TITEL-FOLIE Characterisation of PM

and
Results on emission factors from small
scale biomass combustion in IEA countries

Thomas Nussbaumer, Switzerland

Lucerne University of App. Sciences & Verenum Zurich

Linda Johansson, SP Sweden (Part II)

IEA Expert workshop on
Next generation small scale biomass

combustion technologies Amsterdam, 20 October 2008

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INHALT Kapitel 1

1. Introduction

2. Methodology of PM measurement

3. Comparison of PM measurement

4. Results on emission factors

5. Conclusions
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 Air Pollution and Mortality in Six U.S. Cities

[–]
Relative Mortality
Portage = 1

PM 2.5 [μg/m3]

P = Portage, T = Topeka, W = Watertown, L = St. Louis, H = Harriman, S = Steubenville.

Dockery et al. New England J. Med. Vol 329 (1993): 1753-1759

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Source of Carcinogenic PM2.5 in New York State:
65% from Residential Fuel Combustion

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 Contribution of Wood Combustion
Bild: PSI

PSI, 20. January 2006:

„70–80% of soot close to highway in Misox (alpine valley) in
winter originates from wood combustion“

Verenum [Prévôt et al., Conf. Comb. Nanop. 2006]

Background
1. IEA Bioenergy Task 32 „Biomass Combustion and Co-Firing“
promotes biomass combustion to substitute fossil fuels
2. PM is most relevant for ambient air quality
3. Biomass combustion exhibits high PM emissions
which can hinder a further propagation

Objective Collect emission factors from wood combustion

1. to identifiy relevant sources and reasons and
2. to deduce strategies for PM reduction as a
basis for decisions and activites

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 IEA Bioenergy Task 32

IEA Country Participating Institutions (17)

1 Austria BLT, Bios, Joanneum, KOV

2 Denmark Force
3 Germany IE, TFZ, Uni Stuttgart, ZAE
4 The Netherlands TNO
5 Norway SINTEF
6 Sweden SP Tech, Umeå, VXU
7 Switzerland CATSE, Verenum, Vock
8 Belgium
9 Canada
10 Finland
11 United Kingdom

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INHALT Kapitel 1

1. Introduction

2. Methodology of PM measurement

3. Comparison of PM measurement

4. Results on emission factors

5. Conclusions
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 Primary org. Aerosols POA
EC, OC
Secondary org. Aerosols SOA
CO, VOC
PM10
PIA
Salts
SIA
h
NOx

CO2

Cfix
C
Ca, K, Cl, N

Ash
CaO, KCl
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 Primary Aerosols (PA) and Secundary Aerosols (SA)
–20 ... +35°
3 PM10 = PA3 + SA

h

OH°, O3 , NOX
>0

2 2 DT = PA2
32° 32°

20°
20° 5°

160°
1 SP 1* C SP + C = PA1

In der Regel gilt: PA2  PA1, PA3  PA1

Verenum [T. Nussbaumer, 10. Holzenergie-Symposium, 2008]

 Re-Evaporation of Hydrocarbons
–20 ... +35°
3 PM10 = PA3 + SA

h

OH°, O3 , NOX
>0

2 2 DT = PA2
32° 32°

20°
20°
1* 5° [A. Robinson, EMEP, Albany 2007]
C
160° SP + C = PA1
1 SP

Verenum [T. Nussbaumer, 10. Holzenergie-Symposium, 2008]

 Conversion of Aerosols from Source to Ambient

Emission factor on
POA

Verenum [A. Robinson, EMEP, Albany 2007]

 Filter 160°C Filter + Impinger Dilution Tunnel
SP SPC DT Ambient
VOC VOC VOC VOC

FID

FID
FID
FID
volatile C SOA

Total SOA
Condensables
at 160°C undiluted DT
at 0°C C as SOA
Dilution Tunnel Condensables
= Solid particles at ambient
sampled in cold
sligthly diluted

PM10
flue gas

SP DT = SPC + f C
Solid particles SP (f
1) SP
sampled = Primary
on filter Solid Particles
at 160°C

PM sampling from flue gases Ambient

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 Test Procedure for Wood Stoves

CO
HC
Soot
Burn out: CO
CO high HC
[mg/m3] HC & EC low

•

Q Batch 2 Batch 3
[kW] Batch 1
Build- Measurement Measurement
Measurement up of with warm start with part load
with cold start glow (throttled air inlet)
bed

t
M1* M2* M3* Stove specific
time scale!

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INHALT Kapitel 2

1. Introduction

2. Methodology of PM measurement

3. Comparison of PM measurement

4. Results on emission factors

5. Conclusions
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 Solid Particles on hot filter: SP
Particles in Dilution Tunnel: DT
Solid Particles + Condensables: SPC
PM [mg/MJ] based on LHV

Stove 1 Stove 2

• Text
DT/SP 4.2 3.5 4.3 6.0 6.1 2.7 2.5 9.3
SPC/SP 2.8 6.1 1.1

SP Tech. SWE Verenum SWI

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 Condensables as Function of CO content

[Johansson et al., World Bioenergy 2008]

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 Consequences for PM measurements

1. Condensables C can increase the mass of total PM

compared to Solid Particles SP by a factor of 2 – 10
with 4 as average for wood stoves,
while C = 0 for complete combustion

2. Dilution Tunnel is likely to result in similar PM as quenching,

hence condensables are likely to be trapped in DT

3. Filter & quenching in impingers enables separate SP and C

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 Consequences for data interpretations
1. Data measured as Solid Particles on hot filter (SP) and
data from Dilution Tunnel (DT) need to be distinguished

2. SP can highly under-estimate PM in the ambient air due

to the formation of Secondary Organic Aerosols (SOA)
a) from condensation of organic condensables and
b) from photochemical oxidation of (VOC)

3. DT can over-estimate PM due to re-evaporation of VOC

from the particles by consecutive dilution

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INHALT Kapitel 1

1. Introduction

2. Methodology of PM measurement

3. Comparison of PM measurement

4. Results on emission factors

5. Conclusions
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 Wood stoves: PM as SP on hot filter
PM [mg/MJ]
based on LHV

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 Correct Ignition of Wood Stoves:
From the Top

[www.bfe.admin.ch] oder [www.holzenergie.ch]

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 Downdraft log wood boilers: PM as SP
PM [mg/MJ]
based on LHV

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 Log wood boilers

with heat storage w/o heat storage

PM [mg/MJ]
based on LHV

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 Wood stoves: PM as DT or SPC
PM [mg/MJ]
based on LHV

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PM [mg/MJ] on LHV Pellets Boilers Stoves

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INHALT Kapitel 1

1. Introduction

2. Methodology of PM measurement

3. Comparison of PM measurement

4. Results on emission factors

5. Conclusions
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 Conclusions
1. Manual wood combustion reveals ranges of PM from
<
20 mg/MJ, typically 80 mg/MJ to >> 500 mg/MJ as SP

2. Operation is crucial: Ignition from top, dry wood, no air

throttling,...

3. Heat storage tank is crucial for log wood boilers

4. Pellets exhibit smaller variation from 10 to 50 mg/MJ

5. Condensables may significantly contribute to total PM

emissions and need to be considered together with VOC
to assess the impact on ambient air quality due to the
formation of Secondary Organic Aerosols (SOA)
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INHALT Kapitel 1
Acknowledments
International Energy Agency IEA
Swiss Agency of the Environment
Institutions which contributed to the survey:

IEA Country Participating Institutions (17)

1 Austria BLT, Bios, Joanneum, KOV

2 Denmark Force
3 Germany IE, TFZ, Uni Stuttgart, ZAE
4 The Netherlands TNO
5 Norway SINTEF
6 Sweden SP Tech, Umeå, VXU
7 Switzerland CATSE, Verenum, Vock

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INHALT Kapitel 1
Full Report:

Nussbaumer, T.; Czasch, C.; Klippel, N.; Johansson, L.; Tullin, C.: Particulate
Emissions from Biomass Combustion in IEA Countries, IEA Bioenergy Task 32
and Swiss Federal Office of Energy (SFOE), Zürich 2008, ISBN 3-908705-18-5

Download www.ieabioenergytask32.com or www.verenum.ch

Further information on part I of presentation (including cited literature):

Nussbaumer, Th.: Feinstaub-Emissionsfaktoren von Holzheizungen, 10.

Holzenergie-Symposium, 12. September 2008, ETH Zürich, 2008, ISBN 3-
908705-19-3, 129–156

Info: www.holzenergie-symposium.ch

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