seminal vesicles(2),
prostate (1) , Cowper's
glands (2)
Seminal vesicles:
Alkaline fluid to help
sperm survive longer
with fructose and
vitamins to nourish and
provide energy

Pathway:
Sperm are produced in
seminiferous tubules
From testes they travel to
epididymis, where they spend
three weeks maturing with the
help of sperm forward-mobility
protein
Mature sperm (ejaculate) are
carried through vas deferens
within spermatic cord to
ejaculatory ducts, and then to
the urethra

The Ejaculatory
Pathway

Ampulla sac-like area at end in

which sperm stored
Vasectomy

Semen then goes from vas

deferens to ejaculatory duct
that pass through prostate and
end at urethra

The Seminal
Glands

Prostate gland: Milky,

alkaline fluid with
proteins, enzymes, and
minerals to enhance
mobility and survival
1 enzyme, Fibrogenase
causes temporary
coagulation of semen after
ejaculation to prevent
leakage from vagina

Cowpers glands : Clear

alkaline fluid and mucus
to lubricate urethra prior
to ejaculation

29/09/2015

Phallic symbols, >3000 slang

terms and even parades highlight
prominent male anatomy
The external male reproductive
anatomy consists of:

External
Anatomy

Penis
External male genitalia
Made up of nerves, blood
vessels, and cylinders of erectile
tissue and urethra

Three primary functions:

Serves as conduit for urine to
leave the body
Deposits sperm in the vagina for
fertilization
Main organ of sexual pleasure in
the male

Penis

Three sections:
Glans: enlarged head of the penis
Shaft: body of the penis
Root: base of the penis

Scrotum
Pouch of skin that holds the
testicles

Curara

Removal of foreskin or Prepuce

Common surgical procedures in US;
60% boys circumcised
Remains uncommon in Asia, South
& Central America & most Europe
Commonly performed for religious
traditions, health and hygiene, or
personal preference
Jewish boys circumcised day 8;
Muslim boys between 5-10 yrs.
Health issues: UTI, scar tissue, HPV
and HIV transmission, Penile cancer
Social issues: social pressure, sexual
sensitivity, informed consent
Risks and benefits should be weighed

Penis
The glans is made up of:
Corona
Meatus
Frenulum
Foreskin (Prepuce)
Smegma

The shaft consists of three cylinders

of erectile tissue
Two corpora cavernosa run
dorsally along upper portion of
penis
The corpus spongiosum
surrounds urethra
The root has extensive network of
muscles to control urination and
ejaculation
Crura
Covered my muscle &
attached to pubic bone
Muscles help control
urination and ejaculation
Kegel
may get stronger orgasms
and ejaculatory control

Penis

Penis
Size

Circumcision

Size largely determined by hereditary factors

Kinsey et al. reported avg. erect 6.2 inches
based on self measurements
Recently Wessells et al showed that avg. 5
in.
Positively correlated with height and
negatively correlated with body fat level
Not related to size of any body part
No evidence black men have larger penises than
white men but perception is different. 80% vs
20% say well endowed

Partners rarely mention penis size as

important in sex fulfillment
Smaller flaccid penises grow proportionally
more than larger flaccid penises

29/09/2015

Penis
Shaft
The glans is made up of:
Corona
Meatus
Frenulum
Foreskin (Prepuce)
Smegma
http://sexperienceuk.channel4.com/
videos/male-anatomy

Scrotum and Beyond

The scrotum is the pouch of skin that
holds the testes organs) outside body
Optimal temperature for sperm production and viability is
slightly below body temperature = 93F
Vigorous exercise, sitting in hot tub and use of laptop on lap
raises temperature enough to inhibit sperm production, but
not boxers vs briefs
Can rise and fall depending on temperature due to cremaster
muscles. Also can sweat to cause cooling

What is a Hormone?
Chemical substance produced in one organ and carried through
bloodstream to affect another part of body
Hormones bind to receptors (docking stations) on cells and produce
changes in the size or function of different organ systems.
Work over longer time spans usually minutes to hours not immediate
Important in regulating activities in the body such as metabolism,
digestion, growth and reproduction
Some hormones affecting reproduction and sexuality:
Estrogen, testosterone, progesterone, follicle stimulating hormone
(FSH), luteinizing hormone (LH), oxytocin, and prolactin

Penis
Enlargement
and Piercing

Penis enlargement techniques

Not new practice thousands of yrs.
Increase length by cutting ligaments that
attach to pubic bones
Increase girth by implanting skin cells or fat
in shaft
Serious complications may occur
1999 study of 58 men undergoing surgery
showed avg. 5.5 in before and 5.7 in after;
68% dissatisfied.
Men pierce their penises for many reasons
Different types with own names
4-6 wks. to heal
Risks include allergies, infections, scarring

More about external male anatomy

Covered so far: penis including glans,

corona, frenulum and prepuce or foreskin
as well as scrotum
Perineum-sensitive area between genitals
and anus; massaging area can enhance
pleasure & orgasm
Pubic hair- may act as cushion during
orgasm and traps scents that are attractive

Manscaping or shaving or trimming pubic

hair has become more common in males
Advantages- can make penis appear
larger and some prefer performing oral
sex on partner who has shaved pubic
hair.
Disadvantages itching that occurs when
hair grows back

How are hormones

regulated?

Regulated by interaction between

nervous and endocrine systems:
Positive feedback:
Response enhances stimulus
Controls processes resulting in
clear end-point
Oxytocins effect on childbirth
Oxytocin makes uterus
contract causing baby to
move down birth canal.
Pressure on cervix causes
pituitary gland to release
more
Negative feedback:
Response automatically
diminishes stimulus
For example, regulation of
testosterone

29/09/2015

Hormones
Hormones that affect the male body
Testosterone is one of # of
androgens both males and
females have it
Converted into DHT or
dihydrotestosterone
Other hormones i.e. estrodiol, a
form of estrogen
Factors that affect testosterone
levels
Testosterone across the lifespan
Anabolic/androgenic steroids

Hormones that Affect the Male Body

Other hormones:
Estradiol (form of estrogen)
Important in normal bone
development, male sexual behavior,
and may affect development of brain

Progesterone
Decreases spermatogenesis and
testosterone secretion

Hormones that Affect the Male Body

Testosterone:
Androgen, hormone that produces male
secondary sexual characteristics
Mostly produced in cells of Leydig, but also in
adrenal glands

DHT:
Testosterone is converted into DHT
Responsible for formation of penis and other
secondary sexual characteristics

Factors that Affect

Testosterone Levels
Testosterone across lifespan:
Begins working prenatally
Levels increase during puberty (9 to 14 years)
Hypothalamus begins releasing GnRH, which stimulates
release of LH, producing testosterone

Testosterone during adulthood

Maintains sexual functioning and muscle mass
Levels start to decline by age 40
Andropause or ADAM (androgen deficiency in aging
men) not comparable to menopause
Mens reproductive ability does not stop

Factors that Affect Testosterone Levels

Psychological and social factors
Health and career challenges may influence mood,
sleep, or libido

Activities and behaviors

Stress, marriage, and intense athletic training all
can cause decreases in T
Competition causes rise in testosterone

Contact with certain objects such as guns

Environmental factors
Pesticides, pollutants, and drugs lower levels of
testosterone

29/09/2015

Testosterone is an anabolic &

androgenic steroid

Anabolic/androgenic steroids:
Anabolic substances increase muscle mass
Androgenic substances increase
male
characteristics
Steroid: large class of fat-soluble
molecules with multiple ring structures.
Synthetic forms of testosterone that are anabolic/androgenic
Effects of anabolic/androgenic steroids on the body ie. Androl, Equipoise
Depends on particular drug, length of time and dosage
muscle mass & breakdown fat, sperm production, can cause
testicular shrinkage & breast development, blood pressure, bad
& good cholesterol, changes in mood, more
Physical risks of use are well known but media image of ideal male
increasing.

Sperm is the male gamete

Three regions:
Head
Acrosome contains
enzymes
Body
Mitochondria provides
energy needed by tail
Tail is a flagellum

26

Sperm

Sperm
Sperm carry chromosomes
Component in nucleus of cell that contains genes
Most cells in human body contain 46 chromosomes
in nuclei
Egg and sperm contain 23 chromosomes
Autosomes
Sex chromosomes: X or Y
Males: XY
Females: XX

Is it the father or the mother that determines the

sex of their child?

Spermatogenesis: Sperm production

Spermatogonia (spermatogonium
singular) divide and differentiate into
primary spermatocytes
Through meiosis, primary
spermatocytes become secondary
spermatocytes
Secondary spermatocytes divide into
spermatids
Spermatids transform into
spermatozoa (sperm)
Role of Sertoli cells and androgen
binding protein (ABP)- helps
concentrate androgens around
sperm so T can better influence
sperm development
Begins at puberty and continues through
life

Sperm
Development

Male Reproductive Health Issues

Associated with high degree of psychological
discomfort
Conditions that affect:
Penis
Testicles
Prostate

29/09/2015

Penis
Hypospadias
Urethra does not reach full
length of penis
1/125 males born in U.S.
Chordee: condition when penis
curves downward during
erection- painful
Peyronies disease
Curvature of penis cause by
growth of fibrous scar tissue
1% of males
Internal tissue of penis produces
scar tissue due to injury

Penis
Phimosis
Tight, non-retractable foreskin
Not uncommon in younger boys,
but by age 16 only 1% of men
Priapism
Prolonged and often painful
erection
Can be due to trauma, Infection,
sickle cell disease, spinal cord
injury & drugs such as Viagra &
cocaine
Can lead to impotence

Penile and Testicular Cancers

Cancer is a general term that refers to many forms of a
disease which occurs in men and women
Cells that become cancerous have undergone genetic
changes which can happen different ways including
triggered by specific viral infections.
Cancer cells continue to grow and divide to produce more
abnormal cells, outliving normal cells - lack of properly
functioning cell cycle control system
Excessive multiplication of a cell can result in an
abnormal mass of essentially normal cells called a tumor.
Not all tumors are cancerous!

Testicles
Testicular cancer
1% of all new cancers in men
Symptoms are enlargement of
one testicles, dull ache in lower
abdomen or heaviness in
testicles
Affects men 15-35
One of most curable type of
cancer (90% survival rate)
Surgery, radiation,
chemotherapy

Penile Cancer
.3 to .6% of malignancies in menvery rare
Seek medical advice for any sore
on penis.
Risk factors: over age 50, multiple
sex partners and certain STIs,
poor genital hygiene, tobacco use

Testicles
Varicocele
Dilated vein in
the spermatic
cord like
varicose vein
Impacts sperm
production and
can lead to
infertility
10-20% of men
between ages
of 15 and 25

29/09/2015

Prostate
Prostatitis
Inflammation of the prostate gland, usually due to bacteria
More than 50% of men over age of 45
Benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH)
Enlargement of prostate due to normal hormone changes
with age. Use a rectal exam to test for BPH

Prostate

Prostate cancer

Slow growing but

leading cause of cancer related death in
American men (8-12% of population)
Symptoms difficulty urinating, back or pelvic pain, blood in
urine
Digital rectal exam to test for lumps or hardness
Prostate specific antigen (PSA) blood test
Treatments include radiation, cryosurgery, hormone blocking
treatment, or removal
2nd