HOUSE

OF

THE

INC

CALLO,

AT

THE

IN

KINGDOM

QUITO.

OF

PLATE

XXIV.

"

When

Tupac-Yupanqui

father

the

they

not

formed
order
the

only

caused

the

ridge

and

their

empire,

suite, should
at

houses

of the
the
ages

leads

from

is indebted

Manco-Capac
"

VOL.

XIV.

that

Cuzco
to

on

their
the

for

road

the

the

only

Quito,

roads

other

palaces,

part

in

but,

of

of

the

last conquerors

and

prince
from

have

during
road
The

of the

to

and

travellers

great

his

Cuzco

tambos,

construction

the

(tambos),

inns

existed

Caxamarca.

for

be

to

between

These

which

to

to

of

northerly provinces

most

of

pleted
com-

Cordilleras,

distances.

Inca,

name

kingdom

had

communicatioijs

built

regular

in

the

houses,

be

Quito,

of

ordered

they

and

magazines,

^v"n

the

the

magnificent

the

fiacilitate

capital

Atahualpa,
of

conquest

on

to

unfortunate

the

of

Huayna-Capac,

and

veral
se-

which

country
race

of

of

those

Of

^^

ed

/h^T^^

of
"^'

to,

z^

"ei

in

the

ad

M^

-Ay^M^

^f^^^^

^^cu^

the

as

edifices

best

pre-

w", described

"

limit

far

as

"^"^ these

*""

from

sdtithem

le

-Z-**-^

on

ruins

d the

^1/^V
9*""*"^

^^-^U.

th

's^'^T^^i^

by

descriptions of

^'*^'*^

th.
dr

fcrfect; and
ja, made

'

l"chit

CO

tempted

me

the

to

myself

iuouua

ui

of

visited

these

in the

showed

24th

I sketched

of St.

order

Callo, which
their

country
assured
that
same

Ulloa
and

that

me,

period,
state

as

wished
that

he

the
at
to

of

No

old

with

the

1750,

represent

imagined

and
was

It is

present;
a

the

the

better

ruins

of

ground belonging

on

house

of

was

person

inhabited

neighbourhood

Inca's

Quito, I

monks

since

Peruvian

to

they formerly

in the

and

Bonpland

plate contained

very

situate

convent;
house

the

themselves

were

excursion

return

my

some

Augnstin.
than

acquainted

to

to

think

to

the edifice represented

On

plate.

Travels,

M.

really

was

an

slightremains

sketches, and

my

in

-"oy"*,

Cotopaxi,

volcano

and
architectui*e,

Ulloa's

/ipru^

-Ul-

by

lo"

the

and

they
before

even

always

in the

probable,

monument

existence

that

repaired ;
of inside

IIZL_

'''^f^r*t'i." m/^

^''

'

Oo-U"

"vi;

he

walls*,wherever

heaps "rf rubbish, or

the grouiid. His plan

saw

elevations of

accidental

of the

exhibits neither the real form

the

nor

four great

edifice
We

doors, which

outer

existed from

hate

apaitments,

the

must

cessarily
ne-

time when

the

built.

was

have

alreadyobserved,

that

the

itselfbetween

extends

plainof Quito

elevated
double

the

ridge^of the Cordillera of the Andes ; and is

separatedfrom the plain of Llactacunga and
Hambatd
by the. heightsof Chisinche and TiopuUo, which, like a dyke, extend crossways
from the eastern
to the western
ridge,or from
the

basaltic rocks

slender

pyramids of

From

sa.

pumice
The

house

Panecillo,or

about

fourscore

bushes
natives

are

is
figure,

a
a

the

divides its

Atlantic

Oceans,

immense

plain covered

Panecillo

of

with

Callo, and "be

of the Inca

Huayna Capae.
is a conic hillock,
sugar-loaf,

higb,covered

metres

molina, spermacoce,

of

resembles

an

4Stone, the

ruins of the

dyke, which

the Pacific and

discover,in

we

toward

the ancient volcano of Ilinis-

the top of this

between

waters

Ruminnahui

of

and

with small

cactus.

The

persuaded that this hillock,which

bell,and is perfectly
regularin fts
tumulus,

or

one

Historical Joarney to South

numerous

America, vol. 1, p.867|pL

t See vol. 13, p" 231, and my

vol.
Observations,

of those

Collection of Astronomical

1, p. 309.
B

18.

hills^which

the

try raised

for the

other

some

in

of

favour

interment

this

of

the

stone,

pumice

same

the

also

of

eyes

ancient

to

We

of

is

Panecillo
and

that

sis,
its ba-

little conclusive
for

of

the

also
ing
ow-

Ilinissa.

and

eruptionisof Cotopaxi

Americas,

both

in

is

probably

stone,

that

the

which

covered

Panecillo, is

but

in

of

back

Tiopullo,

pumice

doubt,

cannot

the

surrounds

appear

the

than

heaps

great

Itisalleged,

its summit.

or

mountain

neighbouring

with

sovereign, or

rubbish

which

geologist ;

higher

that

volcanic

might

reason

much

the

of

opinion,

wholly composed

This

of this conti^

inhabitants

distinguished personage.

is found

*"

ancient

well

as

of the
real

in the

as

of

Those*

seen.

thfliancient

to

than

volcanic

the

js of

great

and

Panecillo

is

as

this

which

to

to

he

military

watch

the

on

tower,

even

to

vast

have

discover

not

is

It

pears
ap-

latter

is

plain

of

ven
gi-

authority
adopted

the

that

the

thinks,
;

of

have

natives

monument

are

even

the

whose

be

to

Callo.

that

UUoa,

seems

natives
a

and

ruins

opinion

the

form.

weight,
the

men,

Peru,

sugar-loaf of

probable,

most

regular

more

opiiiionof

served

the

hillock, isolated

Llactacunga,

by

the

in

Mansiche,

possible, and

me

the

amid

found

are

of

town

lower

raised

banki"

on

extraordinary height, are

an

which

nevertheless

Asia, and

of

Borist^ienes, mounds

tumuli

much

north

and
what

that

it

passed

^n the

country,

and

to

ensure

the

prince's safety

of

the first alarm

on

the

of

state

unforeseen

an

Kentucky

equallyobserve, near
oval form, very lofty

we

fortificationsof

ancient

an

Mr.

trees, which.

thousand
The

Cutter

is

of the

Panecillo,three

crater

of

great

doors

and

eightapartments,

outer

three of which

doors,similar

Egyptiiintemples;

in number

in each

stones, the
carved

which

side

plate. I

is

the

weapons

of which
us

of

constmction, which
monuments.

Pocket

AUa"

of the

cut

and

of the edifice at
the

is' observed
It is

twentieth
Uiloa
appears

of the United

in

all the

impossibleto

edifice
a single
attentively

Cwoy'B

for the

is the uniformity
interesting

me

Peruvian

with

is convex,

represented in

to

"

the

nothing at Callo of what

grandeur and majesty:but what
more

those

to

cyhnders

saw

much

metres

niches, eighteen

the

all remind
obliquely,

Cannar,
calls

warlike

outer

good

apartment, distributed

greatest symmetry

suspensionof

in

nearly five

high and

The

long;

are

are

thick.

still distinguishable,

are

preservation. The walls

one

the

This edifice forms

is thirty
metres

side of which

four

the

distant from
leag^ues
about ten leaguesto

cityof Quito.

each

square,

the

the south-west

little to

and
Cotopaxi,

of the

of the

be

to

supposes

years old".
Inca's house

south

covered

.bones, and

tumuli, containinghuman
with

In

attack.

mine
exa-

of the time

States,1796, p.

of

101.

recognising the

Incas, withoat

the

others

all the

of

extent

an

on

leagues, from

a'

that

of monuments,

number

attached

of mountaineers

habits,
the

form

will be easy
the

distribution

and
in

exist in

in the

this

and

inquiry

those,

as

Incas

the
model

of their

form

the

from

of

their

style;

interesting

more

historical

testimony,

sure

fortress

doors

of

Peruvian

to

"

which

asserts,

of the

ancient

most

learned

the

as

themselves

the

whether

distribution

much

so

know

we

built

of the

is

the

traces

devote

who

the

stones,

display

apartments,

work,

this

It

from

ascertain

to

Americanos

niches, and

small

and

domestic

buildings.

Canada,

Upper

of their

cut

in

Noticias

of the

author

to

contained

drawings

buildings

of their

future day

some

ple
peo-

religiousinstitutions,and

civil and

their

great

this

their

to

said,

be

this

strictlywere

so

fifty

metres

might

constructed

architect

single

and

thousand
It

ocean.

Andes,

the

four hmidred
to four

thoysand

level of the

the

above

than

more

ridge of

the

thfttcover

in

type

same

Cuzco

searches,
re-

that

after

the

jedifices of Tlahuana.

situate in 17^ 12^ south

CO,

The

stone

ayha-Capac,
of

name

volcanic

origin, a

Chronica

of

use

mentioned

aposentos

basaltic

with

made

latitude.

del

Muhhaloy

burnt

Peni^

It

and
was

cap.

41

house

Cie"a*

by

de

basis.

for the

is

spongy

of Hu-

under
a

rock

the

of

porphyry

probably ejected by

(ed" de 1554"

p. 108).

the

with'

same

in

found

mistake

the

Cotopan

when
of the

size,

in

forming

History

Peruvian

asserted,

they

some

courses

raised

of

art

out

this

long

our

Andes,

we

that
edifice

the
An

in

abode

conquest
of Callo

excellent

the

the

seen

that

the

consisted

just

stones

some

only

gle
sinhave

not

too

of

author

quarries ;

square,

in the
any

is termed
dates

that
con-

highly
in the

fix"m

stones

Cordilleras
structure

the

is very

observer, Don

of Amerka"

Juan

time

of
sembling
re-

Cyclopean.

part is rugged, and

Rohertfloo, Hbt

same

those

as

illustrious

found

which
that

1533,

all of .the

have

of

shapeless materials.

never

back

of

some

people

Incas, the front of the

while

eruption

the

took

:" and

of these

arrangemait

every

that

stones

could

Indians

the

concave

During

in it prove,

regular

If the

triangular,

vaunted

16th

place

not

as

of America*

that

were

sonde

the

edifice,he certainly would

^^

were

of

first

The

Quito.

workn^anship.

of the

the

of

CaUo
have

made

parallel"pipedons,

but

Roman

rexy

de Belalcazar

kingdom

cut

the

to

took

which

that

Sebastien

employed
as

which

appears

beginning

consider

to

it is

plains of

the

on

the

materials

it is

as

in

for

blocks,

this monument

As

the

century,

Cotopaxi^

enormous

numbers

constructed

beQp

are

the

great

Mulalo.

and

of

volcano

of the

mouth

the

of

In

the

skilfullycut,
often

lar.
angu-

Larea,

vol. 3, p. 432.

has

'
.

remarked, that, in the walls

the

st"ces between
filled with
I did

represented it
Mr.
roof

but

of wood.

not

the

height of

less

no

It is

than

banks

of the

at

back
and

Vinaque

earthquakes, to

which

this

continuallyexposed.
the

bricks, which
of
the

wished,
the

that

banks

plain
ancient

or

and

or

Inca,

of the

learned

C"ollao,and

of

Tiahuanaco,

more

of

of

civilization in South

Those

of
at

unbaked

ancient

Lican,
It

and

habitants
in-

by

to

were

could

be

visit

Titicaca,'the province

the
especially

which

date

governed by

traveller

great lake

of

the

Puruays^

tributaryprinces.
some

of

name

do not

of

walls

originto

king

the

by

the

as

constructed

the

the

far

as

century.

were

were

Quito,

the

13th

their

owe

conchocandoy

guastays,

the

I have

edifices,which

Amazons,

as

neighbouring

the

their

Ti^ihuanaco

period ;

remoter

or

ed
diminish-

has been

Peru, Quito,

than

fice
edi-

the

for

Inga-Pilca,or buildings of
farther

was

stones

is

river of

latter

or

single story,

the

away

probable, that

called

sketch *of

the

avidity of

country

heard

that

its walls

the

by

I have

but

ignorant,whether

take

than

use,

unfortunate
"

the

by
who

peasantry,
own

also

are

clay*

vestige of floor,

no

originallymore

as

see

are

with

plate,from

hiay suppose,

We

had

23d

We

we

stones

this circumstance

in the

Larea's.

inner

cemented

pebbles

observe

not

and

outer

small

Callo, the "nter^

at

is the

elevated
of ah

centre

America.

On

that

still exist

spot there

de

Pedro

which

Cie"a

great simplicity; they

finished, and,

of white

race

of the

foundation

architecture,
cause

is

works,

the

qr

house

Huayna-Capac's
of the

inside

the

3d, thtf

within

northerly apartment,

most

the

doors

part

same

court.

In the

of the

apartments,

niches, openings looking

decide,

I shall not

originally niches
subsequent
served
The

an

to

as

made

enemy

Inca's

on

the

to

to

contrary

purpose

attempt

of
an

Cie"a^cap.

105,

the

seen

Inca
inner
the

on

outside,

but

instead

of

adjacent country.
windows

opened
when

in

this

were

times
edifice

Spanish family.
believe,

that

they

observing, whether
attack

troops.
*

of

find,

these

some

bitants
inha-

walls, opposite

we

conquest,

the

for the
would

external

(hocos), and
the

the

on

whether

dwelling

natives

were

seen

the

on

the

it

but

part of the

continent.

plan

2d,

form

of

new

1st, the

haye sketched,

wall

of the

mountains

can

magnitude

light

primitive civilization

the

of the

repeat,

it throws

the

before

the

by

to

American

often

of their

elegance

highly interesting,as

history of

long

either

the

inhabited

who

men,

too

cannot

we

them

of

of the Incas.

empire

astonishment,

no

of its

Cordilleras

been

Spaniards,

construction

the

with

have

to

of the

bearded

fices,
edi-

those

described

never

and

of

ridge

the

the

attributed

natives

of

has

seem

arrival

the

at

remains

some

p. 255.

against the

CHIMBORAZO.

SBBN

FROM

PLAIN

THE

OF

PLATE

The

mountain
iteelf

the

sovereigns

the

Inca

at

level

of

heavy
the

sion

of

"lls

day immediately
the

toward
to

give

sea.

on

the

of

five

the

to

leagues

in

saw

it

precise

idea

of

that

petual
per-

maintains
metres

plate
after

of

our

appeared

to

presents
re-

very

June,

of the

this
of

zone

hundred

24th

It

25th

following

summit.
a

conquest

The
we

as

snow,

of

equator,

eight

Chimborazo

near

residence

Lican

with
the

near

the

plays
dis-

plate represents

thousand

four

the

16th

which,

Tapia,

the

nearly

surrounded

mountain

of

From

is

The

line.

snow^

above

before

Quito^

it

as

ancient

Tupac-Yupanqui.

straight
colossal

plain

the

of Chimborazo

sununit

itself

arid

Lican^
of

sketched

here

the

of

village

the

XXV.

is

from

I A.

TAT

1802,
excur-

me

teresting,
in-

stupendous

at the' two
aspect of the Cordillei'as,

and

the maximum

Travellers
of

Mont

minimum

have

who

heightof

approached the
Mont

and

Blanc

of the

epochasof

Rose

capable of feelingthe

character

of

majestic,and

scenery.

The

Chimborazo

solemn

is

so

the eye embraces

eternal
The

we

see

at
tropics,

from

of

outlines

The
the

pure

as

far

as

of

highestsummits

of the

my

the

metres,

the

indigotint-f-.

an

themselves

of the

air, reposing

which
vegetation,
and

vaporous,

ground

ou

of

of the

extends

Geography

in

Canigou, one

Spain,vol.

pear
ap-

landscape.

metres

Pyrenees.
New

the

Under

the foot of the Altar

that

Political EsHy

and

snow,

plainof Tapia,which

nearly equal to

+ See

of the

phere,
transparentatmos-

Condorasto, is three thousand

"

of

air, across

detach

heat,are

veil the middle

East

of

and

pl""ndestitute

elevated

calm,,

in breadth.

five thousand

inferior strata

reflects the radiant

to

the

of the mountain

while the
on

tMs

part which

of

strata

sky appears

sky in this

the

the

reflection.

it"

heightof

vault of the

azure

The

alone

bulk

metres

splendourof

effect

magical

the

are

the Umit

near

thousand

summits

tops of the Andes, contributes*

the

the

greatlyto

once

rarityof

extreme

which

at

isseven

snows

that

enormous,

the

and

of

height,
of

few

I, p. 77.

of PIbdK, p. 17.

to

the

plants

12

"

"

of scbinus

molle, cactus,

scattered
the

foreground

from

of

the

"Mi

of

to

bordered

snows,
At

three

layers of

shrubs

perpetual

the

to

lichens.
lute
abso-

metres

with

coriaceous
The

nearly disappear.

is

from

separated

gion
re-

of

that

the

by alpine plants, by tufts* of nerteria,

grasses

valerian, saxifrage, and

cruciferous

remains

but

few

lobelia,

The

plants.

belt,covered

broad

trees

penetrable
im-

the

from

five hundred

leaves

followed

be

may

ligneous plants

the

chining
of

thin

by

of the

chart

my

which

palm

thousand

height,
and

in

trace

of

moui\tain

the

top of the Andes

groves

the

to

vegetable life,which

of

plants,and

western

in

sketched

going

of

arc

see

we

lacma)

flank

The

gradation

and

of Indians

groups

endeavoured

Geography

plain :

(camelus

Lican.

presents that
have

barren

lamas

and

nature,

maVket
.

the

over

moUna,

and

agave,

at

and
form

grasses

intervals

very

which

snow,

belt, called

This

days.

with

small

by

in the
,

the

country

pqjonal,appears

Its colour

gilded yellow carpet.

with

contrast
snow

and

is

grasses

burnt

seasons

of

great

lies the

region

the

here

and
of

there

that

owing

of

cover

at

of the
the

to

by

the

draught.

stalks

vegetable earth.

an

of

the

of

in the

sun

pajonal

plants, which

porphyritic rocks.
Farther

of

leaves

the

able
agree-

masses

and

Above

cryptogamous
the

forms

scattered

rays

like

distance

on,

at

the

tute
destilimit

13

of the perpetualice,is the termination

life.

of

organic

"

However

"

stupendousthe heightof Chimborazo,

its summit

is four hundred

M.

point,at which
portant both
of the laws

of

to

which

Andes,
which

fell down

given

only 44

IP

the

7617

the assertion

be founded

on

an

higherthan

height of

nor

the

Crawford

all her
is

will he be

*,

of Thibet

calculation

this

and
To

tain
moun-

ttes
ninetyme-

the

eye of the

in the

accustomed

been

cording
ac-

English feet, or

is a thousand

engaged

is

Soumounang

of Colonel

Chimborazo.

mountains

Jameson's

was

Boutan,

measurement,

accurate

has
formations
in

In

of the Cordilleras

geologist,who,
.nature

century,

of

English travellers

(3909 toises). If

of central Asia

fifteenth

twenty-fivethousand

metres

real

{elAltar), pait

of which

loftiest summit

is above

the

(2268 toises)high : but,

metres

to

of the

ridgeof

eastern

the measure,

us

knowledge

natives

Chimborazo.

than

highestmountain

have

the

the

im-

tradition,
according

Altar

the
in

formerly loftier
the

of the

called

now

preserve

summit

The

magnetism.

provinceof Quito

the

the

rable
memo-

experimentsso

meteorology and

to

than

in his

Gay-Lussac,

excursion, made

aerial

lower

metres

study
to

of

plate
contem-

greatness, the absolute

an

objectof

littleimportance

in
astonished,if hereafter,

System ofMioer^gy,

vol. 3, p. 329.

"

14

of

part

some

the

Chimborazo^

of

knowledge
of

feeling

this

had

spot
with

other

no

by

the

the

plans,

and

plain,
figures
services

task.

been

has

that

order

of

figure

eye

grouped
of

the

follow

may

form

an

idea

has
with

disinterested

great

of

termined
deThe

of

its

animated

taste.

friendship

rious
va-

In

preserved.

the

the

exhibiting

angles.

the
of

on

and

whole,

the

traced

ment
orna-

Chimborazo,

scrupulously

Thibault

Mr.

I
that

of

drawing,

principal

of

measurements

natural

parts,

than

strong

Thibault,

coloured
the

outlines

the

Mr.

sketch

merit

"

the

to

antiquity

nature,

forms
The

work.

accuracy

truly

which

of

engi*aving

Alps

unites

who

the

make

to

the

Pyrenees.

of

of

beauties

the

the

of

that

of

ihountain

monuments

undertaken

of

the

much

as

architect^

distinguished

the

of

summit

the

surpasses

discovered^

be

exceeds

highest

the

as

summit

which

of

the^elevation

has

globe^

of

gradation
extent
the

of

scene

record

To
is

the

by
the

grateful

15

OF

EPOCHAS

ACCORDIKa

PLATK

The

observed
and

in the

is that which

peopleof

the Mexican

and

which
fiction,

Asia and

ca,
Ameri-

mythology
the

regenerationsof
the

cbnnects

gies
the analo-

the manners,

fiction of
coi^nobgonical

destructions
This

feature among

monuments,

traditions of the

in the

THE

XXVI.

pfominent

most

TO

MYTHOLOGY.

AZTECK

NATURE,

bits
exhi-

periodical
the

return

great cycleswith the idea of the renewal

world.
of the
of mat-

butes
^and which attrito space what seems
to belongonlyto time*,
goes back to the highestantiquity.The sacred
the Bhagavata
books of the Hindoos, especially
'Pourana^speak of the four ages, and of the prawhich at different epochas
layas^or cataclysms,

ter, deemed

indestructible

;
"i*

IlermaD, Mythologiedep Griecbeii,Th. 2, p.

332.

"

16
"

destroyed

have

Jice ages
found
be

the

analogous

basis of

the

become

in

originated
it

also, that
Chaldea

and
but

be

the

of

of four

emblem
The

of

nations

who
raara;}:,

wrote

the

series

It cannot

generations

of

Culhua,

or

about

the

Mexico,
middle

according

as

are

enlightens them,

four

successivelyextinguished.

been

ages,

many

annihilated

in which

by inundations,

destroying tempests.

Hamilton

scriptsin

the

vol. 2, p. 171
f

and

their hiero-

to

After

Hindu

X Gomara,

by

Conquista, fol.

the

had

sun

already
four

suns

been

13

p. 220.

oxix.

the

effect

of

destruction

the

Pantheon,

Georgi Alpbab. Tibetanum,

to

These

Langies Catalogue

Moor's

teenth
six-

by earthquakes, by

Imperial library,
p.
:

Go-

says

species has

our

general conflagration,and

under

of the

glyphical paintings, that, previous

now

bitants
inha-

ancient

metals.

century, believe

which

ists
ex-

Yougas

characterizes

Hesiod

which

of Iran

of the

tradition

that

mogony,
cos-

resemblance

cycles of

Etruria, and

destroyed,
the

the

Kalpas,

is

probable

way

nations.

certain

Indian

the

the

by

western

that

admitted,

between
and

the

to

it is

Indostan,

thence

passed

of

particularsystem

it

Thibet-|-.If

of

astrologicalfiction,which

this

that

plain

of

Mexicans, is

of the

that

with

tradition

race*.

elevated

the

on

true,

human

of

Sanskrit

Asiatic
p. 27

of

Manu-

Researcbes,
and

101
.

17

fourth

the

during
this

world

the

sun,

the space

of

the

fifth

The

fifth

time,

day,

on

sign

tochtli

which

and

Their

made

these

but

in each

fable of the
of

revolutions

tradition

people, whom

know

we

Tlascaltecks, and

language,

same

south

to
our

since

time,

Acolhuahs,

have

and

been

chiddle

the

assert,

were

thing ought

the

origin:
that

the

under

fifth

preceding

and

to

this

ration
regeneit is

group

of

of Tol-

name

Nahuatlacks,
who,

speaking

flowing from

of the

to

paintings

four

Tolteck

Aztecks

the

as

Torquemada*,

to

common

tecks, Chichimecks,

the

of

is of

nature,

national

the

age every

Accotding

epocha

historical

in

even

far

as

the

bore

reckon

this

paintings,as they

destroyed, because
be renewed.

of

use

(eacritura jnntada)
ages

back

go

The

Mexicans

fi'om
fifty*years

annals

They

sun.

the

the

for

woman.

appeared,

sun

and

(rabbit);

eight hundred
1553.

last

the

generated.
re-

was

period,

and

man

mankind

that

at

the

before

years

sun,

gods,

created

Amid

twenty-fiveyears.

profound obscurity, ten

appearance

to

of

ness
in dark-

plunged

was

sixth

noith

century

of

era.

On

No.

examining,
3738, copied

VOL.

at

in 1566

Torquemada,
XIV.

the

Rome,

by

vol. 1. p. 40;

Codex

Vaticanus,

Dominican

vol. 2, p. 83.

monk,

18

de

Pedro

*, I found

los Rios

in

represented
document

is

indicates
which

know

we

is

place

which

is the
The

first.

the

Spanish

Mexicans

authors

left, beginning

to

world.

I shall
in

the

histoiy written
whicl}

of

Fernando
Oiony

de

pf

the

"

See

Storia

vol. 13,

t Gama"
11.13.

paintings
in

of the

curious

fragments
the

on

Ipdian

of

the

testis

copy

of

short

time

more

fidence
con-

Spanish

histo-

201.

Aritica

di

Messico,

" "^

p.

07

spot

undoubtedly

recital

and

the

the

presented
re-

the Vatican

very

tongue,

page^

The
Ixtlilxochitl;^.

merit

p. 191,

of

of
the

it is

as

preserved by

IV^e^acan painting mside

the

order,

wiiter, and

after the conquest^

of

right

the

of

destructions

this

Azteck

been

native

than

bottom

described

Alvar

works

the

forgetting that

four

out

in the

h^ve

the

Mexican

library, and

the

as

gres^tfsrpart

the

point

considered

hieroglyphics from

at

necessarilyinverted

last^

the

and

their

placed

catastrophes

in

who,

the

Rlgs's

P.

In

is* found

error

Clavigerof^

Gomara,

it

as

by signs of

confounded

is there

deluge,

historical

age

in which

entirely

ing
draw-

curious,

more

meaning.

order

same

Mexican
This

of each

the

the

Commentary,
took

the

duration

the

26.

plate

much

so

the

torn.

Botunni,

2, p. 57.
Cat.

del

Museo,

"

8.

19

rians.

This
the

stated

the

of them
same

relates

reason,

the destructions

each

which

of
diversity,

only

acoompanied,

cycle.
This

years.

lower

the

is indicated

of which

surmounted

are

by

alreadyobserved, speaking
the

hieroglyphicof

the

that, like

and

and

the Romans

the

Mexicans

^,

(SaTda

of the
of

Fouga)

Tlaltonatmh^ age

of

Elarth

of the

the

giants (Qzocmlliexeque,or

the

historical traditions of every

combats

and

the

giants.

of

Xicalancks,

ther
fea-

among
This

years.
of

justice
called

was

it is also that

boasted

Etruscans

the age

of

Tuinametin), for
nation

nations

two

who

the Toltecks, and

the

Olmecks

The

is

twenty

Hindoos,

the

have

calendar, that

indicated

of

corresponds to

first age, which

rightin

feather.We

rounds

mere

the

on

nails of the

number

the

square

the

Rios,

rounds^ thirteen

nineteen

picture by

de los

is 13x400+6=5206

Its duration

number

in

Gama.

Ixtlilxochitl,
Clavigero,and
First

of

order

related

are

Pedro

by Gomara,

manner

the

to

just

circumstances, by which

for the

was

have

we

of

or

began by

Hulmecks^

that

preceded

high antiquity^

pretended to have found them on arrivingin the

plainsof Tlascalaf- According to the Pouranas,
Bacchus,

"

Tit.

or

Liv.

the

Hist

Rama,

young

lib. 7,

c.

p. 461).
t

Torqueuiada,vol.

1, p. 37.

i:2

gained

also his

(ed. Gesoeri, 1735,

torn. 1,

20

The

of

year

was

generationof
the

day

bly

on

which

over

year

those

which
of

of

dreaded

root

their

left, fruit, or

from

in

Christians
nations

*, hold

of

ears

time

have

of the

Titans,

and

in

the

of

the

Plate

XV,

t Plate

from

the

fiction

XIV,

3-7,
No.

east

of the

8.

3.

or

in

spirit,
ries
rosa-

been

to

the

all the

giants,of

appears

elements,

No.

and

Mexico

among

Cyclops,

two

their

have

and

Though

the conflict of the

Canada,

west.

Earth

of the

of

of those

one

immemorial,

passed

the

Three

The

corn.

wears

re*

easilyrecognise

we

horns

Thibet, China,

which

end

on

flowers.

formed

famine,

which,
-^-^

of

the

at

sharp-edged instrument,

announces

use

giants,

appearance

headdress

resembling
a

day,

devoured

were

the

which

her

by

woman,

hands

the

and

the grass

up

right

and

traditions, the

the

on

proba*

this

malignant spiritdescending

first

hieroglyphic painting

The

tresses

in

the

it is

and

the Mexicans

by

small

that

presided

catastrophe began

other

figures,among

human

acatl

hieroglyphicof

the

to

cycle.

presents

ce

giants of

destroyed

tigers (tequanes),

every

to

sign

perish by famine,

not

was

earth

This

men.

that, according

by

the

famine^ that

account

did

the

tiger(nahui ocelotl);

who

of

Ceylon.

of

Island

the

king

Havana^

victory over

first

the

to
state

dicate
inof

22

the

governed by

in the

and

The

years.
wind

The

The

cohuatl,

or

as

if

this

whether

Spanish

some

the

by

dertake

hunger,
themselves

the

know

parts of

Peru,

hunicahe

roots

up

the

the

These

to

are

animals

their

in the

inhabitants

form

the
of
in

driven

un-

by

weather, they find

abandon

countries
the

the

the

co,
part of Mexi-

warm

migrations, when,

severityof

the

ever,
doubt^ how-

Monkeys

tempest.

America.

compelled

abode.

not

may

pretends,

distant
the

Quetzal-

be

air ? and

Earth

yellow stripesindicate, as

in South

or

the

on

in

ignorant

am

it not

felled

ed
perish-

appear

descends

been

general less frequent in

than

not

age.

the

commentator

clouds driven

phic
hierogly-

transformed

were

May

the

had

the

day

tecpatl.

ce

year

did

third

of

god

they

the

animals

signify,that

sickle
trees,

and

of

the

place on

wind, ehecatl. Men

the

sickle.

the

air, Ehe--

or

four times

divinity,that

with

wind,

took

before

armed

themselves

catastrophe

These

is the

who

saved

is 10x400+10=4010

by hurricanes

Mexico

cape
es-

birds, except

Its duration

air

apes.

of

age

drawing represents

into

to

cavern.

(nahui ehecatl)

of the

into

who

woman,

cycle.

catofiatiuh.

one

of

recess

Third

able

were

transformed

were

men

man,

one

alone

nahui

general conflagration,tradition states,

the
all

tecpatl,the day

ce

birds

the

quiakuitl. As
that

sign

primitive

mountainous

of which

remem-

23

ber the time, when

in such

thertiselves
tradition

the

history of
in

year,
caused

which

the

into

of the

Fottrth

the duration

day

The

This

is the

the world

is 10

into

goddess

of the

four

These
the

under

name

thousand
say,

six

the

at

Atonatiuh,
years.

the year

ce

calli,

of

as

the

trunk

which

of suns^

and
thousand

who

woman,

ahahvite^

an

the

are

ChaU

of

Coxcox,

tree

the
also

twenty-eight
more

of

his vrife XochU

contain

years

or

the

companion

earth.

and

floatingamidst
ages,

one

Matlalcueje^ or

towards

in

transformed

drawing represents

Mexicans,

seated

leaves, and

trunk

considered

TIatoc, descending

with

survived
as

water,

were

and

called

of water,

quetzal^ are

Men

The

disticha.

Noah

cavern,

great revolutions, which

in the

chiuhcueje,a;nd

the

only

400+8=4008

man

one

themselves

cupressus

to

of Anahuac

men

began

undergone.

fish, except

saved

monkeys

(nakui alt), destroyed mankind.

last of the

has

the

of

age

of which

4 water

age.

great inundation, which

the

designate

earthquakes

the mountains

preceding
cycle.

it

Did

trait of

and

two

tled
set-

ralley.

contain

induced

of tempests,

cycle

monkeys

Could

catastrophe, by fleeingto

end

to

of

such

hurricanes,

incursions

this

animals

by volcanoes,

make

In

and

five ages

of the

the

colonies

netr

covered

waters.

designated

together eighteen
years;
than

that
the

is

four

24

Persian

find

where

no

the

however

how

still find

the

world

that

thousand

twenty

mankind

which

of

pressed by

of

arrival

the

farther

explained

Thibet.

Le

Astron.

Am.,

Alpliab. p.

Gentil, Voy.

Ind., p.
p. 76

padu^

volutions,
re-

ex-

find

we

the

to

the

days

and

great

twenty

on

the

trophes
catas-

ages.

have
Dupuis:}:,
of

an

same

them

among

It

the

ously
ingeni-

great

cycles

p. 235;

Bailly,

vol. 2, p. 352.

472.

dans

Ixxxxfiii

use

duration

the

that

underwent

and

Auquetil, Zend-Avesta,

in

than

Gentil, Bailly,

Le

back

the

eighteen

according

world

the

and

with

more

several

indicate

Cortez,

of

Hindoos,

sixty-two ciphers-f*.

calendar

the

Thibetans, accoixiing

remarkable,

in which

years

still

has

people, who,

American

system

of

numbers

nevertheless

is

which

forms

hundred

already compute

each
"

three

and

the

to

sand
thou-

twenty

of

period

fiction of the

cosmogonical
to

years

periods^

ceilainly

millions

of four

consists

but,

attributed

than

more

great

Tlalixco,

tliese two

duration

the

witli

of

calendar

Mexicans

of

elapsed from

sacrifice

Azteck

the

This

yeai*s.

had

suppose

duration

the

the

may

Zend-Avesta*.

the

years

to

of

we

we

which

many

reform
near

contrast

in

of Coxcox

deluge
till the

or

described

ages

les

and

Indes, vol. 1,

212

Bailly, Hist,

Dupuis, Ufig.des Cultes, vol.

de

T Astron.

3, p. 164.

25

of Asia.

I have

peculiarpropriety in
It

is not

or

1440,

which

years
and

4008

and

4009,

the

substituted,

were

period

lunar

certain, that

modified

of

remembrance

has

planet

physical and

On

examining

26th

the

emblems

by

the

See

MondOf

These
four

by

obscure

an

to

which

the
the

of fossil bones

nations

the

most

mote
re-

paintings represented

elements

hieroglyphics*

the

6, p. 65.

destructions,

and

also

were

of the

Ca//i, or

cane.

symbol

L80

four

in

elements, earth, fire,air,and

same

vol. 13, p.
torn.

cal
astronomi-

according

or

find, in the

of four

house, flint, and

the

plate,we

as

less

appear

of the

petrifactionsand
among

ever
what-

civilization.

the

water.

But

geologicalhypotheses, to

given rise,even
from

of

revolution, which

great

some

suppose,

knowledge

not

either

undergone

aspect of marine
has

does

fictions

are

years.

origin, it

they

mythology,

our

might

we

of nineteen

their real

be

5206, 4807, 4009,

numbers

cycles originatedfrom

that these
the

5206, 4804, 4010,

if for the numbers

years,

of

three

longer by

were

suns

in the

duration

If the

nations.

four

and

any

years.

found

numbers

the

are

Asiatic

the

Mexican

the

of 18028

number

the

discover

to

multiple of 13, 19, 52, 60, 72, 360,

cycles of

able

been

never

of

years,

io

rabbit,

dered
house, consi-

fire,reminds

Siguenza,

indicated

us

Gemelli,

of the

Giro

del

26

of

usages

northern

clemency

of the

their

huts

in the

climate,

ancient

most

and

dedicated

was

fire.

domestic

the

the

once

the

to

keuse,

The

cohuatlya mysterious personage,

heroic

the
whom

times

have

we

in the

times

the

led

the

fx3

Perhaps
the

Mexicans
between

flint

of the

the

to

to

of the

companies
cycle,ac-

day,

called

an

lite,
aero-

the summit

establish

to

sign

historyof

on

Chokila, dedicated

of

several

speak

the

of

the

sky

belongs to

According

beginning

hieroglyphic

fell from

of

pyramid

occasion

the

ehecatlyor wind.
which

air. Quetzal-

o" this work.

at

hearth,

history,and

calendar, tecpatlis

night, which,

logy,
mytho-

the

who

Mexican

had

course

Mexican

the

of

warm

sign tecpafl,flint,
of the

god

iti-

(*EtfTi"),
which,

system of the Greek

at

represents

the

obliged to

were

the idea of Vesta

and

from

people,who,

of the

Quetzalcohuatl,

this

nexion
singular con-

(tecpatl)and

the

god

of

the winds.

We

observed,

have

gers

have

tions

and

that

the traditions

giveflto

of
regen"rat"ottB

character, iu denoting the

very
the

they
simple

made

days

cateulation

hieroglyphicof

given period 5206,

the

Chaldean

and

the
or

the

and

to

asti^olo-

destrtw-

an

historic
of th"

years

the

calendar

16th

century.

might

lead

them

year,

which

in the

use

oi

world

the

great catastrophes according

which

Mexican

the

4804

years.

to

of

A
find

preceded

It is thus

that

according
Egyptian astrologers,

27

to

Macrobius
of

even

the

the

planets
and

world,

calculating,
series,
several

1091

year
date"

and

with

they

but

marked

have

but

the

last

for

4,320,000

by

of

divine
years

to

the

12000.

Bailly^

Astr.

Ind.,

p.

ci.

prised
sur-

for

the

indictions
the

mystic

substitution

the

reduces

be

many
in

who

18028,

to

not

must

can
Mexi-

of

not

Thus

Hindoos,
*

Vatican

Ixtlilxochitl,

as*

years.

the

Neither

the

ages

the

correspond

calculations

almost

years

in

We

astrological

the

(the

that

age.

Alva

years.

contains

years

to

fragment

four

the

includes

number

chronology
days

in

this

at

as

1417

to

the

find,

Mexican

from

of

paintings

preserved

cal
periodi-

Tlalixco,

of

entirely

not

the

the

over

sera,

each

them

duration

only

first

in

taken

the

do

signs

On

corresponding

canesy

of

of

sacrifice

of

deluge.

presided

christian

the

the

history
fixes

or

general

positioti

creation

the

tothesystem

the

duration

the

are

of

the

the

of

epoch

which

before

acatlj

ome

of

that

signs

#ges

year

the

at

according
the

indicated

Nonnus,

and

four

ages

of

of

On

examining^
calendar,

Mexican

this

in

by
which

according

is

an

tabic,

the
we

interval

multiple

the

numbers
see,

of
of

to

52,

that
years,
cannot

of

system
whicli

are

two

ages,

tlie

inimber

have

the
fined
con-

rated
sepa-

different

of

30

According

revolutions

four great
the

elements

four

annihilation
earth

of

fire^air^and

did

into

monkeys^

others

in the

Egyptians

the

on

which

De

p.

p. 338

Arist.

770).

has

cap.

5,

the

does

Cehum,

lib.

book

relate

t.

omn.y

i, c. 20;

discu/^s
of
'

the

sar-

almost

ed.

volutions,
re-

periods in

exercised

(Platon. Oper.^ 1578,

ject,
sub-

local

second

not

times

our

and
jf;

It appears

Legib,y lib. iii,(Op.

"

various

much

so

this passage

Origines contra
rue,

small

commentators.

Timasus,

p. 22):

explain the

of

in

alternate

other

from

passage
which

Herodotus,

at

wander

place at

and

themselves

save

parts of Greece

the welUknown

that

to

took

mountainous

gacity of

should

here

we

were

men

or

ages,

cataclysms

mountains, and

valleys. We

in the

the

by inundations;
the

birds,

of the East:

Hindoos,

conflagrations,and

sometimes

the

all terminated

of the

with

the

of

system

race

tions
transforma-

also of the traditions

us

are

into

These

of

kind
man-

ancient

all of the

fish.

the

the action

to

transformed

into

or

of

destruction

each

After

by

is the

catastrophe

owing

are

perish were

not

remind

that

first

caused

are

productive faculty

the

water.

that

yougas,

nature

regenerated^ and

was

but

of

the

three

the

Mexicans^ the

the Sjrstem of the

to

to

tain,
cer-

apoca-

Serran.,

t. 3,

ii, p. 676-G79):

lib, iv.

c.

20

(ed. Dela-

514).

Meteor,^

lib. i,

c.

14

(Qp.

onm.

ed.

Duva/,

16311,

31

tastases, but

(si^eming)K^haoges

setting and

the

places of

iow

to

rising

in

of the

the

Sun*,

pf the equinoxes ^.
CQiised by the priecessic^
We
sun$

Hindoos
be

{uresent

fifth age.

the
:

age

of

in

into

brass

four

fourth

third and

^pmetinpas

bodks

lib.

Herod,

Dupuis,

X Heiiod,

erf ages

number

ii,c.

but

and

v.

174

the

may
should

recorded

We
in

are

the

ttnnk, that the

we

{Op.

reality

we

passage

t.

2, p. 482).

du Zodiaqne, p.
explicatif

Opera "f Dies,

of

comprehend

(Larcher, 1H02,

142

M"moire

he

divides

misintetpreted ||.

Sybil ^

the

of

elear

so

been

of the

ignwant

He

ages.

which

in

counts

geiierations^
;

astonished, that

the

renovation

of the

parts, which

two

of

that

attentivelyex-

we

this poet

that

see,

we

mogony
cos-

also

Hesiod^, in

oriental system

generations

have

it may

with

considers
If

of

fine passage

five

be

accords

of Thibet, which

as

the

nature,

Mexicans

the

explainsthe

the

only four

the

amiss, therefore, to observe, that the

people

amine

or

ages

nations^ while

admit

Greeks

and

of
the

Mexican

the

among

not

surprised at findjingfive

be

may

ornn,^

ed.

87

et80*

Cleric.^1701,

p. 224).

" Hesiod,

II Fabricii
H
p. 74

Virg.
"

v.

143

Bibl.

Bncol.

81).

"

155.

Graeca, Hamb.,
IV,

v.

1790,

4, (ed. Heyne,

vol. 1, p. 246.
Lend.

1793,

v.

1,

32

just indicated

analogies we

have

and

it is

that

sophical history
spread

from

thence

to

Beside

curious
fol.

the

tradition

Of

figures.

who

birth

have

fol. 5,

to

the

few

de

57,

tongue,
fol.

the

the

issuing from

in

of

sheet

68

to

with

sheet

several

or

the

extremity

are

seated

fants,
in-

their

after

mastodonte,

1564, by
;

P.

Bios,

fol. 8, the

ain,celebrated
and

designated
the

are

10, the pyramid

seven

the

of milk,

Velasco

which

caverns

seven

the

mention,

day^

Quetzalcohuatl,

tribes, clothed

Mexican

From

Lewis

speech
fol.

and

which

expired

of

and

of
lula

from

Cotcitepetly
speakingmount

mouth

around

Don

for the penance

by

shall

we

pounds, given

Viceroy

volcano

these

jaw tooth, perhaps

three

weighing

3738, contains

distils milk

branches^ and

and

suns,

tree
chichiuhalquehuitly

celestial tree, that

of its

of Mexico.

already described*,

No.

anon.,

and

Thibet,

to

four

philo*
fictions

game

Cordilleras

of the

have

we

the

see

Latium

of the

ridge

4, the

to

and

the

Vatican,

Cod.

of man,

Etruria

which

customs

the

uninteresting to

not

tal,
acciden-

not

are

chiefs

of

rabbits'

glyphics
hiero-

of Cho-

the

seven

skins,

and

of Chicomoztoc.

93, this manuscript

tains
con-

copies of hierogljrphical
paintingscomposed
after
trees,

the

conquest

holding

the

Plate

we

cross

XIV,

see

natives

in their hand

vol. xiii,p. 201.

hung
;

upon

soldiers

'

of Cortez

monks

to

on

recognisethe

VOL.

horseback

settingfire to

village
;

ment
baptizingwretched Indians at the mothey are about to be thrown into the water

be drowned.

new

38

these circumstances

From
arrival

of

the

world.

XIV.

Europeans

we

in the

34

HIEROGLYPHIC

PAINTING,
TAXxy

BORGIAN

thx

rmoK

MANUSCRIPT

VELETRI,

OF

AJTD

OF

SIGNS

THE

DAYS

OF.

THE

PLATE

MEXICAN

ALMANAC*

XXVII.

The

twenty signsof the days have been

from

the firstpages

each

of which

contains

and
hieroglyphics,
a

of twenty

year

These

almanac.
are

of the

Ao^

filled with the reduction

or

which

form
fifty-two

of remark

lunations

four

of the

and
double

of the

civil

ritual year.

also,that, in order

to

ritual

sixtysigns

pages

periodsof

of the

half-decades

days,

x4=20|5^
days,or

13

of thirteen

rows

hundred

two

disposed,that

so

manuscriptof Veletri,
five

in all 5

selected

are

thirteen

almanac,
It is

of

worthy

facilitate the

readingof these pictures^

theauthor1iasrepeated"

i"'

"
^i

I
^7

36
the

from

pied

whole

of

the

As

we

Codex

Borgianusy fol. 58.

distribution
find

SO
((pd?JiGt),

we

with

heads

several
as

we

observe

The

and

is

compartment

upper
skin

of

human

this skin

cover

of the

This

described

under

already

month

of

from

Codex

of

and

the

of

man,

have

to

horrible

recalls
A

and

the
that

fourth

received

is

a
a

We

Mexioan

coiresponds
its

the

In

ritual calendar,

priest,covered
sign

to

tion
denomina-

festivals.

the

under

the

over

skins.

human
the

mind^

to

chapel,known
built

Ycgpico^was

realitythe figure of

skin

the

on

which,

which

hangs
appears

sanguinary

these

The

blood, which

hands

hence

March, had

BorgianuSy

find in
the

drops

which
tlacaxipehualiztlij

month
our

seen,

the

with

priestclothed

costume,

of

name

right

recentlysacrificed.

that, contained

have

the

on

by Torquemada#.

the

cavern

the

of the

disgusting ceremonies
are

in

sacrificer,who

hands.

four

ize,
character-

the

the

that

figures

mystic paintings of

victim

marked

has

painter

lingam

those

which

hands,

placed

man

of

glyphics
hiero-

of the

worship

none

say, the

may

Hindoos.

the

manuscript.

Mexican

the

co"

clear idea

curious

among

announces

^ve

to

this

of

nothing

that

arm

in order

page,

I have

of

the

we

with

day
V

which

Mon.

t Cod.
See

indicates

Ind.

vernal

lib. 10, cap. 12

Borg.

also vol.

the

fol. 25

xiii,
p.

290.

(Fabr.

equinox -f-.The

head'

(toI. ii,p. 271).

MSS.

n.

106, 276, and

299).

37

of

the

pointed
the

caps,

north

of

the

feet is

day

The

lower

right hand

by

meant

observed,

that

laiiguage."
might

serpent
small

to

us

of

of

as

the

manuscript
*

See

of the

"Codex

of the

Plate

while
Vatican

23

in

his

and

other
has

the

below

placed

that

suspect,

presents
're-

each

speak

same

the temple

they

the

are

the

celebrated

Aztecks.

But

the

Borgiantis,fol. 61,

evidently indicated

of their hair

2)

commentator

Cihuacohuatly

the

is

of agave,

to

seem

the Eve

figures

No.

holding
a

serpent

woman,

females,

whom

they

The

children

children
of

"

lead

falls.

equinox

entirelyignorant what

are

two

and

hand,

the

twin

We

the

Tletl,

sign of night

is the

leaves

this

the first year

(Plate 27,

knife, some

on

Opposite

In

vernal

the

and

Tonacateuctliy holding

god

of incense.

bag

China,

vase.

compartment

in

those

of

fire,Xiuhteuctli

of

god

which

on

one

Ai^erica.

sacred

with

worn

cycle, Tletl

the

are

coast

Mexican

for the

by

are

seated

whose

of the

is

which

west

figur"is
at

is covered

sacrificer

those
*

by

the

position
dis-

represented in

are

males.

of this Atlas.

'

38

AZTECK

AN

HATGHET

XXVIII.

PLATE

This

hatchet^ madeof

into the
with

real

jade

of M.
I

hieroglyphics.

kindness
of

mineralogy

Mexico,

and

author

Oryctognosy.
Prussia's

de

the

of

an

I have

cabinet

at

Manuel

in

is loaded

Saussure,

for it

indebted

am

Andres

of Don

feldsparpassing

compact

del

Rio, professor

in the

deposited it

of basalt,

are

substances, which, in both

of

of

spar
feld-

Jade, cgmpact

all

on

king

(dichter feldspath)^Lydian stone, and

varieties

at

treatise

excellent

Berlin.

mines

of

school

the

to

tain
cer-

mineral

them

continents, as well

as

1^.
'

'

in the
and

South

the

after
"y

and

hatchets, and
Greeks

the

and

made

of
use

and

them.

^Notwithstanding

were

oflfensive weapons.

iron,
of stone
very
our

savage

first materials

the

Romany employed

copper

brass

with

various

introduction

Peruvians

the

islands, furnished

half civilized nations

for their
As

Sea

the

so

brass

long

Mexicans

hatchets, when
common

long

among
and

frequent

39

excursions

we

and

in

able

never

were

this

rock

surprised

at

which

chete,

formerly
of

being

are

discover

so

scarce^

found

from

both

of

to

immense

the

inhabited,
Chili.

Cordilleras

the

rock

the

the

of

digging
Ohio

of

more

quantity
on

Americas^

to

jade
are

jade
in

the

we

hat-

plains
tains
moun-

40

IDOL

AZTECK

AN

or

PORPHYRY,

BASALTIC

XXIX.

PLATE

The

whole

of the

and

ture

ignorance

rudeness

great
but

the

We

among
and

ages

whom
the

the

research
be

amined,
ex-

gures
fi-

of

plate, a

total

body,

human

ing,
draw-

truth

into the

of

surprisedat finding the

of bai*barism

existence
political

certain

hitherto

in the

andincorrectness

may

sculp-

single group

proportions of

in this state

arts

people, whose

for

eleventh

the

minute

very

detail.

imitative
a

of the

have

we

excepting

represented on

of the Mexican

remains

painting, which
prove,

MEXICO.

AT

SQUARE

GREAT

THE

OF

PAVEMENT

THE

UNDER

FOUND

degree

of

had

among

displayed

civilization

and

idolatry,astrologicalsuperstitions,

desire

of

keeping

up

the

remembrance

41

of

well

that of

as

We

paintings.
several

Asia, with

eastern

Mexico

of

tempted

what

^^

Arcadians

Arcadia

and

for it is natural

examine

we

different
the

regions,and

is

alone

what

great

number

sanctioned
exercised

of

to

moral

the
and

by

the

Poiyb., Hist.

their

speciesin

ourselves

refers

tere
aus-

in proportion

our

to

with

pare
com-

that

mistrust

we

to

of

institutions,

the

of

that

climate
of

concurrence

stances.
physical circum-

of
Mexicans, the ferocity

the

by

owing

in

of countries

which

specious theory,

men,

of

inhabiting them,

of the

climate

But

state

of

Mexico,

and

and

accustom

physiognomy

nations

Among

the

of

harsh

that

thejrclimate."

resemble

as

inhabitants

gloomy

inhabitants

cial
so-

We

arts.

antiquity* said

figure,complexion,

manners,

"

of

cold

the

gives

aspect

the

The

the

by
of

contrast

the

to

bitants
inha-

the

mountains

of the

great historian

should

those

and

Tartary,

apply

to

of

connected

be

infancy in

of

the

on

people

whom

to

appear

perfectionand
be

part

ties,exhibit tjhissame

near

might

acted

world, particularlythe

the

";entral and

forget,that

however

have

historical

and

stones

not

must

nations, which

stage of

very

sculptured

idols^ M

of

number

events^ multiplied the

manners

sanguinary worship,the tyranny

princesand

lib.

IV, " 80

the

the
priests,

(cd.Casaub. 1609,

chi-

p. 290,

D).

42

merical
of

use

of

dreams

arts, and

to

the

Those

forms.

dally

the liuman

of

load

the

of their

carnivorous

on

it

which

by

was

idol

every

these

themselves

and

the

over

hence

often

have

of the

day,

be

us^.

languages, which,

the
The

those

logy,
Astro-

principal

imagination.

same

or

of

time

the

under

presided
year

coupling signs,and

"intastic

repeatedin

reached

the

tomed
accus-

graphically

the

of the

the half-decade

merely

of

manner

it

of the

ideas.

time, were

at

and

however

were

hieroglyphicswhidb

the idea of

arose

those

to

figure^from

people

which

of

round

incorrectness
the

under

ferred
signs con-

assemblage

aberrations

seemed

event

the influence

ISO

divisions of

of these

linear

heads

deviate

systematic

to

complicated

the
the

marking

Each

the

to

disposedaccording

causes

the

resemblances,

monstrous

with

for the

to

perpetuated, and

figureswas

The

its individual

that

means,

butes
attri-

serpents twisted

allowable

not

was

in their

hdmets

garments,

of

first divini*^

those

nature.

religious
respect

blood

figure disappeared

animals, and

body.

the

in

of

hideous

the

united

is strange

sing"-

and

which

flowed

ties,the offspringof fear

all that

have

to

for incorrect

idols,before

firequent

the barbari"m

perpetuate

taste

victims

human

ments

the

symbolic writings appear

larlycontributed
the

and
sustrblogy^

beings,which

and

ing
creatwe

find

astrologicalpaintingsthat
genius

like the

of the

American

Sanscrit, the Greek,

44

Greece

fine arts,

to

the Greeks

gination of
the

over

and

no

theimar-

other

people

sanguinary

obtrudes

itself under

it is engraven

produce

to

ship,
wor-

the
every

books,

be reared

to

seem

than

on

their

of

page

every

view,

charm

on

of

of the

soothing

religiousmonuments

their

with

emblems

inscribed

stone,

yoke

where

every

hideous

most

the

beneath

death

spread

and

gloomy objects. Among

most

groaning

existence

it gave

which

chief support

the

religionbeeame

and

terror

dismay.
I have

thought

I fix the

before
the

idol

monstrous

This
three

Mexico,

temple,

month

the

of

The

in

excavations

making

the.

Azequia

of St.

and

Joseph.

"

Sec

vol.

days

who

in order

found

to

five
As

Mayor

great
quently
conse-

discovery of

of

metres

the

to

the

Azteck

employed

were

it in

position,thirty-seven metres

Viceroy's palace,

covered
dis-

was

displays the holidajns

workmen,

aqueduct,

the

than

the

1 790

August,

before*

hieroglyphicsof

of

on

plate.

more

of the Plaza

stone, which

calendar.

29th

It

enclosure

months

the^Qormous
and

the

tions,
observareader

the

broad.

two

pavement

within

few

of the

every side,is

and

the

in the

these

represented in

high,

metres

make

attention

rock, sculptured on

under
at

to

proper

build
a

terraneous
sub-

horizontal
west

of

the

north

of

the

it is scarcelyprobable,

xiii,p.

097-

46

tbat

the soldiers of

Cortez, when

conceal

from

idols

to

them

tives,transported masses
far from

very

is

view

of

na^

they

all the

found.

were

the

where

important to

spots, in which

sculpture

buried
the

of considerable

the sacellum

placed, it
cision the

the

they

mark

weight

with

remains

These

ginally
ori-

were

pre^

of Mexican

nations

will

become

if a government,
particularlyinteresting,

anxious

to

of

the

throw

lighton
should

Americans,

digging

round

the

of the ancient

cathedral

in

which,

to

Mexicans

researches

and

the

the

last

withdrew

\Wiatever

market-place

with

of the

days
their

sacred

hold
house-

books

had

they

by

chief square

in the

gods (Tepitotan),their
amoxtliy) ftnd

civilization

remote

make

Tenochtitlan,

Tlatelalco*,

siege,the

the

(7"o-

of

most

value.
When
in

the

(Fig.1),
from

above

might

we

cast

we

29th

'

plate,

(Fig.4), and
be

tempted
a

teotetl

which

when

we

mass,

we

it is

as
on

one

side

front

(Fig. 2),

beneath

from

(Fig. 6),

think, that this

first to

{divinestone)
with

kind

of

sculpture, a

rock

engraved.

But

hieroglyphic signs are

examine

in

seen

beti/'lum^jornamented
on

at

idol represented

the

on

eyes

(Fig. 3),

behind

is

monument

our

more

distinguishon

closely this
Ijie upper

shapeless

part the unit"

Gamii, Descripcion.delas Picdras,

Zoe^a,

de Obel, p. 208.

etc.

p. 2.

46

heads

ed

face

of %wo
and

(Fig. 1
four

with

monsters

3)

and

eyes^ and

two

large mouth

hideous

These

teeth.

find in each

we

figures

are

perhaps only
they

masks

of
indisposition
The

drapery

surrounded

under

by the

of cohuatli-

name

whole

The

of serpents.

of these
of fear-

the fringesin form

accessories,especially

sculptured with

thers, are
Mr.

in

Gama,

it very

the

of

this idol repr"sente

and

war),

because
died

who
house

the

she transformed
death's

of which
to

"^

days

god

of war,

Boturini, Idea

souls

the

una

mutilated

hands, four

of the

sacrifices

goddess,

period of
honor

fejnalecompanion,
Historia

general, p.

66.

Torqaemacia; Ub^ xiii,c.

48

(torn.2,

call
re-

(teoquauhquet-

in
solstice,

nueva

to

iifto humming-birds.

the

Mexicans-f-,

summer

de

riors,
war-

of the

in the fifteenth

his

of

Elysium

the horrible

and

teoyaOy.divine

gods,

the bosom

after the

teen

Tlacahue--

of the

and

celebraXed
--zoUztli)

(Fig. 3)

defence

them

heads

surround

mind

care.

wife, called Teo^

die, and

to

conducted

in the

of the Sun,

where
The

she

his

(Pig.1)

yamiqui* (from miqui

vV

greatest

Huitzilopochtlior

war,

pancuexcotzin ;

the

separate treatise,has rendered

probable,that

god

serpente, which

by enormous

denoted

garment

cuye,

hidden

are

the

on

mity.
public cala-

other

any

feet

and

arms

Mexicans

the

king, or

their idols

to mask

accustomed

were

Mexicans

the

for among

p.

569).

thir-

of the

Teoi^a27

and

47

jSigureof

These

burnt.
in the

certmn

in

vases,

which

with

incense

form of calebashes, (from topflija

of the

the thread

with

woven

the
was

called top^xicalli,
hags

were

vases

alternate

hands

mutilated

The

miqui.

pita,and

purse

xicalliy
a

calebash).

being sculpturedon

idol

This

where

(Fig. 5),

beneath

we

Mictlanteuhtlij the lord of

air

by

the

parts A
to

idol

of two

means

and

this uncouth

probably

was

the

place of the dead,

five

temple,
the

(feapixqtdjdragged
altar, making

and

figures 1

elevated

them

which

on

ing
Accord-

3.

of the
.

six metres

or

that

so

above

the

priests

victims

unhappy

beneath

pass

in the
rested

the head

arrangement,

of the

the pavement

supported

columns,

in

represented

see

doubt, but that it was

cannot

we

side, even

every

the

to

the

figure

Mictlanteuchtli.
The
ed

the

unwilling
Mexican

to

expose

youth

not

order

the

of

passages

flhould

of

antiquity*.

University, of

have

and
the

had

universityof Mexico,
the

as

preservation

of American

the

the

to

considered

he

Revillagigedo,ti'ansport-

count

this monument

which
for

Viceroy,

most

proper

the

curious

The

professorsof

of

this idol

buried

St.

to the

it

Officio del

means

remains

Dominic,

of

Sept.1790.

this

were

sight of

anew

college two
the

place

feet

in

the
of

one

deep.

examining

this

48

idol^ had
liciano
his

of the

his

to

copied
of which

the

in

rector

solicitation,to

unbury

which

I have

plate,very
is

The

exact.

is

formed,

cleft, and

wakke"

Fe-

Mexico

on

drawing,

monument

basaltic

gray

Gama*s

29th

this

my

Don

Monterey,

diocese, prevailed

Mr.

in the

of

passed through

university,at

I found

it.

who

Marin^

way

bishop

the

not

stone,
bluish

filled with

ous
vitre-

feldspar.
The

for

indebted

are

of

month

sand, and

called

coyote^
well

small

sacred

animal

century
small

clatocaoceloil

quauhtli;
lum

of the

what
formed

and

doubt

the

and

to

the

near

of

some

sixteenth

Mexicans

wolf, chantico

erected
the

tiger,

eagle, quetzalhuexolo-

snake.
was

the

be

to

vases

that

of

the

the

the

was

loid,
amygda-

placed

that

the

skeleton

appeared
Clay

writers

fine

tomb

porous

us,

to
to

no

the

chantico^

is more,
a

to

of

in

two

very

The

bells, were
was

for

tomb

preserved

wolf.

tomb

we

discovery,in

of

animal

The

brass

inform

chapels

well

Mexican

cast

This

1791,

of slabs

tezontle.

bones.

the

to

quadruped.

formed

or

which

broad, filled with

one

containing

and

square,

29, led

carnivorous

digging to

sculptures represented

January,

long, and

metres

of

the

and

plates 21, 23,

the

in

researches

same

The

called

priests of

cou,

or

tetlanman
the

sacred

particular congregation, the

saceland

wolf

convent

49

of

which

the

bore

of

name

Tetlacmancalme--

cac*.

It is easy

zodiac, and

The

and

the

with

of

full

rnoons,

animals

be

considered

shepherd tribes.
gives

it

animal

is

Egyptian,
the

by
*

hare,

58;

the

Lib.

dog,

vol. xiii,p. 370.

fi

c.

13

This

Chaldean,
the

are

tiger,

replaced
Asia,

western

viii,c. 22, p.

lib. VIIT,

2, p. 291).

XIV.

in Africa,

the

Africa,Thrace, and

c.

hunting and

the

in

found

horse, and

lib. II,

the Tar-

real 2"J/^ may

zodiac, in which

[list, Nat,
Niereinberg,*

t Sec
VOL.

Greek

of

that

stellations
con-

exclusivelyAsiatic.

longer

the

the lion of

quemada,
torn.

or

zodiac

f"

wild

the

to

tiger,unknown

The

character
no

only

or

of the
of the

names

It is thus

the

as

wild

of space

measures

contains

2iodiac,which

the

to

by degrees

tmnsferred

are

of the

enjoyments,

When

the

they

the

dodecatemorion

the

themselves.
tai*

them

become

form

tame

lunations

in which

terror.

natk"ns
the

of animals.

rabbits, that

year

afford

of time

measures

zodiac

by

thfe years,

goats, "c., according

the

animals

inspire them
and

worship

of the

moon

periods of

tame

the

signsthat presided

tribes reckon

nomade

different

the

to

men

the
distinguish
tigers,that of

or

of the

names

led

have

may

the

divisions of the

the

how

days, the half-lunations,and

the

over

conceive

to

144

(torn.1.

Tor-

p. 194;

50

the

nation.

proportion

In

the

of

mass

their
celestial

animals

however,

has

exercise

evident

attach

great

preside
Mexico,
the

each

which

sign

the

were

led

the

tlie

image

of

small

chapels

time.

its

altar.

tems.
systo

At
In

column
Venus

planet
for

to

which

of

the

near

'

men,

signs,

had

days

(^eS HouXt"),
the

supported

( HhuicatitlanJ

of

number,

religious

have

divisions

of

enough,

on

dififerent

teoc'alli

great

considerable

to

lost

number

This

reveries

minations
deno-

have

the

importance

the

over

and

influence

Astrological

the

constellations

remained

an

civilized,

are

diminished.

has

The

agricultural

an

enlarged,

uniformity,

primitive

markable,
re-

very

agriculture.

of

ideas

zodiacal

is

nations

as

their

the

of

of

zodiac

is the

zodiac

Egyptian

what

and,

symbols

the

by

and

twios,

the

balance,

the

aste-

risms

macuilcaUi

(5 house),

chicome

(4 tiger)
of

the

worahip
the

system

of

as

atl

(7

the

greatei*

days
these
of

the

was

was

ome

water),

bit),
(2 rab-

nahm

ocelotl

and

part

composed

intimately

Calendar.

tochtli

of

the
of

phics
hierogly-

animals,

connected

the
with

62

Indians, and

extremely deep,
houses

the

spring

porphyriticrock
hedge

of

is

of

the

and

arid mountains,

and

which

in the

country

of

called

snows,

of the

river is

and

the

origin to
sulphur

volcano.
three

which

are

falls

It

forms,

Purac", who
makes

it is

the
is

Rio

franciscan

itself down

more

of

two

acid,

ai-e

This

and

of the

Coof

uppermost
second

sketched
the
the

of

in

garden

the

of

missionary

monk.

than

bably
pro-

plain of

The

through

the

in the interior
the

near

I have

house

its way

of

Vinagre.

bums

from

seen

visited

we

daily melting

the

(chorreras),

near

the

quakes.
earth-

cataracts

considerable.

very

volcano^

its source,

that

cataracts,

plate,as

Indian,

toward

black

by

of which

waters

of

is celebrated

1801,

beautiful

thing
No-

of

the

which

slender

asunder

Spaniards

warm

its

razan,

which

the

by

owes

30th

the

Pusambio,

small

these

for the

by

contrast

surround

November,

the

from

chain

the

torn

are

green.

the

villageof Purac",

small
month

and

which

cleft and

are

in the

river

than

with

verdure

this beautiful

The

delicate

agreeable

more

Purac"

with

(lechero)

most

pices
preci-

is enclosed

garden

euphorbiums

leaves, and

which

profusely

out

every

of

care*

ravines

two

village of

of the

Waters

built.

by

brink

the

on*

greatest

bounded

delightfulplain is

Tliis

the

with

cultivated

a
a

The
cavern,

hundred

an

of

water,

pitates
preciarid

53

"

The

metres.

twenty

and

river,

instead

Cauca,

is

latter

of

river

those

of

with

of

oxid

of

which

its

Rio

for

the

leagues,
with

waters

loaded

are

and

sulphuric

and

the

the

four

for

mixture

iron,

with

abyss

fish

Vinagre,

that

regret,

some

of

the

Rio

of

in

turesque,
pic-

travellers;

of

itself

mingling

destitute

is

the

Popayan

ingulfed

not

account

on

of

extremely

attention

the

attracts

inhabitants

the

but

is

cascade

both

muriatic

acids.

On

of

pourretia

of

filled

to

times

the

on

of

The

scarcity

even

which

of

bear

to

men.

group

resembling

of

stem

pith,

black

is

the

Cordilleras

the

farinaceous

great

plant

achupallas.

with

food

in

known

sketch

the

pyramidata,

pitcaimia,
name

of

foreground

the

the

by
this

the

plant

is

serves

Andes,

as

and

54

POSTMAN

OF

JAEN

OF

PROriNCE

THE

PLATE

In order
the
of

Andes,

the

Guancabamba,

that
tambo

of

he

sometimes
kind
a

the

Indian

through

called

around

turban

the

and

bearer

Ingafew

the

wraps

his head.

armed,

forests, than

This

in

as

to

turban

cut

weapon

he winds

(machette),with
rather

ters,
let-

month,

every

which

guayuco,

great knife
is

afterward

and

handkerchief, sometimes

of drawers

also
every

in

is the

river

days, first the

He

of

Peru

of

postman

Pomahuaca

Tomependa.

to

the

province

the east

on

Chamaya,

from

Amazons,

the

situate

for two
or

of which

as

easy,

swimming,

descends
of

more

and

Ocean,

Bracamoros,

de

Jean

between

communication

Pacific

of the

coasts

XXXI.

the

render

to

BRACAMOROS.

DE

tains
con-

which

his
of

way
fence.
de-

65

oi

Qfmut

of

small

its fall five hwndned

and

from

mOxm

number

great

I f"tt^d*

ford "of fticara

tbe

poi"tmibn k called

The

ming

postman

Chamaya,

careo

him

as

In

water.

order

the

bed

cascade,

of

need

no

finds

banks

Pucara,

The

to

is

render

the

pf the Marannon

their

waters

above

Pongo

de

with

hordes, therefore, almost

See

my

Recueil

has

He
for

him,

crocodiles
all travel

d^Obser^^. Astron.

he
rounded
sur-

along
de

Tomependa,
more

agi'eeIndian.

another

by

mingl^

infested

the

las Huertas
and

of

the

above

situate

and

log

sects
inter-

of huts,

journey

accompanied

rivers,which

happily not

with

between

Sonanga,

trees

reenters

great number

river

on

danger.

plaintain trees,

Cavico,

he

farther

no

in

pf the

Sometimes,
able,

lands

taking provision

with
the

sees

welcome

scending
less in de-

of rocks

forest, and

the

he

ledge

the

entered

he

river, he

the

crosses

when

water

of

village

in the

(pato de valza),

When

Slat

him

saw

moment

ochroma

or

lightwood.

very

the swimr
The

nada)

fatigue himself

to

in

ra",
village""f Cho-

river, he supports himself

the
of bombax

forty-two

eighteen leagues.

of

fue
we

the

at

cascades.;

In the oonntry

{el

plate represents
of

d"st"m"

small

the

ac-

it" mouth,

to

the

betow

the river of AmaasooB,

in

navigable,on

riviBr is not

Cfhamaya

The

with

those

Mayasi,
;

the

are

savage

like the Pe-

vol. 1, p. 314.

56

ruvian

are

either

lost

Ingatambo

de

leads

the

the

to

forests

quality.

or

the

by

villages
of

during

which

the

of

has

postman
he

Pareton,

seldom,

very

residence

the

Tomependa,

is

wetted

or

to

After

Jaen.

at

It

postman.

the

of

abound

by

Felipe
in

from

bark

of

governor

rested

dangerous
San

letters

passage

the

dther

returns

that

the

few

Pctramo

road

and

of

days

which

Sagiqu""
the

finest

57

HIEROOLYPHICAL

HISTORY

THE

OF

AZTECKS,
FROM

THE

THE

TO

DELUGE

OF

CITY

lished^at

the

work

to

of

well

has

of the
the

known,

seventeenth

some

ill-founded

on

Carreri.

of this author

have

we

pub^*

century, in

of Gemelli

Mondo

republish this piece,

which

afa*eadybeen

voyage

Griro del

the

Although
a

end

nan'ative

the

XXXIl.

painting

historic

THE

MEXICO.

OF

PLATR

This

FOUNDATION

it proper

thought
the

doubts

is

authenticityof

have

been

raised,

"

that

deserve

pulous

to

be

attention.

great number

of

examined
It is

with

only by

documents,

the most
the

that

reunion
we

can
.

scru^

of

hope

58

throw

to

the
history,

the

lighton

some

the civilization of those

that

were

ignorant of

combined

admirable

the

of

lysing
ana-

b|r ae^jMuate

comparison

characters.

America^

art

paiBting tben

sounds, and
or

of

nations

and

manners,

of the

u
N

which

documents

each

other
but

explanationeasy,

their

only

not

affords

also certain
the Azteck

the confidence,which
respecting

data

in the

recorded

traditions

will be

powerfulmotives
of the choice

think, that such

sufficient
of

inedited

the many

to

made

lected
articles col-

few

justification

already printed,and

works

from

them

have

we

the first

writingsof

deserve.

Spanish missionaries

renders

docmaents

adding

published

in this collection.
The

hieroglyphicsketch

platehas

hitherto

been

it is found

as

of the

has

been

I durst

imposture.

in

as

of

America,

received

because

opinion,that

out "^{Italy; and

d" is

an

account

that Robertson
be advaooea

32d

more

glected,
ne-

book, which, in

of

mass

sequence
con-

author
it

fistlsehoodand

of Gemelli

speak

not

reri,says the illustrious

^^

the

the

extraordinaryscepticism,

most

considered

much

so

in

given

of

the

this travell^

that his famous

History

be

to

seems

was

Giro

Car-

now

never

del Mon-

t)fa fictitious voyage."*

It is true,
does not
for be

of fraud
pitttatioii

to

seem

adopt the opinion

adds,that
judiciously

does not appear

'

"

to

him

this im-

founded

60

from

recitals of his friends,

the

Carreri, like that

Gemelli

who, in
80

our

mixture

of

sketch

The

formerly

of

Ixtlilxochitl.

This

the

college of

ignorant
order.

of

Jesuits

I turned

the

over

not

manuscripts

the

Spanish monk,

who

are

of

found

America.

and
and

to

has

engraving of
is

all that
the

Grama,

the

painting of

no

one

fiction of
to

tainly
cer-

the
we

some

prove,

that the traditions

that

in

hypothesis, that

attempted

among
All

which

Veletri, and

is the

Gemelli

of

apocryphal documents,
Hebrews

Mexico,

plate ;

hieroglyphicscontained

of Rome

give credit

drawing

at

compare

of Mendoza

the collections

would

we

versity,
Uni-

original

32d

the

the

are

the

in

from

made
If

migrations with

in the

exist

in

Azteck

find the

to

chronological in

symbolical and

the

copies

Carreri.

Gemelli

Abb"

of the

of the

library of

drawing represented

certainlywere

the

being

old

de

We

Mexico.

leaves

able

several

glyphic
hiero-

the

its fate after the destruction

without

but

Aztecks

Indian, Juan

at

the

the

the

collection, as

paintings,preserved in
of

facts.

preserved, till 1759,

Clavigero affirms, was

the

of

with

ble
inextrica-

an

observed

noble

ler,
travel-

treated

inherited

who

Siguenza,

of

tion
distinguishedcollec-

part of the

paintings
Alba

well

migration

of the

made

Dr.

of

and

errors

been

contain

to

work

celebrated

times, has

own

seems
severity,

much

of

The

by

of the

tions
indigenous na-

know

of

the

61

history,t^"

worship,
fables

cosmogonical

of

ornaments

Greeks), all

history of

the

in

world*.

the

which

in

in the

in the
of the

We

cannot

that

we

presents
re-

(tlalpilli),

are

in

the

of

to

the

sculptured on
foundations

Robertson,

is always

who

mitted,
facts,has ad-

last edition of his work,

the

the

which

catastrophes,or

examination

paintingsof

the

Coxcox
with

indictions

1790

the

regenerations of

great year,

discovered

severe

which

drawing,
and

teocalli of Mexico.

of the

(6

these

of the

subdivisions

from

the

four

The

to
relatef-

stone,

and

in

divine

begins

that

bark, is indicated

Wtj" of the

Sfou

deluge

destructions

the

the

of

character, and

same

The

circumstances

same

and

Aztecks,

Aztecks,

himself

saved

forms

closelyconnected

are

idols

the

physiognomy.

same

Mexicans,

paintings,the bas-reliefs,

the

bear

the

astrology,and

the

(teqtetl of the

stones

The

other.

each

the

of

the parts of which

system,
with

the

the authenticity
of

museum

Siguenza.

doubt," says this great historian,

indebted

are

Mexico,

natives

of

drawing

seems

to

and

prove

the

made

This

last observation
confirmed

the

the

of

the

coiTcctness

that the

by

European

does

by

paintings to

only,

retouched

been

or

for these

an

not

appear

great number

copy

to

has

artist.**
be

tirely
en-

of hiero#

'

"

Plate

See

26.

page

25

aad

vol. xiii"p. 372.

63

glyphicpaintingspreserved in

in the

improvement
1 saw,

by
of

backs

Cruz, and

to

paintings were

but

Indians

by

made

the

observe

we

more

the trunk

eye

longer

seen

in the

which

stags,

we

see

them

expresses

sketches

them,

animated

or

is

and

front

the

as
are

horses,
can
Mexi-

n^l

form.

if in procession

multiplied;

rather than

insensibly transformed

employ only a
indicate

vol. xiii,page

159.

no

symbolic painting,

recals events,

phonetichieroglyphics*,to
See

profileis

their

other

painting,which

in

longer grouped

in action

ward
to-

selves
separate them-

the

gradually

assume
no

arts

paintings resembled

their i*elations to each

which

an

in

were

Azteck

figuresare
;

if it

as

the

riods,
pe-

figures become

limbs

the

Cortez.

of

different

of

stunted

Vera

lookingover

of

proportionate. The
from

The

On

progress

perfection. The

horseback,

by Europeans,

not

hieroglyphic manuscripts

the

the

objects unknown

Mestizoes.

and

sented,
repre-

arrivingat

the arrival

before

These

were

on

vessels

of other

number

perceived.

outlines,bishops on

plough,

Mexicans

the

which

on

paper,

mules, Spanish lancemen

yoked

oxen

is

drawing

evident

an

collection,clothes of cotton,

correct

very

1540,

year
of

art

in the Botnrini

rolls of agave

and

to

the

especiallysince

of the

since the conquest,

at Mexico^ where^
vicerayalty

and

the archives

the

names

into
few
of

63

picture, which

the

is

GemeUi,

by
a

sites.

and

persons

Mexican.

he

the descendant

The

following
has

the

imitated

with

altered

has

the

the

the

drapery

Mexican

no

doubt

avoided

the

original;

of

scrupulous
and

of which

that

he

cycles ;

has

but

human

the

have

we

the

exactness

the

proportions of

analogous to

manner

conquest^ either

forms

namesy

to

of a. Spaniard and

painter has

incorrect

hieroglyphicsof
be

after the

made

tUink, that

to

communicated

Siguenza

copy

native, or

inclined

am

gures,
fiin

formed

found

in other

paintings*.

The

the

followingare
in the 32d

plate,according

explanation,to
taken

which

shall

we

the

from

cated
indi-

principal events

add

historical

Siguenza*s

to

few

annals

dents
incithe

of

Mexicans"
The

bistcM-y
begins by

the fourth

ing

the

to

of

fourth

\.

water
to

destruction

the

beginning
The

and

of

the

"

Plate
t

See

terminates

took

and

age

14,

of

the

the

age

place,acccnrding

seventeen,
years

or

one

teen
eigh-

after

the

eiarth, tlaltonatiuh.

of these

No.

or

accord^

world, whkh,

twenty-eight

difference

enormous

Coxcox,

chronological systems,

four hundred

thousand

of

xjycles,atcmatiuh,

cataclysm

received

Deluge

cosmogony,

great

This

two

thousand

of the

Azteck
the

the

abpve, page

and
23,

numbers

7.

ougUt^

64

less

astonish

to

theses^ which

Bailly^Sir
duration

us^ when
in

William

of th/e five

the

inhabit

of

the

Xisuthrus,

Noah,

advanced

by
the
Of

Mexico, paintings

deluge

theAztecks,

The

hypo^

Bentley *, on

Coxcox

are

the

Miztecks,

Zapotecks, %he Tlascaltecks, and

nese.

the

of the Hindoos.

Yougas
that

representing
among

been

Jones, and

the different nations

found

have

days

our

recollect

we

the MechoacaMenou

or

of these

nations, is called Coxcox, Teo-Cipactli, or TezHe

pi.

saved

himself
in

Xochiquetzal,
traditions,on

midst

summit

of

ihe

represented on

At

heads

the

appear

the

the

of

denote
the

top of

horns, which,
female

the

deluge

were

tree, distributes

representedunder

Asiat.
See

the

form

Researches,

(he lawsuit

we

of the

of

Vol.

io Plate

and
the

two

have

8, page
12.

hierotain
moun-

tresses

served,
oft-^nobmen

dove, from

small

is

his wife.

them

among

tree,

Colhuacan^

The

sex.

dumb

by

foot

as

tain,
moun-

phonetic

by

the

horn, which

of Coxcox

latter of these is known

in the form

The

of

The

left,is

Colhuacan.

of
gljrphic

after

Peak

of the Mexicans.

Ararat

The

is the

other

in

Coxcox

bark.

wife,

(cupressus dis-

which, crowned

the waters,

rises above
the

lying in

his

according to

or,

painting represents

of the water,

the

bark,

raft of ahuahuete

The

ticha).

conjointlywith

bom

the

tongues,
commas

195.

^.

65

We

dried

were

they

importance

mankind.

from

out

flesh,did

not

the

return

great number

of carcases,

recentlydried

up,

the

great
draw,
with-

to

vulture,the

which
bird,^

feeds

account

of the*

on

which

with

strewed.

was

was

waters

his bark
This

zopUote (vultur aura).

dead

ous
spaci-

which

When

ordered
Tezcatlipoca,
spirit,

on

served
pre-

mals,
wife, his children, several ani-

to

Tezpi sent

waters

Coxcox,

in

of
grain, the presei'vation

and
of

which

to

Tezpi, embarked

called

acalli with his

the

of Mechoacan

people

tradition,according

whom

The

up.

the bird

with

tidings/that

Coxcox

brings

which

this dove

donfound

not

must

the

Tezpi

earth,

sent

out

birds,

other

of

one

which, the^humming

alone, returned, holding

covered

with

verdure

began

These

clothe

to

of

sight of

high

soil,quitted his bark

the

here

and

marine

repeat, remind

venerable

substances, foand

communication, the idea

which

for

life on

the earth
the

certain

traces

time

but
of

cosmogonical ideas,

who

of great

VOL.

XIV.

have

the
had

inundations,

not

we

and

the

? does
P

to

ledge
acknow-

origin,wherever

common

first traditions of

nations, offer striking

analogieseven
circumstances

on

The

extinguished organic

ought
a

even

of

us

antiquity.

loftiestsiunmits^ might give men,

no

fresh

of Colhuacan;

traditions,we

others

branch

leaves; Tezpi, seeing that

the mountain

near

its beak

in

bird

not

the

in the minutest

humming-

66

bird of

Tezpi

remind

Dencalioii^ and

sent

whether

had

might

waters

altars

erect

that

dove,

of

Inrds, which, according

the

Berosiu, Xisuthrus
the

of Noah*s

us

his

ark, to

see

he

whether

ofl^ and

run

protectingdivinities

the

to

from

out

to

of

Chaldea?
The

Ithe
'

which

tongues,

the

to

(No. 1), being infinitely

of America

nations

distributed

dove

varied,these nations disperse,and fifteen heads

of

"miliesonly,whospokethe8ametongue,andfitnn
whom

the

huans

descended, unite,and arrive

of the garces

country

hieroglyphicof water,

Aztlan.

The

pyramidical

teocaUL

this teocalli

tree

near

not

indicate

northern

certain" that

it is almost

first country

of

the

of the Aid

Mexican

the

placed
only
a

because

stranger

to

he

was

look

most

w^

for llie

nations, AztJan,

the

the northern

have

the

names

above

their beads"

Perhaps

the torMd

tem{^

of

this

countries.

zone,

Aztlan

tree

The

in Aztlan

to

tepee the figuresplaoed along the road

was

fifteen

simple hieroglyphicsof

the teocalli erected

least

at

latitude.

of

ignorant^that

chiefs

From

nevertheless

r^^ion;

painter,inb^iting
near

steps

finding a palm

Amaquemecan,

degree

pakn-tree

with

plant certainlydoes

Mexican

Huehuetlapallan, and
North

at

this

att,denotes

monument

astonished

am

bird

The

flamingoes).

or

the

A2tlan^(the

at

placedon
is

the Acot-

Toltecks, the Azted^s, and

their

Ghapolinc"oale

()8

mountain
ancient

locusts

the

of

cypresses,
from

view

and

celebrated

the

top of the hill*

Colhuacan

of

same

phonetic hieroglyphicsas
which

represents the
of

mountain

the

and

(No. 29), place of

Colhuacan

(No. 34), designatedby

marshy soil,and
reposed
by

lalco

founders

the

of

those

mark

build

to

were

to

city

of

Te-

dykes

traversing

been

place

city,and

where

the

Tenochtitlan
;

the

is at present

which

pointed

finish their

(No. 27)

(No. 28), which

Mixiuhcan

Tenochtitlan

had

the

of

Tlatelalco

Coxcox,

of

the

the

in the

nopal (cactus) on

which

eagle,

oracle,

the

tecks

the

the

by

by

city of

the

ficent
magni-

found

are

by

Coxcox,

denoted

deluge

childbirth

(No. 26)

mazcatitlan

for tlie

(No. 30),

king

square,

shadowed

place

a
,

out

Az-

tions
migra-

(No. 36)
city of
only a

'

Tlatesuburb

of Mexico.
shall not

We

the events

which

to

hieroglyphicsof
These

events

the

historical

an

simple

as

from

recorded

historyof

in

Mexico

for the
ourselves

See

monument

of

method

which

the

connexion
with

my

od

relate.
and

published by
picture

history,than

the

is less

ing,
interest-

the artist has followed

of facts.

Now

of

compound

Torquemada,

this

noticing here,

Essay

and

detail

painting of Siguenza

Clavigero. Besides,

curious

"

the

are

in the ancient

Abb"

into

enter

We
that

shall content
the bundles

Spain" vol. i, page

17V,

2.

of

69

Gemelli

as

four

(No. 2), "Jo

asserts^ periods of

not

sent^
repre-

hundred

and

Huehuetiliztli, but cycles,or ligatures,

or

years,

ribands

with

tied

rushes

Xiuhmolpilli,of fifty-twoyears*.
picture exhibits

whole

hundred

four

or

founded

in the

a!nd sixteen

the

that

27th

nations
before

the

Christian
other

the

in the

of

in the

Now,

four

nails, or

this date

malpain.

yoke

the

note

nation

the number
dwelt

the

cycles

1038

year

the

can
Mexi-

of the

I"-"

of the

in each

See

beei

examination,

It

followed

Aztecks

kings

(Nos.

years,

xiii,p.

286.

were

annals
the

on

by
the

lieved
re-

of Colhuacan

the

to

we

in the

then

was

14

that

place, before

vol.

have

years

the

accom-|
ligature denote \

cycle

placed

the

circles

hieroglyphic of

the

the cities
of

"

five

our

that

circles

hieroglyphics of

of

sacrifice of TIalixco

is conformable

The

place

(No. 30).

of their era,

from

the

the

famous

units, near

Colhuacan

208

year

the

that

hieroglyphicof

the

of

The

painting under

find

city of

times,

since

was

places this emigration,fromt

hieroglyphic of

number

membering,
Re-

years.

chronology

took

or

tures,
liga-

Xiuhmolpilli^we

emigration

Aztian

Gama

era.

connected

and

the

these

Tenochtitlan

the

to

1298,

year

of

year

indications,in 1064.

panying
the

from

of

city

find, that, according

picture (Plate 32),

of

only eight

The

of Chi-

side of the

and
the

17), deAzteck

it continued

70

migrations.

its

indicates

of

that

often

twelve
rical

fills

of

Anahuac

the

in other
of

on

and

the

Azteck

of Rome.

Christian

epocha

Mexicans,

white

devoted
legislator,

like those

of

and
to

on

the

coasts

to

the

emigration

and

of Panuco.

childish fables.

from

Among

most

and

western

Every

barbarous

that

frcmi
times

heroic

tury
cen-

and

it

was

the Bouddha

bearded

Aztlan

of

pacific

Etruscans

the

tecks
Az-

ties
then, the divini-

men

of monasteries

Thibet

by

the eleventh

to

Quetzalcohuatl,
a

founder

of

not

countiy

them

The

Till

era.

in the action
that

and

religiousand

historyextend

mingled

in the
from

or

It treats

pi-ecededthe

who

that

ten

this histo^

only,

distinguishedthe

first inhabitants

of the

Aztecks

differed

arts, and

ings
paint-

skins,

or

rendered

five centuries
who

single

Mexican

ck)tb,

Toltecks,

than

of the

of the

and

recording

length, has

of

the

place

fifth cycles took

of

pieces

character, which

the

idea

migration

more

this

while

abridgment extremely incomplete.

of that

the

Apuzco

and

Tenochtitlan.

at

in

metres

of the

love

and

size what

small

of

sheet

cycle, at

and

singular

The

Cohnatepetl

at

festival of the

celebrated

fourth

Colhuacan,

Tlalixco

at

the

third

the

festivals of the
at

terminated

Chimalpain,

to

cycle was

ligature (No. 2)

the

cycle that

the

for^according
second

think

man,

at

of

priest

rigorous -penances,
congregations
Asia, appeared

thing anterior
is mixed

with

nations, with-

71

out

facts,
to

the

existence,
the

which

beyond

interval

distant

of

which

the

before

the

from

race

be

only
Aztlan.

of

has

two

been

cycles

as

social

less

of

before

the

of

thousands

not

space,

are

all

and

their

their

founded
con-

cataclysm,

same

place

of

measure

and

other,

Chinese,

confined

point

well

as

the

perhaps

people

awakening
to

tion

Semitic

improvement

Americans,
whose

the

is

longer

time,

each

and

no

Hindoos,

the

of

In

approach

together

is

they

events.

objects

history

There

period.

short

of

remembrance

thehr

of

knowledge

very

the

preserving

of

means

state,

tions
na-

years
the

ancient,

but

date,

posed
sup-

later

their

emigra*

72

BRIDGE

OF

ROPES

NEAR

PENIPE.

PLATE

The

lake

the
of

river

small
of

of

from

that

is celebrated

which

cochineal*, which
time

immemorial.

reach

Riobamba,

volcano
the

of

of
the

the

on

7th

the

few

of

See

Political

of

It

waters

thousand

of

the

four
ocean

the

cultivation

of

have

followed

from

declivityof

western
we

the

stopped

minutes,

on

New

to

1 797

to

the

examine

memorable

February,

Essay

from

crossing this country

Tunguragua,

space

my

In

two

level

for

disrupted by

country

is

flows

pleasing village

Pen"p".

natives

the

which

the

the

above

metres

of

of which

ravine, the bottom

and

Cliambo,

Coley, separates

Guanaiido

hundred

XXXIIl.

quake
earth-

which,

in

destroyed thirty or

Spain, vol, ii,p.

465.

74

of Ws

the

jonrney

Tchiotchieu^

of

bridge

14^^ which

lat. 27^

Chnka,

in

forty feet

Thibet^ has given

to

lengthy and

horseback.

This
(A

composed

which

chain

the

near

is

plan

be

may

in

and

passed

on

is

Boutan

piecesof

with

covered

of

fortress "rf

hnndred

one

bridge

five chains

the

bamboo.
V

All

travellers
of

danger
look

great, when

singleperson

strong, when

very

Indian

an

the

walks

who

when,

frightenedby

be

through

sees

bridge, and
A

rail.

condition

lay

bridge

ropes

are

must

policeis

the

few

which

broken.

proceed

holes, throu^
years

ten

or

On

with

old

which
he

of the

midst

as

serve

twenty

of

some

But

pieces

years.
the

in

these

we

often

of bamboo

bridgestravellers

great circumspection,to avoid

which
before

renew

of the

these

or

generally in good

years.

most

by

bamboos^

negligent,that

so

become

himself;

that

ropes

to

bridge

of the water

five and

or

very

is conducted
than

lasts

however,

bridges in

see

of hamac

eight

every

countries

of the

hold

the

ropes

stop in the

to

only twenty

It is necessary,

traveller

quicker

not

or

ward
body leaning for-

the interstices of the

imprudence

has the

his

the view

is

over

of the

oscillations

the

but

a, crevice

danger

passes

quicklyas possible,with

as

above

This

torrent.

extreme

bridges^which

rope

suspended

like ribands

impetuous

an

these

passing over

the

of

spoken

have

the

my

whole

abode

body might slip.

at

Penip",the

ha"

bridg

mac

at

having

sue

this

ac

"^

*^

'

though

listened

and

bridge

of

which

travellers

ropes,

sterling,
a

the

of

may

torrent,
Andes.

pass

and
of

build
which

rushes

tory
oscilla-

lateral
and

ropes
ed
stretch-

It

is

loaded
has

Lima,

forty

stone

The

length,

communication

Quito

torrents,

bank.

with

after

thousand

bridge,
fix)m

of

the

bridge,

extraordinary

upwards
to

the

of

by

the

of

depth

the

piers.

diminished

middle

between

expending

over

be

permanent

blisbed

of

toward

diagonally

impetuosity

the

construction

the

to

where

country,

might

motion

useful

_^.^^i^

crevices,
the

with

Ci

of

prevent

of

bridges

mountaitiuus

that

^
'

su;

bridges

the

tremely

/-"^^'^

^^^^'^^^

most

'^

Ir".^

Theanciei

in

^'^

^^jA^

wood,

of

uence

ti"^^^rA.
^^"^^^^
^^^^T^^"^*^^ p/u^y^^v*^Irowned
'^^

rapid.

they

all

m.'J^

rivei

the

of

^uw"/^

all

which

in

'^''down

"^'^^ Ctfi^AA*-/'^^^'^
^'^ ^^",

once.

By

"6^*^

,c

^^

near

the

by

and

on

mules,
been

elta-

uselessly
pounds
Santa,
Cordillera

74
of his
the

*'

has givenm
jourooy to lltibet,

Tchiotchien,near

of

bridge

14',which

lat. 27"

Chuka,

is

*'

'
.

fortyfeet in

length,and

horseback.

This
of

composed

whir'

chwn

^t!

five chM'

'

deftkred

'

bamboo.
All

danger
look

of

'tiiesfr'

pas":*

like

snsjietldbr'

ribands

impetuous torreilt"

an

great, when
as

spoben

travellers

quicklyas

ward

but

singlepeii^
t
postiblft)

"!"""'
-^^'

.^jbc porph3^

the oiciUft'

less

i%

v'^ thu ^^ singularfin

Indian
who
^^^ summit
Wa^ ^*^i
of t
when, Aightraied
resembling squa
^-''^'''triock,
he
throu^ *i* " ^ ibe natives of the Aztei
strong, when

very

*'

an

sees

has the

bridge,and
r^,

nece

ropes

ev

counlrit

Ir

bri-

condition
It is

from noK
'jjjgfjicmpatepetly
a mountain
'^^^ andtepeil,
; ai]

im[wncf'

**

^^^2i*
*"*

*^

^**"""

of

Perot

'^Ki'^Kfc
pwintaincommands

S^tt^
^^ ^
^^

jjcospectover
slope of
"clcrn

the

vei

plai

the Cordi

^**'* ^^'^'^^ forests

3^*^^ ctff*"'^
i / '^IJtiorewent
ferns, and
sensitiv

seebri'
booar
must

hoIcF
A

fe

y*|^^jt

we

discern

the

j^ P*JJp

rtstk of St. John

2" '^^^ ITif "^"*^erdoes

0^^'T{\fi
pert"rtMal
snows.

harbour
of

not

Ulua, an"
enter

I found

int

by

79

Their

raldas.

the

and

Quito

seaeoast"

by Bouguer

measured

in these

lute

of

height

the

value
natural

Those

in

the

the

the

the

height

city
of

the

history
the

of Pascal^
of

the

French

of

Quito"

the

and

where

by

proximativ
ap-

coefficient.
iaterest

selves
themthe

of

progress

with

that

Perrier, following

atteinpjbedfirst

mountains

abso-

the

of Ilinissa

name

height

the

barometric

of

of

micians
acadeof

measurements"

Puy-de-dome"

advice

and

philosophera" who

sciences" will rank

of

two

plain

trigonometrically

was

the

above

by the diffi^rence

determined"
obtained

both

height"

the

aid

to

of

measure

baro^

meter.

.o

"

it

80

FRAGMENTS

OF

HIEROGLYPHICKS

AZTECK

DXVOSITKD

ROYAL

ly

LIBRARY

OF

PLATE

Thess

fragments

manuscripts,

that

in Mexico.

There

lists formed

are

taken

be

can

agave

makes

is

paper,

length ;

and

which

the
what

other

to

be

the great number

to

indicate

lists.
Mexicanus
four

of

in

metres

registerof maize,

am

painter meant
of small

they

tributes,

productions, which

tribute, tequitl. I
the

of

easy

or
a

abode

my

doubt, that

codex

is three

appears

gold ingots, and

not

in these

of

part

no

ancient

some

collectors

the

by

objectsdesignated

No.

from

purchased during

but
tlacalaquiltecani
;
the

BERLIN.

XXXVI,

are

THE

squares

posed
com-

absolutelyignorant
to

indicate

by

symmetrically

81

disposed.

second

the

In

each

other

in

days

marked

here

and

which

the

follow

No.

3, might lead
known

equally

the

near

these

Mexicans

give

we

in No.

birds

before

of

sign

turkeys,delineated

the

to

placed

think, that

to

at

paid.

explanation can

and

us

the times

denote

be

heads

cocks

The

there

What

women's

The,

periodical series.

to

was

2, 3, 4.

of these

20 ?

tribute

hieroglyphics,which

four

find

left, we

right to

from

reckoning

row,

were

the

con,

if it

quest;

sufficiently
proved,

were

which

paintings, from
date

back

farther

shown

in

Indies,

known

than

the

work*,

another

the

in

figures

century.

that

the
of

America

the

taken,

are

16th

islands

into

introduced

was

these

that

I have
of

cock

the

South

by

the

the

Sea,
Euro.

peans.
The

tlamamay

gtalks

of

maize,

I shall not

the

No.
which

they

7
was

did

XIV.

determine

tlamama,

not

pay

the

the

backs, appear

to

"ssay, vol. %
G

sembling
re-

rabbit.
of

at

Indians, whose

Political

somewhat

punishment,
natives

unhappy

tribute

hold

speciesof

the

and

kind

the

out

iiiflictedon

VOL.

to

to

in their hands.

Mexican
tocTitliy
or

points

their

5, appear

sugar-canes,

the

Three
behind

or

undertake

beneath

animals

porters. No.

or

the

hands
be

time
are

condemned

p. 452.

when
scribed.
pre-

tied
to-

82

the

each

parish^

tributaries

to

add^

punishment,
not

obedient

the

and

the

bottom

to

to

of

the

before

;
at

lists

The

gallows.

be
the

Uibutes

eyes

of

collectors
of

the

inflicted
law.

placed

were

the

jlequitqui^

or

accustomed

were

list^ the
on

ii^

those

of

nature

who

the

were

84

cihtuiywoman).

and

pi.13,

canus,

No.

2.

N.

The

The

the

right, indicates

of

the

first year
the

cycle beginning by
in

of mankind

mother

of

rabbit, tochtUy placed

Fabrega pretends,

the

the Eve

serpent woman,

same

Mexicans.

P.

Vati-

2.

the

each

Codex

the

Compare

sign

is

of the

worlds

of the

rabbit.

Commentary,

his

on

represented in

that
state

humiliation, eatingcuitlatl{}i(npo").
No.

Lord

The

of

the

4.

of

place

teuhtia^ydevouring
No.

fol. 58,

(Cod. Borg.

3.

with

huetonacateocipactU;

from

flesh,teotU god,

our

cayOy

explanations given,
338.

This

Codex

Borg.

No.

5.

The
group,

divinities

plate 29

zihpochtU,

on

and

98).
Hue-

old,

vol.

found

tona-

See the

dpactli.

23, and
is

No.

long beard.

huehue,

with

xiii,p.
in

again

club

in

find
the
in

They

skull.

goddess, holding

56, MSS

we

namely,
a

human

sceptre, which

fol.

as

Teayamiqui.

goddess

MSS

the

folio 60.

(Cod. Borg.

same

24,
a

page

figure

same

275).

dead, Mictlan"

the

fol.

age,

old

No.

child.

(Cod. Borg.

in his

Noah

MSS

her

is terminated

Plate

and

the
ting
sit-

copied only

left hand

by

29, iig. 5, pa^jfe 47

"

Htdt-

pictured

are

I have

265)
hideous

of war,

hand,

sceptre is called Maquahuitly from

"

the

in

god
his

No.

hand.

kind

the
of

This

maitl,a hand;

85
.

quahuitly wood.

and

that

hand

seal

of

is

doubt

no

the

represented

and

which

the

of

erecta

mantis

paintings

is

Capet*,

markable^
re-

very

Azteck

which

that

Hugh

of the

us

find in

we

justice,like

of

the

on

It

minds
re-

Rx)man

co-

horts-f-.
No.

Teocipactliy the

6.

represented

I have

4.

natives

of the

forehead

it

chosen

extraordinary shape

of the

in

No.

figure

same

of

of the

and

general singularly flattened, and

endeavour

to

heroical
7.

No.

the

same

by

the side

the

are

painters
in representing

the

remind

of the

of St.

triangular
The

we

150).

the

brated
cele-

Anthony.
temple

of

of which

roof

is

idol, placed in

offering of

temple,

No.
of

us

represented

serpent.

MSS

Temptation
is

the

niche, receives

By

the

page

Quetzalcohuatl,
surrounded

Peru

character

fol. 33,

which

imps,

picture of
On

The

personages.

(Cod. Borg.

little

Five

this

exaggerate

account

on

forehead.

Mexico

is

as

human

the

see

heart.

goddess

of

"

"

Montfaucon,
36

page

Menestrier,

(Lyon, 1750)
127

page
t

page

Gilbert

of the French

nouvelle

52

M"thode

Dictionnaire

Devarennes

Veterum

Militia Romana,

raisonn"e
de

41.

de

Tr"voux,
page

Blaaon
tona.

p. 18

iii^

184.

Hispaniaramque

Dialogi (Antverp 1654)

page

vol. i,

Monarchy,

(Paris, 1636)

Augastinns, Antiquitat. Romanor.

Nummis
de

Monuments

in

lipsius

S6
.

her

Hell, Mictlanteuhcihuay stretching out

toward

the

The

sign
astrological

Sun

in its four

Sun

the

at

the

solstices*.

calli,house

dates

were

rairiy6 house

and

according

at

one

the

3 ape^

to

of

tropics, at

the

the

Mexico

of

the

city of

added

to

the

hieroglyphics

those

sign

which

ollin is

have

we

placed

insect, which

scolopendra.

or

of the
a

ciphers

differ several

units

be

to

ignorant

astrologicalsymbol,

The

of

extremity

appears
am

the

of the

which

is

in the

just mentioned.

the

at

odical
peri-

Sun

and

but

would

the

the

equator,

zenith

from

If these

they

which

in

days

series,

of the

ozomatli,

dispositionof

the

to

the

at

dates

asterisms

the

answer,

the

quiahuitl,rain.

and

positionsof

equator, and

find

we

by

over

tonatiuhy the

of the

us

in the

side

the

da3ns presided
ape

remind

to

210).

No.

which, by prints of feet,

zenith,

At

Ollin

nahui

motions

xocpalliyseems

or

47, MSS

fol.

(Cod. Borg.

8.

No.

victim.

of the

body

arms

drical
cylin-

millipede
tion
significaresembles

cross.

No.

(Cod. Borg.

fol.

in
foldingchild];en

woman
one

No.
The

9.

hand
10.

toward

59).

and

man

their arms,

and

ing
rais-

Heaven.

(Cod. Borg.

fol.

23,

MSS

No.

94).

drinking devil,Tlacatecolutl motlatlaperiani,

^* Sec

vol.

xiii,page

362

and

390,

87

holding
blood

of

what

we

neck.

ferocity

have

of

the

hand^

one

while

hearty

another
his

from

in

heart

This

already

Mexican

people.

"

third

hideous

advanOed

Page

44*

drinking

and

is

figure
*.

the

ed
suspendconfirms

respecting

the^

88

MIGRATION
OF

THE

NATIONS,

AZTECK

FEOM

HIEROGLYPHIC

DEPOSITED

PAINTING

IN

LIBRARY

ROYAL

THE

AT

BERLIN.

XXXVIII.

PLATE

This

ill

made

part of

belonged

preserved fragment

the

to

The

turini.

behold

by

in it a
the

picture, which

collection

figuresare

amatl, or paper
'

great

appears

of

warlike
a

marshy country

hieroglyphic of

river toward

atl; printsof feet,

the

shot
other

ed
left,indicat-

the

on

water,

arrows

the

on

(agave americana). We

o" maguey

people ;

Bo-

clumsilypainted

very

xocpaUmackiotl^representing
a

have

formerly

Chevalier

the

of

to

migrations

from

combats

one

of

bank

between

89

two

of which

nations^one

and

other

the

It is

century of

and

naked

without

that
probable,

of

some

isai-med with

our

in the

era,

and

of defence.

means

these combats

took

those,which

bucklers,

placein
of the

wars

nate
desig-

the sixth

Aztecks

other

huntingnations,
that dwelt on the north and the west of the valley
The figures
of Mexico.
placednear the hieroglyphic
house, perhapsindicate the foundation
calli^

againstthe

Otomites

The

of certain towns.
are

with

ornamented

tribe, and

those

have

bucklers

are

found

on

some

peculiarto

arms

each

appendages of leather,
or

cotton, well fitted to deaden

which

of the Aztecks

the stroke of

Etruscan

vases*.

dart,
The

figuresare disposedin symmetricalorder. We

at seeingthem
their left
use
might be surprised
rather than their right;but we have had
hand
occasion

confounded

often

well

alreadyto remark,

as

in several
*

*.

that the hands

in the Mexican

as
paintings,

Egyptianbas-reliefs.
See

plate14, No.

2.

are

90

VASES

OF

GRANITE

FOUND

COAST

OF

ON

HONDURAS.

PLATE

These

granite

large as they
in

serred

found

and

ignorant

published by

point

out

ornaments

those

on

the

Brander.

of

as

preLord

They

shore^ in

were

habited
country in-

ly
nation^ entire-

barbarous
are

described

Antiquarian Society

have

introduced

the

analogy that

with
the

which
mins

Archaeologia,or

plate26,

Mr.

plate^are

collections

sculpture. They

publishedby
T,

the

times

by

Pownal, in the interestingMemoirs

Thomas

in

Moschetto

of

four

are

in the 39th

present I^

at

Mr.

which

vases^

England
the

on

XXXIX.

appear

Hillsborough

THE

p. 318.

Soc.

exists
are

of

to

the

between

decorated, and

Mitla.

of

Miscelfaoeous

the

drawings,

these

they

of London*.

Tracts

This

analogy

relatingto

quity,
Anti-

Antiquariesof London,

toI.

91

entirely
made

the

province

beyond

the

lake

work

of

reflect

use

tribe

some

on

the

the

among
is

Cortez

of

form

carried

Mr.

Pownal

to

to

Mexico

has

sage
pas-

penetrated
We

that

vases

described.

may

in

16th

the

similar

the

are

If

race.

vessels

the

ornamented

Tolteck

of

admit,

their

toitoises,

the

Spaniards

impossible

in

vases,

and

the

of

Spanish

Nicaragua.

birds

who

some

Oaxaca,

of

were

Indians^

of

these

of

they

Toltecks,

of

that

heads

form

the

that

through

'the

with

the

by
the

conjecture,

hence

which

imitate

know,

We

vase.

that

suspicion,

conquest

to*

attempted

it

the

after

even

the

destroys

we

domestic

century,
soldiers

to

of

those,

92

AZTECK

AN

IN

IDOL5

BASALT,

FOUND

VALLEY

THB

IK

MEXICO.

OF

PLATE

This

idol in porous

small

deposited in
reminds
at

the

the

reach
hole

the

forehead

in the

breast

appears

I and

priestess,placed

and

by

of

xiii,plate

Prussia^

We

*.

find

the caUm^

pearls of California,

middle

Vol.

I have

of

resembles

the

to

king

work

our

terminated

knot, and

the

of the

statue

of Isis

heads

surround
a

of

head-dress, which

same

which

that

the

basalt^ which

of this part of

head

tica of the

with

cabinet

the

of

us

the

XX.

the

two

the

2, page

tied

appendages

body.
to

bag

have

43,

The

cular
cir-

served

93

as

the

receptacle

of

xochitlenamactlij,
I

idols.

its
and
the

left

am

the

which

the

forms

art.

thing

about

the

are

it

(copalli
before

burnt

was

what

ignorant

hand

every^

incense

indicates

figure

highly
the

or

the

holds

in

incorrect,

infancy

of

94

AIR

VOLCANO

OF

TURBACO.

PLATE

In order

avoid

to

"which

diseases

Carthagena^
T"erra

to

village of
stands

on

as

far

as

Magdalena.
bamboos,
and

there

climate,

and

the

extends

The

canal

houses
with

contains

numerous

out

majestic
and

the

leaves.
of

the

village

and

palm

not

to

mostly

are

and

are

south

of Mahates

limpid springs rise

rock, which

who

of

the

at

of Baru

Indian

entrance

the

summer

inland

small

toward

covered

the

coasts

remove

This

hill,at

the

heats^ and

Europeans^

Turbaco.

forest, which
east

the arid

on

the

excessive

place during

those

Boroba,

seasoned

the

take

and

XLI.

the

river

built

of

Here

calcareous

fragments

of

95
""i

coral, and
petrified

attracting frojn great

property

of

vapours

floating
Turbaco

of

of

the

is

more

in this

resided

island

the

from

preparing

were

the

distances

the

Santa

the

night.

passage
we

long journey

to

^elevated plain of

the

and

delightful

Carthagena,

to

for

ourselves

hundred

three

toilsome

Cuba

of

Bogota,

de

Fe

after

the

As

spot in the month

charming

April, 1801, when,

lossal
co-

attribute

atmosphere.
than

of

tree

prevails,especiallyduring

coolness
We

in

"

level of the ocean,

the

above

metres

by

natives

the

splendid

the

caracoli,

which

size, to

soil

are

anacardium

the

foliage of

shaded

Quito.
Indians

The
in

us

amidst

situate

country,
called

trees, and

Creoles

the

by

los Folcancitas.
to

this
a

spot

very

cmled
in

tradition

had

From

his

were

accompanied

the

us

forest

of

the

this

long

existingamong
in flames

of the

^miliar

with

palm

of

in the

cording
ac-

them,
but

village,had

time, the

tittle Volcanoes,

holy
fire.

that
suc"-

water

They

fieryvolcano

volcmio, volcan

residence

of

related, that

subterraneous

water

stories,wtdch

to

frequent aspersions

that, since

our

still

vicar

pious man,

become

They

formerly been

extinguishing

had

we

by

added,

who

Turbaco,

herbalizations, often spoke

om*

marshy

of

de

agua.

Spanish colonies,

the strange aind marvellous

the natives

eagerly recite,to

fiixthe

96

attention

though

in

of travellers

the

superstitionof
the

Whites,
and

that

reason

of the

of

traditions.

the

few

ture
na-

were

to

the

of

the

slaves

individuals, who
surface

of the

giving
of

of

character

the

extent

an

that

Afncan

assume

Without

of

stories

to

progressive changes

existence

the

these

Indians, than

Globe, gradually

historical
to

that

for their currency

reveries

the

of

phenomena

mestizoes, and

the

on

knew

we

less indebted

general

the

on

credit

any

in

country

former

of

state

Indians

the

made

much

Volcancitos

metres

the

to

thick

of the

gustavia

The
above

fiftymetres
it is every

rocks

the

^nd

lanterns

the branches.

The

mena,
phenocould

we

six

thousand

villageof Turbaco,
with

the

ground
the

rises

41st

repose

on

the

plain,

in

which

are

the

the

found

those

mocundoj

extremity

Turbaco

of

but

it

vegetation,
of

nature

shelly

plate represents

Tolu

gradually fortyor

with

possible to distinguish
that

the

village of

covered

fruits of which

transparent
at

in

of

resembling

cavanillesia

suspended

where

balsam

flowers

with

and

membranous

not

of the

east

nymph"a,

resemble

is

with

any

situate

are

forest, abounding

trees, the

as

than

and

expected.

The

the

acquainted

us

by

Turbaco

de

important

more

conducted

were

the Volcancitos

to

this excursion

have

ignition, we

calcareous

south"ni
the

the
soil.

part

of

Volcancitos.

98
*

contains

azotic

is

the

interior
/
-

much

gas,

cause

more

of

historical

of

the

in

this

our

that

Continent.

which

laboratories.

is

phenomenon
of

It.

oxygen.

than

pare

narrative

New

of

part

prepared

generally

physical
in

thousandth

our

traveb

The
discussed

into

the

is

99

VOLCANO

OF

CAYAMBE.

PLATE

Op

the various

heightsof

mils

sum

have

which

Bouguer
be 5901

to
"

observe

the progress

The
this

colossal

wreu

error

table of

La

Exido

of

day, confirm
Cayamhur,

is its real

name

and

gvu

repeated in every work,

the principal
heightsof the
is

Condamine,

and

the

Quito,

to

this determination.
named

"

instead
;

.of

the word

tain,
qquichua language, moun-

tepetlin Mexican,

as

This

the

its elevation

(3208 toises);

Academicians

French

denoting,in

found

of the terrestrial refraction

of the

which

with* any

determined

loflies,t
except Chim-

in the

mountain

Cayambe-Urcuj

Cordilleras,the

Condamine

and
.metres

different hours

at

been

I took

angles which

of the

is the

Cayambe
precision,
borazo.

XLII-

in

that
Globe.

Voyage " rEquateur, p.

h2

Muysca.

103.

gives

100

I have
the

sketched

Exido

Cayainbe

thirty-fourthousand
truncated

the

cone

Nevada

plate. Among

the

situate

Pacific

Ocean,
wliich

few

trees.

barberry

those

beautiful

almost

western

Some

west,

bushes

part

Kyro,

drawing
the

near

of

Maupertuis,

circle passes.

traversed
colossal

by

the

mountain

by which
divisions

of the

around

belong

hemisphete,

of America.

of the
of

and

equator.

cascade

one

nature

terrestrial

Mr.

to

in

land,
Lap-

tions
observathe

Swanberg,

summit

of

eternal

marked

Globe.

is

Cayambe
consider

may

of those
has

the

river

the

of

Yervenkyle,

We

lately

artists have

according
The

as

du-

barnadesia,

southern

the

scape.
land-

tute
is desti-

scattered

are

vast

the

grasses,

of

the

the

of

as

Guagua-

calceolari", which

viUage

through which,

well
tion
admira-

over

with

nal
eter-

toward

or

of

Quito,

as

of

foreground

distinguishednorthern

published

polar

the

alone

exclusively to

the

volcano

plain,covered

of

excite

to

the

the

and

ranta,

beautiful

most

its shadow

throws
forms

This
of

to

with

city

the

ceases

when

sunset,

Pichincha,

and

is the

fifth

the

in

covered

surround

of

of the outline

us

mountains

of

is that

represented

majestic, never

at

with

the

which

most

plain,

Tolimaj

that

Cayambe,

reminds

above

distance

the

Its form

toises.

and

de

snow,

is at

Quito, whicti

of

it.appears

as

the

this

ments,
monu-

great

101

VOLCANO

OF

of
jplate

which

explanation recalls

().

XLIII.

PLATE

The

am

mind

to

catastrophes in

about

now

the

one

to

of the

give

an

gular
sin-

most

physicalhistory of

our

planet. Notwithstanding

the

nicatipns between

trophe
continents, tliiscatas-

the

two

remained

has

almost

geologistsof Europe.
it in

description of
Kingdom
The

of

New

volcano

103"

51'48'',in

west

of the

distant from

the

t.

Tom.

1, p. 248.

1, p. 327, "

to

the

already given

is

on

the

situate,according
lO''

to

9^, longitude

intendency of Valladolid,tothe
and

It is 5 1 3

ocean

leagues
thirty-six
metres

"

conmiu-

'

latitude

cityof Mexico,
the

have

*.

of Jorullo
in

unknown

politicalEssay

my

Spain

observations,

my

frequent

Sec

also

torn. 2, p. 521.

my

Collection

(263 toises)
of Aslr.

Obs.

102
#

of

triple that
Puzzuola, which

drawing

My

(XoruUo

in which

this

the

night

formed

on

1759.

It is the
called

by

fractured

strata^

seen

plain

that

the

of

has

the

level

of

miles.

square

remained

the
th-" broken

ground

huts

In

height,

the

savannahs

raised

up

unbroken
small

so

that

at

extends

soil is elevated
we

inhabited

published
profile,

160

Playas,
twelve
form

the
metres

of

metres

toward

Geographical

this statement

the

the

great volcano

in the

accompanies

but

of

bladder, and

above
de

ward
to-

elevation

Playas

narrative, will render

thermal

descend

in the

Atlas, which

four

over

Pedro

foot of the

the

firom

cones

San

the

The

firmn the

the

only

has

disrupted

where

of

is

strata

September^

place

and

vannah
sa-

was

Malpays.

convexity progressivelyincreases

centre,
the

in

of Cuitimba

waters

its

feet

nine

to

the

foreground, 8Q|^arat6

Malpays, which, bristlingwith

six

of

of this

name

in the

On

Playas.

of

S9\h

as

Aguas-

excrescence

enormous

ancient

soil^ now

the

of the

huts

sand
thou-

appeared

represented a part

is

foreground

it

as

the hills of

Arco^ and

Indian

the

towavd

several

by

such

coAes,

from

descended

arco^

the

basaltic

of JuruUo

volcano

surrounded

of

in 1538"

of the earth

the

represents

sequently
con-

Nuovo

Monte

the
out

up

Juruyo),

or

small
We

rose

height is

Its

surrounding plains.

the

above

the

Indian

Jorullo.

the

and

The

sical
Phy-

historical
of the

dif-

104

CALENDAR

OF

THE

MVrSCA

THE

ANCIENT

INDIANS,

STONE,

covered

the

lunar

calendar,

the

which

so

work

of

much
a

representingthe

in

confounded

of the savages

the

same

the

the

This

Domingo

we

ecclesiastic,
a native

Grenada,
settled

in

and

Spain, was

long

from
the

tribes

the

indebted

Madrid,

of the

F"

to

de

French

vicar of

covery
dis-

Don

canon

kingdom
a

it

as

Tiave been

For

of Santa

descended

made, is

wandering

are

of

Duquesne

metropolitanchurch

who

America.

of this monument

Jose

the

in

is almost

name

and

of

the

remarkable,

Europe,

of South

is

season,

more

with

order

back

bring

people, V/hose

entirelyunknown
hitherto

and

to

BOGOTA-

OP

hieroglyphic signs

intercalations, that

monument

is the

with

the year

originof

PLAIN

XLIV

PLATE

THE

OP

INHABITANTS

an

of

Bogota.
of New

family
Indian

_2^v"^

^a^f^n^^

me/

S^.'/tW^^

105

villagesituate

the

on

His

namurca.

gain

the

office

of the

three

centuries

regions

those

Muysca
he

the

the

days

and

knowledge

laborious

denote
he

he

researches, in

Muyscas,

Indios

Grenada.
at

me

quesne

sobre

manuscript

Santa

F", 1801,

gave

Jose

has

been

I shall
on

the

offer

just cited

and

and

the

to

the

the
los
de

communicated
celebrated

the

Mr.
the

sketch

Du-

gonal
pentato

drawing,

desultory

give

which

observations

Indians, from

Spanish

shall

and

plate.

Muysca

in the

contained

relative
calendar

few

of the

calendar

materials
1 have

here

the 4th

on

engraven

de

Reyno

Mutis.

it is this

and

explanation ;

an

the
of

long

endeavoured

he has

stone, of which

glyphics,
hiero-

bears

nuevo

by

Celestino

statement

that

was

permission to

me

time

and

fruit of

del

the

of

Kaleridario

el

naturales

which

simple

memoir

in

procuring

numbers

written

by

tMIe

of

This

Don

botanist

in

division

acquired, the

title of Disertacion

to

stones,

those

Spaniards

the

both

has

of

state

succeeded

knowledge

which

the

the
of

sculptured

are

preservedduring

priest regulated the

acquired

lunar

He

to

endedlPbured

has

has

arrival

Continent.

of

one

tradition

him

natives, who

concerning

before

the New

the

Muyscajs, he

collect all that

to

of

Cundi-

enabled

having

confidence

descendants

the ancient

plain of

memoir

which

subjoin certain

analogy

cycles of.Asiatic

between

nations.

the

siderations
con-

this

106

When

suraamed

Quesada^

Ximenez

Gon"alo

Adahtntado

the

the

de

arrived,

conqueror^

m
'

16S7^rom
tibe
the

banks

the

Io% savannahs

dvilizalion

of the

tains, and

the

where, in latitude

he

savage

state

o(

and

the

the

grees
20 de-

6 and

H"

grees
dethe

Muyscas,

Calimas, settle in

the

and

Muzoes,

pboo"

17 and

between

found

night, Quesada

Guanes,

Ma-

6^, tiie cratigradether-

4^ and

dnring the day,

at

hordes

the

elevated

keeps constantly between

mcMneter

monn-

snitry regionsof Tola,

the

the

bet#eeii

inhabitingthe

On

at

(rtrack with

was

nations

S*. Martha.

hates, and

Magddena,

remarked

he

the

along

the

Bogota,

which

contrast,

scattered

of

of

ed
communities, employed in a^culture, and clothin

cotton

wandered

garments
the

through

nearly on

while

level with

the

without

into

country, where,

the fields every

on

where

Ilistoria

Gvtnaday

par

genertd de
el Doctor

(The author, who

from

the

died

out
clothes, withHe

*"

Fraj Antonio

las

D.

quinoa,

Medrano

transported

Lucas

Fernandez

of P"nanw,

Tunja

and

and

Conquisia"del

Bishop
of

Spaniards

soil of little fertifity,

manascriptsof Quesada,

Castellaoos^ vicar

Ocean,

harvests
yielded plentiful

maize, chenopodium

de

arts

of

surprised at seeingthemselves

were

of

of the

surface

the

that

plains,

neighbounng

appeared brutalized, destitute

industry,and

tribes

and

Fr. Pedro

iurmas,

Nuevo

or

Reyno

Pkdrakita, p.

compiled this

de
15.

tory
his-

the

Conqueror

the

franeiscan-mouksy

Agueda).

Juao

107

shall

potatoes.

introduction

notwithstanding the
horned

shall

before

than

the

only observe, that,when

of gem

indications

left

and

com

is leas populous

conquest

but

I visited the mines

Zipaquira,I

salt at

certain
now

days

our

whether,

of

plainof Bogota

cattie, the

in

eitamine

here

not

shown

was

of former

the most

culture

desolate,to the north

of the

in lands
Indian

lage
vil-

of Sbua.
the different nations

Among
that

which
of

name

been

Muysca,

Mozca,

or

the
a

Earth

lake

the Moon

when

almost

did

of considerable

that

of

cataract

marvellous

personage,

mythology

under

of the

lake

tribes into
of the

and

of
a

opened

in the
of

the

Peruvian

the

relate,that Bochica,

See

son

vol.

These
and

xiii|p.

the

watiers

worship

Manco-Capac^

same

emblem

72.

or

wandering

Quetzalcoatl, became

Muyscas.

of

can
Ameri-

Bodiica,

for the

passage

assembled

like the

Mexican

^slato"*of

inunda-'

spoken

have

known
name

formed

descriptionof

social state, introduced

Sun, and

the

the

Funzha,

the

In the

we
Tequendama'ii^,

Idacanzas, who

yet accompany

extent, from

lions of the river Funzha.

the

not.

tions
tradi-

the distant

to

plain of Bogota

the

when

and

fabulous

the
have

to

appears

The

numerous.

of this nsU;ion go bade

epocha,

CuncUnamurca"

Spaniards designated by

the

the most

of

the

le-

traditions
of the

Sun^

108

priestof Sogamozo,

hi^

or^Iraca,seeing the

of the different Indian

cliiefii

authority,advised

the supreme

sovereign,o^ne

zaque^or

revered

cahua,

van9allyadopted
hundred

two

of

and

the country

of Sai^ Juan

thousand

then

was

founded
of the

the

Spaniards

.^ He

the

to

Hunca,

the
from
The

of

populousin

with

of Peru

united

town,

the country,
the

nasty
dytook

and

founder, which
into that of

the

Tunca,

both
a

priestsand
had

Bochica

chiefs

tribes, Gameza,
and

the

tem-

of the

At

murc",
Cundina-

anterior

t" Man-

constituted

co-Capac,

Thibet.

children

kings.

period probably

Toca, electors

and

Japan

The

to

remarkable

in their person

Sun

and

cycles,or

This

is very
of

those

spiritual
powei-s.

of

vere
se-

given by Bgchica

poi-aland

at

life of

'^

Bogota

of

analogy

were

the first of

its

government

inhabitants

Incas

6(

form

its

to

Tunja.

changed

Tunja.
The

whole

mountains

Muysca

of

from

afterward

reigned

savannahs

of Cundinamurc"

zaques

uni-

disappeared mysteriously

east

);he most

and

the

the

the

to

by Huncahua,

of

name

or

from

hundred

years

Iraca,

at

Wfis

who

subdued

extends

lived

penance,

which

Huncahua,

los Llanos

de

called Hun-

high priestwas

fiftyyears,

that

for

his wisdom

Bochica, devoting himself

Opon.

two

and

to choose

them
of

of the

disputingfor

them

among

account

on

advice

The

justice.

tribes

Busbanca,

the

four

Pesca,

ordered, that, after his

110

small

of the

end

into fonr parts

ing till noon

Bochica, is derived

white

takes

man*;

its

Spaniards

as

days

unknown

was

period a great
The

Twenty

On

The

of

year

and

moons,

Muysca

"

the

tnada Motca^

por

of the

Chibcbtt

\%W,

p. 7.

in

la

to

Turmeqo".

at

into

langaage

at

moons;

such

formed

distinguishthe

Bernardo

Saata-F"

a"

thirty-seven

great years

the years,

Fray

part

ordinary concerns.

Lingua general

el Padre

seven

in

as

the civil year,

of these

and

of

of this small

^vided

was

In order

moons,

de

well

priests contained

twenty

Gramatica

held

observed

cycle.

days, the

day

was

the

Muyscas

week

the first

composed

commonly

was

The
as

market

moons

the

among

America,

(%ocam)

year

which

Sun, Sua.

days.

in

Asia.

of eastern

of time

three

period of

EuropeaB,

considered

Quesada,

of the

children

least division

of the

one

day

circumstance, that the

the

originfrom

the arrival of

was

sue,

the

singulardenomination,

people,on
The

is

zuha,

or

both

language,

from
cogti",

ma,

Sua^ which

From

of

surnames

word

The

Muysca

the Sun.

and

or

the

in

till snnset

and

snnris*

from

noon

till midnight

sunset

cBvided

were

suor-mena,

from

iSSi sunrise.

midnight
denotes,

namely,

of the zaqne,

empire

night (za)

suor-mecaj

;xa#ca, from

the

and

day (sua)

fifth

of the

account

In the

intercalation.

hinar
the

cycles, on

lunar

periodicalserieis
del

nuevo

de

de

Rcyno

ela"

Lugo (professor

Bogota), Madrid,

Ill
.

employed,

were

As
exhibit

ten

woi-ds

the

very

enter

into

language

of

influence

As
at

Meta

to

of

the

white,

or

time

of the

together

was,

Caribbean,
South
the

word

Indians

of

it

of

mosca

that

of the
forms

language,so

or

that

denotes

race,

and

New

the

of

the

an

not

Inca

at

and

the.

idioms

of

singular contrast

Bacata,

of*

Continent,

general

remarkable

to

colonists.

from

syllables,tetl,Hi, and

Bc^ota,

per^

language, which,

most
a

or

like

European

discovery of
with

of

generally only

which

runa,

is

denomination

expression is

Muysca

or

of the
"

Qquickua

of which

copper-colored

one

America,

Azteck

this

descendant

Chibcha,

Sogamozo.

Muyscas,

or

the

apply

vast

corruption,signifies
man

and

Indian

the

Moscas,

the

the Ariari

is called

muysca,

natives

the

Qquichua

The

the

word
a

of the

of the Inca

country under

be

themselves
the

zippas,and

Iraca, over

the north

to

of

The

CMbcha.

but

the victories

plainsof

in the

that of the

the

nearly

century, had bee"

country, from

language

appears

become

of

Peru, that

known

son

whi"hhas

of the last

Huneahua,

the Rio
the

respecting the

of the great lama

of

extent

and

details

some

terms

paiticularities,

prevailing
language by

th"

of the zaque

bers.
num-

Bogota.

.extinct since the end

rendered

were

designate these

remarkable

tongue, theuseof

This

of which

terms

which

several

shall

we

the

with
the

duplication
re-

itl. The

(extremity of the

112
.

"

^Ids

cultivated

or

with

/ and

the

d.

ch"y che, chu

ought

for

as

fight;

to

male
The

syllables
hy-

Chibcha

hlsca

six, ta

eight,shuzha,or

Indians

To
say,

These

after

having

have

the

that

of the

feet, acts
the

foot

one^

foot

two,

foot

quihicha bosa, qtdhicka

the

by
to

fingers

by

count

of the

nations

which

twenty,

fingers and

both
of the

speaking

Mexican

of

race,

hands

and

enumeration.

twenty

quihicha ubchihica

in

toes

of the

toes

language,

the

of

corresponds to

great part in American

Chibcha

ten,

ten, the

eleven, twelve,

already observed,

of the

number

quihichaor qhic/ia,

express

reckoned

that

nine, aca

simple expressionsintimate, that,

hands, they continue

the calendar

qhupqa^ or

Above

the word

add

three, qvihicha ata,

mica.

suhuza

or*

muyhica

or

seven,

in

are,

bozka,

two,

ubchihlca.

or

thiiteen,they

We

ata

one,

denote

to

time,

of

four, mhuyca,

foot.
signifies

feet.

sen
cho-

were

fitted

divisions

language,

hubchibica,

Muysca

end

denoting

first ten

periodicalseries

three, mica

cuhupqua

which

worthy

guy,

muysca,

the

the small

five,hicsca^ or

ten,

added

of which

of

terms

chro

sex/

the great and

hasa

cha

sea

may

numbers,

as

foot

the

instance^ "hu chiy we

particlecha

the

man,

In

is character^

language

chamique^ myself; chigua chiguitynyngaywe

cha

the

Their

unacqiiaintedbotb

frequent repetitionof

.ized by the

the

lands) were

or

is denoted

by

the

by
word

113

gneta, which
afterward
ata;

is derived

from

twenty and

reckon

house.

gue^

guetas asaqui

one,

bosa

guetas asaqui

twenty-two,

three, guetas asaqui mica,

far

as

They

twenty-

thirty,or

as

twenty plus (asaqui)ten, guetas asaquiubchihica

forty,or

twenties,gue-mica

eighty,gue-muyhica ;
after

observe, that the Aztecks,

resemble

units,which

the

had

the nails of the Etruscans,

cipher,

for the

simple hierogljrphic,
only for twenty,

or

of

square
cube

of

dwell

twenty,

twenty,
this

on

in

ideas, and

in the

which

first

so

much

continent

system

which

that

frbmthe

we

the

to

Chinese, who
of that
of which

changes

Amidst

the

respecting the
made

but

none

more

VOL.

XIV.

of

invention
with

their

little progress

find in the

extravagant

of

mans,
of the Ro-

the

ciphers the

the

honor
value

ideas

erroneous

nations

who

have

there is
civilization,

than
I

cient
an-

notation

other

of

in

of attention,

position.

great number

langnages

numeration

of

that

each

dispute with

ten

Indians, and

the

Thibetans,

admirable

graphical

Greeks, whose

ali*eadyless imperfect than

was

simplest

worthy

more

to

both

quantitiesabove

it denotes

different from

their

fitted for the

numerical

of

nations

display of

methods

uniformity is
as

very

of

the

the

like

thousand.

eight

or

for the

and

hundred,

uniformity of

Americas,

expression

four

or

dred,
hun-

shall here

twenties,gue-hisca. We

five

or

three

twenties, gue-bosa; sixty,or

two

the

assertion

of

114

and

Pauw,

according
new

other

some

whom

to

indigenous

no

continent

knows

bow

above

three*.

We

the

numerical

idiom

with

languages

first rude

their

of

manner

had
and

of

numbers
order

to

hunuy
world

oflfer no

two

qim"a,

millions

which

three
;

iscaypachaCytwo

sect.

1,

loiD.

hundred

sur

t^coy,
chuc

;
;

thirty;

hundred

thousand
;

;
one

iscay-chunca-

pachachuaranca,

hunu,

the old
;

ten

pounded,
com-

huaranca,

thousand

PhUosophiqacs

2, p. 162

one

pachac^

thousand

Rvckiichat

of

chunca,

qim""

huaranca, twenty
thousand

not

twelve
iscayniyoc,

in

even,

ckunca

ten

had

idioms

iscay-huaranca, two

language

chuncUj

chuncafmaranta,

hundred

they

the

chunca, forty ;

thousand

their

ruvians
Pe-

Greeks

iscayckunca, twenty
tahua

in

in

The

the

as

analogous. Hue,

one

.huniyoCyeleven

skill

denoting

to

rise

difierence

million,a singleword,

hibits
ex-

nations

sensible

much

as

several

express

Her-

diffi^'ent

expressingquantities.
in

Romans,

forty

state, their farther progress

least

at

quainted
ac-

Nations,

that, when

scarcely any

establishes

all

studyingthese

observe,

we

thdr

above

In

thirty.

near

of

of Abb"

the work

own

pi'esent

systems

of

of the

in its

at

are

Arithmetic

alone, the

nation

reckon

to

languages, and

American
vas

equally systematic Imters^

million

les

(fid.of 1768).

IscayItunUj

^m/ricaini, Part

6,

115

qim"a hunu^ three millions.

simple and r^ular method is observed

millionB

tiro

Hiifi
in

same

several

the numerical
llian

expressionshave

be

pronounced by European

of

reckoning is

anterior

that, which

to

we

need

The

society greatly

vaguely call

so

the

of civilization.

state

that multitude

Among

those

continent, with

acqusdnted, there

are

of

defect^

difficult
to

very

organs.

state

other

no

and

being extremely long,

felt in

in which

languages,

American

other

to

the

or

thirty;

and

whp

exceeds

whatever
assured

the

at

these

maize*

twenty

Guaranis

of

the

nations

make

grains each

of the

many

But

are

we

designate a

to

small

heaps of

which

evidently

Oronoco, and the

reckon

Paraguay,

twenty,

term

numbers.

that the Jaruroes

proves,

by

time, that,

same

hundred,
of

these

above

count

denote

we

who, according

some,

missionaries,cannot

new

numeration

"i

modes
are

of the

nations

of

by twenties,

as

"

well

the Mexicans

as

from

or
stupidity,

indolence

they

rather

peculiarto
"iciUtate

of three
like

and

HervMy

Muyscas

from
the

that
tal
men-

the

tion
numera-

oning
twenties, or four twenties,by reck-

children,either by the

Idea

torn,

and

vages,
saintelligent

most

del

or

Unweno

six, p. 96, 07,

i2

toes

and

fingers

forming heaps of

ArUmctka

amof"MUf

that extreme

to themselves

of the ftet aiid hands,

the

and
.

1"MI"

di tutte

maize.

le

116

travellers

When

do

America
no

pay

not

should

to

do

Europeans

units.

he

We

to
we

because

ten,

of

composed

are

confound

not

must

ought

repor};, that

to

above

eight-teen

in

assertion, than

were

reckon

not

and

seven-teen

and

Chinese,

this

to

'

nations

five, we

above

count

credit

more

whole

that

assert,

the

te

tended
pre-

impossibilityof expressing great quanti

ties,with

different

the

languages

attained

are

to

of

In

units,

the

reckoning
those

five,at ten,

at

both,

idioms

the

of

from

the

the

unfolding

most

remote

six is

expressed hy four

with

three, eight hy five

with
the

the

of

languages

for

instance

Yalofs
which

the
the

and

word

ten.

by

hand

and

In

Persian

hand.
traces

Foulahs,

signify both

the

In
of

and

hand

With

two,

ajid

these

and

five,as

fifteen

p"ndji signifiesfive,and
the

Roman

system

ciphers we
of

quinary

of

the

words

employ

we

are

by

Luloes.

Africa

use

seven

are

advanced,
in

make

Such
the

more

Omaguas,

by four

seven

and

the

faculties^

three.

tribes,ali-cadysomewhat

Other

together.

of their

Guaranis

hand,

nations

two,

with

limits

one

toes

American

the

stop, in

to

fingers of

of

ing
accord-

twenty,

fingersand

at the

or

of

These

people

the

the

at

at

or

genius

numbers

signs.

disposition of

the

the

to

numerical

pounded

uncom

the

prescribed by

limits

the

expressed

three

hands.

p"ntcha
observe

numeration

the

some
;

the

118

oguei,or hugent ; forty,berroguei,or daakhgent ;

sixty,iruroguei^or trihugent.It is interesting,
to

five,ten,

of

twenty

or

different

in their

presenting that
by

first

Mr.

in

which

roots,

Chibcha

mistrustful

of

with

from

numbers

given in

they are

F".

Santa

without

Lugo,

the
We

finds it unaltered

pr

or

verify

cannot

be too

cannot

we

into

shaU*

twenty,

which

other

house

brought
that

five

P.

language,
and

gue-ata (by syncope

gue-hosa^two

as

discussions,

of the Chibcha

g^-hisca,

five houses.

to

one

shall only add,

denotes
in

house

houses

two

objectsof

to

presentingthe significations

from

entering

that the woi'd gue

one

"tf the

dictionary of

no

manuscript

relates,in his grammar

twenty,

here

that

depend

etymological researches, and

satisfyourselves
of the

^^

phases

or

all

that

to

As

numbers
'

wane,

this assertion

etjnmological

asserts,

language exists, we

justness of

the

or

rized.
characte-

denote

He

the

are

various

worship."

agriculture or
the

existence

relate, either

in its increase

Moon

all nevertheless

of mankind

significant
;

are

"rf numeration

uniformity of feature,

same

language.

words

of

groups

systems

words, Which

Chibcha

the

all these
on

the

on

small

gradations ;

has made

Duquesne

researches

these

its social

of

ages

the

inventions

all the

which

of

formation

the

trace

that

he

gneta),

twenties, forty,
twenties^

dred,
hun-

119

Attty of doubtful

1
.

from

perhaps derived

"

this

etymology ;

old root^ which

an

The

approach of

the

guinoa.
by

The

Chinese

sort

noxious
extended
a

3.

of

4.

animals,

these

by

not

the first,
tse^water,

frog.

animals.

word

same

enclosure,to protect

the

Hieroglyphic:

nostrils,
pait

fields from

of the lunar

fies
signiwith

nose

disk

figured

face.

Mictty changeable ; according to' another

is chosen.

et3miology,what
eyes

denote

Bosa^ surrounding. The

3.

of

plsyn of Bogota,indicates
for sowing maize and
season

the

water-rat, and

croaking

phic
Hierogly-

the

frequent on

very

as

frog.

is

signifies

water, like the ail of the Mexicans.

:

word

part of the lunar disk.

open, another

Muyfdca,

: two
Hierogljrphic

is

whatever

threateninga tempest.

black,

Hieroglyphic:

two

cloud
eyes

closed.

HlscUy repose.
: two
Hieroglyphic
figures
junction.
Conunited,the nuptialsof the Sun and Moon.
5.

6.
a

Ta,

Hieroglyphic:

harvest.

cord, alludingto

to

which
pillar,

the

served

sacrifice of

perhaps as

stake
Guesa

with
tied

gnomon.'

Cuhupqtia,deaf.

Hieroglyphic: two ears.

8. Suhuxa, a tail. Mr. Duque^ne is ignorant
of this cipher, as well as of
the signification
7.

of

the

word.
following

9. Aca.

Hieroglyphic:

two

frogscoupled.
'f

120

Ubc/iihicayresplendent Moon.

10.

ear.

an

GuetUy

20.

phic
Hierogly-

Hieroglyphic :

house.

frog

extended.

hieroglyphics are

numerical

The

plate^fig.4

the 44th

those

just given are

have

small

among

Duquesne

of the Chinese

know

the

chimerical.

The

the

of
the

day,

Hebrew

in

long

and

the

consider

the

we
ex*

features

are

signs.

recognise in

Samaritan

dually
gra-

Who,

the form

letters

that

of

of animals, houses, and

simple hieroglyphics
which

birth ? Our
called

Thibetan

Hindoo

or

Arabian, contain

no

the

Among

traits of

image

an

have

to

appears

meaning.

are

given

last

hieroglyphiccipher

the

Indian

sign of

It is curious

Hager,

rOnent,

to

Memoria

t. 2, p.

78.)

them

ciphers,falsely

doubt

Indians

of

doubtless

is almost

ous
mysteri-

some

in. bosa^ mica, hisca,ubchihica, and

"

studied
the little

of

use

would

and

calendar

the

have

Mr.

ciphers as altogether

characteristic

present

weapons,

some

not

American

by

the

who

language,

effaced

tradition

Indians^ whom

origin, will

of their

planatioivsof

at

preserved by

Those

on

explanationswe

instructed

of their ancestors.

keys

the

of

number
found

bad

and

engraved

Bogota^

preserved

gueta.

The

identical

with

four*.

find

suUe

ciphers

Cifre de

la

among

Cina.

semi-

(Mines

dc

.121

people,unacquainted

barbarous

The

writing.

or

in

indigenous
that

race,

it has

from

and

were

had

only

we

recollect

the

-rude

of

true,

the Chibcha

to

nations,
who

rites,to

of

system

the

the

words

roots

phases

singular in

the

of

fact

lative
objects re-

or

would

be

that

of the

one

words,

have

connection

with

in Sanscrit

and

manifested

things which^

numbers,
navaj,

(runmsy in

Sanscrit, nava)

eight; and

achtung^ esteem

nettf,new

and

acht^

In

in

German,

l^tsix, and
the

neuf^

in

as

basa^ in Chibcha,

bosa, the piteposition

/or.

guages.
lan-

accidental

an

is sometimes

sounds

bers
num-

philosophicalhistoryof

numerical

preposition^om

the

words, which

Moon,

between

fnovem,

other

conceive,

may

asserts, that in

denoting

with

of the

life,this

rural

resemblance

Duquesne

Mr.

as

idiom

We

nine

materials

syllabicwriting,-and

inhuman

an

common

no

its fall

in

was

posterity.

to

have

ai^d \

paintings, astrologicalreveries,

traces

If it be

indicate

of

papyrus,

procure

American

among

the
difficulty

regret seeing the

common

as

in China

what
to

only:

well known

as

literature

when

is

Tolteck

and

times

found

ignorant

transmit

most

remotest

almost

so

who

and

the

period even

paper

was

it is

yet

Azteck

the

Romans

splendor, we
of

of

of paper

use

When

Greeks
at

the

been

Japan.

Americas;

both

paper

(agave americana)

magney

people

the

among

either with

same

2^ the

two,

and

manner

122.
how^ in languages rich in figurative

conceive

may

we

words

expressions,the

of

the

to

and

enchantment,

first feels the

tivatedstate

calls four

black

(ta); and

misfortune

is

solstice ?

all

is observed

ence

the

two

of which

is

discovered,

this

rest

cas

in
had

twenty
or

1616, informs
two

and

modes
that

us

nate
desigexpress
must

we

independence

other

""-

exist, one
or

that

the

presumed

were

of

they

indeed,

because

no

of
idbjeofr

forther
this

into

mork.

that

denoting

tbe

the

ten;

discussions

What

we

but

they
who

Mu];^

house,

we

shall

foreignto
know

to

number

said either gueta,

quihicha nbciihica, foot

.enter

and

of numeration
the

the

P. Lugo,
figurativesignifications.

on

wrc^

one

indqiend-

which

world

.winter

the

which

roots

only apparent,

are

of

because

certain

those

the natural

posteriorto

alma-

terms

after

the

and

systems

gueta);

or

ten

; or

tacmths

which
etymological affinities,
be

uncul-

an

lunar

the Moon

wherever
si^pp6se,that,
appears,

is it-

but

four pi'ecedesby

term

between

objectsof

oHiar

of

languages

numbers,

(gue

of the

i"e^"edsix
In

house

ocmjunctionsof

harvest

doos),
Hin-

necessityof reckoning,

recurrence

periodicalseries,the
the

the
:

in

man

arrangement

the

nadc, from

day

yoke

vest
thing (muyhica) ; six, har-

twenty,

in the

because

of

powerful (trimurti of

all

possibleto admit, that, when

he

ideas

of

(jugum)f

applied

be

may

seven,

tuH)^ three, and

with

the
cer-

123

lunar calendar

taintyrespectingUie
and

cas^

glyphlcs^ has
which

guage,
We

need

no

we

of Benin

Peruvians^ the ogdoades

weeks

of

which

we

find in

Latium

neither

and

had
gt

The

all known

dyhcj on

the

The

suna

world
which
the

on

smuiy

at

but

the

did

the

on

the

road

the

nor

Hebrews^

India, but which

inhabitants

of

the Persians

and

distinguished

was

high road^ paved road,

the

period
whk^

{suna) led

of the

full

every

lage
vil-

from

brated
cele-

was

the

house

chief of the tribe.

not

begin at

the

day

New

of the nations
the

after

hierc^lyphicwas

intercalarystone

the

full

Moon,

as

of the old
of

Moon,

firog,represented

(PI.44, fig.1 a).

The

"

it

formed

of theise groups

public place, to

the greater part

among

of the

Romans^

the

week

Ten

month,

high

(^"/Aua)of

days

of the sacrifice which

account

in

people

historyof chronology ;

in the

calted

every

Moon,

nine

in

had

the

and

among

Muysca

only three days.

lunation,

and

among

Etruria, nor

Japanese.
from

Egypt,

dead.

as

the Greeks,

and

of the

Ian*

Muyscas

that the

days {schehuas)of

seven

known

ware

consider

periods of

*, the small

of

grammar

Mexicans

the

hiero*'

supported by

bemg

of the Chinese

the decades

Mnys^

numerical

almost

may

half-decadesof

the

the

already seen^

have

neither

of

from

taken

arguments

their

^originof

the

of the

torn. 1,
PaliD, de l'Etude de^tlieroglyplioft,

p. 6S.

"

124

arranged In
use

the

quartidiof

calendar,

observed

was

added

however

whether

of

apxoylvovy
iMfif""

the market

during

the

governed by

three

and

the

suna^

coincide

can

italic

of

denotes

(an ear)

the

find between
the
the

month,

for the

after

was

dical
perio-

two

of

that

terms,

the

divisor,

common

three

tim"s

ten

following table,

the
are

in

distinguished by

lunar

muyhica (two

of

chia^ and

period

open)

to

days, each,

three

no

festivals

(junction

Moon,

have

ending

characters, cuhupqua (two ears) falls in

last quarter

hisca

the

small

ten

only

According
the

which

and

the

{feir")yor

festivals

sign ;

ginning
be-

of

month

Muysca

different

of

days.

the

series
weeks
and

of

course

who

month

middle

every

same

distinguish

the

the

small

days, returned

publican
re-

The

to

to

the

or

to
montkj fti)v"$"
or
[jLxffoyivToqj

the

; so

Greeks;

words,

belonged

liifti^
^/itoVTot;. As

French

the

among

number

the

th"

of the month.

couple

lunation

fouith, fourteenth,

the

was

twenty^fouith day

cuiBtom

made

of

thirtydays

the

ntica^ like

that

graphic signs^

periodicalscrips,were

three

of to denote

and

their

ata, bosa, mica^ and

words

two

of the

the

first quarter

phases

thing
of the

and

of

the

Sun, sua) correspond

full Moon.
the

shut)

figures; nuptials

conjunction ;

the

eyes

The
and

the

Moon

days, evidently prove,

mica
;

to

(two eyes

and

relation

ubchihica
we

here

tween
hieroglyphic,beand

the

signs of

that these

signs^

126

Lunar

of the
day,^

Sufia

divided into ten small

of the May sea Indians

periodsofthree days.

Ata.
Bosa.
Mica,

IMu)rhica.
First Scries

"

^'"^Ta.

Cahupqua *.

Laf t quarter.

SohuzA
j4ca,
.

Ubchihica.
Ata.
Bosa,
Mica.

Muyhica.
UUca*,
Second

Corganction.

Series
Ta.

Cuhupqua.
Suhuza"
Aca.

^Ubchihica.

Bosa.
Mica*.

First quarler.

Muyhica,
Hisca.
Tliird Scries.

Ta.

Cuhupqua,
Suhuza.
Aca,

JJbcMhka

*.

Fall

moon.

127

Twenty
of the

year

that the
not

moons,

in the

year

to

zocam

real

the

prnnt from

and

the great

given
side the

wUch

well

as

from

The
we

had

the

and

to

me

preserved

even

Mexicans

in

days

our

by

did

or

for the sunas,

well

cultural
three

year

as

fifst ten

not

was

the third

koned
rec-

as

the

the

reckon

tinguished
discustom

it is'

Asia;

till the

Chinese,

period

of

inhabitants

in their three

as
religious,

for the

days

numbers

first month

The

for

fisiras

thirty-seven; they employed

twelve, twenty,

the

Be^

were

This

among

the Jews

calendars, rural, civil and

only

was

they

eastern

Babylonian captivity. But

moon,

ference
pre-

another.

number.

the

as

cal
astronomi-

an

to

was

Cundinamurca

to

Egyptiatis,the Persians, the

and

of

intercalary

year, which

of rains

the oldest

followed

The

peculiar denomination,

the

in

had

containing thirty-seven

only by their
appears

departed.

priests,appointed

rural

no

among

Hindoos,

season

one

sunas

And

as

of

twenty, gueta.

Muyscas

religious festivals,and
moons

it

annus^

return

origin only

of the

year

the

suppose

their

the

and
cycle,

of the words

the number

to

vulgar

conceive,

lunar

cycle of twenty

owe

zocam.,

cycle,a

small

the

we

zocam,

sense

which
evitturic^j

probably

years

called

only

was

forming

smias^

Muyscas,

zocam

anmdusj
star

of the

governed by
month

and

the

of tlie

same

their hieroglyphics.
second

agri-

sign mica,

of the third year,

by

the

Bign huhupquayseven
ner.

This

the

existence

equal

to

appear

As

of

twelve

we

Ihe

people,

table

fourth

'

India, and
mic

year

twenty-one
three

of

which

that
it is
after

the
the

of three
hours

hundred

is found
which

hundred

and

follows

two

Soiiciet and

was

count

of

use

This

lunar

mode
north

Gaubil^

Obserf.

of

embolis*

eighty-three days
hmar

common

followed

Posideon,

commenced,

in the
a

dieteride, in which
month

first in-

years

fifty-fourdays eight houre,

Athenians

the

have

to

according

that, by

not

the

by cuhupqua.

intercalation, which

of

Muysca

the

it did

should

but

jun

sign, which

without

series, which,

by suhuza,

not

third

the

the

in

because

^complefnentaryterm,

known
un-

the

proves,

It is this

dectfmoon,

of

of

governed,

was

posed
com-

periodical series, this

the

diction, by cukupqua.

in the

tions
na-

added,

end

lay down,

to

be

analogous' to

The

of

intercalary suna

the

con^

of the

to

xeques

the

at

month,

about

are

called

origin

the

sunas,

employment

the

is

of the priests,

years

reckoned

was

Chinese*.

moons

which

fortysunas

Tartarian

year

thirteenth

the

man^

continent.

rural

year,

and

of twenty

the

new

the

to

in like

rest

sixty years,

hundred

cycle

reveal

of

cycle

seven

of the

of

of

in the

tained

tbe

predilectionfor periodical series, and

the

to

and

before

Was
a

Matb"m.

Meton

is
;

intercalated,

"loaeiSe"vSevTcpoq.

torn.

1; p. 183.

129
Herodotus
of

*, in his eulogium
the

clearlyon
method:

on

dar
the solar calen-

Egyptians^ explains
this

oata

simple^ though

lumself

very

very

imperfect

^EXXi")V""
/x";"/" rp/Tou It"o" IfjdSoA/jxov

"

"
.

Herod.

Censorin.
Qngen,

de

lib.

ii,cap. 4,

Die

natali^ c.

"d.

18

WessdiBV

1768,

pJ105:

Ideler, Histor. Untersach*

p, 176.

"

VOL.

XIV.

130

THREE

FORMS
CALENDAR

OF
OF

ZOCAMS
THE

OF

MUYSCAS.

THE

131

We

already observed,

have

intercalated

much

time

from

solstices and

time

to

by

which

of

means

of

mountain

the

on

Cuzco*,

near

of the

observations

by

erected

towers
cylindrical

Carmenga

rectified their lunar

equinoxes, made

the

regular

and

exact

more

the Peruvians

while

manner,

year

in

that the Mexicans

sei-ved

take

to

azimuths.

of

numbers,

it is to the

Muyscas,

the

Among

series of which

the

has

the rural year contains

less than

singularuse
terms

two

that

moons,

we

imperfectionof a calendar,in
which, notwithstanding the intercalation of the

must

the

attribute

thirty-seventhmonth,

during six
a

cukupqua^

falls every year

years,

different denomination.
every

the

to

founded

often

classes,the
calendar,
was

on

in which

in

be

the

of

class of

ignorance of

the
as

not

they are

uncouth

Nieremberg, p.

139

with

the

of season,
the

on

plain

proximity of
the

Cie"a,p.

of

(October)

differences

coincide

responds
cor-

other

called the third, sometimes

which

of

society

the

preferredan

Bogota, notwithstandingthe

"

nounced
an-

xeques

eighthmonth

the

sensible
sufficiently

equator, did

the

of

month

of the calendar

Nuan

of Iraca

lamas

sometimes

fifth ; and

or

in

harvest,

sign the mmith

which
presided,

the power

As

the Hebrews.
h

should
Abib

the

what

by

year

of maize

ears

Thus

the

sunas

230.

of

the

of the

'

132

The

name.

same

in

(lostan know

the

govern
hours

order

to

they

tax

bring

back

to

rural

celebrated

were

of which

name

the

ubchihica.

suhuza,

suna

that the

beginning

of

the

the

Peruvians,

the

full

but

this tradition

follows

cycle of

in the

corresponds
the

In

to

as

animals,

parts, the cycle of the

Le

See

See

Cultes,

among

winter

solstice;

first cipher,

first

of

by

asterism,
and

it

nations

of

water,

sign of Aquarius -f*.

our

by twelve

as

Chinese,

The

that

Gentil,Voyage

the

among

race;):the cycle

Tartarian

thinks^

the

Cliinese,the
is also

tsb,

suna

symbolically denoted

manner

same

the

is unceilain.

the

frog. Among

to,

was,

and

the

month,

Duquesne

zocam

mencement
com-

festivals

the

sixth

the

Mr.

the

o/a, represents water,

a

and

Hindoos,

that

moon

the

season

same

Muyscas

consecutively suna

was

in

people,

of the

year,
in

and

credulity*.

intercalation

the

of the
which

their

on

take

to

days^

the

to

In-

signs that

the

lunar

them

announce

levy a

to

was

how

manner

months^

yearns^

object of

The

same

of
tliis multiplicity

of

advantage

the

of

and

Thibet

priestsof

of

was

sixty years^

verned
go-

divided

five

of

Muyscas,

dans

l'Inde,torn.

into

twenty

years

1, p. 207.

vol. xiii,p. 338.

vol.
torn.

3,

xiii, p.

pi. 1, p.

Orientale,1787,

p. 29.

and

:)21

44

371;

Dupuis, Origine

des

Indienne

et

Bailly, Astronomie

134

have

victim

huipan

announced

it
and

the

placed

at

Numa

dedicated

was

child

de

eastern

slope of

San

Th^

Muyscas,
in the

educated

of

till the age

out

to

trodden"
the

the

at

his miracles.
the victim
to

that contained

cycle, he

was

placesin

the

the age

He

village,
day

he

o"

of

Macrobiusy

then

made

Bochica

to

had

in his instructions
those

spots by

fifteenyean^

wheqi

of

equal

which

of the

was

sunas

of those

one

Lib.

among

Sogamozo,

at

number

in

Sun^

carefully

most

was

of

country of
of the

was

the

%h^

from

emblem

in the indiction

centre

gu^a

homa

same

consecrated

sacrificed

year^

th^ ba^ks

to

paths, which

attained

had

The

certain

this

period when,
At

of the

of the Sun

years

people, he had

whom

to

extend

gu^sa

in the

walk

Ron^iws,

his first appeai:ance

temple

ten

the

the present

at

from

was

he made

when

came,

to

from

Bocbica, the

that

the east

denomi-

paternal

the Cordilleras
It

This

*.

which

Juan,

the Guaviare.

go

the

cycle

new

and

mensem

plainscalled

Llanos

first month

from

torn

situate in the

the

the

necessarilybe taken

must

of

of Heaven,

gates

dei
bicipitis

-tanquam

of

opening

of the Janus

us

his death

because

moons.
eighty-five

reminds

nati"m

the

were

wanderings

gue"a,

quihicuydoor,

as

of a hundred

called

was

houseless, and

The

astrologicalideas.

with

connexion

c.

13.

an

Muysca
circular
elevated

18S

The

cohitnti.

gnottonie

Penitians

observalioiis*

himself

pit^ and

BOidat

much

se"

the

s"gnsof the
ta and

sninmits^nd

months

suhuza,

Mexicans

cord

the

At

of

or

time

cycle

led in

was

of the

marked

which

to

name

the

added

Sun

have

in masks
victim.

On

carred

Descripcioncron.

equi^

supposithm
the ten

the

cipherft

and

as

Mdth

of

the

of the
a

the

the

suna,

to

victim, guesa,
which

the
The

gave its

the column
the

measure

and

sacrifice^

that

solstittal

passages

of tiie

priests,afeque^

followed
Egyptian priests^

represented Bochica,

stone

de dos

found

the

indiction,

new

Osiris,or the Mithras, of Bogota^ and

the

^.

zenith.

the

like the
Some

stake

month,toward
served

not

in the

among

find,in
to a

opening

processionby

through

of

This'

celebration

equinoxial shadows,

or

of fifteen years,

the lunar
to

appears

served

length

the

of the linear gnomon

use

Might

certainly acquainted

were

in

those

Mnyseas^ figured in

twice

we

than

Inca/*

the

probable^as^

more

the shadows

shorter

of the

mark

cityof

'^

solstitial shadows

and

in the

sculptures^have

to

peculiar

"

they asserted^ placed

were

cokimns

manner

same

erected

as

"iipireof

of their

several

is

there

of the

th" rest

the

their

on
directly

the gnomon

"f

Snn,

the

Quifo^ because

had

They

f^en"lrattioDfor the oolomius

with

acquainted

were

at

Piedras,

Chapui tepee.
page

100.

who
to

See

tlie

is the
whom

Gama

136
attributed

were

JVimurti

three

Hindoos^ he contained

of the

formed

who

penMms^

bone the emblems

bis,

only

of

Moon

the

or

heads" becou"e, like the

masks

resemblingfrogs^in

sign of

the year, ata;

the

figuredwith
This

whose

Fomagata,

travelled

and

Sogamozo,

the

prince,whom,
brother

nightof

the

by

Saturn.

confused

When

the

Tunja
into

"th"r

to

cruel

Uranus

phantom

the Indians
of the

his

to

treated

be

to

pents,
ser-

had been

constellation
Mr.

but

attach

to

Duit the

qf

appearance

which
procession,

reminds

a
us

of the Chinese*,and
processions
astrological

of the
that

remembrance

spirit.

a
originally

ignorantwhat

are

thinks, that

quesne

evil

men

caused

state

air, between

as
nuptials,

of this

name

in

the succession

secure

his

We

bears, the

comet.

to

was

Tusatua, Bochica

on

long taiL

tigers. According

Fomagata

evil,

in tibeChibcha

transformed

lizards,and
traditions

the

of

symbol

name

through
and

with

allusion to the first

or melted matter
languagesignifies^re,
considered
an
as
was
of ebullitiany

He

Boehiea^

eovered

were

eye, four ears, and

one

osiers

finallyothers r^resented

Fomagata,

monster

wife of

the

others

divinity
;

one

Chia,

three

of the

feast of

of the

column

we

Sana,

have

Isis,had
the victim

reached
was

alreadymentioned,

Soucie ty torn, iii,p. 33.

the

tied
a

to

cloud

tremity
ex-

the
of

137

covered

arrows

offered

be

tD-

blood

oS the

'This

barbarous

relations

which

The

of their

signs,which
and

Indians

presided

lunar

the

as

The

moons,

have

we

ready
al-

priest xeques,
such

year,

the

stones

on

the

intercalary.

became

moon

plate*.

stones,

Muysca

or

xocam,

Mexicans

fifty-two years,

years,

reminded

mentioned,
in what

the

over

vases.

striking

the

engraved

These

days.

of

16th

in the

r^resented

Muysca

several

by

cycle

^reat

The

sacred

into

celebrated

that

oiit,

Bochica.

has

ceremony

with

is

received

torn

was

Sun^

King

was

guesa

end

the

at

the

to

his heart

and

him,

or

such

of

stone

petro-

silex, represented in orthographical projection,

fig. 1

and

perspective,and

in

fig.2
lismic

months
It

is

contains

times

of

moons
thirty-i^even

To

years.

of

Mr.

Duquesne's

we

should

of the

first

yeai-s and

five

fall

months

See

of

explanation

Muysca

cle.
cy-

thirty-seven
five

in nine

perfectcomprehension

series

the

indiction

contained

recollect,that, by

periodical

mensions,
di-

embo-

signs, because

are

have

of

years
nine

of

this

because

it exhibits

Muysca

the

first indictiori

the

pentagonal,

indicate

to

seems

five ecclesiastical

each

moons

of its real

in

an

months,

the

employnlent

indiction
the

si|fns,

these

of nine

intercalated

successively in cuhupqua, muyhichy

yol. xiii,p. 225

and

381;

PI.

xv,

No.

8,

138

aod

atQj Mhuza,
take

can
er

hisca
in the

pkce

evident
the third

the

second

in what

of the

signscontained

which

OBS,

For

years.
the

taken

sign hosa

in the

Mr.
have

Muysca

Oft

three

of

knowledge

some

of

the

thirteen

am

those

The

The

which

tenth

cuhupqua

followingis

the

and

his

ia

year

to

those

say

of twelve

and

sixths

the

to

of twenty

sunas.

intercalations,

first two

not

marked.

often
interpretation,

the

frog without

begins by

years

recognises

intercalations

muyhicay are

arbitrary,of

indiction

that

signs of

of the

correspond

Muysca

ignorant why
of

nine

place^in

sunasy

and
eighth,,

hisca

the

Ist and

head,

2d
a,

was

Indians, who

the

stone

it

that

cycle.

the

guided by

20-

find^t"at

calendar, thinks, that he

feces

take

in what

sixth, or
of the

year

ata, suhusa, and

which

twelfth

preserved

the

the

was

Duquesne,

external

intercalated,we

was

terms

thirty-seven

instance, if it be asked

this intercalation
made

in

one

intercalati-

of the

place

"Mr

sonas

finallythe

and

the

ni"dle,

the series of ten

in

the number

have

19

the

of twenty

year

intercalary;
determines

cirde

cam

Muysca

circles in

the moons,
in

eirele^that

shows

becomes

signs of

the

dered
ren-

are

circle,which

first

The

figure.

concentric

three

innermost, indicates
mnas\

coincid"noefli

These
the

by

ii

no

the third,the seventh^

firsts

siiith year.

the

that

and

what
some-

figures.

denotes, that

sign ate,

the

emblem

the

of

139
"

by Cy and

In

water.

lines.

trausverse

in the

it

that
which

tadpole with

only

six

which

does

not

from

place

figuresof

respecting

hieroglyphice

with

covered
is still

the

It should

be

The

and
figui*esy

lines, divided

the

is intercalated.

around

by

a
a

class

See page

was

of

people.

the Azteck;^^
their

altars*.

the

by

sign is represented
means

Indians

50.

at

governed

moon

This

The

same

feet

three, that

circle, traced, by
column.

jade the

by eight ti*ansver8ie

into five and

year

the

(cppisayo)ywhich

also

h indicate

suhuza
i

had

days

Muysca

some

asserts, that

without

lower

the

dghth

sort

intercalarymoon.

an

tunic

Indian

the

signs of

at

idols of

recollected,that,among

the

in

two

have

may

animal

among

worn

The

placed

are

and
take

which

sunas,

Duquesne

of

idols, the

these

month

interpretation of

Mr.

astrologicalsymbol
On

that the

We

several

on

{ee%Jrog m

another.

e,

the

but

observed

he has

without

to

quadrangular plate.

doubt

after

presides is useUsSy

and

frog, a

not

quihichatay e,

announces,

harvest

one

is

years,

on

in the twelve

reckon

by throe

others, to denote,

falls

animal

the

SEiall

middle

Muysca

long tail"and

This emblem

over

of

as

intercalation

the

the

the

rank

sum^s

is marked

of

That

concerns

repose.

sculptured three

are

of which

each

piecesof wood,
found

d,

of

cord,

assert, that

140

i*epi'esentserpents, which

and
tiens

the emblems

ai*e

stone

alludes

to

the

sign

the

form

of

is

of the guesa

of

o"hiscaiA

made

is denoted

by

lock, which
made

that

is

of the

On

in

of the Nile

which

exists between

in the

Indians

seven

contained

of these

It

pieces of

the walls

of years

of

on

of
the

difference

the

rude

ingenious nation

an

Plate

pentagonal

assert, the

moon,

calendar
of

of

works

as

this lock with

observe

the

same

peo-

advanced

arts.

Four

deaf

those

We

^.

The

natives.
two

comparing

for thousands

use

d.

is the

the

by

which

years^

h, c, and

temple,

and

intercalation

sides^ to receive

banks

ple"and

at

of

sacrifice

temple^

Egyptians, sculptured on

and

Kamak,

The

Muysca

present

cylindricalwood.
that

The

the

reopen

the

both

piercedon

to

strokes

of at

Chia*^

is the end

cycle.

after nine
nine

and

This

indiction.

closes
use

the

going

second

the

part

sign hisca^ which

Bochica

shut.

temple

nnder

na~

under
conjunction^gtire^f

lunar

of the

The

g the

at

nuptialsof

the

the first revolution

b^n

of time.

exhibits

of the

all

among

twenty

which,
of the

hundred

and

twenty

en

took

the

to

cycle

This

cycle

of

5.

Plate

139, ^g*

of the

of the priests

Egypte,

the

imperfect

place in

forty sunas.

years

44, fig.4, No.

Denon, Voyage

intercalations

according

Muyscas,

taught, as

stones

14.

thirty-

142
nations

andent

most

the year^

under the
representee^

Among

the

Mexicans

the

among

American
and

points,which
weeks

of the

of five

denote

four

the

find

we

singular

is

seasons,

great

or

led the Mexicans

four

years,

to

which

of

groups

form

the

notions,which

the vague

ring.

Besides, the number

cycle of sixtyyears

From

this

and

instance

Muyscas^

four

great year*.

of fifteen rural

of

to

owing to the
solstitial and equinosdal

the

to

ol five intercalations

Asiatic

the

the number

interest attached

emblem

nations, for

four indietions instead

preferencefor

attributed

East

of the

reached

have

the lunar signsborne

in the pro*
respecting
cession cfxheguesa, and of the connexion
which

us

the

exists between
and

the

the

opens

that
conjecture,

bosuymica,

"c.

march

parts. We

this "ct

is very

wluch

the

colours^. It

"

See
See

the

water

rat, which,

peopleof

the ^Tartar

of the

asterisms,we

may

ten

division

find among

the

Mantchous

^ve

that
is probable,

t Hate

the

of

Gaiibil,torn. 2,

zodiac

Chinese, and

names

ten

canSy

of

ancientlythe

44,

vol. xiii,p. 371.

and

fi*og,
ata,

important, a cycle of

vol. xHi, p. 37^.

" Souciet

of the

of ata,
hieroglyphics'f'
marked, like the signs
originally

into ten

to

and

the

the

or

the
days:{:,

of the Mencan

water,

the Chinese

amcHig
race,

sign of

constellation

p. 13d.

Fig.4.

ten
ccms

143

of

we

nume^cal

the

.first

sign,

This

history

cleared

greater
each

up
number

other.

rise

of

only

when

of

only

were

cate
indi-

to

second

this

the

to

which

is

sign,

substitution

extraordinary

we

American

shalL

tive.
significa-

were

uninterestingin

not

of

migrations

the

"c.,

the

themselves

numbers

subject,

that

giyen

the.

that

idea,

these

presume,

signs

that

Du-

to

mica^

zodiac,

the

and

"c.

to

us

of

Mr,

alluded

bosa,

names

which

us,

leads

anU

names

cycles,

ate,

of

sign

insensibly

haa

the

the

for

third

this

words,

substituted
the

the

to

All

names.

same

particular

transmitted

has

quesne

also

that

suspect,

may

the

had

Muyscas

the

nations,
have

monuments

be

can

compared

with

144

FRAGMENT

OF

MANUSCRIPT

HIEROGLYPHICAL

PRESERVED

IN

LIBRARY

ROYAL

THE

AT

DRESDEN*

PLATE

According

to

plain each

other

the

principlethat
and

history of

our

eyes the whole

taken
and

from

I have

Mexican

the

The

sheets

complete
that

was

to

have

to

under

which

it has

and

me,

of the

escaped

grave
en-

of Dresden

manuscripts

when
It

to

48, fragments

manuscripts

begun.

notice

ex-

have

determined

first of these

altogetherunknown

works,

plates 45, 46, 47,

Vienna.

these

should

we

of the

aflEixed its character

monuments

that, to study profoundly

nation,

the

on

XLV.

the

is not

was

printingof

easy

to

give

hieroglyphicalpaintings,
the

destruction, with

"

14"

which
of

they

menaced,

were

America,

fanaticism,

monkish

by

the first discovery

on

and

the

stupid carelessness

of the first

conquerore*.

An

antiquary who

made

researches

th"

arts, the
Greeks

and

work,

ideas

the

well

Persians,

Greeks-f-. I

indebted

am

of

Coxmt

This

Azteck

in the

purchased

1739.

It is

(agave mexicana),
New

and

Spain ;

in

metres

covered

with

Vol.

xiii,
p.

the

barbarous

Hindoos,

the

and

the

friendshipof
to

kind

the

forms

plate.
Mr.

sured
Boettigeras-

Vienna, by

at

the

the

Literary Journey

on

like

of

those

of

made

paper
I

brought

brarian,
lito

metl
from

ftsipella
nearly
plicatilis,

length, containing forty leaves,

paintings

is 0*296

page

his

in

GoetzeJ,
Italy,in

45th

.manuscript,as

was

me,

and

lately

extensive

Marcolini, for the copy

contained

fragment

"

the

to

royal

it

Egyptians,

distinguishedgentleman,

ness

six

the

Chinese,

the

of the

those

of

most

paintingsof

as

me

in the

spoken

has

displays the

which

as

Boettiger,gave

Mexicanus

He

concerning

nations,

this

Codex

of the

on

life of the

the domestic

Mr.

Romans,

Dresden.

libraryat
a

deep

mjrthology,and

information

in

has

met.

on

(seven

both

sides.

inches

three

Each

lines)

178.

Boettiger,Jdeen

zur

Arohaeologieder Malerei,

torn,

i,

p. 17"21.

^G"tze,
ergte

Denkwuerdigkeitender

Sammlang, 1744,

VOL.

XIV.

p. 4.
L

Dresdner

Bibiiothek,

14a

long, and
French

0:Q85. iniet. (three inches, two

This

measure) wide*

to.that of the ancient

Dresden

from

at

Veletd, and

in the Vatican

remarkable

is the

in

the

paring
27th,

we

real

see,

tb|^ image

that

days,

is surrounded

Here

other

each

follow

simple

arranged, m

are

the

Codex

it

On

cpmr

13th. and

the

q"
l^flexicanupj

of those rituals in,ii^hioh

small

or

by

period

asterisms
of

number

great

the

astrologicalsign,that

half lunation,

the

with

the
none

of the

wh^trendei$.

symbolic writing"

resembles

Dresden

but

Vienna^

at

of
disposition^

plate

45th

those

of which

hieroglyphics^
many
lines,

form, analogous

the
Dipticks,distinguishes,

manuscript

verj

lines^

govei^ns

of thirteen,

of lunar

dayjs.

simple hieroglyphics
in

the

keys of

the

withouf. connexion,

aqd:
Egyptian hieroglyphics,

the

as

Chinese.
In

general,no^bipg

of the works
raiptfristic

pierced
"^id.
bot^m
extends

of

the

first three

to

the

linear

fo-h",2941

thp Chinese, than

with, darts, whicl^

iheJtouas, substituted

the

of

years
find

we

interior

Julius

on

of

before
the

we

tliq

recumbent
at

see

This

the

analogy

remind

by,the Emperor

us

Africa,

of

Tai-hao-

er^*, for the quipjms,

inscriptionof Rosetta,

Klaproth,Asiatisches

^2l,aDd54".

p^es^

signs, wbiqh

our

cha-

more

me

paintings of saGre4 animals

uncouth

which

to

appears

in

in

Tai-tary, Canada,

Magaziu, 1802,

B. 1, p. 91,

148

HIEROGLYPHIC

PAINTINGS

FBOM

TAKEN

MEXICAN

MANUSCRIPT,

PKE8EKVED

IMPERIAL

LIBRARY

PLATES

AT*

1, 2, and

XLVI,

all the

the

different libraries of
known.

beccius

Nessel

and

Robertson

has

of it.

Vienna

coloured
three

in

1811,

copy

of

the

platesto

Mr.

von

Nessel"

Catal.

above^ vol. xiii. page

exist

their
the

it
and

180.

my

of

Lamand

exhibited
a

frag--

last abode

indebted

Hammer,

different

Biblioth.

outlines

am

pages

by

catalogues ;

during

of Vienna

that

It is mentioned

engraved

naturalist,whose

XtVIlI.

Europe,

I examined
in

"

manuscripts, which

Mexican

is the oldest

VIENNA,

3.

XLVII,

Of

at

THE

IN

Nos.

ment

THE

for
on

the

these

distinguished

works, and

Csesarcae,torn, vi^p.

particu163.

See

149

Mines

larly his

of the East,

facilitate the

to

between

those

of America.

colours, which

the

manuscripts
folded

are

long,

each

skin, on

which

is

not

human

ed

it is

is

pages

shine,

on

the

formed

they

are

manner,

found

skin,

of Mexico.

north
had

similar

but

of

in

Sometimes

together;

but

more

seems

metl

this

is

not

The

paper.

contains

rituals
two

than

more

of Veletri

figures are

frequently
to

is found

varnish

the

most

uniformly arranged, as

not

the

earthy coating

figures,disposed in
and

The

varnished

been

white

mazatl,

stag, and

Louisiana

of Vienna

Vatican.

""parate, and

inscribed,

skin of the

manuscript, though

human

thousand

varied

skin.

Mexicanus

Codex

of

The

falselyasseit*

been
a

line

one

broad.

lines

the

they

effect

fifty-two

inches

ten

the

form

It has

it is

call

if

as

allegorical

Veletri, which

and

two

in the

Dresden
of

of

skin, as has

common

the

on

the great vividness

account

hieroglyphicsare

these

this is the

fixed

its

on

its external

is

probable, that

which

imperial library

manner.

page

naturalists

which

but

same

and

of

Vatican

eight,inches

and

in

the

in the

and

pages;

of

Asia

central

distinguishthe

It resemble

figures.

analogiesthat

of the

preservation,and

beautiful

of the

remarkable^

is very

Vienna

at

Mexicanus

Codex

The

buted
greatly contri-

of

nations

the

exist

study

have

be

each

and

the

grouped
figure

\"

pointing at something

150

the

with

Divided

remarkable.
it

thirteenth

The

finger.

evidently indicates,
right to left/ and

from

that

is

in

equal

Mexican

the

cycle,I
relative

solstitial antd
and

leaf

every

OzomatU

feathers,
the

over

These

as

and

days,

373

have

follow

We

find

most
Alof

the

are

other

from

calli

rich

On

year.
thirteen

arranged
in the

signs preside

the

over

Ocdotl

mining
exa-

teen,
to thirwhat

is

of which

in the first twenty-two

ehecatl

fpre matlactU

in such
order

pages
a

ner
man-

in which

Mexican

calendar.

(1,wind) immediately be-

(10, house),

(1^ death^s head) coupled with

these

fimr

")aglewith

relation to the

no

each

ome

(7, death's

of the
years.

striking,the dates,

manuscript,

they

the

cern
dis-

nothing periodical; and,

see

to

not

series of pages

^ave reckoned
of the

of

to

Jaguar,

CozcaqtmuhtlL

all very

above

of the
of the

the
we

return

and

Ape

the

equinoctialsigns,rabbit,contyjiinty

huuscj the asterisms

of the

able

independent

see,

we

to

contained

been

not

the

to

number

distinguishthe

hieroglyphics,which
on

have

read

bottom

of yeans

the number

to

thing

any

the

from

lines^

Mexicans

the

top, fi7vaT^0^ov. Though

pages

horizontal

three

by

is very

page

and

iniqviztU

ce

cMcome

miguiztU

head), tl^QUgh the days governed by

signs are

viery distant

treat
^is manii^criptr

from

other.

each

of fistrological
matters,

we
U^ very possible,

sl^alll^ave

ei^hed^ that whole

pages,

T^ason

to

for instance

If
as

be astothe first

151^
and

thfe

dates;* "ifthere

by

them

terms

find in Plate 46

flgiire
representinga
ti-unk

in the

ishells ; "

drinking water
friction

by

"

; a

On
of

casting our

would

enabled
made

respect

knowledge,
the

the

have

we

truths

the

See

vol.

this

what

phics
hierogly-

shapelesswriting
the sciences

should

we

people,

that

had

Notwithstanding

who
Egjrptians,
the

on

little

have

to

reason

the

had

so

of

presume^
on

their

tain
temples, con-

These

though just,ought

Plate

corded
re-

advancement

of their

225, and

be

ever

civilization,has

in

importance.

xiii,page

ing
carryThese

that
self-evident,

cornices

of much

however,

Witt

plate.

traced
inscriptions,

numerous

obelisks, and

48th

over

other

ten

if
little,

but

influence

an

47,

Plate

vexillum, "c.

books.

these
owe

we

powerful
that

the

on

decipher

in

took

wedged

bushy beard,

by

little progress

so

foot is

man'i" head

of

it is

gain

to

with

eyes

Mexicans,

the

thirteeti ciphers.

the i^"oi'"d
fire
prientkiHdlitig;

kind

repeated

are

In

surrounded

persons

diiff"i'eiit

large bitli,
^"t-hapiail alcatraife,

man

in his hand
same

Who""

man,

tr""/ or

"

of

kh'ow

vei-ys""^lar symbolibal

spinhirigcotton

" Woman

b""rd

of

"isiiy

the
"xjpr"SS

ser""S

p"Hod"c"l

the

bf

iiidic"tidn

tt"

should

we

were,

rounds, which

the

of

We

offer

twenty-second,

rations
considenot, in my

15, No.

8.

152

opinion,

the

history
and

is

of

of

the

interesting

each

the

uniform

the

in

signs

from

of

in

to

faculties

of

of

the

image

an

of

the

man.

vidual
indi-

the

light

species

our

of

Earth

of

the

on

philosopher,

progress

parts

other,

connected

throws

migrations

ancient

highly

of

it

the

ledge
know-

and

manners,

nations

of

The

intimately

the

him,

remote

is

mjrthology,
genius

study

characters.

characters

these

of

the

neglect

to

us

sacred

and

symbolic

with

lead

to

senting
prethe

the

the

first

guage
lan-

most

folding
un-

Ci)
:^/.,,,
./'//.

J"tL.

154

of the

traction
the

in

This

wo.

for

choseii

well

The

beneath

found

is there

Political

in my

travellers,the

ruins

Essay

Leoha,

excavations

covered

with

fepeak of

ta

heard.

ever

the

to

the

on

been

Itr^brious,

scarcely

o"casion

had

of

call these

walls

the

I have

New

narrative

burial, alluding

Luiva,

or

"t"d
s"^vti|;e

Indians

Tzapoteck

have

to

appears

l"o

the

to

birds

of

term

sfte

that, according

warbjing

signifies,

language, jo/ace of desolation^

Mexican

place of

Migiiitlan,which

word

ques.
arabes-

this

nument
mo-

of

Kingdom

Spain*.

According

mark

to

was

Tzapoteck
the

death

one

of these

the

tombs,

principal

the

preserved,

of

son

Hved
The

or

deliver

rites.

Others

were

in this

plan

made

with

the

The

ashes

been

ings
buildof the

sovereign,

brother, withdrew

habitations,which
to

of these

puipose

princes reposed.

have

that

spot where

the

priests,charged
which

traditions

the

to

himself

for the

to

up

assert,
the

Were

into

erected

over

griefand

ligious
re-

"! family of

that

sacrifices

expiatory
of

repose

at

the

dead,

solitaryabode.
of the

drawn
palace -J-,

by

Luis

artist, Don

Mexican

aShows, that originallythere

Vol.

Plate*'.'

existed

first,page

263.
"'"'

at

very

tinguished
dis-

Martin,
Mhla

five

1S5

se|"ai'arte"buildings^disposed with
A

large gate

very

vestiges ^re

still seen^

led

fifty metres

square*

Heaps

mains

of subterraneous

the

terrace,

level

of the

the

which

to

it

see

we

raised

one

and

court,

This

niche, which
doubt

an

idol.

is covered

with

1*7

met.

broad, and

0-8

3 and

4.

Entrance

5 and

6.

Well,

of

two

or

eight
grecques
7.

are

broad.
and
Six

each

hall

the

than

The
a

basis, as

and

metre

with
it is

pillars.
closed
high, en-

principal door
4*3

stone

met.

of

long,

high.

met.

inner

opening
leads

walls,

plate.

wall,

court.

of

to

the

intersect

walls

Unah.

columns.

each

other

metres

Th"
at

right

long

covered

are

A
in

excavation

an

twenty-seven
The

the

as

50th

the

above

metres

time

supported by

cross,

which
galleries,

augles,

is in

r^maias

the

two

the

of the

staircase

right

rounded
sur-

"

is broader

hall

form

9)

distinguish

same,

of

the

broad

and

(8

the

or

in

level

the

above

very

re^

indicate,that

surrounding

the

at

formed

half

no

earth, and

form

we

distinctlyin

niche

2.

of

preservation, and

serves

more

spacious courts

on

principaledifice

In the
1

That

some

still exist.

columns

of two

oblong

court.

of tolerable

state

to

which

structures,

edifices of

small

four

of

(6),

rity.
regula-

great

and
with

arabesques.
columns,

intended

to

support

the

156

savine

beams

of

Three

of these

art,

only high

the

are

without

are

capitals.

Some

singlepiece.

the

columns

the

ground

sketched

is 5*8
to

m.

third

one

the

is of

in mineralogy,

is

stone

fine

asserted, that

The

total

they

height of
in

buried

are

height.

columns

the

in America,

versed

of their

of these

one

found

well

but

slabs.

infancy of

have

porphyritic granite.

large

shaft

others

ceiling.

tion.
preserva-

Their

that

me,

amphibolicporphyry
it is

the

persons,

told

have

good

hitherto

ones

the

of- very

indicate

which

columns,

still in

are

consisted

roof

The
The

beams

formed

that

wood,

I have

separately^on

larger scale.
inner

The

10.

11, 12, and

the
a

court.

13.

Three

court,

and

fourth, which

small
not

is behind

apartments

communicating

the

niche.

The

rounding
sur-

with

rent
diffe-

equalities,
parts of this edifice present very strikinginor

of

the

of

want

is

there

apartments

of their

appearance

no

the

rior
inte-

presenting
paintings, re-

are

trophies,

weapons^
There

In

symmetry.

and

sacrifices.

having

ever

had

windows.
Don

Luis

have

sketched

" la

Grecque,

and

Martin
with
the

exterior

which

the

Mitla

is covered.

great

Colonel

de
the

exactness

labyrinths,and
of

the

These

walls

la

Laguna

drawings

meanders,
of

the

drawings,

witii

palace
which

of

de-

.=!

167

the

New

viceroysof

to

represents three

walls

shows, that the

and

other

each
*

are

form

stones,

square
address

by

of

mass

inside of the

the

up

of mosaic
which

some

Peruvian

walls

on

forty

metres;

the

five

or

form

of

Egypt,

its

ral
seve-

much

other.

The

mosaic

appears

to

The

their

at

length

Mitla

is

fill

This

produce

about

never

ceeded
ex-

edifice,though
effect

some

of its parts, and

the

Several

ornaments.

Esn"-f",have

in

these

only

height probably

metres.

of

from

elegant

temples

Syene, Philse, Elethyia, and

near-

topolis,or

of

placed .with

clay,which

line

same

arrangement

ques
arabes-

These

walls, as is also observed

small, might however

the

of the

succeeding

composed

are

edifices.

six

in the fiftieth

ornaments

side of each

the

appliedon

is

kind

nicated
commu-

fragments

similar.

never

Mr.

with
He

drawing given

the

me

plate,which

pleasure of

the

of Mexico.

environs

in the

Martin

last

the

of

geolo^cal excursions

several

making

I had

Spain.

of

hands

the

engraved entire, are in

one
Marquis of Bran""iforte,
be

to

serve

of

La-

still less considerable

dimensions.

Compare plate39,

page

Description of Egypt,

plate38, fig.6
platt85.

and

6 ;

00.

ancient

plate71

fig.1

monuments.
and

2 j

Vol.

plate73,

1,
and

158
In the

Mitla

of

environs

resembling

those

More

the

El

plain called

town

Azteqk

the

spread

whole
obseiTed
kind

in another

are

communications
every

of
mefa

zone,

repetitionof
omstitutes

the
the

call

vaguely

is

no

civilization

in

in

are

"

torn,

use.

Krugenstern,

i,page

those

others
of

and"

pleaded
forms,

same

of

already*
of this
ancient

rythmic

which
repetition

meanders,

of what
and

We

arabes-

the

perfection of

indication

of
the

among

the

ikMi^ under

with

principal character

grecques

the

of

which

almost

I have

but

proofs

nations

are

Still more,

ques.

with

place, that an^ogies

limited

very

with

Mitla

palace of

surface

continent

thir""

era.

our

the

over

the

than

of the

Italy, and

old

of the

of

of the antiquity

scarcely probable,

strikinganalogy

lower

of

find

we

a-

Tolteck

of architecture;-

it is

century

scribed.
de-

of " whole

of the

farther

ornaments

doubt,

vases

rains

ornaments

back

it goes

Greek

ofier, no

taste

fourteenth

or

The

of the

but
edifices*,

of these

teentfa

the

just

Guatimala,. in

absolutelyignorant

are

that

have

we

south, near

for the

race

We

which

P"lenqu^

evidences

are

and

to

somit other building" veiy

great pyramid, and

much

of

remains

the

are

any

Krusenstern

Reise

um

die

Welt,

168, Atlai, Tafel 8, 10, and

naments
or-

great progress

people

Mr.

these

where

gives

they
a

de-

Petersburg, 1810,
10.

.1
u
yf

it

4i

II

II
I

160

VIEW

OF

CORAZON.

PLATE

Thb

mountain

of

in

the

summits

of

Pichincha

on

The

and

the

our

was

to

voyage

of the

mercury
"

M.

of

these

Alto

de

Nevada

This

the

between
One

of

is

of

two

the
seen

Corazon.

summits,

forms, present

very

of view.

the

on

the

slope

eastern

of their

contrast

lingular point
It

the

of its

heart.

last mentioned

proximity

apparent

from

tual
perpe-

form

Ilinissa.

and

mountain

of the

of

Cordillera,

western

left,above

the

that

the

city of Quito.

is found

pyramids

from

name

it appears

the

near

with

covered

nearly

it^ as

sketched

Poingasi,

its

is

which

summit,
have

Corazon,

derived

snow^

LI.

summit

of
the

America,
in

the

Corazon, that, before

greatest

barometer

Bouguer

and

had

depression
been

myself,"

says

served.
obM.

161
"de la Condamine
"

began

whom

persons

sight of
"

in very

journey

our

tents

our

lost

soon

clouds, which

the

among

The

fine weather.

left in

had

we

us

Introduction^

in his Historical

appeared

cold

time

hands

icicles.
scale

to

and
and

one

and

the

side of

half

our

points, exhibiting a
stood

No

only

had

hitherto

in the
open

air, and

one

to

above

within

the

the

mit;
sum-

of

eyebrows,

our

small

frozen

fifteen inches

at

The

the

seen

barometer

probably
we

no

cended
h"glas-

toises

2470
can

we

low

so

one

were

and

sea,

lines.

ten

answer

gf this

five toises for the exactness

or

our

singular spectacle.

level of the

four

with

perceived

full of

greater height :

were

other, we

clothes, one

beards, stuck

our

mercuiy

each

short

places we
reached

length we

looking at

on

in

us

rock, by climbing

At

feet.

several

In

them.

entered

we

covered

piercingwind

and

with

forced

all

the time

only a mist, from

to us

calculation.
As

we

influence
of caloric

of

calculations
we

of

presumed

may

Voyage

be

not

to the

to

the

XIV.

"

by

permitted to

amount

to

calculation

Equator,

pan^o 88.

^o
was

This

with

the

decrement
of the

me^,ns

doubt

in which

placein July, 1738.

VOL.

the

and

made

measurement,

height, though

acquainted

present

the temperature

on

barometer,
exactness

at

are

the
of
made

of the
error

the

is

total

by

excursion

the

took

163

subtraction

fidmple
Condamine

had

visited

he

the

celebrated

neariy

perished

16th

of

this

of

of

top

is

4858

the

point,

Corazon.

forty
in

measured

all

aflFected

philosophers

are

that

respecting

prevails
Caraburn,

metre^

(1214

(1268

toises.)

p.

See
838.

my

the

Besides,

to

which

toises),

Collection

the

of

Astronomical

when

toises)

of
and

1738

the

by

calculation

by

the

height

Ulloa

Mr.

sequently
con-

ele?a1ion

the

metres

he

he^ht

formula

Bouguer
and

than

on

with*

himself
*

had

absolute

the

(2490

near

academicians.

on

to

sbaH

Aidas,

Philip

The

which

height

greater

metres

exceeds
of

which

found

he

according

rock,

Laplace,

Indian

this

tion
eleva-

an

on

la*

when
If

of

and

the

1802,

it, at

the

on

with

de

him^

attained

rock,

place,

May,

knowing

was

of

another

in

with

then

that

to

M.

Rucu-Pichincha.

of

crater

speak

out

instruments

no

astronomer

equal

tte

logarithms.

of

French
oi

these

uncerta""ty
of

the

assigns
2470

Obscrvationt^

sigMd
3366
metres

vol.

1"

l"3

COSTUMES

OF

INDIANS

OF

MECHOACAN.

PLATES

The

Indians

an"ient

of

of

the

and

an

New

cutting

queen

of Prussia,

who
princess,

such
be

as

united

to

with

enlightenedtaste
had

sketched.

suffered
These

the

of

made

much

for the
least from
are

considerable

for her

drawings

markable
re-

pith^which

majesty

of these
skill.

great elevation

vivid colours

most

collection

most

figuresin

clothes
This

home

brought

figures,arranged

an

in

the

have

small

out

aquaticplant.

the

are

spirally,
yieldspiecesof

dimensions.
the

Valladolid, the

Spain. They

is very "porous, imbibes

and, if cut

of

Mechoacan^

dressing them

pith of

the

LIII.

p^'ovice

of

talent of

wood^

"

LII,

kingdom

industrious

THi:

dian
InThis

of character

arts^ ordei*ed

carriageto
exhibited

in

164

plates
be

52

struck

Indian

Spanish

and

with

costume

colonists.

If

53.

the

with

we

examine

strange
that

them,
mixture

introduced

must

we

of

the

old

by

the

165

VIEW

OF

INTERIOR

OF

THE

PEAK

As

the

CRATER

OF

TENERIFFE.

PLATE

LIV.

of the Cordilleras

picturesque Atlas

the

time,
the

views

THE

journey

the

to

form^

to

It represents the summit

Sugarloaf,
Peak

circular

which
breach

is

of view

waU
no

of lava

other
wall

than
on

this

drawing

the

lithoid

action

the

the

surrounding
the
in

mere

or

the
clivity
de-

ashes

crater,
a

large
I had

geologicalpoint

lavas, preyed

of the vapours

the

and

of

rapid

side.

western
a

tinent.
con-

Piton,

volcanic

solfatara

of
this

new

Caldera

the

with

same

added

of the

perceive

covered

cone

in the

sketched

constant

We

of TeneriflFe.
of the

contains

which

the

at

have

relation

no

THE

tlie narrative

of

tropics^I

it has

plate, though

OF

of

on

by

the

sulphuric acid,

166

in

placed

are

strata

mountains

of the
These

of

brink

the

of

Somma,

overflowings.
of

For

stone.

the

They

poi-phyry

ages

past,

imiidred

The

On

we

astonished

are

which

from

crater,

ashes, pumice

stone,

trified tti"tter, have

has

i^logist in
the

the

but

isla"d

of

of the

cald"ra

opening

volcano.

of the

ta"ithem

fouhd

on

the

funnel

of "noffnons
acted

eruptions of

the
the

This

smallness

of

the

that

Mr.

fnmislh"d

present

of

cm^

prind()"l

the

tr"veDel'

the

dimeni""ons,which

volcano

miiie-

any

learned

in

ti-

Cbrdier, who
of

not

much

so

volcanic

of

declivity of

principal part

mous
enor-

the

Teneritib, has

piton, is

1798.

the

important obseirvation, that the

ter, the

h"ve

is

by

longe"t residence

the

made

issued

ral
late-

out

blocks

and

than

in

place

suppose

we

pitch-

more

R"tama

the

lava,

eruptions

thrown

at

the

only by

these

of

of substances

quantity

acted

took

plain

is

whtoh

of

which

in the

beholding

peak,

last

at

Teneriffe,

of

peak

toises, he"

of

and

osidian,

of

the

of vitrified

the

height

Chahorra,

of

of

on

successive

of

result

formed

are

base

eruptions.
that

the

with

perpendkmlar

nineteen

be

Vesuvius

of

crater

to

observed

those

to

ancient

appear

formation.

secondary

similar

strata,

layers

other, like the

each

on

peak

"ppb"ts
the

TenefiflFe.

td

ancient

168
This

and

which

volume*,
which

from

have

we

little known,

is very

taken

the

fragmente

in plates55 and 56, belonged

represented
to le Teliier,
archbishop of Rheims ;
know
into
it came
not
we
by what means

hands.

ite outward

In

tican, No.

in

Spanish.

which

several

at different

it app^rs,
as

Each

3738.

accompanied by

throw

It is

Mexico,

They

times,in Mexican

are

di

ritual almanac
and
5

the

shall

"

1197,

give a

Manuscriptof

de
roglyphicos
mens.

14,

the

the

que

to

pages

Reg. 613.)

year

we

the Mexican

copy

fii-st
of which
of

is

astrology;
the year

1561.
or
calli,

idea of these three

in folio,under

los Mexkanos.

usavan

tives.
na-

those

contains

historyfrom

the

succinct

96

and

second, a book

third,a Mexican

or
tochtliy

We

at

of the

some

Tellerianns

of three different works

monk

written.
correctly

more

Mex.

Codex

Spanish

Mendoza,

notes,

the Az-

of

instructive than

more

much

are

names

these

rites
religious
a

well

as

history,the

the

dictation of

the

find in the Raccolta

The

written,as
explanations,

composed by

from

the

hieroglyphicfigureis

probablethat

the

his

the Va^-

libraryof

light on

great

chronology,and
tecks, were

the

but

it resembles

form

manuscript preservedin

merly
for-

nuscripts.
ma-

the title of Gc'

(Cod. Teller.

Re-

16"
1.

Rltualy

twelve

which

Tolteck

and

principalfestivals
to

the

the
of

festival

which

of

The

"c.

Tecuilhuitontly

The

terminates

'*

proprietor

in his

the

very

the

dangerous

we

careful

in

considered

was

less

square,
presence

of wives

bom

of

their

severely punished by
the
was

where

she

was

of

the

neck

cation
indi-

the last
to

days

were

very

Infidelity,

laws.

the
of

This

be

bands
Hus-

destiny, was

stoned

56, fig. 1.

as

manac,
astrological al-

the

dragged

husband.

Plate

latter

birth.

effect of blind

she

to

begin

to

these

on

the

and

followed

tranquillity.

either

around

has

believed

Mexicans

concealing

the

festivals.

Among

the

as

put

woman:

unlucky.

domestic

day

the

considered

be

to

are

that

the

ary
complement-

find the

we

suppose,

may

Quecholi,

supposed

Here

the

to

instance^

spring equinox.

that
or

afraid

or

the

the

days

eleven, which

were

and

is

names

according

system,
year

indifferent)lucky,
are

manuscript

Astrological part.
of

five

the

and

all lards

of

series of

erroneous

before

of

or

for

dead

the

the

Mexican

the

eighteen days
2.

of

the

notes

which

all the

hieroglyphic of

days

year

of

images

their

g^ven

have
of the

Micaylhuitlyor qf

the

divinities

Azteck

months

eighteen

find

we

to

not

rope

adulterous

into
death

public
in

punishment

the
is

170

hundred

three

and

to

undertake

nations.

from

the

1454
and

ahnost

1472

from

by

year

this last

from

but

cite, among

image

year,

1274
1518

of the

took

the

to

to

of

find

physical

are

entrance

The

at

and

to

wanting.

In

of the

Spaniards

figures are

of

tical
poli-

1496

great simplicity. We

objectsworthy

large,

containing

pages

1385, from

1529,

years;

of whatever

account

an

late
re-

stantial
circum-

more
we

The

place.

often

1649

in the

interval, the

Mexico

to

the

annals

thirteen

of

to

facts,scarcely

becomes

country.

periods from

1502, and

'

narrative

of the

state

into

interval

an

wish

Mexican

fiu* as

as

of

number

remarkable

was

the

in

1197,

the

century, these

small

which

and

would

who

history of

year

fifteenth

very

two

or

and

the

Clavi-

authenticity,de-

those

by

clude
inThis

Boturini,

greatest

classical

From

but
one

of the

middle

the

script.
manu-

These

unacquainted,

consulted

be

to

senres

the

Empire.

which

were

of

be

of

sixty-fouryears.

with

Gama^

to

seems

and

work,

part of the
gero,

Mexican

of the

S" ^nnab

sheet

ninth

the

represented in

shapen,
misshall

attention, the

king Huitzilihuitl,who, having

legitimatechildren

by

his

wife, took

"

Plate

55, fig.2.

Plate

65,

fig.3.

no

paintressf-

171

mistress^ and

his

for

1414

tochtli,or

1447

and

place

in

great

mortality

the

ing

and

1533,

had

1542

and

of

in

maraga,

CO

called

by

the

1544

X PI. "5, fig.7,

" PI. 66, fig.7.
f

PI.

1545

65, fig.8.

the

an

dian
In-

in

IISec
**

vol.

xiii,p.

PI. 66,

fig.1.

66, fig.4.

im Idem,

1F1F PL

66, fig.6.

***

PI.

which
Men-

9.

idem.

66, fig. 2.

and

1537;

"f^f^ ;

66, fig.2.

"" PI.

66, fig.6.

count
ac-

55, fig.6 aQd"e.

Xt PI. 66, "g.

PI.

of

on

viceroy

the forests

66, fig.6.

ttt

Sun^

insurrection

PI.

tt

Alvarado,

of Mexico

f Plate
PI.

the

of

of Xalich

baptism

the

devastated

et

Zu^

departure

Pedro

under

in

Juan

conquest

the

in

deathff

epidemic malady,

an

55, fig.4.

Plate

of the negroes

tempest which

""

Mexico
and

the

the

Sun

the

Fray

Tcmatiuh,

hair

||
||
;

punishment***

quakes
earth-

comiets

and

1549;

natives

monk

fii*sthuman

two

celebrated

of the

dq)opulated ^^
doza, in

of

Mexico,

and

1532

of his flaxen

by

of

the

the

the arrival**

bishop

the death

the

eclipses of

Guzman:]::^ for

de

Nunez

caused

sown;

appearance

1529

first

the

took

natives^ by destr"Ff-

1476, 1496, 1507, 1510, 1531

1490f

13

year

which

which

been

the

the
sacrificell
;

the

1462, 1468, 1480, 1495, 1507,

1460t

of

the

among

in

snowf

and

1503^

that

corn

falls of

the

died*

who

217.

the

172

made

mvages
Indians

in

accord

with

Clavigero
fourth
the

in

of the

The

limit of the
the

the

of

arrival

the

The

1509, when

1197,

was

period

Tenochtitof which

considered

as

the

Spaniards

in

death

with

arise from

light,the
unequal

east.

the

Earth,

splendor
under

This

the

the

was

till

gives them
of

comets

Le

the

to

vivid

light,which

seemed

perhaps the

zodiacal

is very

great and

people consider

The

phenomena

common

casion;}:.
oc-

continued

according

of which

tropics.

the

this

on

manuscript, during fortynights, a

lighttoward

11

the year

was

presages

seen,

lowed
fol-

annals

the

appearance

to

as

new,

when

perstition
su-

mysterious meaning.

1490

and

1529

are

either

"

"

Plate

66, fig.3.
X

t Storia

Autica, vol. 4, p.

clavigero,vol. 1, p.

Tula, which

at

valley of

of

him

sinister

there

that

discontented

Montezuma,

the

Christian

These

hieroglyphicof

astrologer,put

The

from

1490, is that which

An^erica.

most

more

Mexicans

of the

near

presage

Tellier

and

Acosta.

great comet,

tocktliyor

"ourt

Azteck

tochtli,or

in

historyof Mexicof

the

and

year

is indicated

the

much

Boturini

is the noilhern
lan.

the abb"

dissertation^ contained

of the arrival

manuscript

chronology adopted by

so

the

at

the

among

Tellier

Le

of the ancient

differs

begin

the

the

correspondence

by

to

of

the

volume

years

pox

1538, "c.

annals

If the

small

the

by

28B.

51.

173
1
*

which

comets

appeared

those which
alike in

seen

the

eclipseof

and

Moon

the

the

on

exactitude
of

This

of the

notions

it reminds

Moon

is

symbol

the

devouring

The

Sun.

lactli

Tecpatl^ Nahui

1507;
so

Art

lactli Ome
our

Mexican

historians

so

and

great

logy.
chronomakes

in the

Sun

indicate

it is that,on

this year

period of

the

the
over

tory,
victhe

Gama

Mr.

of calculations

number

course

enabled

which

no

for Mat-

one

1476

fix the

the

served

which

king Axajacatl gained

the

Matlatzincks

the

January,

corresponds to

to

Acatl^

the Mexican

eclipse of

The

which

made

annals

our

Acatl, which

era.

of

13th
1510:

May,

eclipseof

while

Ome

of verifyingDates

of any

of 1531

of

the

the

years Mat-

the

February, 1476

of

points for

fixed

many

mention

8th

the

and

The

of

26th

the

causes

eclipsesof

Tecpatl, and

August, 1496;

of

9th

as

of

the

represents the

luminary, correspondingto

those

proof of

dance
allegorical

of the

latter

are

self
projectsit-

respecting the

us

an

disks of

of the

priests,which

Mexican

the

denotes

of which

one

other.

eclipses;

of

Sun,

the

been

able,
It is remark-

China.

is composed
'f-,

Sun

pole, or

having

as

hieroglyphic,which

the

that

and

Europe

south

indicates

Pingre *

P.

the

near

%.

Cometographie, vol. 1,
PI. 66,

X Gama"

mada,

fig.7.

Sec

"",cap.

and

486.

vol. xiii,p. 401.

Descripcionde

rol. 1, lib.

p. 478

59

las
:

Piedras, p.

8"-*89

Boturini^" 8, No.

13.

Torque-

174

ignorant

am

the
words

This

^^

The

the

year

that

presume,
tained
this

volcano.

Tellier
the
WM

nos,

which

Sitlal

which

give

Veaiis

formed

around

Orizava

is

lufai, and

night
star

been

which
Azteck

smoke

out

placed

rising

in

may

race

p.

the

fiery

crater

star,

the

symbolic
with
sIfiU bears
is that

of

Plate

empine

con"-

of

86

ft
?

east

of
kijad

resembles
and

volcano

language
each

other.

among
TlazolteatL

5fii, fig. 2.

the

illitstar

of

halo

volcano

the

of the

Ve-

thousand

optical

As

that

call

what

Le

humeava^

que

of

of

the

said;

appearanee

Was

planet

may

Spaniards

ask,

the

we

eruptions

estrella

object

to

confounded
Venus

at

the

the

its

la

the

was

Now,

throwing

the

expressly

which

tales.**

could

is

smoked,

cholohay

and

fabolous
fflon

it

the

laltepetl
Cit-

of

and

of

Neveitfaeless,

smoke."*

name

of

epoefaas

manuscript,

star

star

anoal"

the

different

the

the

these

by
out

the

bore

of

mountain

threw

star

Orizava

of

volcano

de^nated

often

is

commentary

in

which

phenomeiioa*,

the

of

city

of

of

"fao-

daring
the

the

morning

pertiaps
Tiie
natives

have
nu/aoe

of the

176
Mexican

of the

this calendar

period when

confounded

was
tianity

The

of

to

composed/Chris-

was

with" the

missionaries

favoured

they even

cert^n

persuaded the natives,that

preached

the
of

learned, who

the

point this

the

Gospel

in America

same

addict

thology.
my-

at

traces

ardor, as
themselves

in

ready
had 'alvery

in our
to

mythology

Ganges, and
*

Essai

of the

sur
Politique

with

that

mote
re-

the Az-

the

Sanscrit,feel in discussingthe analogy

Greek

ture
mix-

worships. They

period; they sought its

teck rites with

Mexican

only tolerated,

not

ideas, symbols, and

been

the

eagle, cozcdqiumhtlu At

of the banks

days
study
of the
of the

Boorampooter*.
la Nouvelle

Espagne,vol. 1,

p. 05.

177

"

"

PAINTINGS,

HIEROGLYPHIC

FROM

THE
.

RACCOLTA

PLATES

These
what

give a

have

of

the

abeady
ancient

Mendoza,

under
than

which
work

M.

parallelsdrawn

but

we

consider

it

all the

the

XIV.

of the

has

cannot

given

Raccolta
the

di

nation,
expla-

of it in his

hieroglyphics.

of

We

exception, all

by this ingenious writer;

beautiful

nations

Sec

ners
man-

script
interestingmanu-

name

vol.

and

xiii,p.
N

fertile idea, to

and

of the

family ;

same

"

VOL.

the

We

admitting, without

the

think

of the

study

far

lighton

some

Mexicans*.

de Palin

are

to

from

throw

to

by introducinghere

the

on

LIX.

said of the rites and

clearer account
known

"

LVIII

tend
engr"ving;s
we

MENDOZA.

DI

to

Earth

as

ing
belong-

recognise,in

183.

the

178
and

Chinese^ Egyptian, Persian

of

bols, the type

we.

common,

faculties of
"

say,

may

its increase

its support

princes;

cities

conquered

this is obvious

guish the

by

the conquests

by

the tributes

chiefs

ten

over

objectswhich
That

is

its

form

of the

cityo(

arms

by

us

conquered.

The

"in the

Mexico.

the

eagle

the

force

The

surrounded
of

names

remainder
same

".

the
of

by
two

PL

ants,
combat-

cities first

the. history is

spirit,and

t Stone

"

68, fig.1.

ofRosetta^and

llorapoll.,
IT, 5,

12.

Nonnus,

Denoo,

PI.

with

symbols

of

similar

'

"

god

house, a habi-

.a
buckler
city:};;

inewi

houses
the

the

figur"e,on

which

cup,

berbuilt,

to

the

with

mind

to

names

the spot
signs to jdistinguish

as

was

Indian

an

recalls

occupation by

teach

composed

the

tree, audi the

other

two

of their

symbols

meet

tatioh, denotes
arrows,

that founded

They

Astrochiton gave

Tfre^f

colony,

of

first distin-

their heads.

eagle*,

an

perched on
where

the

surmounted

stone

which

near

of the

We

the detail

whole

The

the first view.

at

paid by

and
institutions,

its

empire, having

marked

and

Purchas

oi the life of its inhabitants.

the

intellectual

the

preserved by

tipn of the city,and

the

and

race,

represents, in three parts, the founda-

Thevenot

of its

is

man.

collection

The

whole

the

to

sym-

signs, which

of
offspring

is the natural

which

of

language

American

XL,
cxxxili.

v.

47"3.

179

articles

where

eveiy

we

of conquest,

see

with the
The

last

the

arranged

were

event, in

of each

which

of

figuresof

and
the

near

of the

the

years.

representation

frame, which

encircles

contains

the

hierogly-

of

fifty-two

chronological cycle

struments
in-

conquered cities,

names

of

a. sort

paintings,and

phic9

of the

of their

symbols

the

between

conquering princesand

the

weapons,

years.
*^

The

of the

accounts

part.of the collection of Mendoza,

the

of the

names

which

each

th" treasury and

this list

by

bound

to

the

productionsof

gold *, silver,and

to

of

th" head

at

These

of callL

symbol

of

of the articles

deliver in kind

temples, denoted

consist of all the useful

of art

"omposed

tributarycities,and
was

second

the

form

taxes

articled
and

nature

preciousstones

pons,
wea-

mats, cloaks, and blankets

birds, and

feathers

caeao,

paper^borax, salt,"c.

coloured
wer"

represented either

containing

^ ; quadrupeds,
maize, a"d vegetables;

for that

by figuring the thing

contained

thing itself.
of numerical

pointsand

in

it;

packages

baskets, bags, chests, and

size

by delineatingthe

or

vases:}:,

as

of

form

quantity is expressedby

The

signs,which
balls

These

the

denote

twenties

" by

PI. 68,

"

PI. 68,

Fig. 6.

PI. 68,

Fig. 6.

" PI. 68,

N

the
a

of the
means

units

by

character

Fig. 9.
Fig.

minate
deter-

6.

180

is foand

which

handred,
corn

*,

dust

was

times

twenty

or

pine-apple,or

kept

eight thousand, by
as

it appears,

thousand

by

cacao

in which

in the

This

custom

nuts

in

and

book.

of

the

ruins

and

in which

kind

by

see

with

the

the

and

is the

mode

is still in the

man
Otto-

long

conquered

as

the

great
a

of

of

speaks

taxes

paid
laws^

mysteries, were
and

of

the

on

of the

in

like
hibited
ex-

chests

of

mysteries

Egypt,

ed
follow-

was

pictures
those

primitive

inscriptionsin

:|:.The

of the

from

analogy

Tacitus

that

nations

in the

an

state

historical

temples^

those

Eleusis, copied

how

by

cate
indi-

of numbers

list of ccmquests

manner

within

denominations

of which

Thebes,

same

mummies

many

formerly designated

represents

i-eligious
precepts

the

or

determined,

This

symbols

We

society, offers

in the

gold

was

these

the

painting,which

this

which

enclosing so

bag.

of

eai*

hundred^

value

of

an

four

'

origin of

Mexican

Empire,

method

the

fom*

pursef*,a

the

Lower

quill,in

times

of money

sum

states.
^'

by

twenty,
a

twenty

hieroglyphics;

the

among

which

of

tra-

"
.

X
et

qu"que

58,

Legtbantur

auri,

atqu"

PI.

numerus

odores,
natio

Fig.
et

indicta

armorum

quasque

pendeat.

10.

gentibus

PI

58, Fig. 16.

tribute

equorumque,

copias frumenti

et

et

pondus

dona
omnium

argenti,

templi",ebur
utensilimn

181

history of

ced

the

the

tomb

laws

manuscript
embraces

their

of

In

understood,

be

this

by

first

the

is

having

devoted

midwife

wash

amidst

first

the

it
or

cupations of

its

who

cradle

fifth

This

new-born

the

With

water,

to

"ve

thing

in

to

prayers,

all the

g;ods,to

the

the

t PI.

two

Moon,

the

in

is

court,

to

iAiq,oc*

perfonned

children

babe, and
In the

in

ral),
gene-

celebrate

of
inscription

by

decree^

p. 104.

masters

59, fig.1.

the

the

suitable

and

after

gods*f,let

day

119,

by

cradle,

others

is ordered

Stobeus, Serm.

sented
repre-

put into the

to

the

of

mother

birth, marked

(denoting

Rosetta,

TUemistius,

be

ceremony

by eating maize;};.

"

let the

by three

the

the whole

by words,

of its

its birth

same

read

to

implements

sex.

the

name

is to

to

children

three

optative mode

infant

on

before
in the

is fastened

followed

weapons

before

day

flower, which

which

and

only

the

as

let the infant

which

see

manner

the

the

actions

they

same

in the

tongue

from

all the

imperative

the

infant

the

instruct

the

have

we

in

chapter

cradle

to

citizens, placing

which

amulets

hieroglyphicson

the

picture of

eyes

part, of

examination^

life of

whole

modeL

the

hand

cradle

the

third

the

under

prescribes, and

law

form

have

we

the

before

life from

*.

Mexican

"

human

to

of

Heaven

the Sun.

and

182

and

by

similar

called

representation
;

births,added

the

celebrate

to

flowers, forming the character

of the

birth, which

of

day

risingoftheSun*.

the
this

recalls

mind

to

from

Judaism

and

the

the

the fifth

the

gods, and

that
consider

should
is

tables; which

andjivlicatethe

the

allowance

which

parents

years

are

marked

and
five years

in the
of age

girl attends

allowed

four

to

her

mother

Analyse
PI.

de

and

ing
the follow-

instruction^

of

The

and

children

is allowed

of

phics,
hierogly-

of the Romans;

At

loads, and

spinning.

'f*,

seven

numbers

in the

carries

the

his education

give their

i'lnsc. de Rosette^ p. 145.

59, Fig. 2.

present the

weapons,

verbal

old.

language

girlspins herself,and

of

by circles,as

boy

in

and.
high priest,

mark

to

years

the

expiar

of the half cake

cake, by the hermetic

three

moreover

paintingson

whole

from

ordains

the

the

ed
devot-

after

destination

exhibit

are

birth,was

use

its future

prescribedby

witnesses;

name,

the

the

taught

proselytes

parents should

child in the cradle before

master

iU

law

this first division,that

\aWs,

Greeks, in which

from

The

the

of three

obtained

tory ceremonies.

of

presence

day

of the details of

of the Mexican

baptism

in the

three

to

represented also by

whole

of the
oiJj^pii^iikK

infant, on
to

The

dren
chil-

celebration

of the

is

of this table

picture,or

the three

At

the

six, the

like the

boy

184

ThftSH!

CbUowed

pictures are

by representa-

o( :"everal trading which

oblain

regnlations;

"mi

at' :$e"eral crimes^ with

their

punishments.

The

whole

tUMta^

is terminated

agie of threescore

aft the

the brink

om

of the

the

by

and

ten^

enjoying

in

the

midst

of their

privilegeof

intoxica-^

tomb,

from

of esca[Mng

the law

circle which

iftrepeated in this

place,but

divided

Greek

surmounted

by

"fpx

and

of

the characters

mark

to

twenty,

sky,

This
priest-f-.
small

with

by

double

Among

work

must

we

observed

by

of the

eyes,

year

numerical

the

section

with

rounds

the

score.

in this part of the

agronomical
covered

denotes

each

cite that of the nocturnal

forgettheir

to

sulferings*. The

cross,

woman

years

the royal Persian

posterity,

tioQ"and

and

man

circle,

reminds

us

gf the Egyptian hieroglyphicof the sky, and

images

added

text, in

the

its

J."
place the notes,,which

the collection

to

Mexican

eyes

in this

shall insert

We
ure

with

covered

an

of

Purchas

of

editions

two

the

from

Mendoza,

iUHl Thevenot
W.

X ISUtt
'l%"

text

v^iVAi^

ott

of

the

kOW"

Study

of

have

II Rduiium

T/uwtaM,

1
.

Hieroglyphics,vol. 1,

have

been

been

p. 88

"

07.

made, without

which

several

unintelligible.

hl^iim, "i^Mvtbooks, vol.

I")"1. aud

68, "g,

originalbeing disfiguredby typographical

"ighX chauges

would
piii"Uki^"
i

the

Plate

"9, Bg. 7.

in,

p. 1068,

1071,

1086,

1087,

1097.

c/e divers

", [K 47.

Forages curieux,

par

Melckisedec

185

PL

LVIII,

Fig.
titlan

The

1.

Acacitli

a,

Ocelopan

/, Tenuch

h^ Quapan

d, Aguexotl

it,Acotl.

Tenochtitlan,

or

the

employed

weapons

the

above

see

Indiaa
and

these

fig tree,

the

eagle,

that

the

should

nation

on

form

the

or

met

cactus.

of their

marshy

w,

took

country

the

on

The

place

fig

foretold,
Aztecks

the

an

or

rock;

till the

chiefs

of

eagle perched
where

this

be

site

the

was

to

The

lines f, which

indicate

canals,

on

with

we

tuna,

prophecy

city.)

cross,

the

perched

place

new

built

was

of

by

conquering

fixed

m,

terminate,

not

prodigy

it

migrations

the

in

city of

is denoted

weapons

ancient

(An

tree.

The

Mexico^

which

territoryon

h^ Xocoyol

i, Xiuhcaqui

e, Tecineuh

gy Xominitl

of Tenoch-

founders

ten

either

the

dykes,

traversed

which

inhabited

the

by

the

ders
foun-

of T"nochtitlan.

Fig.

2.

a,

ten

of

years

pupuca,

denote

the

rf, and

of

malpupuca, J*.

four

of the

of

conquest

of

c, and

buckler,

Chalco,

of

reign

the

of

Insurrection

Chalco.

g.

darts

to

Tequixquiac,

Death

e.

ChimaU

Chi-

of the

habitants
in-

They destroy

enemy's boats,

and

kill

186

"five

Mexicans,

pnsed,
trivial

that
a

i.

the

(We

remembrance

circumstance

preserved

for

sur-

of

should

have

so

been

ages.)

Fig. 3.

Tribute

of

Fig. 4.

Tribute

of twenty

Fig. 6.

Tribute

eight hundred

of

be

may

tigersskins.

tigers skins.
of

ingots

and

gold

gold

dust.

Rg.

Tribute

6.

of four

drawn

from

hufadred

the

of*

pots

maguey,

honey
ame-

agave

ricana.

Fig. 7.

Soldiers

Fig. 8.

One

of the

chief

of the

he

fire,and

of

novice, h.

during
music,

the

copal
'

night

called

of the

stars,

Tribute

of

bale

(ttjby

bundred

11:

on

The

penance

is followed
'

an

by

instrument

t"p"natztli.
the

priest, c, plays

hour

by

of
third

observation

e.

stuffs
c,

for

d^ and

clothing.
ej contains

pieces,indicated

inscribed

JFIg.lO^and

on

in the

filled with

purse

he

goes
do

to

Another

J)r!est,
fy notes

priests,a,

the mountain

carries

priests.

of

night,d, to

perfume

Fig. 9.

order

by

the

Each
four

cipher

it.
same.

Fig. 12. " mother, n,'instructingher daughter,

0, to

ftg. 13.

weave,

q.

goldsmith instructinghis

son.

187
'tribute

mats^ and

thousand

::l"ute
t he

LIX.

"

The

just delivered.
cradle,

marked

or

seats

many

shells from

sea

and

c;

wife,
rounds, bythe mid-

the in"nt

placed it on

woman

placedin
days after^

four

of the

of the house

is a

copal.

child is

the four

by

bales of

figure,
a,
Her

dy carried

and

as

eightthousand

Fig. L
the

hundred^

of Colima.

coast

V"\^.\(k Tribute:
Piute

hundred

four

four

times

ten

into the court

delivered,

woman

rushes, called tule,t,

spreadon theground;three youngboys,

fy

hy seated

gy

ixicue

boiled beans,
before

havingwashed

mixed

the

the infant

with

the

figure

midwife,

The

vase.

aloud

pronounce

rushes, ate

representedin
in

them

Wlien

maize

toasted

or

these

near

child,tellsthe boys to

l^h"name
was

it is to bear.

carried

to

be washed,

ifitwereahoy, theyput intohis hands

the

to his fathei^s
tools,e, appropriate

trade

shield and

if the Either
infont
a

were

l"asket,
m,
of

were
a
a

broom, A:. When

baptism

its mother.

sc^er

and

if the

a spindle
or
/,
distaff,
girl,

the midwife
finished,
to

darts,for instance,

and

this

ablution

remony
ce-

was

restored the child

If the

boy

were

the

188

of

son

buried

were

probably
the

might

he

which

mother,

him

on

ablution.

and

twentieth

On

presenting

eatables.

were

him

with

respect
If the

to

be

teachauchy

Rg.

2.

"

Allowance,
each

at

precepts
marked
of

to

by

this age

cake

of

meal
his

three
had

givesprecepts
years

of

age,

to

g;

The

her

to

the

to

struct
in-

dren
chil-

old,

years
The

boy

half

mother,

daughter

the

fices.
sacri-

to

meal

each

d.

him

father, a, gives

rounds, b.
at

maize,

was

c, three

son,

hands

their child

granted

the

old

was

of war.**

art

food

or

rich stuffs

of the

office

in the

the

at

offered

was

j", whose

youth

after the

the

parents wished

soldier,he

the

instruct

to

order

the

to

were

to

him

into

high priest,ti,

and

q,
o,

the child

enough, they put

of the

day

offeringsof

When

stone

the ecclesiastical

to

the

altar,they added

the

maize

state, they brought him

temple

gage
en-

to

or

child,

the

devote

day

father,

the
of

where

girls,they

to

of

cakes

r,

darts

respect

metate,

When

disposed to

future

belonging
under

and

place

with

the

kneaded.
the

at

enemy;

buried

on

the

near

implements
were

shield

soldier, the

at

e,

three

had

daughter
V

189
also the

t\g.3

and

Punishments

4.

Pig.5.

The

adulterous

^*

The

fifteen years

and

make

6,

of the

him

When

youth

destined

He
a!y Zy each

of torch

of

pine wood,

ciphers 1, 2, 3,
the
at

youth
the

in her

came

entrance

and

of

where

the

they placed
on'

mat,

by

on

and

the

parents of

of

her into

themselves

kind

court

waited

youth

band.
hus-

receive the

the

house, and introduced

hand

The

to

out

to

Wy

four women,

marked

4.

her,

her

become

to

bearing

aman-

his back,

lightedby

was

the

/, carried

evening, on

'"''

children.

the

over

the

taught by

to be

matchmaker,

or

towards
the

set

son,

by his

sent

girl married,

"

him,

instruct

to

A, is

age.

is

who

teza,

d^

school,g,

to

the

priest. Another

same

of the

hands

the

by

sons,

high priestof

or

temple Calmacac,

"

brary
the Li-

in

of his

one

okl, into

tlamacazquiyc,

master

mour
parastoned.

be

to

Manuscript

father,a, puts

father

her

and

Paris, PL iv,fig.2.

at

JFlg.6.

or

pimento.

together

Le Tellier's

See

of

woman

bound

They

of maguey,

leaves

sinoke

the

exposed to

cake, f'^

of children.

pricked with

are

of half

allowance

the

room,

her;

for
seats

the

givl

ranged
ar-

whole

190

of

ceremony

the

marriage

consisted

in

tying

one

/,

garment,

girl^m.
by

of

old

set

the

pot,

7.

The

persons^to

live

law

public^
the

same

or

in

to

women,

newly
the

and

drank

and

the

by

women

each

r^ast,

married

young

together."

man

of

intoxicate
His

private.

privilege,

vase.

ate

men

happily

pal,
co-

represented

the

permits
age,^

of

years

old

them,

after

exhorted

The

The

old

separately

^^

in

two

jndqtie,

and,

ate;

and

the

of

afterward

t,

tf.

incense

burned

before

of

divinities,

witnesses.

as

cups,

that

their

to

the

t, r,

provision

also

F^.

men,

couple

of

of

they

man's

young

comer

oflfered

married

out

the

sacrifice,

served

v,

which

q,

n,

to

They

way

Two

of

corner

if

she

seventy

himself

wife,
be

g,

in
has

mother.**
grand-

192

OF

VOLCANO

PICHINCHA.

PLATE

LXI,

This

view

of the

Marquis d"Selval^grey whose

in

us

with

of Tablahuma

drillos

which

placed the
in

ipg

to

the

the

of these

to

two

plain

hundred

thousand
of

and

Chillo

from

de

los La-

Guag^apichinof
lapicteum

that

two

is itself

as

nal
sig-

meridian

one

above

(6).

is,accord-

thousand

five hundred

the

which

oh

served

summits

forty toises

the

cmter

Picacho

of the

measurement

dis-

be

summits

the top,
finally,

cross,

height

the
the

of

nah
savan-

may

or

cacumen

observations,

my

hundred

three

the

"ktb"us

absolute

The

as

is

the

summit

rocky

^adeiibicians

fVench
is

the

(3) ;

cha(4),

(2) ;

the river of

the

sketch

my

house

nied
accompa-

over

surround

that

snow

and

seen

(1) Rifcupichincha,

tin^ished

cone

is
In

Cachapamba.

son

Mexico,

to

volcano

The

covered

Chillo, the country

at

journey

our

Amazons.
of

taken

was

three

toises

but

thousand
the

level of

193

the

the

ocean^

is less

of.the volcano

view

the eastern, than

majestic on

side, where

begin.

The

by

means

MilTil

the

vast

served
of

several

for this

sketch, were

sextant

of Ramsden^s.

"

xnr.

the

ern
west-

angles of

,'""""

"

VOL.

on

forests of the Esmeraldas

and
distance^^

which

of Pichincha

"

"'

titude,
al-

mined
deter-

IM

PLAN

OP

HOUSE

FORTIFIED

SITUAT!

PERUVIAN

PART

CITY

PLATE

THE

INCA,

TEX

OF

OF

RUINS

OF

OK

CORDILLERA

ANCIENT

ASSUAY.

OF

OF

THE

CHULUCANAS.

LXII.

Thb

plan of the fortified house of Cannar

in 1739 ; his
taken by M. de la Condamine
was
sketch,which is at Paris in the archives of the
Bureau des Longitudes,has been rectified from
the observations I made in 1803, and the plateis
inserted in the Memoirs
of
of the Academy
1.

Berlin*:

Mem.

c|el'Acad"mie

de

Berlin,1746,

p* 44a*-4"4.

195

B.

platform of

building,of

square

the sketch

in Plate

apartment

jut

six

or

which

have

we

tres
me-

given

In the western

20th.

cylindricalstones^

are

half

out

five

the level of the soil.

above
CD.

raised

earth

from

metre

rightangles, and
for the

wall, at

have

to

seem

the

which

tended
in-

been

purpose

c^

hanging

supports

the

platform AB,

pons
wea-

on.

LF.

which

terrace

and

rests

second

broad, and

metres

The

on

platformAB

taakes, with

atigleN.
S K

L M.

and

of

height.
long
ob-

an

which

magnetic meridian,
assuming

be

fortress, the

first ending

second

at

the

the northern

the

the variation

8^ north-east.

the south

about

and

at

north

the

quarter

platform. At
path, M, b^hs

the

the

of the

middle,
of

end

the

olf

the inferior

GH.

terrace

wall

of

two

slopingpaths leading to

Two

length of

to

form

axis

esplanade to

the

NO.

the

in

metres

greater

6*^ W.,

of the needle

five

has the

oval, the

GH,

terrace

reaching from

one

gable end

to

the

other, and separatingthe square building

into
P and

Q.

two

The

apartments.
two

doors

oppositethe

extremities,AD,
the

platforms.
o2

which

two

circular
semi-

terminate

1"6

S.

cased

terrace

below

oval

the

the

platform

few

feet

terminate

off

and

north,

at

the

stretches

eight metres, forming

is

the

of twenty-

curtain, the

of which

extremity

thence

toward

length

and

bar

if to

as

right angle

of

saliant,R,

fausse-braie, G H

the

it turns
west,

the

to

first

at

terrace

extremity

eastern

it is

metres

This

platform.

at. the

commences

four

v/ith stones,

ern
west-

supported by

composed

of

kind

of square
flanks

two

and

the

are

bastion

wall

followed

the

the

courts

remain

AF, is an
a

east

circle,TV

the

on

and

surrounded
not

so

th"

guishable in

by
and
the
of

part VX

The

of which,
first,

the

square

as

they

foundations
some

and

to

have

lings
separate dwel-

by small

broad,

eighty iee%-by

of

It appear^

ten.

into
tiges
ves-

some

side at

eastern

which

the

dually
gra-

good preservation.

oblong

hundred

been

most

"nqioswre,.divided
irregiijar

An
four

the

again parallelto

platform.

wall is in

XYZWI/.

of

to

half

became

length of

returned

south, making

afterward
.

direction

This

part of the ground, which

flattens

wall, without

fortification.

of
the

tion
this bas-

Beyond

vestiges of

appearance

the

front.

any

elevated

TV,

were

of

still distin-

are

places.

long,

...

197
"

TziiA. The
the
any

second

the least

and without
first,

vestigeof

building.

XYZfA^g.

third court,, the

The

whole, but
construction
small

it is

ruins,/x,

which

we

without
originally

were

of

walls

that
possible,

building,of

square

the

of modern

buildingare

and

largestof

irregular.The

very

this part of the

the

smaller than

court, somewhat

the
see

the

fortress.
a,

6,

halls of

Six

rf,e,y.

c,

contained

in

RSTVX,

to

the

court',

fourth

irregular enclosure,

the

and

south

the

of the

west

fortress.
r

and

Vestigesof two gates piercedin a wall,

which was
to the wall,g, i,h.
parallel
which led to the bastion ^
narrow
gallery,

s.

g h. A

ST

it is

leads

which

and

/.Doors
o.

to

the

the south

on

k and

the

near

to

open

leadinginto

the

de

marked

"

the

the

to

b. The

north,

have

than the

the
been

ing,
preced-

aid of the square.

supposes,

his wife dwelt in the

and

tress
for-

e.

lodgings for

as

la Condamine

the

edifices,
e,f.These

less care

without

princeand

and

Inca, appear

built with much

M.

east

the small

of the

and

platformof

d and
edifices,

edifices,intended

guard

railing,ZK,

side.

of the two

Door

inner

that

the

buildings

gates,/?,y, g, and A,

f*

198

high enough

are

seated in

of the

plan.
view
principal

The

servants.

in the inner walls

formed

of

palanquin^and carried

shoulders

for the passage

man

on

the

niches*

indicated in

are

the

The

the

idea of the state

exact

an

in this work

civilized nations

of the Inca

of America,

Several

1739.

since that

M.

plan of

very remarkable,

of
regularity

ruins

these

the streets
on

Inca,
time

one

de la Condamine.

of the

men,

and

buildings.We

summit

could

inhabitants

of

and

road

at

no

and

the jsame
ever

in

Sagique.

cuted
exe-

attraction

xiii,
p. 243,

and

On

excessivelycold

Cuzco, the remains

vol.

of the

tween
good preservationbe-

Andes,
have

of

of Ayavillages

high

useful

is still in

spots, which

See

find

Cordilleras,at

stupendous works

of the

the

The

Chulucanas, Guamani,
the

of the extreme

the Indian

most

of the most

by

cityof Chu^ucanas

account

Guancabamba.

one

are

toit^esheight,
in the Paramo

Chulucanas, between
and

dowi^i

divisions,which

ridge of

the

fourteen hundred

vaca

on

thrown

in
great difficulty

ruins of the ancient

II. The
are

of the

ferred
pre-

the ruins of the

been

I had

have

we

they appeared in

as

have

and

whole

in the

traced

walls

period;

findingthe

Cannar

at

sent
pre-

of the arts amcmg

giving a descriptionof
house

being to

269.

but for the

of

great edi-

200

The

on

hill

is

of

which

find

we

give

finding
which

divided

the

on

wbei*e

decrees.

an

the

of

air

the

cools

each

terraces,

We

which

of

in

surprised

are

at

springs

the

from

temperature

ten

thermometer,

centigrade
low

shall

Historical

the

.plain,

as

form
platFarther

stone.

Inca^

the

elevated

amphitheatre.

an

hewn

Travels.

scarcely

degrees

six

description

my

baths

ctf

with

of

ample

have

twelve

"Lced

baths

of

form

the

into

is

more

Narrative

and

in

rising

structures

as

six

or

ei^t

of

to

201

RAFT

or

RIVER

THE

OF

GUAYAQUIL.

PLATE

This
of

view,

the

is

drawing

interestingunder

exhibitinga

as

equinoxial

used

from

of the

coasts

river of

in the

South

Sea,

at

and

at

the

with

when

it is

head

are

pearshaped fruit

form

mouth

raft,loaded

moment

of the

laurus

bunches
longifolia,

plantains,flowers

heliconia
either for
ai*e

and

lecythis,shaded by
the

cocoa

fishingor
from

tree.

The

the conveyance

sixteen

to

on

the

of the

fruits,

apples,
pine-

seen

berries of the

passifloraand

of

anchoring

pear],the
[the alligator
of

fruits of

times

the

point

Peruvians

the

remote

The

Toward

river.
the

the

the

showing

most

Guayaquil.

is sketched

of the

(balzas), which
the

double

collection

and

zone,

those large rafts

have

LXIII.

persea

theophrasta

leaves

rafts

of the
of the

employed

of merchandize

twenty-five metres

in

202

lengthy
of

very

and

light

published

of

wood

some

of

manner

Don

*.

eight

these

appearance^

or

beams

remarks

very

has

the

on

which,

barks^
sail

nine
Juan

George

curious

very

working

unwieldy

of

composed

are

though

close

to

the

wind.

Bombax

and

Yojage

Hist,

oohroma.
de

i' Am"riqae

m"ridioDalei

tom.

1,

p.

lOB^

303

SUMMIT

OF

THE

ACTOPAN.

AT

PLATE

The

under

Mexico

at

is situate

the

to

is

hundred

absolute

on

the

seen

at

from

the horizon

oaks

"M"i

very

sur

in

Organosj

Indian

village

la

to

1385

very

the

mountain^
toises.

It

mines

of

the

detaching

and, towering amidst

a

but

of Mamanchota

distance

great
;

rock

of bare

height;

top of the

Mexico

the

^, it exhibits

Polit,

of the

Organos rises,is

that

Guanaxuato,

of

of the

from

road

the

of los

name

metres

elevation

which

from

Mamanchota^

spindle-shapedsummit

The

rock

of

the

north-east

Actopan.

is

LXIV,

porphyi"t"c molintain

known

of

ORGANOS,

OF

MOUNTAIN

is
itself

forest

picturesqueappearance.

Nouvelle-Espagne,

torn.

1, p. 989.

204

MOUNTAINS

OF

PORPHYRY

COLUMNAR

JACAL.

OF

LXV.

PLATE

This

view

taken

was

forms

linchiche, which

of

mountains

with

crowned
the

of

columns

enormous

Zembo

of

farm

pines

of

and

Oyamel

plain of Copalcan
great Mexi-

hundred

level

the

above

the

part of the

is thirteen*

plain, and
metres)

from

toises

the

(2530
The

ocean.

Jacal, composed

trappean

and

oaks.

and

the

porphyry,
It

of
are

is between

Indian

village of

Omitlan,

the

that

obsidian, worked
This

found.

the

of the

of Mocaxetillo
or

Cerro

Gordo

Cerro

de las

in

Cerro

(2), of
(4),

hundred

Orcones

Santo

are

country,

Nabajas.

height. My
de

oiiztli^ or

Mexicans,

in the

is sixteen

(3124 metres)

outlines

ancient

spot is called

of Jacal

summit
toises

the

by

of knives, el

mountain

mines

celebrated

and

gives

Domingo
of

The

three

sketch

(3), and

the

(1),

Jacal,

205

A.

STONE

HARD

IN

SCULPTURED

HEAD

BTTHE

INDIANS.

MUrSCA

OBSIDIAN.

OF

BRACELET

LXVI.

PLATE

The

sculpturedhead

inhabitants
The
a

of

the

is the work

kingdom

stone^ considered

by

of

of the ancient
New

mineralogistsas

some

smaragdite,is undoubtedly nothing

quartz

passing

chrysoprcLSCy
by
in such

the

this

the
a

perforation was

either

of

are

mixed

by

the

with

in

Muyscas

4
or

green

like

by

the

suppose,
of

means

for iron

the

openings

the

may

this

It is perforated

planes cutting

We

made

tin

nickel.

that

right angles.

at

copper

oxid

manner,

cylindric hole

other

hardness, is tinged,

of extreme

quartz,

but

Perhaps

hornstone.

into

Grenada.

was

Peruvians.

of

each

that

tools of
not

used

ao6

obsidian

The

in

tomb,
It

is

bracelet

the

in

manner,

is

which

millimetre

difficult

which

The

worked.

is

of

province

extremely

reduced

cylindrical,
in

thickness.

to

form

to

volcanic

and

an

plate,
which

Indian

an

in

Mexico.

idea

of

substance

glass,
a

in

Mechoacan,

fragile

so

found

was

has

perfectly
the

been

parent,
trans-

of

curvature

is

less

the

than

206

VIEW

OF

SILLA

THE

CARACAS.

DE

PLATE

This

granitic mouutaw^
its

because

slope

height.
Sierre
so

lofty,as

Montarma
the

land

marks

de

AvilcL

The

for
this

of

coast

close turf^ is

Caracas^
two

is found

mountsdn

rounded

summits

(sUla) ; and

the

on

south

also

called

serve

as

I have

t^e ,l^arbour of Guayra.

solute
ab-

tathe

P^ria

summit

no

saddle

of the

scale^

to

fiftytoises in

and

the

!^a

n"^me

sketched

hundred

From

the
de

bear

with

of S^. Martha,

Nevada

difficult

very

is covered

thirteen

than

more

LXVIII.

side, as

presents

itself

Andrew

Ibarra.

from

the

coffee

plantation

of Don

it

209

THE

DRAGON-TREE

OF

OROTAfA.

PI, ATE

This

plate is
of the

trunk

representationof

di'ac"na

Teneriffe,mentioned
has

sixtyfeet

fiftyand
the

near

this
at

Teneriffe

plant of

is

roots

the

in

tree

of Orotava

the

monuments

it is

the

XIV.

island

of

is

between

and

it had

century.

As

tained
at-

first
this

monocotyledons grows
than

which

we

in this work.

VOL.

It

probable^that

is older
of

the

Spaniards landed

fifteenth

the

colossal

its circumference

height ;
the

the

but which
traveller,

feet
forty-five

family of

extremely slow,

every

in

engraved.

size,when
in

draco

by

yet been

never

LXIX.

the

dragon-

the greater part of

have

gpivena

cription
des-

210

LETTER

From

Mr.

of France,

Institute

certain

on

of

FiscontljMember
to

monuments

National

the

M.

de

Humholdt,

of

the

American

nations.

In perusingthat part of your

the monuments
in which

and

so

me

I have

of the nations

testimonyof

observed, among

facts hitherto

in which

cerns
con-

America,

give

to

friendship,

your

of

the great number

and

unknown,

contained

new,

of

had the kindness

have

you

valuable

work, which

observations

in these

volumes, a

tny opinion differs from

gether
alto-

few

ticles,
ar-

yours.

difference,it is true, relates only to some

o*flittleimportance,and my remarks
peculiarities

This

perhaps appear minute

may
an

new
entirely

make

use

of this term,

the monuments

of the

it rightto transmit
the
to

of

branch

to you

as

denote

concerns

world, I
a

have

on

deemed

few observations

on

contribute

understandingand explanationof

""%

may

researches

subject: if they ai-e just,they may

the.

it

if I
archaeology,

to

new

but

some

211

curious

veiy
to

so

will

figure of

object that

of this

of the

figure;

higher idea

than

of all

to

on

is

its

the

skill of the

posture, suggested to

arts, in

women,

and

"wivhu
on

posture
in
and

6i0^m

and
v.

fais heels

person
l^i

Hemsterhuis

In

resting

his

the

describe

denote
on

ret

v.

con
Lexithis

the
his
hi

tude
atti-

legs
tea

ySvcfrx vutl^aeu.

conjectures, that

Lexiphane.
p2

heels,

of

in

is seated

thjc, n"r"pv"^mxyi^avrut

learned

be

is careitself,
fully

Trcpvidv ^"ifo^xc

rm

I
for

Hesychius,

oxA"(r/"i;

by periphrases, which
which

This

monuments

Erotianus

Hippocrates,

MVifjU46; yic"

The

of

out

to

seems

lexicographers,and

the

figures

no

take

legs and

nature

particularlyaffected, in
the

arms

statuary

you

say*.

the Greek

by

the

the

I think

It

its

on

by

men

that

figure,though

statue.

would

Azteck

I have

mutilated.

seated

is the

the awkwardness,

sides.

the

not

Lucian
iio^i Krffiiijuivtj,

described

had

this

of the

and

knees,

think,

extremities,which

hands

the

feet, are

You

to

that

proportion,

perceive,that

will, an

of the

me

ment
judg-

attention

my

he has

feet

you

appear,

in your

if you

2).

that

the

it appears

but

not

sculptorhas suppressed

and

attach

to

fixed

and

princess (Plate 1
ignorance

I have

priestess,or,

do

they

doubts.

dissipatemy

first

if

confidence

the

you,

The

monuments

the

212

which

primitive yerb^

of Greek

number

into other
cite the

words

moments

their rustic
We

see

of

either

when

the

of
find

the

their

of

Egypt

their

in

of

in

this

the

We
less

much

but

attitude^;. We

might

thagorean
precept of the Py-

used

d' Albert!

Hesychius

f.

countrymen

or

posture

at

ment,
instru-

some

on

sitting,referred

pray

attitude,

neral
affliction,at the fu-

of

this

great

children, praying

think, that

to

in this

monuments,

same

men

to

only

See

monuments

idols, playing

the

led

"

the

interior

the

relations

to

times

most
al-

fatigued,during

men

represented

their

frequently,
be

to

o"xoq,a house,

in

suckling

also, on

even

to

exhibitingsigns

or

afterward

they passed

women

of

feet

great

retreats.
on

number

re*

sufficient

be

and

of

positionin primitiveand

this

societies

savage

peaceful

{kvo^,idleness;

was

of

root

passed

will

It

this state

the

was

which

words,

languages*.

familiar

so

it

that

and

gKetv ;

was

pose,

expressed

the

in

in the

remoter

Egyptian

notes

the

on

word

oixilkty.

See

in

the

magnificent work, Descripcion de TEgypte,

Tol. i, plate12, No.

96, and

81,

Haute

2 5

elsewhere

Egypte, by

M.

62, No.

and

Deuon,

X Sculpture de la Villa
mann,

Hist,

de

TArt, "c.,

2 ;

in the
the

69, No.

Voyage

-,

dans

pi. 126, 131,

Borghese, St, 8,
edition

of

Rome,

No.
torn,

70, No.

2 ;

la Basse

et

135.

et

Winckel"

i, pi.6.

214

the

on

of the

covers

the

that

appears^

precisionand

more

principal part

proceed
itself

to

of

have

the

world

You
the

to

the

of

class*

are

there
these

of

may
of

counjt

the

describes

there
that

Hesiod,

ages,

well

reckoning,

in

*^

express

Oh
the

why

did

fifth

as

like

in

and

terms

Fate

4ig"!"

of

make

that

the

divided

into

them,

of

brass

two,

on

which

in which

poet

observe,

{Opera

me

to

et

be

which
he

five
not

was

He

lived.

Dies,

among

in
ac-

the

I would

that

the

of

difference

this
age

of

find

you

Aztecks, counted

the

ordain

as

ages

traditions

the

to

and

yet consummated,
says

(vol.xiv, p. 31).

as

read'a

four

the

generations

two

planation
ex-

destructions

to

Greeks

easilybe

and

have

you

four

periods

dis^pear, by pFoving,
Hesiod

which

endeavour

Aztecks, you

gested
sug-

represented (Plate 26).

world

the

of exaggeration.

hieit^lyphic paintingsI
The

of the

mythology

ignorant

examination

the

on

our

with

of this

observation, which

the

and

features

degree

It

urns.

expressingwith

motive,
such

it to

from

one

compare

five ages

exactness

the

me

just cited,

memoir

of

another

to

cinerary

intention

was

artists,to enlarge

Etrascaa

v.

the

174.)

men

of

216

known

this

to

I have

one

little importance

the

comprehend
of

"

make

Aztecks

of

first

the

wiis

of matter

to

signs

and

these

figures,and

signs,or

of Mr.

Egyptians
the

placed
rather

no

the

another

add,

in their

convinced

not

of the
on

according

other

me

work

obelisks" I

must

meaning
that

my

to

his

of

of

the

the

lowing
folfirst

mony
testiof the

that

him, made

that

use

of

this

analogy.

in p. 464

Danish

antiquary

expressions;

Daniel,

c.

If you

the passage
the

of

researches

my

confess, that

manner

t"

the first

the

on

with

to

you,

authority than

profound

pare,

to

hieroglyphicwriting.

help observing to

cannot

have

who,

coin

at

these

means

this method

Zoega,

mode

same

have

Yon

repeated.

are

their

(page 34), that,

by these

that

of

you

traced

characters, of the hieroglyphic phrase of

line

posed
com-

to

remark

reading

that

clay.

them, they sometimes

line

mitted
per-

preceding, respecting

the

You

hieroglyphics.
facilitate

the

as

which

in

mannet

be

kinds

separate

observation

more

It

opinion.

gold, silver,brass, iron, and

end

might

we

been

Nebuchadnezzar^in

by

distinct, and

of five

the

if

have

must

conjecture of Dante*,

figure,seen
referred

his dream,

as

the

adopt

colossal

five ages

Chaldeans,

the

to
to

the

of the

tradition

This

give quite

and

understanding

'i.

must

them

216

confirmed

be

to

seems

in which

ought

of

be read

to

line and

which

figure of

doye, followed

repeated

the

on

the rule

beetle

the

and

clearf*. But

See
the

rum,

dorsum

pr"ter

in two

obvertere

Mr,

ex

fierividemus

hac

de

ex

beetle

series is

This

post

se

following

In

antiquary, the
so

that

in

says

et

antecedens

remark,

Usu

spatii. (Zoega loco ritato.)

Obelisco-

Lat.

trionale.
septen-

figura sequenti

relinquereagnoscitur,
loci

angustiam

inferiussic rentovenda,

ilia nostra

less

terms

of this

Origine

propter

sententia

the

the dove.

Sallnstianus

ratione

superiore spatioad
qua

of

order,

Zoega

dum
repetitisinscriptionibus,

cliqua

those

lines.

same

Zoega*s Work,

earn

one

pr"sente the

series

if,in consequence

et

in

instance, in the Sal-

the learned

in the

quod

traced

half

line.

plateentitled^Obeliscus

Nam

in

in Mr.

ments,
monu-

found

knife still follow

is what

same

column, but the hieroglyphics

proposed by
found

in the

by

same

same

figuresare

This

in the

distributed

are

for

of these

one

Icnife,all

from
series

of certain

Hse

line, sometimes

half in another

animals

right,or

sometimes

are

same

Justian Obelisk*

to

line
hierogljrphic

the left to the

repeated

are

in the

wholly

and

in order

and

men

the

left,makes

signs,which
and

whether

from

the

right to

figuresof

the

turned, decides

the

Zoega,

of the

the direction
that, in the hieroglyphicalwriting,.

prove,

are

Mr.

themselves.

monuments

examination

the

by

ultima

erat

hoc

etiam
nota

in

ea

superioris

217
I

of

deprive you

diatelymake
similar

they

in

write

i-ather

followed

been

the
notwithstaifding

climate, is disposedto
similar

the

refer

to

machine

friction

this

the

of

Mercury, surely,who
or

the

the

Orinoco.

of heroic

custom

representationof

the

have

of fire
It

on

inhabitants

8, and

not

pj/reia,
of

exhibits

this

give

it

of Greece

published prove

16, No.

the

the banks

-f-. Neverthfeless

Vol. xiu, p. 335, 226.

Plate

of

the

hieroglyphicalpaintings

"

wafis

twice

you

by

o( the

use

monument

it in the

the ancient

figuresyou

invention

wood*.

times, while

of the Aztecks
to

of

Indians

Greek

No

aid

the

needing

taught the
the

igniariayto

in

manner

same

production

pieces

two

of
and

of ages

principlethe

same

for

the mind

example.

of

or

of the Bible

is,that

in the

nuscripts,
ma-

method

This

editions

circumstances, without

either of tradition

twice,

in the Azteck

difference

act

one

foUoTinng;

written

are

it

true

in

of it at the end

paintings.

so

When

word

it entire in the

in several

printed in Hebrew,
man,

of

haio remarked

you
or

has

whole

the

by

manuscripts.

first characters

these

exactly as

thdr

the firstcharacters

line,and

that

followed

method

the

place

line,they trace

so

in the

tracing

cannot

of that

amends^ by presentingyou with

you

analogy

Hebrews

I will imiiie^

happy analogy,

plate47.

miliar
fa-

was
;

and

the accuracy

316

of the

lefl

has
fire*.

He

and^ such
No

idea

the

makes

Homeric

however

hymn

doubts,

which

respecting
The

to

seems

the

of this

tool

the

to
;

of

the

trepan

the

its motion.
and

complain,
"

Liv.l,
Ep.

this

the

cord

This

treat

that

the

was

temporary
con-

of

the

exactly

with

strument
perfect in-

the

give
the

between

culture

rapidity

traverse

the

escaped

of

of the

ancient

trees

in Mer

ilymn.

cur

25

turn,

Columella,

pyreia
ters,
wri-

borer, employed

v.

25.

" Pliny, lib. 7, " 57.

II Ibidem, lib. 17, "

to

||. They

V.11B4.

crit, 1, ad

at

more

moving

action

the

tion
inven-

surprised

wimble, from

not

of

of the

invention

much

connexion

wimble

the

to

more

agree

the

has

passage*!*'.

be

if the

mere

and

pyreia
might

sculptors,a

of

the wimble
who

has raised

Theseus,

than

which

Rhunkenius

who
Dedalus;};,

not

allusion

dispel the

we

to

of

passage

This

early pefiod

and

artist did

the

to

calculated to

of the

finding it attributed

Athenian

place

interpolation of

resemblance

allusion, which

the

learned

the

be referred

must

me

which

paintings.

your

Mercury.

to

kindling

wood,

given by

in this

lonius
Apol-

rpo^hvr
v"pdnrX"iV/ov

remarked

philologisthas

of

for

upper

wimble

is the

Apollonius

the

that

says,

resembles

turns,

machines

of these

us

scholiast

the

description,which

lib. 4,

v.

20.

219

in

and

wood^

fatal

was

It

Gauls

bra

gallicajy

which

combustion.

occasion

idea,

of

the

Gallic

Such,
which

of
in

dear

wish

to

fiiendship,
and

mine,

the

tion.
operathat

borer,

gimlet,

to

appears

the

of

invention

more

not

that

fne,

hitherto

have

(tere-

would

which

of

Colleague,
submit

trust,
of

the

to

will

the

are

the

given

no

Dedalus,

or

them

consider

lively

observations

judgment.

your

interest

E.

Paris,

the

Your

as

which

labours.

your

the

borer.

my

the

of

either

of

real

Pliny

of

commcQtators

of

kind

It

burned

inconvenience^

action

rapid

often

success

this

was

less

and

regular

the

another

invented

the

just

to

avoid

to

was

them^

in

perforations

making

\2th

of

December,

1812.

Q.

VISCONTI.

proof

take

02"

NOTES.

At

^'

adds

of Peru
,

the Mexican

speaking of

After

the

1 of

we

that

but

the

also

See

pus.

Indias, book

The

Madjares,

which,

like

water,

atel.

the

of

and

recalls to mind

into

ingenious

Letters, 1801,

the

The

co.

Igh.
.

las

of

The

prised
com-

three

Danube
the

great

Mexican

character

the

into

Greek

all the

Mr.

of the

motion

Phenician

of
of

nanole

the

bore

Walachia,
the

the

ail, indicated, by the unduki-

passed
that

in

of

by

were

of

the

bore

with

Hungary,

xiii, p. 349).

the

on

of water,

alphabet, and
See

nations.

western

Hug,

waves

the

of

Invention

p. 30.
Boturini

twenty

days

has
of

them

are

in the

the

transmitted

of

Chiapa

signs, with

Azteck

to

Toltieck month,

of the inhabitants

following
to

Mox.

vol.

work

Chevalier

the calendar

de

inhabited

mouths

parallellines,the

has

which

the

on

water,

of several

of

quip-

or

met

this denomination

Wolga,

tion

names

and

the observation

to

Bessarabia, and

(See

hieroglyphic

The

gro-

moral

atel, is

of

conquest

Under

provinces bordering

the

more

knots,

natural

According

the

before

Moldavia,

by degrees

were

use

Mexicans,

of

use

Schlegel, the country

of atelkusu.

mem,

the

atl, or

word

Europe.

Frederick

name

of

made

5, chap. 8, p. 267.

of

the east
Mr.

hieroglyphics

Acosta, Historia

276.

Page

commandments.''

that these

people generally made

the

commandments^

ten

conclude, that the Peruvians

may

than

by paintings and

againstthese

symbolicalpaintings;

i tesque

the

indicated

cia
Gar-

dians
conquest^ the In-

their confessions

made

the sins committed

Hence

of the

beginning

characters^ which
and

P.
hiet'oglyphics,

and

us

the
from

Soconus-

those

ponding
corres-

Calendar.

Cipactli.

Voltan.

Calli.

Ehecatl.

Ghanan.

Cuetzpalin.

29"

NOTES*

We

of

names

race,

character

so

Igb, Tox, Baz, Hix,

Mox,

belong
which

but

America,

to

is inhabited

monosyllabic.
Idea, de

Historia

una

shall

We

118.)

(See vol.

"

Mexican

whose

general de

and

for

in

of

to

Asia,

languages

are'

Boturini,

observe, that

the

great number

of

"spanna, p.

Nueva

occasion

names;

proper

seem

part of Eastern

that

tsin is found

termination

Chinese

terms

not

xiii, p. 313,

this

on

The

Chic, do

by nations,

same
,

different.

and

to

of the

nations

surprisedto find,apiong

are

instance,

Tonantsin,

in

Acamapitsin, Coanacotsin, Cuitlahuatsin,

and

Tzila-

catsin.

the learned

According to
the

Ouigours,

of the

Uighurs,

or

Mr.

Selinga, as

Ulugh-tagh,
of the

Jaxartes

Kun,
and

to

the

Page
which

the

banks

of the lake

Mines
To

409.
form

Langles

the

de

object of

calendar, I shall here

that

Jomard.
is well

The
known

more

have
name

to

my

insert

been
of

; but

admits

of the
the
Aral

TOrient,

throw

of Mr.

those, who

the
the

Ssir, which

steppe of the

banks
tains
moun-

is Ae

Kara-

(See vol. xiii,p. 306,

2, p. 194).

torn.

the

light on

researches,

the

memoir

on

the

vations,
judicious obser-

very

communicated
this

Klaprotfa,

inhabited

never

Ancients, and

east

Hammer,

researches

to

me

Mexican

by

Mr.

distinguishedgentleman
study

the

antiquitiesof

9M

NOTItS^

I here

Egypt*.

I have

*""

of the

the banks

on

which

is one,
the
and

of five

Thebes

and

Mexico,
the

Mexicans

permit

the

in

being

thirteen

comes

to the

which

is

day

in

four

length of

the

the

and

1461

period

vague

years

intercalation

Moeris

the

the

and

the

with

island

antiquitiesof
of andent

whole

of

of

and

modem

Fayoum,
on

among
once

Jomard,

Syene

and

Hermontgis, making
Egypt,

government.

for which

375

we

are

poses
sup-

six

hours.

the

tians,
Egyp-

1460

solar

in

was

on

Ombos

Calendar,

days

of

Mr.

solar

Mexicans,

Julian

at

year

the

fifty-twoyears,

365

was

of

Elephantina,

Edfou

nificence of the French

lake

of

striking

of

; which

interestingmemoirs

compared
on

of

very

the

the year

sothic

Not-

consequently

; and

be

never

of

of the

to

such

to

reign.

duration

cycle

years

such

was

find

we

that

thing as

of the
year

since

the

each

on

It

Still

years.

accession,

their

intercalation

days

52

every

during
the

at

leagues.

3000

their

on

of

length

same

one

swore

the duration

See

months

equal

proscribed in Egypt

difference,

realitythe

In

of

of

use

intercalation,while

no

days

13

empl"^ed

this

year.

the

had

was

kings

be

it to

agreement

years,

observed

It is the

of

distance

Egyptians

the

withstanding

Now

of attention.

intercalated

point, that

to

pared
com-

analogies there

these

days, composed

farther, intercalation
a

nations

institutions

Among

on

striking analogies

very
and

memoir

your

complementary days, equally employed

is true, that
the

of 365

year

vague

Nile.

worthy

is

in

Mexioan

some

calendar

the Tolteck

between

the

among

of Asia

those

with

letter,which

me.

recognised

also

of time

the division

to

of

extract

an

lately addressed

he has
"

insert

sort

some

days

on

every

the
the

and

Lake
racts^
cata-

its environs, and

on

tion
part of the Descripindebted

to

the

mu

225

NOTES.

1460
of

The

years.

bringing back

the

of the year,

point

after

cessivelythrough
the reasons,
no

less than

solar year

of 365

the

still

No

Egypt.

of

one

proscribed,
for

that

foreign

this

same

in their

remote

more

so

state

geographical distance,
This

is

belongs

culiarly
pe-

t6e zodiac

on

(decidingthis

capable

of

point of

view.

more

lates
re-

Mr.

point,which

his reseaches

in
is

one

suc^

pass

Egyptians

period, and

Egyptians.

will ascertain

same^

hours, adopted by nations

in their

than

be

to

remarkable,

real astronomical

to

of

of the

six

days

perhaps

of civilization

Fourier

intercalation

it is

Now

different,and

to

caused

the repugnance

institutions.

them

made

having

the

to

point, is undoubtedly

every

which

festivals

and

seasons

period, that

sothic

property of the

question in

astronomical

an

elucidate

can

made.

I shall

intercalated

almost

by

to have

from

taken

the

added

of the Sun

365

days J, the

five

complementary days.

be

superfluous to

knowledge;
but

days
and

the

not

fact

of

the

that

it

they

observed,

that

as

among

the

use

of

XIV.

of

had

year

of the
to

the

this

soon

solved
re-

thirteen

days
the

from

origin.

common

of

it would

of 365

year

either bwrowed

the

year

that of the

be

not

me"'

attained

was

It is

Peruvians
course

is

of the

Jews, the Greeks, the Ma""do'

VOL.

and

intercalation

solar,but regulated according

Moon,

solar

they

would

problem

to

appear

regulated

Mexicans,

the

to

how

examine

proof, that

Egyptians, or
also to be

As

four years

who

of

equal months,

cycle,that is,the

every

1, is

such

the notion

twenty
of Nabo-

era

every

all the nations

course

of

day

and

the

employed

Egypt

use

hundred

every

who

Romans,

their calendar

has

he

observe, that the Persians, who

here

Syrians,and

discoveries,which

Chaldeans, who

; the

nassar

valuable

thirty days

years ; the

the

the

alone

He

226

NOTES.

the Turks.

nian$, and

eighteen months
of

months

The

''

in this

half

and

such

of

the

this

relation

as

it

of

length

of the

the

same

the

between

of

number

weeks,

origin

If in
6

days

fortuitous

and

in

realitythe

; but

haps
perof
not

wd3

year

hours, that

of the

the notion

as

or

consider

You

1461.

is

same

year.

remarked

that of the years

as

accidental

of 365

length

divided

have

days, comprehended

number

have

might

the

thirteen

period;
a

I have

Egypt, is, that

cycle, is

sothic

great diff"rence.

manner.

lunations

Mexican

very

only people, who

analogy, which

second

Mexico

the

are

twelve

of

instead

days^

twenty

thirtydays^ makes

Mexicans

the year

the

of

of

the circumstance

However

^^'^

is

days,

the

cycle

of

62x1461,
146

fifty-two

periods of

thirteen

the

of

thirteen

foreign to

inasmuch

equally by
if we
on

the

the

toward

custom
no

doubt

believe

out

the

decorated

of the

fact

of

the

days

of

four

which

the

at

times

lutely
is abso-

Crab,

day

toward
when

clothed

themselves

with

with

the

you

The

Tatius, put

but

nations,

solstice,celebrated

they

as

of

manners

descending
the

importance,

more

the Aztecks.

and

Achilles

Mexicans,

analogous

cycles

the winter

Sun
of

decrease

white, and

of thirteen

appertains to

seeing the

mit,
ad-

Egyptian system.

Egyptians

may

however

must

firstnumber,

festival of

is the

which

and

it

as

the

pointed

have

You

on

repose

makes

of
days, these tlalpilH

cycle, finally these

years,

contain

not

days; which
We

days.

years, this intercalation

thirteen

'*

1461

of thirteen

weeks

that these

end

times

thirteen

Q^

would

years

have

Egyptian

on

mer,
for-

ing,
mourn-

Capricorn,
the

Sun

themselves
crowns.

described
festival.

turned
re-

in

The

it, is
This

227

NOTES.

contested, without

be

cannot

the

period
authors

the

beginning of

have

But

done.

placingat
Mexican
have

you

other

some

year,

as

rendered

it

many

certain,

that, at the renewing of the cycle,this beginning fell

the 9th

on

of

January, consequently in reckoning

into^alary days, and

which

the festival

the winter
'^

of

year

the

on

to

is
the

the

mention

only

we

of

festival did not

through
period.

was

that

they waited

it

was

the

at which

seen,

take place
of the

on

days

the

year.

opinion of

(Uranol.p. 34).

q2

was

saying

the

year

fiftywith

solve

place :

the

of the

the

dJifi*ei"Bi

it took

it

dees

the

not

he makes

day,

^ors

the

time

at

whether

the

If it had

course

row
sor-

advance

Tatius

of the

bly
visi-

was

their

thwteen

in

day

it

Achilles

practisedevery
have

lamented

I cannot

adds, that

ror
ter-

place

that in every

so

Isis, without

of

to

expression

vague
; a"d

have

easy

and

taken

awaken

to

occupied

pr"tends,cooitiaryto

the whole

perceive the

when

which
difficulty,

146)

should

Geminus

not

the

not

would

moment

Egyptians^.

festivals

celebration

have

epocha,

(Uranol. page
of the

ihe

in order

but

it would

This

respect

at

cycle

it from

mourning

to

up

day every four years,

one

years

days.

so,

Sun, and

cmly

of

Was

usual.

day, they

saine

improper time,

an

festival

at

minution
of the di-

end

that, if the festival had

of the Sun

retreat

at

use

of the

appearance

returning;

two

than

solemnity, that they did

I conceive,

every

kindled

was

Mexicans

if at the

as

signal to give themselves

?

the

the
days afirighted

descacided lower

omission

the

the

fifty-two
years,

every

shortest

fire

new

asked, why the phenomenon

be
of

the Sun

the

began,

with

days

complementary

solstice.

It may

once

the

13

of

been
sothic

Greeks, that the

solstice,and

it

that

succes"velyduring

ran

sothic

228

NOT"8.

period, the Egyptians,

the

by

Sun,

hair, and
Sun
This

their

rend

the

in

was

is

this

on

place

every

fourteen

place only

why

and

ages

half of

the year

on

festival

this

the

solstice,it

winter

fortydegrees.
**

You

have

Tartar

and

You

Uaie, tiger,and
several

Tartary

from

These
hete

the

confine
the

of the

only

one

that affords

since

Thebes,

at

of

about

as

very

8cc.

this

they said,
shown

have

last

to

the

.of the

Mexicans

distant

very

resemblance

this

analogy.

names

Is

it not

of

for
and

might

country.

but

I shall

one

of the

of

Egyptian

twenty

leaves

denominations,

and

rather

in

periodical series

Aztecks, that of Cipactli,with

or

said

also,

remark

highly interesting;

are

Greek,

they

Asia

to the

these

tinent.
con-

equally unknown

common

as

of the old

in

you

of the

use

different

myself

signs of the

Mexico

as

are

; and

well

of the

at

can
Mexi-

the

between

zodiacs

animals

time,

questions

signs of
corn

of

"c.

month,

in Mexico

Asiatics,

come

day,

ape
ape

the calculation
the

must

we

years,

elevation

names

that

shown,

think, that the

to

room

the

and

of these

and

Sun,

an

the different

have

rabbit, tiger, or

that

finally,if the

unnecessarily the

comparison

days,

zodiac

was

period,

"

drawn

and

years

the

during

of the

four

every

approaching disappearance of

tended
pre-

if it took

period ;

admit, that the Egyptians lamented

at

absurd

yearf and

day

too

If the festival took

renewal

the

that

advanced

was

comprehend

sothic

of

preference on

in

been

day, it was

same

fires.

has

Egyptians.

the

on

year

to

us

the

its fiercest

Tatius

Achilles

poinC, for

their

when

moment

darted

zenith, and

of the

custom

th^

deserted

being

grief,tear

to

up

clothes, at

probable.

not

laconic

themselves

give

fear of

the

from

Capri-^

the

zodiac

Mexican

this is

days

remarkable, that

230

NOTES.

"

have

You

zodiac

Egyptian

Dragon

has

its

one

of the

the

antiquity
and

not

human

wheat

lunar

borne

phanta
the

in the

extent

is the

truvius
Libra.

Balance, had

of

conquest

Egypt by
that

visited
the

served

of

Balance

antiquitiesof Egypt,

tus,

as

had

the

word

%vi\"u

of

translated
he

; but

by chel".

He

Balance.

The

conquest
same

may

of

the

xyi^^^t

Romans

they

and

the'
quently
fre-

doubt

no

obu

adopted

its

Tacitus,examined
the
not

poem

of

made

of

Ara^

like him
of

use

Egypt, speak
said

word

after

But

Virgil, Manilius,

be

its
Vi-

the word

Hyginus, Macrobius, Festus-Avienus,

the

Ele^

it at

denote

to

vius,

posteriorto

added

find the

libra

we

find that

did

of

vessel

Augustus^

word

and

done

to

ear

Romans.

we

the monuments,

the

Cicero

and

where

who, according

Germanicus,

the

signs by

two

Caesar, the

country,

not

sign

of

Scorpion.

Julius

on

of

use

the

it is

Hipparchus,
made

the

in

as

the

were

whom

first writer, in

signifiesclaws

which

use.

the Greeks

Aratus, Eudoxus,

of the

sign

of

zodiac

dians,
In-

always represented

the time

place

the

Scorpion occupied

well

sculptured

that, before

It is true,

have

could

the

pair of scales,as

If the Balance

who

Romans,

it is

Balance,

of

Virgin,and

the

by

by Aquarius.

the

that

of

unreasonably

so

as

which

name

of the

object, that

who

figurebearing
is

been
"

of the
to

of

name

sign

the

ammal

an

serpent, the

houses,

know,

of

answers

dodecatemorions

They
to

the

This

has

the

in

zodiac.

seem

water

by

which

their

in

Egyptian

of

of

hog,

that Libra

zodiac

days.

is found

doubted,

by

equivalentin Cohuatl^ or
Mexican

Fishes

the

occupies the place

; and

of the Tartar

the

K^m,

of Thibet

of the Fishes

constellation

by

accompanied

are

in the zodiac

which

observed, that

also

der
rai-

the

Vitru-

"".,

all

also of Ihe

Ptolemy

and

231

NOTES.

Achilles

The

Tat"us.

Egyptians might
with

the

Anne

the

conmientary

find

that

"

X^Xcu

Eudoxus

was

was

right for

was

known

Egypt,

puts the

St.

with

Epiphanius

respecting

they

and

saiiie ^th

thing

every

was

Cicero
Varro

the

to

time

Greeks,

it

the

mine
deterWe

the

ancient
Ba^

of the

risiens.
Pha-

positive, than this

more

the

"

we

are

chel"B,which

so

are

recent,

so

they give

proof.

placed in
anploy

us

the

make"

use

With

little acquainted
those

except
no

of

information
; but

Even

at

of this

Rome,

heavens, the

the word

the
But

author.

this asterism

bears

in

writing

same

'

chel"y which

astronomical

I to cite every

Geminos

in his

this

taken

(UranoL, p. l68.)

antiquity of

the

the Balance

known.

Tatius

India, that

and

antiquity

in fine

and

answered.

name

says

the monuments,

to

of

Avesta, that
with

of the

sphere, could

Greek

Zend

finish,were

never

them,

Egypt

the

is there

exist

in

remark

Eratosthenes

but

twelve.

question

have

name

into

chela;

speaking

the

into

same

he

not

in

call the Balance."

Egyptians

respect

did

and,

the

of Achilles

passage

could

acquainted

were

and

the

Egyptian sign this

What

shoiild

them

from

know,

lance

makes

employ

explaining

what

Persians

to

mentary
com-

zodiac

Balance

the
named

Balance
;

tBat

Greeks

Whence

him
to

and

to

was

of Germanicus

Greek

the

Egyptians

^o".

sfftt

quainted
ac-

"ddas, "c.

the

the

been

Servius, in his

divided

Eratosthenes

similitnde, if the

before

Chaldeans

what

was

the

verses,

light,by showing,

Egyptians

also

known

constellations, and

the clearest

since

than

having

not

sidus tardis te mensibus

novum

observes, that

The

well

rather

of

suspected

Balance^

those

on

eleven

be

Chaldeans

jugum

name*

; it is the

of the word

fyy"*

(232

NOTES.

of Alexandria

school

The

of this
the ruin of
to

sign ; but

If 1 have

**

of the

the

of the

Balance,

t)f those

myself

that

in

to

antiquityof

the

sign

by others;

it is

within

date

versed

in

the

or

this

whom
should

it

I will not

transmitted

us

ating discoveries

You

monument

to

natural

was

their year

by

at

have

the

for

of every

depict

to

by

of the year,

other

where

they saw

This
we

saw

that

ready

mark

to

with

Virgin, the Lion,

; I wish

them

cupies
oc-

people,

other

so

the attention

that

the Sun

the

doubt

themselves

not

forty successive

or

the

Greeks,

of Bianchini.

remembrance^

need

signs i

deprive the Egyptians

the

place

drawn

We

beginning

successivelyby

dis"overy,or
to

imation
approx-

but, since this point

surprising that

this account

on

of this

it

the

is

recognise the point

to

antecedently no

and

Crab,

an

utterlyimpossible

point constituted

denote

merit

all

it at

Thebaid

not

limits.

place during twenty

same

Is

and

constellation,which

it is

in the-

imcertain

of the

of its apogee

perpetuallychanges,

ages.

be

may

astronomy,

cmtiquity

idea of the motion

the

certain

the system

Sir, not

rather the

preciseyear,

the moment

it at the

with

appears.

the monuments

to

of

heavens,
at

What

fixed.

are

deeply

of the

my

us.

admit

thaa

which

to

; which

you

Egypt,

determination

"

transmitted

to the

zodiac

Egyptian

period attributed

that

and

point is intimatelyconnected

of this asterism

the

image

opinion,since

to be your

be

sphere,
Egyptian plani-

limited

this

because

the temples,

sort

some

Balance, already demonstrated

of the

the

in

open

of the

borrowed

have

the Romans

to

istence
ex-

consummate

to

necessary

the

knowledge

the

furnish

and

was

in order

Egypt,

procure

it

ignorant of

not

was

in

only
the
it

has

of the
been

ap{"ropriobserve,

to

of

opening

begin.

of the learned

to

the

planisphere brings
at

Panopolis

to

similar

333

NOTES.

twelve

I had

in order

necessary
of

bird, such

Isiac

the

with

artist,and
'These

very

the

of

which

connected

are

have

must

whom

full

time
ot

Moon

this

length of the shadows

tracing

the horizon,

which
ed ;

the
a

place of

the

of time

astronomy.

are

by

reign
fo-

to

the
a

or

exceeds

this science

; the

phenomena
to

Sun

aie

the

method

of

corresponding
mark

of

selected

rock,
is

with

compar.

repeated
lay

the
the

that

stars

the summit

which

the

of

means

; the

days

of the

; and

of

number

365

sky, through

sufficient

be

among

solar revolution

gnomon

ex"-

may

To

risingor settingSun
to

the

doubt

nations

first rays

the

regard

and

which

to

equal length.

tree,

slightattention

intervals

natural

of

so

tion,
stage of civiliza-

same

lunation

by

shadows

an

respecting the

the

one

of

meridian

heights, or
at

of

disappear by

to

after

no

existed.

revolution

during

or

astronomy

There

presented*itself

equal parts

28

passes

caused

in the

which,

corresponding

which

by

as

physical phenomena,

the first notions

moons

well

as

6 hours" the festivals

days

direct communication

no

belong

27

with

; and

called natural

answers

letter

speciesof elementary astronomy,

the

of 365

of the solar zodiac.

constellations
ists

Jomard's

points in ancient

year

vague

Egypt,

while

the bird

certainlybeen
Mr.

in

important

Ram

great fidelity."

no

observations

several
use

it has

figure

planisphere of

this marble,
in

rily
curso-

in it "

the

zodiac

sculptured

was

; but

work

Egyptian

Japanese

had

saw

the

in

possiblethat

It is

copy.

into

the excavations

corresponds with

and

table^

divided

Pocock

make

to

remark

you
it

Tartarian

the Bull.

to

take

to

Bianchiniy where
in the

time

not

as

which

; and

compartments

noticed.

circles

of concentric

2odiac" composed

at

the basis

short
of this

Fr"rety Ouvres, compl"tes,

torn.

934

liOTBS.

hoases

lunar

the

of

or

same

terms

the

same

seasons

attached

shortest
idea of

the

all these

day

the

in four years,
tried to cta^-

; means

and

periodicalseries

; the

of gnomons

use

periods,when

; the

end

their

find

the

in

source

and

longest

are

of

with

importance

great year

regeneration at the beginning

make

to

coincide

the shadows

felt at the

the horrors

ecliptic
;

of

cycle ;

of

observation

in the individual

the

nature

man.

We
to

again obserre, that

here

must

what

distinguishbetwe^i
from

say

may

themselves

them, and
other
and

has

what

symbolic writing
their

pyramids

and

stones,

to

mark

of the

forms,

same

the

half civilized

hundred

and

year

than

sixty days

end

of the year,

five

complementary days.

of the

Japanese, are

the

to

winter

divided

taken
skin

dels
mo-

as

of

Chili,have

into

twelve

are

added

which
solstice

into

because

large

A
year

Three

the Aztecks.

of

The

rinths^
laby-

greater analogy with

divided

are

(ayen) of equal duration,

at

of

still

that

of earth

the tortoise.

of

shell

tumulus

; either

the

on

Araucans

exhibits

feel of

men

Meanders,

they^have

the

on

people, the

which
(jsipantu),

Egyptian

or

by

rhythmic repetition

regular figures traced

aquatic serpents,

the

because

or

round
sur-

to them

figures.

where

with

we

Hieroglyphics
need

burial.

as

which

accumulation

every

gena^allysatisfied

are

men

the

by

found

zigzags, are

visible

place of

the

difficult,

taken

objects

arts.

from

by

have

transmitted

the

arise

erected

are

the

been
in

ideas

it is very

nations

and

advanced

nations

expressing
or

numbers

simple phenomena,

most

of

these

of

the

to

of

the

with^thesolar almanac^

the lunar

the

of
dodecatemorion^

; intercalations

multiple of

ciliate

or

The

7B.)

l^, pa^e

months
at

the

(huamathipantu),

like
nycthemera:,
twelve

hours

those

(e/ajgoM-

9,35

NOTES.

It is

tu).

it from

the

twenty

times

of

inconsistent

with

because

duration,

Carli ; but

writer, Count
a

round

arisingfrom

the confusion
short.
the

In the

in

the

instance, that

have

other

placed

under

tions, who
one

from

languages
the

were

that

structure

gence.

the

is

of

connected
our

organS|

with
or

in

as

the

that have

of

We

solar zodiac

our

may

Egypt, in India, or

by great

on

isted
ex-

conceive,

rivers, and

these

tions
denominathat

we

or

meie

imitative

the nature

the

na^

received

distinguishin

of roots, which

founded

too

directly recognize

It is thus

community

seem

nations,

asterisms, have

same

other.

perceiving
of years

longer doubt,

no

can

thirtydays ;

"te

in

watered

length

other, there

arbitrarysigns of things ;

forms, which
whatever,

the

each

parallel
; but,

the same

employ

of

at

during the

on

employment

another.

signs

region

fixed, we

once

them

and

their denominations

taken

some

we

people

one

added

were

the communications

identityof origin,or
betwe"a

observed

with

which

by

of the

of

shorter

made

was

first view

day "

estimable

an

stop

customs

languages

marks,

certain

by

to months

the

and

manners

of

analogy

for

days

complementary

the

and

days, led

360

of about

interval

fiiU moons,

Twelve

of 360

formerlya

because
a

of the

continent.

new

only

assured

the result of

number,

of the years.

had

gravely

are

we

nothing

the calendar

yearg

to

came

find

we

its birth in the

revolutions

solar

as

of

at first had

have

nations

cycle of

sixty year",

; but

adnii9si(m

taken

having

Several
not

the

ceived
re-

Asia, deriving

the Asiatic

or

Cundenamarca

have

may

eastern

which

thirty-sevenmnas,

Muyscas

Araucans

fi;om

from

source

same

Araucans

the

of time

this division

the

that

possibki

those

are

as

it

cal
grammati-

caprice ;

firom

harmony,

the

of

our

mtelli-

236

NOTES.

The

boasted, that the

invented

first of

(Herod.,

think

that

this

whom

it has

distant

of

transmitted

been

the learned

of Mr.

of the

whether

question
of

modes

of the
their

in

Nile,

de

several

Valens, and

T"cad.

Fr"ret,Ouvres,

des

Bainbridge, Canicularia,
Tempor,

p. 100:

and

Id.

ourselves

bleness

of festivals.

; in

and

Greece
often

26;

to

few

Persia, where

of

time

of

(De

Italy,where

deranged

the calendar

serted
as-

Theon,

la

Nauze,
351

278;

11, page

Emen-

Scaligerde

der Chronologie,
page

Untersuchungen,
43).

remarks

in

on

have

men

tom.

tronomical
as-

the

14, page

page

the

found
pro-

various

same

Gatterer,Abdss

Dendera,

here

and

86;

that

passages

Ideler, Histor.

ueber

confine

to

Weltgeschichte bis Cjmis,

567:

Rode,

Egypt

p.

lib. 3, p. 196

p. 233

507,

learned

Inscript.,tom.
10, page

tom.

the

HorapoUo

own

discuss

not

at

use

interpretationof

Strabo, Vettius
M"m.

as

in

the

our

calendars, and

intercalation,were

the banks

shall

different

unites

languages

We

been

in

illustrated

Ideler,who

ancient

calculations.

use

in very

nations

Fr"ret, de la Nduze,

of

farther

been

the labours

by

knowledge

In

groups

singlepeople by

other

to

researches

Bainbridge, has

211,

by

Egyptians,after having

of the

calendar

objectof

dat.

to

the

to

more

numeration

belongs

We

104).

p.
no

parts.

countries.

The

times

belongs

mode

twenty^

or

WesseL,

9, ed.

the

twelve

into

year

invention

Egyptians, than
of five, ten^

Lib.

the

Egyptians, had

the

all men,

of

division

the

SfCMvi"

and

by Herodotus,

priestsof Heliopolis^consalted

vague

on

the

year

imperfect
; the

shall

We

mova-

in

was

lations
interca-

festivals

con-

238

NOTES.

of the

comes

explanations
ingenious
givenby Plutarch
Osiride,of the motives

in his treatise de Iside et

which

the

such

Egyptianscelebrated

These
and

celebrated

relation between

connexions

festival in the

solstice

springyand another at the summer

Opera omnia, ed. Reiske, torn* 7,
484)?

9.

(Plut.

446, 452, and

page

the

between

for

ceremoniest

phenomena, this intimate

physical
would then
the symboland the ol)jecl;,

the

place in the firstyear only pf each sothic

cycle. The very justobservation ];aadeby Mr. Jomar"
the passage of Achilles TaUus
is applicable
to all
on
have

taken

the stative festivals. That

minus
it

and Plutarch,
not

was

when

was

'

Isis,mentioned

by

Ge-

lugubriousfestival; and, if

it sometimes took placeat peconceptive,

riods
the days had been for a long ti^ieon the increase

(Uranol.,page
oath, which

of

the

19"

Does

35),

nx^ta

priestsimposed

pn

the

not

ki^g

the

for the

preservationof the vague year (Conuaeat. in Qer."

man.
Arati, sign.Caprieomi ; Hygin., ed.
interpret.
Basil.,1535, p. 174),'
betraythe craft of a privileged
its^ necessajry
order,which, for the sake of rendering
lo the

people,and keepingup its authority"

arrogates
to itself the rightof announcing th" festivals:
i^oornected with astronomical phenomena?
Plutarch,livingunder the reign of Trajan,already
made

of the fixed year of the

which, the firstof Thoth

use

to
c("rding
29th of August

Alexandrians, ac*
to
corresponds

of the Julian calendar

Unt. pag. 127); and he refers the names

and the festivals to the immutable

the

Hist.
(Ideler,
of the months

epochas

of

the

solstices and the

equinoxes. Achilles Tatius,a Chris*

probably a bishop,lived several ages after

tian,and
Plutarch
la

it is therefore needless

Nauze, the existence

of

to

admit, with de

fixed year

".^

under

the

"SQ

NOTES.

explain "^rhyAchiDes

PioIemieSy in order

to

speaks of

of the

of

the

IsisLy
as

period of

moaqs

solstice.

the winter

Mexicans

find

we

fifty-twovague
of

we

years^

may.

of the Sun

We

attaches

observe

nations

solemnity among

t"

tp the end

present

with

it

air

an

f"bm superstitious

remote

Boullaoger, 1794,

de

(Ouvres

ideas

the

tillafter

the

at

even

very

the

attiihute it

time, that th" last day of the year bears

of

vith

appi^ension

doubt

no

festival

^nopg

this

nation

every

cycle.

great

moreover

of

renewal

no

importance which

the

If

approaching disc^pearanoe

of the

the

at

iipmutal^ly connected

custom

Egyptians

Taiius

2.

torn.

p* 6 1)*
In

Mexico,

well

as

at the

elevated

begins
fear

be

to

the nations

this

conceived

how,

related

the

to

in

the

of

phenomena

of

be, lead

may

As

to

the

assigned" at
zodiac, this
in

tions
either

the

by

the

different

periods,

of

history

the

which

to

one

solstices

the
of
or

"3rmbols

the

which

date

of the

opens

the

most

origin of

the

of

which
a

gressive
pro-

shorteningthe

little apparent

these

different nations
the

by

to

the

first

place

As

years

equinoxes,

of the

zodiac.

l^ve
in

the

interestinginvestigsr-

astronomy.

march

be

may

of

signs, or rather the preference given

them

it'

among

of fear^

and

asterism,

is

than

lugubrious ceremonies,

to

sonow

the

Asia, where

heavens, ideas

days^ howe^ner

expressions of

the

the

pf tike Sun, and

lowwQg
duration

of

stote

the

that

luminary ouglit

negious

worship,

tion
declina-

say,

iaropic. Neveitheless,

the

near

is atill considerably

its south

might

we

in those

excited

Sun

Baillyplaces the originof astronomy,

Mr.

of

; and

disappearance of

of the total

rather

period when

diminish

to

atTheibes^the

as

the
to

begin
order
one

of

asterisms, fixes the

Under

this

point of

240

NOTES.

view, by the effect of the precession of the equinoxes^

the

series of

mere

the

if

historical document^

made

not

not

thought

ancient

of

of

the

position of

the
Their
which

Is it not

of observation.

this

antiquity
No

such

to

had

the

Egyptians

the

equinoxes.

he

nothing

the

to

on

difference

The
2682

before

it; and

direct

India,

high

proof,that

of the

precession of

this

discovery by

made

those

of Timocharis

few

if any

very

Hipparchus

has

which
the

observations

at

indebted

for

was

them

139
but

years

our

fixed

exists between
of the

day

rising 06

have

in

*,

Sirius

was

thirteen

era;

after

by happy

two

our

the heliacal rising

solstice.

era,

interval

days

of

distant

difference

The

fourteen

from

days distant,
the

bable,
pro-

their attention

summer
an

recently

Egyptian priests, it is neverthefess

before

twenty-six days;

ment
monu-

attribute

to

made

between

years

than

traced, without

Delambre

and

heliacal

other

or

Mt.

the connexion,
of Sirius

planets,

in

with

the latter would

that

of all the

certain, as

Though

Alexandria.

periods.

day

forms

his observations

proved, that

remote

Hipparchus

it is almost

and

great accuracy,

no

knowledge

any

the

Asia

eastern

possible,that

reason

in the ancients

passage

comparing

of

been

monument

it has

of their calculation

has

conjunction

found,

departure,

for very

some

being obliged for this

our

of

very

discovered

be

which

on

the result

rather

seems

may

of

nations

planets

is

systematic ideas, the

of a conjunction
'fi^eaic

booics

suppose,

2dly, that

point

tables

of

means

time

same

year

the

The

cycle.

by

calculated,

vague

things,

unequivocal

an

this document

trace, after

to

proper

state

beginning

of the

use

the

at

we

in which

1st, that,the nation,

has

becomes

signs

the

1322

stice
solyears

amounted

compensations, notwithstanding

to

the

241

NOTES.

hundred

years,

little of

the astronomy

unfavourable

thirteen

varied

judgment

of

the

of

it from

Greeks/ and that of Manetho,

the

in

sciences,

accurate

This

versification.
of

the progress

Description
of the
The

will

Ancient

Pluche

the

by

of

laws

history
cussed
dis-

soon

researches,

published

the

in

of Egypt.

Balance

advanced

of the last century,

in the middle

lately contested

be

of the

the

learned

Monuments

high antiquity of

Abb"

the

in

mind, will be

Fourier, whose

Mr.

an

little skilled

as

was

too

form

silence

was

he

human

impatiently expected,

so

the

subject,so important to

of the

by

anew

know

Egyptians, to
who

as

We

days.

by

though-

distinguished antiquaries.

two

Testa

Hager,

and

has

of Ideler and
be
ed
a

those

agreeableto
the

in

study

reference

to

all the

of the
verified

Hipparchi

the

precessionof
attached

the

to

who

that

Comm.

ed. 1703,

the

I have

remained

Sinus

Julian

stellation
con-

(Pe-

c.

Elem.

134); Geminus,

p.

here

carefully

Arat, lib. 3,

in

engag"

find

to

searches
re-

it may

relate to the

which

and

are

the

for 3000

'

years

(Ideler,p.

calendar."

88

and

voL

p.

2,

501
302

and

Gesch.

tllustraz.d'uno
;

vol.

torn.

9, p. 347

Griech.

1,

p.

21;

sur

Sopra due

54

175

p.

la

l'Originede

la

p. 242, 296, and

dell'

tom.

"

Philos.,

Revue

Sph"re,
370;

Egitto, 1802.

1. p. 478.

1,

Researches,

Anqnetil,2"end-Ave8ta,

Zodiad

Montucla, Qist.

; Anat.

dans

Dupuis,

Astron.

Zodiaco, p. 25-.-35

Delambre, Astronomie,

rOJLXIV.

Stemnamen,

Origine, p.

Swartz, Rech.

der

Testa, Dissertaz.

42 ;

1740],

Schmidt, de Zod.

1806, Mai, p. 311;

Schaubach,

(ed. de

371

p.

S. 1, lib. 2, " 7, p. 79; Bailly,Hist, de rAstr., vol.

Mathem.,

p. 499

and

imagine

astronomy,

passages,

day'of

Pluche, Hist, clu CSel

549

ancient

Ideler, Hist. Untersuch., Id06,

'

scientific persons,

equinoxes,the ri"ng of
same

by

90.)

and

^es

Butmann

Balance,

Uranolog.,

tavii

of

demonstrated

been

p.

Hager,

torn.

p.

99;

2, p.

20, 39,

24i

NOTES.

Astron.y

Gothofred,

ed.

16

(Uranol.,

lib, 6,

Latina^

Lingua

c.

and

c.

Ca;sar

in

Bas., 1535,

p.

Gennan.

lib. 9,

Manil.

p. 190)^

Payer,

lib.

Georg.,

and

1,

lib. 5, p. S08

34

v.

(ed. Pancrat.

Plin., Hist. Nat., lib. 18,

2, p. 130)

1723,

torn.

Plac.

phil.,lib. 1,

Manethonis

Achilles

calcem
torn.

2,

the

the

one

486)

and

(Opera

22

and

244

306);

de

p.

(ed. Bas.,

Ptol.

in

Scip.,

Nupt.

Philolo-

(ed. princeps, 1498, fol. R. 3)

(ed. Bipontina ad

cap.

Kircher, Oedip. JEgypi., l653,

writers

who

the

mention

(iyyiqpt" "vyi, A^Vp^i,JUgum,

anterior
is

Caesar

commentary

Greek

ancient

Balance

by Julias

before

de

p. 206.

only

learned

7 ; Pint,

frag. (Uranol.,

et

Capella

mem.

Flori, p. 158);

Aimong

the

lib. 8

liber

Ampelius

23

c.

1, p. 131);

Somnum

90,

v.

Vifgi

(ed. Gronov.

12

Comment,

Martianus

Mercurii,

et

Luc.

of

Theon.

96);
p. 386);

1538,

I67O,

in

c.

137

v.

c.

Virg.

vol. 9, p-

in

lib. 1,

Tatius, Isagoge,

and

gi"

Gronov.,'

ed.

lib. 9,

Comment

Saturn.,

et

lib. 2,

v.

(ed. Hardnin.,

59

sect.

25,

4,

313);

torn.

(ed. Reiske,

; Macrob.

19,

c.

omnia,

c.

Apotelesm.,

1698, p. 23)
lib. 1,

c.

Mascivii,

Ptolem.,

and

Comment,

Servius,

lib.

609, and

v.

1, p. 77

torn.

1640,

Laet, Amst.,

de

1,

478);

tect.,
Archi-

de

Vitrav.

187);

lib.

Astron.,

(ed. Mich.

203

164

and

81

ra,
(Aygin. Ope-

89

v.

(ed. Joannis

c.

Ph"n.

Arati

Divin., lib. ",

3, p.

torn.

Linguse,

Lat.

de

Cicero

p. 48);

1585,

(ed. Jos. Oliveti, 1740,

46

85

(Auctores

c.

de

Varro

139);

p.

of

astronomers.

the

reform

Hipparchus.

Hipparchus

researches

Geminus,

to

of
the

Abb"
word
He

on

The

"u"jJ"was

has

who

Ne

libra),

calendar
in the

escaped
asserts,

unknown
^'

the

passage

Aratus

Testa,

adds

of

sign

tre

the

that,

to

libri

the
del

243

NOTES.

d'Ipparco

"ommentario

comparisce

da

sicurarsene
I

46).

si nomina

non

here

ought

without

in

the

but

rather

"uy"

The

and
do, if K'^Sc,
**

(the Chaldeans)

according
of

to

the

were

the

in

is

ploy
em-

sense

would

of

the

not

of

according

basin

%iiW*
them,

to

Scales^
to

in the claws

Zodiac),

may,

is double

he

principles(according
the

times

jvgum

explanation

which

says,

is attributed

other

at

the

in

Ptolemy places t"

which

%9iW"

"

our

dividing

with

of
mentary
com-

which

in. this

and
"yyo^",

and

21

not

whatever

writers

prose

"uy"

star," he

The

couple,

"kCyo" than

opposition

and

and

as"

puo

in the

fyyi" and

words

doubt, .denote

paired;

or

Hipparohus,

to

Eratosthenes.

books

non

passage

apocryphal, and

appears

sometimes
to

three

into

the

cited,is found

I have

divided

fragment, which

observe, that

to

Hipparchus,which

ognuno

came

(Testa, del Zodiaco, p.

se

per

maiy

libra

la

Arato,

sopra

our

and

ner
man-

of the Scorpion."

of

intead

employs,
whidi

leaves

dawB

of the

and

ed. Bas.,

Ptolem.,

"

no

this pa99age would

that

but

in the

Acldlles

Grnca,

thb

"ifyithe

Mr^

word

call the beam

kofytnen

lived under

1795,

asteiisms
on

tom.

the author

as

persop

the

4,

p.

rdgn

(Uran.

ancient astronomer,

and

Tatius.

of

substitution,

says,

of the

of

the

the

Scales ;"

Ptolemy Philadelphus.
The

142), which

wl"ch

*'

A'iyvirriflUKa,

appears

(uyhsis

word

(ed. Schaubach,
p.

often

proved that Manetho,

135"139.)

of Eratosthenes
Aiatus

(170;.Manetho

be very remariuble, if it were

Commientary
of

the

in his commentary,

Theon,

of
dgnification

is the same

in the

found

name

of the

consequentlyhe

not

rx

Scorpion, which

(FabiidiBibL

the

and
fjjyl"

doubt

tiie fstronomer,
and

232.

p.

c.

7, p. 6),

bears
to

falsely

belong

to

^w

NOTES

To

FOURTEEN,

VOLUME

Page
it is

they

natives, when
which

of

before

years
to

the

Supreme

called

mountains

our

it inconvenient

the
to

Lord
of

of men,

Macartney,

Yu,

1802, p.

Page
of "bo

served

10.

Plam

near

Two

Four

Yo.

The

go thither

their

vol. 1, page

four

on

light

great

ing
sovereigns,find-

to

caused

nences
emi-

be erected

habitations.
Iviii.

tom
cus-

oftereA in

in person,

mountains

three hundred

were

Being, Chan-ty,

tombs,

some

thousand

sacrifices

era,

as

temple.

inay throw

of the

hills,
several

neither

of

Asia

representing these
the hands

artificial

base

the

Americas

the intention

was

many

important question.

this

China

nor

so

have

in eastern

established
on

to

appear

watch-towers,

nor

raised

In both

by men.

inquiry^what

of

matter

raised

Mounds

4.

by

Voyage

Hager,

of

Monument

10.

Lican.

of Tapia, near

ideas

may

be

Indians

of

the

entertained

province

of

That

respecting
Quito, I

no

roneous
er-

the dress

must

here

246

the
a

NOTES.

same

demand

to
tlayhiouUtia,

Kztli,torafent.
words

To

double

mimiziin, cats
is the

for

first syllable
;

which

veral
se-

miztii,a cat,

as

2"i"

ocAttn,rabbits.
the

in the

made

plural.
of

midst

times
Someword

instance, ichpochtli,
a
girls; /"/*
girl,ichpapachtin,

I have

is found

word"

in the

who

carries

transmitted.

anloa,

In the Azteck

workman.

de

are

icana, 1753, jp.7).

an

K.

at first

of the American

the

the

de

de

word

relations

with

will be

each

the

expression of

Page
monk,

63.
Andres

the

shall be

First age
de

of

Olmos,

languages of Miexico,

gins
be-

other

pear
ap-

at

to

the Earth.
well

of which

versed
he

portion
pro-

and

the

production of

the

once

brought

; and

perceived,in

are

of man,

we

which

philosophichistory of nations,

intelligence,and

Mex-

languages

certain

study of languages,which
character

Lingua

extraordinarytheir caprices

analogy

an

letters,B, D,

Biscayan language

distinct

Tapia Zenteno,

novissima
the

salary of

or

F, and there is no

sight,however

multifarious
as

in

However

idioms, all have

these

So

itself ah

by

characsignificative

language

Arte

find the letter

by

forms

wanting (Carlos

Tampamolon,

be

tidingsto

amatly paper

paint,trace

to

senger,
mes-

indicated^ in

is

the payment
tlaxtlahuilli,

; and

and

which

the

to

painting,some

word,

line, contains

agave;

not

in

of

composition

given

which

on

paper,

This

Alexandrine

Cura

real

able
remark-

most

amatlacuilolitquUcatlaxtla'^

word

symbolic characters, or

F, G,

of

with

met

signifiesthe reward

huilli,which

racters

The

boy, telpopochtin,
boys.

example

or

fof

indicates

duplication is

pochtli,a

do

Aztecks

plural,the

tochtli,a rabbit"

termination
the

the

tetlayhiouilti-

and

torment,

the

form

tetlalolaniliztli^

and

to ask,
tlatolana^

manner

the individual

perfection.
The

Franciscan

in the

different

composed

gram-

247

NOTES.

left

has

mars,

curious

vary

(Marieta, Tercera

of Anahuac.

Eclesiastica, 1596, pag.

united

was

union

was

Earth,

This

stone,

from

Earth,
this

to

mankind.

to

this

hell in

to

like the

Iztacmixcohuatlydwelt

him

six

from

sons,

Anahuac.

the

father

of

the

and

and

So.)

This

the

ethnographicaltable

the

the

whom

among
as

or

the

of

of the

of

bone

; and

birth

According

Iztacmixcuatl,or
he

where

tained
at-

his

from

of

nations

peopled

sons,

Tehuawas

properly
whom

scended
de-

and

Tptomihua-

the chiefs

of the

(Torquemada, T. i, p.

the Toltecks
ia

so

Xicalancks, peopled the

of Moses

this tradition

belonging to

gods

of the nation^

genealogy

as

creating

of the

Mexicans

became

Otomites.

remarkable,

more

of

Tenuch, the secoad,

Otomitl

Mixtecks

them,

serve

all the

Xkalancatl^
and

J/Rxtecatl and

to

Epatlan, Teopantla,

the Tenuches,

Olmecks

Earth,

wife, Ilancueitl,bore

of Tlascala, Cuatzacualco,

environs
can.

oldest

Totetlan.

and

aerolite,a

the

of

ii,p. 82.)

descended

Tzoca,

Ulmecatl

called.

one

His

age.

whom

Cozcatia, and

hierogly*

an

Chicomoztotl,

Xelhtui, th"

Quauhyuechola,
can,

the

was

search

T.

the

on

aerolite,or tecpatl,
gave

at

advanced

fell

breaking, produced

tradition, the first man,

very

fruit of this

permission

Xolotl,

Historia

Caverns, Cldco^

slaves

the

(Torquemada,

same

It

in

without

ordered

bone, broken

to

the

among

days.

their mother

down

go

la

Citlalatonac

god

divinities, inhabitants

Citlalicue

men.

de

Seven

found

the

and

who, finding themselves

obtained

the

teotetljwhich,

subaltern

1600

called

betyliumis

of the years

divine

The

48.)

cosmogony

flint, teq"ail,which

place

near

moztotl.

phics

stone,

Parte

goddess Citlalicue

the

to

of the

account

; and

and

reminds
it is
the

so

very

us

of

much

Aztecks,

found, considered

privilegedrace,

34

selves
them-

different

124H

NO^ES.

that of

from

of

reduce

to

attempt

an

the Otomites

the

and

to

This

Olmecks.

general principle the

languages, and explain it by

the

is

sity
diver-

origin

common

of all nations.

Going

66.

Page

Aztlnn.

from

out

reading

of this

work, respectiifgthe

ancient

people

of Mexico,

fragment,

which

huac"
Mexico.

to

leisure

to

must

Robertson's

History of America,

with

abridged

in the

I have

tecks.

consulted

have

it has

which

been

original sources

of

of
studty

the

with

tor the

admirable
; but

the

sa^

much

too

part relating to the Toltecks

for the indication

in

who,

to

compiled

carefully cited

Anar-

abode

my

those

satisfythemselves

information^

gacity

History of

useful

the

to

recur

place insert

during

will be

of the

monuments

of the

compose

fragment

facilitate the

I shall in this

Sketch

began

This

having

not

irom

taken

To

Az-

and

authors, whom

of the

dates.

ChronologicalTable of the Historyof Mexico,

The

inhabited

was

numfber
nations

from

of nations

south, had

the

most

in their

traversed

as

had

cleared, had

by

from

of

of Anahuac
an

attachment

separated from

the

they

the

nation, preserving their language, their

the

primitiveform

great

numerous

the north

soil

and

Caucasnsy

part of these

the remains

country

families,retained

some

races.

migrations
the

like

period by

remote

of different

b" considered

may

tribes,which,

which

region of Mexico,

mountainous

of their government.

to

the

; and

of

to

the

body
mannen,

of

"49

NOTES.

The

themselves

of

lancks

founded
of

fossil bones

at

in the

Tula, in 670.

Teo^moxtli, which

contained
the

Toltecks

have

can

also appear

last

which

ages

country

of

anterior

in the form

t"eoplewore

to

to

time

out

other

islands

the

of

laws

be

of

work

129 ; tom.
the

white

Tolteck

man,

strangers, who

of cassocks.
these dresses

the

pyramids

ancient

the

Till

of

our

era,

Anahuac,

in

of the

reign

astrologer

Divine

constructed

most

of

Hue-

Book,

the

history,the mytho-.

it,that the Mexican

cokuatl,appeared ;
by

the

are

them

in the

was

driven

708, the

in

the

of the

i,p. 126, and

(Clav., tom.
It

to

the model

on

believes

enza

544

Under

logy, the calendar, and

Cholula,

and

their country,

the celebrated

composed

Huematzin

i, p. 37

India

the year

king Ixtlicuechahuac,

Tolteck

of

West

regions

ToUantzinco,
at

tom.

asserts, that the Olmecks,

the

of the

elevated

(Torq.

America.

; and

648

the elevated

appearance

in those

or
Tlapallan,in
huetlapallan,

arrive

The

haying vanquished

the

Toltecks, migrating from

The

Xica-

giants,or quinametin;

on

TIascaltecks, peopled

South

and

probably
of Anahuac

Boturini

the

by

or

gulf

Otomites.
inhabited

of

boasted

elephants found

of the mountains

364).

who

their arrival the

destroyed on
tradition

the

Xicalancks,

the

and

plain of Tlascala,
or

the

the

Nicaragua;

Tzapotecks, and

the

Olmecks

Olmecks,

migrations to

de

Leon

sidered
con-

Cores, the Tepanecks, the Tarascks, the

; the

Miztecks,

their

extended

and^to

Nicoya,

the

autochthones,are

as

who

Huhnecks^

Mexico, those who

ntttions of

ancient

most

the

pyramid

of Teotihua-

of all,and
of

the

the

Sigu-

Olmecks

iv, p. 46).

monarchy,

black
l6th

or

in

Qudzai'

Budha,

bearded, and
wore

The

nation.

panied
accom-

garments,

century,

Quetzalcohoakl,

to

the

dig^

250

NOTES.

guite themselves
Cucvka,

was

(Torq.
with

festivals.

on

and

Q, p. 55,

t.

red

spoken
in

was

himself

and
of

to

war.''

possession
the

enjoyed

(Torq. tom.

namarca

2, p. 237)

Quetzalcohuatl,
From

Irishman.

an

founded

sacrifices
when

This

Japan
but

form

he

was

he

of government

of Cundi*

and

the

first monks"
the question,

Carthaginianor

was

Cholula

he

of

Huemac,

gravelydiscussed

have
Spanish Missionariesi,
whether

he

authority, while

of

those

spotted

was

ears

spiritualpower.
to

Tlascala

adventurer^

secular

the

similar

was

at

cloak

his

fellow

His
of

this saint

ordained

He

^^

stopped

fruits,and

of

priest of Tula,

religiouscongregations.
flowers

His

307)*

High

crosses.

name

Camaxtli

and

Yucatan,

in

The

colonies

sent

to Mix"

supposed,

the

that

of this unknown
of

the

palace

relics
beheld

sacrifices offered

summit

of the mountain

The

monk

same

ordered
sacrificed

nuco

to

their

he left

and

in the

on

my.

tom.

the

and

2, p. 307
a

saint

"

journey

on

The

the

of

of the
The

Pa-

returning

that

have

high
at

he

been

appeared,
dis-

posed,
sup-

Huasa-

Rio

nation

of ages.

number

cious
pre-

penitents

lips.

311).

as

Tlascala"

the

might

had

at ceremonies

the intention

as\

order

Motilinia

first appearance

the banks

on

de

the

which

in

in this

during

return

arrival in

cp," says

with
was

of

Cholula,

at

his

north,

the east,

(Torq.
his

it

which

Matlalcuye,near

ears,

made

Mexico,

not

butin

tongue,
had

Tula

Tlalpallan;

cualco

of

Quetzalcohuatl,

by

priest of

honor

in

present

was

F. Tcnibio

; and

Cholula

at

by

preserved

were

It is

of the arrival

stones,

green

Quetaalcohuatl,

to

built

was

the time

At

certain

Campeachy.

Mitla

of

personage.

Spaniards,

belonged

and

Tabasco,

Huaxayacac,

teca,

"

pected
ex-

When,

Tenochtitlan, I passed by Xochimil-

monk,

Bernard

de

Sahagun,

**

every

251

NOTES.

asked

person

then

not

whether

m"

understand

the

from

came

Tlapallan.

of this

meaning

knew,

descendants

of Quetzalcohuatl"

(Torq.tcto.

interestingto

up

It is

doubt

no

who,

probably

anterior

Pestilence

and

They push

their

of the

migrations

farther

This

nation

who,

Tolteck

ot

The
to

in 1 160.

The

the

Aztecks

tribes

of

the

seven

and

Aztecks

and

Chichimecks,

the

as

in

had
1064

Mexicans"

from

the
of

mountains

Torq. tom.

in

tom.

tribes called

These

Gama,

according
themselves

(Anahuatlacks)

Teochichimecks,
well

as

Ama-

1, p.

their

declared

it to

all

151,

country
be

near

(Garcia, Origen. de los Indios, p.

Amaquemecan
502).

families,

Tepanecks, Acolhuans, Tla-

Aztlan, or Teo-Acolhuacan,

and

Two

their country

language (Clav.,

4, p. 48).

tom.

south.

the

in 1 170.

contained

Chalcks,

Mexicans,
the

wa"

in 1051.

Tolteck

some

Nahuatlacks

huicks, Tla8caltecks"

spoke

times,

Toltecks

to

issuihgfrom

the

of

Sochimilcks,

or

and

king,

arrive in Mexico

Migration
1178.

mysterious

heroic

the

of

last

nute
mi-

most

Toltecks.

destruction

Chichimecks,

quemecan,

the

to

2, p. 53).

the

the life of this

to

the

for

us

country of Anahuac.

in the

The

the

to

took

treasure

belonging

personage,

remain

Indians

relative

circumstances

children

the

but

question ;

I afterward

that

I did

according

to

Aetlan,

Clavigero,

properly so called, separated

Tlascaltecks

Zacatecas

1, p. 87

from

migrated

188

Gama,

(Clav.,

Chalckb

the

and

1, p. 156

tom.

Descripcion

in

de

dos

;.

Pie-

dras, p. 21).
Arrival
in

1087

of

the

1091.

of the Aztecks
; reform

new

of

fire, since

at

the

the

Tlalixco, or Acahualtainco,

catendar,

going

out

and

first festival

firom

Az"an,

^s

252

NOTE8"

in 1216

panco,
''

the

of

Arrival

; and

the

Under

Axtecks

Tula,

at

in

ig6

Chapoltepec,in

at

reign of Nopaltzin" king

Tzom-

; at

1245.
of the

Chichi*

mecksy aTolteck^ called Xiuhtlato, lord of Quaultepec^

the year

taught the people,about

and

maize

The

flour of maize.

the

and

cotton,

small

ihe

of

banks

dwelt

had

entirelyneglected the

the

American
had

Xiuhtlato

paltzin, form

great

so

the

Few
of

number

but

from

of the

Chichimecks,

his

early

alliances

of

sisters of No"
the

with

chiefs

and

of

offer

annals

exist, whose
of families

names

places as

of Anahuac.

succeed

soon

of

Nopaltzixi,son

the three

fall undesr the

Mexicans

in 1314,

and

nations

hieroglyphicannals

The

lost, if

ever

Azcaxochitl, daughter

matrimonial

Acolhuans.

the

for

and

grain ;

seeds

the Toltecks.

and

prince ; Pochotl,

Tolteck

families^

Tenochtitlan,

this

been

the

1, p. 74).

king Xolotl, weds

the

have

of

the three nations

between

Acolhuansy

the

lake

preserved a few

not

youth" (Torq.,tom.
Union

the

of

from

of Tolteck

culture

would

com

of bread

making
number

that

along

1250, the culture

in

of the Acolhuans

yoke

freeing themselves

by

their valor.
of

Foundation
Mexican

Tenochtitlan,

kings

mina,

3,

Chimalpopoca,

7, Tizoc,

1480:

catl, 1464-1477

1480-1502:

Motezuma-Xocojotzin,

the

second,

lasted

only

1502-1520

three

reigned during
tom.

nine

4, p. 55*61).

months

1410-

6, Axaja-

1477

8, Ahuitzotl,
or

Motezuma

10, Cuitlahuatzin, whose

months:

2,

first,1436-1464:

Motezuma,the

9,

1352-1389

5, Motezuma-Ilhuica-

4, Itzcoatl, 1423-1436:
or

1325.

1, Acamapitzin,

Huitzilihuitl, 1389-1410:
1422:

in

11, Quauhtemotzin,
of

the

year

1521

reign
who

(Clav*,

"54

NOTES.

of Elizabethy survivM

t^

the la3t

numbered

kings of Mexico,
and

Quauhtemotzin^

and

Page

this figure of

of

13th

Entsik

w[id his two

zaron,

celebrated

little

mankind,

the

to

well

as

the

Hurons
2, p.

tpm.

294. (Creuxius, Hist. Canad.Seu

Ub.

thinkS| that
that

as

historyofAtO'^

children, Jutkeka

among

Mytholog. Taschenb,,

officers.

Maier

plate,refer

are

Cuitlahuitzin,

Spanish
Mr.

the mother

in the

delineated

three

CihuacohuaiL

83.

whom

husbands, among

five

the

and

and

241,
Novae

Tahuit*

aod

Iroquois.

torn.

p.

Francise, 1664,

1, p. 79.)

Page

Shape of the.forehead.

85.

that

of the first

plate, according

Mexico,

plate of this work,

found

not

was

from

received

Oaxaca,

at

this remarkable

sculpture

mistakenly asserted (vol.

butfarther

mala, the ancient

Quauhtemallan,

stillfarther

entertained

to

respecting

the

highly

ruins

of

cultivated

Page

125.

Gatterer,

in

of

phers.

He

manuscripts
of the
and

The
the

might
a

be^

ment.
monu-

the

proved by

place which

hieroglyphicsof

abstract

expressing

the

niards
Spa-

written
are

numbers.

of his Universal
and

tens

Egyptians
by

the

in cursive

Mr.

tributes
History, at-

the admirable

position of the

positivelyasserts, that,

alphabet
tenth

that

Palenque.

to the Phoenicians

invention

in

circumstance

of Guatimala

is

as

Gruati-

near

strange

so

inhabitants

people,

great city, situate

call el

This

origin of

Besides, the ancient

were

the south,

to

the doubts,

remov"

the

to

publicatipn

as

to

the

since

xiii,p. 126"134),

tends

of Teo-

head

singular resemblance

11th

the

represented in

accounts

6^ has

No.

plate 57^
cipactli,

The

in

the

ci*

Egyptian

characters,

nine

letters

recognised indicating

nine

units

sign, performing the office

of the

nought

of

"^5

NOTKS.

ike Hindoos
that

the

several

serts,
as-

that it took

; and

arithmetic,in
linearyhieroglyphical
have

perpendicularstrokes

while

writer

same

acquainted with

Egyptian numeration

originfrom

which

The

Cecrops and Pythagoraswere

this system of
its

the Thibetans.

and

of horizontal

rows

value of

bars denote

position,
tens, and

multiples of ten (Gatterer,Weltgeschichtebis

the nota*
Cyrus, p. 586). According to this hypothesis,

the

tion

peculiarto

would

the Hindoos

for the second

been introduced

Europe by the Arabians

time into

these assertibns do not

have

to

seem

rest

dations
very solid foun-

on

We

(Kircher,Obel. Pamph., p. 46l).

changes
after the

or

numerical

its value

according as

signsof

five

of

or

Greeks, the

placed before

it is

ten.

know,

finitely
system is in-

of the

that

imperfectthan

more

unit

whose

the Romans,

that among

; but

real value

of

positionis found in the notation,which, accordingto

Pappus, Apolloniusmade use of for the mjrriads,(Delambre, Arith. des Grecs dans les Oeuvres
1807, p. 578)

but

authentic

have

none

the

have

to

method, which

antiquityby

remote

nations, of which

accounts, appear

uniform

simple and

of the

d'Archim"de,

Hindoos,

was

the

attained
followed

we

this
from

Thibetans, and

the Chinese.

Page
"

Twelve

128.

heite divide the year, not

months,
sons

or

moons,

of the

Ocean,
is very

Sun

The

Sunas.
into

to which

inhabitants

twelve,but

they give the

{Missionary Voyage

1799, p. 341"344).

This

no
doubt;
extraordinary

but

in civilization have

far advanced

numbers

into thirteen
of the

names

to

division
we

of Ota-

the

Pacific

by

thirteen

know, that people

long stopped

the least fitted for the divi-

their calendar

at

sion of time.

See the valuable researches of Mr.

in

Nie-

256

NOTES*

buhr^

the

on

Geschichte,

Roman

Page

have

should

of

paintings
One

of

gen

(181

writers

the

1,

of

the

of

account

an

natives

in

Tassie,

vol.

Mag.,

the

Cat.

of

1st

vol.

the

the

ii,

my

2d

vii,

p.

there

The

researches

on

248,

to

same

the

the

compares

plate

exist

the

head

rical
histo-

i, p.
of

Library

337)-

Za-

the

torn,

Gazette

Bodleian

p.

of

is

Torquebishop

Ind.,

Literary

Mexico,
and

barbarian

destruction

that

It

monk.

(Mon.

asserts,
in

manuscripts
(Monthly

in

1553)

p.

the

Aztecks

the

as

for

Paintings.

Franciscan

branded

notorious

too

maraga,

the

of

(R"mische

year

192).

notice

that

enough,

mada,

and

91

p.

Complete

144;

remarkable

giving

i^

torn,

Etruscan

and

276).

Gottin-

can
Mexi-

five.

Oxford

at

writer,

in

monuments

figure
engraved

sented
repre-

in

INDEX

OF

THE

AUTHORS

WORKS

AND

QUOTED

IK

VOLUMES

Xin

XIV.

AND

A.

Achilles

Tatius.

Aratus,

xiii,

288,

284,

the

on

Albategni.

xiv,
the

XIV.

xiii,

of

the

Indies,

xiii, 117|

222.

observations
and

Asia"

His

Ixtlilxochitl.

Mexico,

xiv,

of

of

241-3.

His

of

On

Phenomena

the

on

History

German

(Pedro).
drahita,

VOL.

387

difficalty

Nortb-east

Alva

Moral

380,

the

betweeH

xiv,

Mithridates.

Adelpng.

Aguada

383

and

Natural

Acosta.

commentary

Persian

classing

the

on

idioms,

the

analogies
xiii,

languages

of

147

the

357.

manuscripts

employed

were

by

Pie-

106.

knowledge
His

of the

manuscripts

387.
s

stars,
on

xiii,
the

372.

History

of

"58

INDJX

Alvarado

Tezozomoc
the

Alzate

THE

OF

His

(FernaDclo De).
of Mexico,

Historj

(Joseph Antonio)

on

xiii,278.
Ramirez.

manuscripts

Description

of

the

of Xocbicalco, xiii,114.
antiquities
relative

Memoirs

Amiot.

Book

Ampelius.

of Notes,

Anquetil.

Translation

Apollonius

Rhodius.

Archaeologia,

or

Aristotle.

Asiatic

xiv,

of

relatingto Antiquities
Antiquariei

of

Londoo,

9a.

Ethnography, xiii, 149.

Clouds, xiii,294.

of

Expedition
the

of

162

Tracts

Society

Meteorology,

Arrian.

vesta, xiv. 24, 241.

243.

Miscellaneous

xiii,134,

Aristophanes.

Art

xiv,

the

of

242.

Argonautics, xiii,226.

published by

Archives

xiv,

Chinese, xiii,375.

of the Zend"-A

Phenomena,

Aratas.

the

to

of Bel

Temple

xiv. 30.
Alexander.
us

verifying Dates, xiv,

Researches,
330,

319,

Description

of

Babylon, xiii,100.

at

173.

Xiii, 101,
336,

333,

His

146,

340,

213,

353,

366;

229,

248,

286,

xiv, 16,

64,

241.

Augustinus.

Antiq.

Romanorum

Hispaniarumqiie, xiv,

85.

B.

Hailly.

History
.289,
337,

367

341,

Barton.

On

ancient

xiv, 24,
387

355,356,358;

Bainbridge.

of

241

Indiap
xiv,

Modern

Astronomy,

Ecclesiastical

282"

Astronomy^
xiii, 337,

28d,
xiii,
340""

Languages

236.
of

North

249,

Beda.

nm^

132.

Canicularia, xiv,
the

Astronomy,

History, xiii,173.

America,

xiii,

AUTHORS

259

QUOTED.

WORKS

AND

Bentley.

On

Bertuch.

Geographical Ephemerides, xiii,l"""

Biancbini,

Hindoo

His

xiv,

Astronomy,

Planisphere,xiii"361,
Descriptionof

Blnmenbach.

of

Systems

64.

363.

of

his Collection

Skulls, xiii,

131.

BoettigeK

Ideas

the

on

Archaeology

of

Painting,.xiv"

145.

Historical

Boturini-Benadncci.

Works,
Note

Buttmann.

Spain, xiii,

New

on

xiv, 18, 46, 173, 22",

187, 189;

Boullanger.

Essay

223.

xiv, 239.

inserted

of Ideler, xiii,3d3

iD the work

xiv, 241.

C.

Pocket

Carey.

xiv,
Carli

American

States

Letters, xiii,383,
His

(Jnan de).

Piedrahita, xiv,
Castillo

United

the

of

of

America,

6.

(Connt).

Castellanos

Atlas

manuscripts have

useful

been

to

106.

His

(Christovaldel).
language,

394.

on

the

the

day

manuscripts

History

of

in the

Azteck

xiii, 278, 289"

Mexico,

388.

Censorinus.

On

Cervantes, Professor
in

of

of

Nativity, xiv,

Botany

at

Mexico.

His

the word

mecha,

Discoveries

Botany, xiii,126.

Chezy (De).

His

observation

the Sravana

on

guage

on

Choiseul'Gouffier.

the

on

of the

Chimalpain (Domingo).

Indian

His

History

zodiac,

353.

manuscript in

the

of Mexico,

Picturesque

103.

Cicero.

129.

On

Divination, xiv,
s2

242.

xiii,343

Azteck

lan"

xiv, 278.

Travels

in

Greece,

xiii

2()0

INDEX

de

Cie"a (Piedro de)

criplion

Leon.

of the

which

details

he

Peruvian

185,

219,

251,

269.
of

of

Codex

of

Mexico,
389

387,

(Saint),

Clement

258

des^

Cotopaxi, xiii, 123;

the

xiv, G, 9,

the

of

the houses

gives coucerning
257,

His

131.

Mercury, xiii,175.

History

Clavigero.

of

eruption

Peru.

of

CfaroD"cle

Incas, xiii,243, 344,

Cisneros.

THE

OF

xiv,

Alexandria.

Thehes,

94,

170,

182;

172,

249,

59, 68,

18,

Stromata.

scription
in-

the

On

xiii,158.

Vaticanus,

anonymus

xiii, 4,

Rios

See

3738.

de

(Pedro

los).
the

On

Colehrooke.

of

astronomy

the

Hindoos,

xiii,333"

350.
'

Cortez.

Letters

says

Montezuma

the

on

Primitive

Court-de-6ehelin.
Phenician

133,
Creuxius.

What

Cavier.

Lectures
the

he

the

Aztecks,

World.

of Canada,

He

with
95

pretends

in

his

there

America, xiii^

254.

of

Ninus, xiv, 102.

comparative Anatomy.

on

on

xiv,

relates of the tumulus

frontal

Memoir

conversation

he

162.

134,

Ct"sias.

of

What

his

inscriptionsextant

History

on

origin

V.

the Teocaliis, 99.

descriptionof

are

Charles

Emperor

Cholula, xiii, 88;

of

'

the

to

the

Elephants, xiv,

bone

the

of

Bones

of

Observations

Mexicans,

Mastodonontes

xiii,
and

132

fossil

21.

D.

Oriental

Daniel.
of
Davis.

Scenery.

His

descriptionof

Tanjore, xiii,103.

On

the

Cycle

of

sixty years,

xiii,336.

the

Pagoda

Q,()Q

INDEX

THE

OP

F.

Fabrega.

Maouscripts
395

179,
Fabricius.

xiv,

243.

384.

Sciences, xiii"363,

of

Academy

of the

History

Antiquities^xiii,

xiv, 31,

Graeca,

Astrology, xiii,373,

Fontenelle.

Azteck

36.

Bibliotheca

Firmicus.

the

on

368.

Freret.

Complete works^

xiv, 233,

236.

G.

Historical

GAxMA.

Chronological Description

and

Stones, xiii,100, 338, 387, and

xiv, 45, 135, 173,
Garcia.
Garcilasso

Origin

of the

de la

Vega.

Elements

Gatterer.

History
Gaubil

25

the
3

xiv,

xiv, 16,

of

Gootze.

of

the

Universal

236,

254,

Observations

on

256.

China,

xiv, 158, 142,

His

World.

Cholula, xiii, 107,

of

against

Astronomy,

Tibetian

its

147.

description
395

xiv,

detractors,

xiv, 227,

237,

241.

Alphabet, xiii,197, 308,

327

24.

Georgi (John-Tbeoph.).

Gilbert

375

356,

236

59.

Georgi (the Elder).

Germanicus

Cyrus, xiv,

defended

work

Elements

Geminus.
;

this

Vega.

of

355,

Pyramid

409

251.

Chronology, xiv,

Tour

Carreri.
of

See

Mathematical

xiii,326, 338,
Gemelli

Indians, xiv, 222,

the Time

(Father).

followingto

two

251.

of

to

the

of

Cssam

Devarennes,

His

Travels

in Russia, xiii,349.
of

Translation

Blason, xiv,

Curiosities in the

Aratus,

xiv,

242.

xk,

145.

85.

Library

at

Dresden,

-,

A""D

AUTHORS

Cromaraw

History
287, 298,

ef

Grosier.

tito

339,

of the
General

WORKS

of

Conquest
395

381,

263

QUOTED.

Mexico,

xiv,

16

xiu, 138,

General

nicle
Chro-

Indies, xiii,220.
of

History

China, xiii, 341.

H.

of

Explanation

Hager.

xiv,

241

120

Hamilton.

Memoir

',

^e

Hammer.

Mines

Hermann.

Mythology
His

Herodotus.

Belus
102

the

week,

taken

have

and
use

360

setting Sun,
the

among

Egyptians,

98

of the

the

the

on

the

on

Imperial

15.

Pyraniids

of

129

of

Ninus,

the

days

the

rising

Intercalation

the

of

changes

apparent

the
on

of

of

Lake

Temple

position of

on

the

Tumulus

four

xiv,'31

of

the

names

in the

place

Greeks,

Calendar

in

of th"

236.

of

Arithmetic

Hervafi.

MSS.

descriptionof

observation

his

which

the

his

China, xiv,

xiv, 223.

on

Babylon,

at
',

report

244.

Greeks, xiv,

of the

366

xiv, 16.

"ast,

xiii,84

Moeris,

Ifu, xiv,

229

Library, xiii,228,

of

Ciphers

of the Sanskrit

Catalogue

of

Zodiac, xiii,362,

the

on

of

Monument

Oriental

an

all known

xiv,

Nations,

115

and

following.
Hesiod.

Works

Hipparchus.
Homer.
On

Humboldt

Days, xiv, 31.

Commentary

Hymn

Hug.

and

to

(Alexander

Description

of

quadrupeds

of

Mexico,

288

Political

of

de la

Tableaux

Cotopaxi,

Population

"

of Letters, xiv, 222.

de).

tive
.

243.

xiii,226.

Mercury^

the Invention

xiv, 242,

Aratus,

on

124

343

Mexico,

Essay

on

on

;
;

the

"ssay

in the

the

Nature, xiii,343^

on

Journal

kingdom

carnivorous
the

primi-

of

Berlin,

of New

Spain,

264

INDEX

tHE

OF

171,

199, 261,

176,

203

"atioDB, xiv, 3, 66, 101,

162

xiu, 62,

139,

104,

11, 68, 72, 81, 103,

xivy

Astronomical

xiv,

Obser-

G^eography of Plaots,

11.

xiii,365

Astronomies,

Hyginus.

407

279,

xiv, 238,

Commentary

Aratus,

on

242.
^

I.

Researches

Historical

Ideler.

of

Observations

369,
of

377

the

mical
Astrono-

Ancients, xiii, 282,

241

238,

xiv, 129, 236,

Constellations,xiii,338, 342,

the

the

concerning

the

on

350,

333,

Names
3

xir,

the

first

366

S41.

IxtJibcochitl.

Alva.

See

J.

Jameson.

Jefferson.
Jomard.
Jones

of

System
Notes
His

Mineralog}*,xiv,

Virginia, xiii,59.

on

different

(Sir William).

IMemoirs
His

of the
Juan

with

on

the

Indostan, 286,

Hindoos, 333,

(George).

Egypt, xiv,

on

Travels

the

opinion on

Egyptians, xiii,146
Chinese

13.

224.

origin

of

communications

of the

the

astronomy

319

on

356.

in South

America,

xiv, 202.

K.*

Ka

BMP

Kalm.
Kircher,

History

FER.

Travels

in

of

Japan, xiii,323.

America,

Oedipus, xiii,183,
fili,
xiv, 255.

xiii,150.
359

xiv, 242

Obelise

Pam-

Asiatic

Klaprothy (Jules de).

La

xiv, 99,

in North

human

On

Equator,

sacrifices

in

xiii,172.

America,

Commentaries

the

on

imperial Library

of

xiii,180.

Vienna,

Memoir

Nauze.

the

to

xiii,283.

Astronomy,

Lambeccins.

La

Peruvian

Sauvages, xiii,172,

Travels

Lalande.

Voyage

Institutions.

des

M"urs

Hontau.

ancient

Empire, xiii,224.

the Roman

La

xiv, 158.

some

259

223.

161.

Divine

Lactantius.

World,

on

xiii,244,

monuments,

Iiafitau.

the

Memoir

Condamine.

265

QUOTED.

Magazine, xiv,'146, 221,

round

Voj^age

KraseDstern.

WORKS

AND

AUTHORS

the

on

Calendar

of the

Egyptians, xiv.

236.

Notes

Langles.

Norden's

Mantchou

the

of

to

Researches;

Tartars, 1^

on

calendar, in the
to

Exposition
296,

283,

new

"dition

Gentil.

the

in the

the

on

of Chardin,

System

of the

342;

Ritual

Asiattic
Persian
Notes

World,

xiii,47,

Of

the

xiii,172.

historyof

in India, 330,

Lipsius (Justus).

the

358.

in America,

Memoir

Travels

of

in

notes

Phallus, 229;

149

802.

308,

Travds

Lederen

the

Thunbeg's Travels,

Laplace.

Le

Travels, xiii,146,

343

the

academy, xiii,283

xiv, 24,

militaryState

132.

of the

Romans,

xiv,

85.

R^man

Livy.
*

logicalnails

Lorenzana.
Lort.

History, xiv,
of the

History

Account

River^

of

an

in the

19

his account

Etruscans, xiv,

of New
ancient

of the

chrono-

19.

Spain, xiii,202.
inscriptionfound

Archaoologia,xiii,152.

on

Taunton

6 6

Logo

INDEX

(Bernard De)

of the

Grammar

general language

"

Mosca, xiv, 110^

ealled

Kingdom

new

THK

OF

of tiie

118.

M.

(Lord). Voyage

Macartney

China, xiv,

to

Satnrnalia, xiii^ 368;

Macrobius.

mentary

the

on

Dream

of

Apotelesmata, xiv, 242,

Manilius.

Astronomica,

Marchand.
Marieta.

xiii,366,

round

Voyage

Ecclesiastical

Marini.

Acts

Marquez

(Pietro).

xir, 134,

Scipio,niv,

Manetho.

244.

242;

242.

243.
383

xiv,

242.

World, xiii,135,

the

Com*

171*

History, xi?, 247.

of the Fratres
Two

Aryales, xiv, 237.

Monuments

ancient

of

American

Architecture, xiii,114.

xiv,

Philology

of

Marriage

Capella.

M"rtianus

of different

Mythological Lexicon,

254.

245,

His

(Antonio).

Piedrahita, xiv,
New

Menestrier.

On

Mercatus.
Mill.

Select

Mines

of the

Method

the

Rome,

by

85.

xiii,^1.

History
Hindu

of

Travels

xiv, 255.

Ocean,

256.

of the

French

Mathematics,

Pantheon,

(Jose). Voyage

223.

Pacific

Monuments

Montfaucon.

Park.

employed

were

Blazonry, xiv,

at

East, xiv, 120,

xiv,

Mungo

246.

Dissertations, xiii,215.

Monthly Magazine,

Mozinno

of

the Obelises

to

Moor.

manuscripts

Nations, xir,

106.

Missionary Voyage

Montluca.

Mercury,

242.

Mayer (Frederic). Religious Ideas

Medrano

with

xiv,
to

Monarchy, xiv, 85.

xiv,

241.

16.

Nootka,

in Africa,

xiii, 407,

xiv,

117.

AUTHORS

AND

WORKS

"6?

QUOTED.

N.

Catalogue of

Njsssbl.

the

ImperialLibraryat Yieona, xiv,

148.

Niebuhr.

History,xiv, 255,

Roman

Nieremberger (Eusebius). Natural

256.

History,xiii,401

xiv,

49, 131.

O.

Mefican

(Andrea de). His manuscriptson

Olmos

xiii,278

quities,
Anti-

xiv, 246.

384
Origen. Against Celsus,xiii,

xiv" 30.

P.
the

Palin.

On

Pallas.

Travels

Paoiino

Di

the

184.

in Russia, xiii,208.
Bartolomeo.

S.

On

xiv,123, 147,
Study of Hieroglyphics,

temple
227

Voyage

of Bel us,

Braminical

the

to

xiii,107

East

Indies.

; A van

scripts,
Manu-

system, 248,

Papillon. Historyof Engraving in Wood, xiii,183.

Travels

Park, Mungo.
His

Pausanias.

in

Africa,xiv.

of
description

xiii,100

the

; of the tomb

Researches
Philosophical

Pauw.

De

Petau.

Doctnna

on

Temporum,

117.

temple of

Belus

at

bylon,
Ba-

of Calisto,103, 104.
the Americans, xiv, 114.

xiii,383

Uranology,

xiv,"41.
Transactions,xiii,339.
Philosophical
Piedrahita

(Lucas Fernandez).
of the

Kingdom

General

of New

Historyof

the Conquest

73
Grenada, xiii,

ifiv,

106.

Pingre. Cometography,xiv.

173.

Plato

De

Republica,xiii,131

ibid.

Timsus,

xiv, 30

"

of Laws,

268

INDEX

Natural

Pliny.

xiii,84

Historj.
; on

Bclm"

OF

THB

On

the

100

to sacrifice men,

which

224

on

the

on

of Claudius
prohibition
with
promptitude

the constellation of the

constellation of the Balance,

the

on

the

; on

220
ivytakes fire,

Pleiades,3B8;

pyramids of Porsctfna,

xiv,242.

History of

Pluche.

Of

Plutarch.
158

the Heavens, xiv, 241.

Isis and Osiris.

On

he

which
explanation

the

On

festivals,
xiv,238.

the constellation of the

on

the

of Thebes,
inscription

gives of

the

Egyptian

Systems of Philosophers
;

Balance,xiv,242.

Travels,
86.
xiii,

Pocock.

General

Polybins.
of
Pownal

His

History.

of the
description

climate

Arcadia,xiv,41.

xiv,90.
(Thomas). Archseologia,

Ptolemy. Almagest, xiv,242,

Purchas. Collection of

243.

Voyages,xiii,
182, 202, 204

xiv,184.

Q.
On

Quatremere-De-Quincy.

the

ideal in the art

of

drawing,xiv,43.

(Gon"alo Ximenez

Quesada

aided

De).

His

manuscriptshave

xiv^ 106.
Piedrahita,
His

Qnintus Cartius.

of the temple of
description

Belus

at

Babylon,xiii^100.

R.

Researches

(Asiatic). See

Researches

on

Asiatic Researches.

the Constellations of the Grecian

Sphere, xiii,

371.

Rhode.

Essay
on

on

the

Antiquityof

Dendera, xiv,236.

^ir^i."

the Zodiac, xiii,370

^70

OF

INDEX

Christ.

Jesus

Peravian

His

hypothesis

His

descriptionof

Babylon, xiii,

at

the

on

origin

of

the

worship, xiii,213.

Geography.

Strabo.

THE

Hindoos

the

of

his

100:

the

assertion

before

the

of Bel

temple
of

the

as

rance
igno-

of Alexander,

conquests

155.

Suetonius.

the

of

twelve

of the

History

Caesars.

Claudius

Emperor

to

On

the

sac"f"ce

tion
prohibixiii,

men,

224.

Subm.

Collections

for

Researches

on

Swarz.

History

the

of

Origin

Denmark,

of the

xiii,152.

Sphere, xir, 241

T.

Tacitus.

Tapia

historical

the

On

at Thebes, xir, 180.

inscriptions

(Carlos De).

Zenteno

Art

of the

Language,

Mexican

xiv, 246.
Tertallian.

in the
Testa.

Dissertation

T"zozomoc.

the

historyof Mexico,

in the

Azteck

241.

language

on

xiii,278..

Ptolemy, xiv,

on

crifices
sa-

Egyptian Zodiacs, xiv,

two

manuscripts

Commentary

human

On

Empire, xiii,224.

Roman
on

His

the
Theon.

against the Gentiles.

Apology

242.

Theophrastus, xiii,226.
(Melchisedec).

Thevenot

Relation

xiii^l82, 186; 223;

Voyage

Thnnberg.

Chronicfe

Thwrocz.
Toribio

De

Benavente.

to

of

several

curious

ages,
Voy-

xiv, 184.

Japan, xiii,285.

of the
His

Hungarians, xiii,349.
manuscripts

on

Mexican

Anti-.

12)S.
qnities,

Torqaemada.
387,
and

Indian
396

foil.

Monarchy,

xiii, 278, 339,

380,

385,

xiv, 17, 19, 36, 46, 49, 68, 173, 247, 249,

AUTHORS

Transacfeions

Turner.

^71

gUOTED.

xiii,139.
(Philosophical),

Travels

Truter.

WORKS

AND

Africa, xiii,165.

in

to the

Embassy

Lama

of the Teshoo

Cbqrt

in Thibet,

xiv, 73.
U.
Ulloa

American

(Antonio).

to South

Voyage

Yalades

(Didacas).

Varro.

On

the Latin

Vater.

On

the

Vega

xiv, 3.

de

de

of

Voyage

149,

349.

la). Synodal Constitutions, xiii,

Commentaries.

la). Royal

Memoir

cellanea

Nearchus,

the

On

the

on

on

Peruvian

the

On
nation

of the

calendar, 285.

Grcorgics,xiv, 242.

Egyptian 2odiac, xiii,333

zodiac

the

xiii,99.

Pio-Clementine

of the
on

the

on

Virgil. Bucolics,xiii,31

Yitravius.

387.

320.

Pastoos, xiii,200;

Visconti.

Juan, George.

xiv, 242.

Language,

eruption of Cotopaxi, xiii,128;

Vincent.

See

Historical

Rhetoric, xiii,157,

Christian

Nunez

(Garcilasso

Vega

America,

147,
Population of America, xiii,.

(Francisco
173,

xiv,

Notices,

of

Museum,

Mis-

vations
obser-

333;

Bianchini, 362.

Architecture, xiv.

242.

W.
Waooilovb.

Description

Paintings
Warburton.

at

Essay

the
on

Translation

Wilkins.
Winckelmann.

of

the

Collection

Escurial,xiii,179,

of

Azteek

407.

Hieroglyphics,xiii,183.
of the

History

Bhagayat-guita, xiii,399.

of the Arts, xiv, 212.

Z.
Zeni

(The brothers).

Zoega.

On

the

Origin

Travels, xiii,174.
of Obelisks.

His

observation

on

the

272

OF

INDEX

analogy
of

between

B"lu8

the

pliics
1G4,

and

192,

END

the

of

228,

THE

2G8,

INDEX

98

his

the

400

TO

107

Art

xiv.

AUTHORS.

the

temple

hypothesis

Cholnla,
of

Origin

210,

OF

xiii,

toocalli

and

teocallis

Mexican

the

Babjion,

at

"",

THE"

of

35,

on

Hierogly-

Writing,
45,

specting
re-

216.

167,

GENERAL

INDEX

TO

VOLUMES

XIU

XIV.

AND

A^

ACACITLI,

first Founder

"cabualtzincOy

Town

Acamapitzin,

first

of the

that
first

Acolhuatzin,
Acolhuans,

phic
hierogly-

xiii,141.

name,

Calendar; xiii^301

King

of

glyphic
hiero-

of

Azcapozalco, xiii,138.
Mexico,

speaking the

the

Toltecks,

tecks, and

the

Aztecks, xiii,Bl

Cicimecks

and

the Toltecks, xiv, 252.

Founder

Acotl,

tenth

Adam

of the Mexicans.
XIV.

252

represents it^349.

People
as

VOL,

Aztecks, xiv,

of the Azteck

Sign

xiv, 185.

Aztecks, xiii,299.

of the

King

indicatinghis
AcatI, Cane,

of Mexico,

of

the

Cicimecks,

Mexico, xiv,
See

same

the Tlascal-

their Union

185.

Tonacateuctli.
T

#"

guage
Lan-

with

the

"74

INDEX

GENERAL

it

How

AdoratioD.

TO

performed

was

MexlcattSi

the

among

xiii,IM.

panishment

Its

"doherj.

represented
Aerolite

Son

of

of

16, 17

the

World.

Ixtiixochitl,
Yisconti

Ahuitzotl,

king

on

Element

by

tures

xir,
AlaminoB

22

of

of

the

27

Number,

of

Mexico,

con.

according

Obsenratiom

to

of

the

185.

Teoealli

Hieroglyphic

this

the

of

Azteck

Element,

to

the

Mexico

of

Reign, xiv,

G^eneration

Voyage

Secondi
they

23;
or

xiv,

of his

of

the

of

214.

gets

Epocfaa

His

Years,

4o

(Antonio)*

19

xiv"

Aztecks,

Foarth,

perishedi according
{

the

Und;

the Third

which

xiii,93.

Yews^

1417

Mexican,

built,xiii,262
Air.

present Pulque

at

First,

their

Founder
of

xiv, 247.

Anahnar,

Third, 2);

altogether 18,028

fourth

Citlalicae, in breaking

Gods,

the

of

tain

'Agoexotl,

of

Tradition

of the

Mr.

and

of

People

21;

Alra

26.

Paper, xiii,136

duration

109

it, ibid.

of the

Age, Golden^
Ages, Five,

their

from

is drawn

xiv,

fonieriy "nplejed 4"y the Actecka

Plaat

fabricate

to

xiv,

subaltern

1600

Americana.

97

Citlalatonac

produced

Mexicans,

hieroglyphicpainting,189.

ofCbolula, xiii,96,

Aerolite,

Agare

on

the

amoDg

362.

liringCrea-*

Mythology,
26.

Coast

of

Mexico,

xiii,126.

Alaques (los),Biver
of Food

Allowance

represented
Aloes.

at

See

Alphabet,

to

xiii, 149, 160;

Altar,

Summit

of

Mexican

Cotopaxi, xiii,122"

Children

Americana,

unknown

161,

Foot

hieroglyphic Pain

on

Agave

the

to

the

tings,-xiv,

Ages,

188^

"iii,136.

all the
how

of different

Ancient

Mexicans

People

of

Ameriea,

sqpplied its Place,

162.
of the

Andes,

is

Volcano

fallen in, xiii,238

XIII

VOLUMES

Tradition

275

XIV*

its

conceniiog

Natives

the

of

AND

former

Height, xiv, 13.

Alva

Ixtilzochid,
duration

Alvarado

His

Writer.

Mexican

(Fernando de) Tezoifiomoc,

Alvarado

Azteck

in the

Author

denoted

him, xiii, 141

Nobility^291

Mexican

of

of

History

Langnage, xiii^27B.
which

(Pedro de). Hieroglyphic by

have

the

Ages, xiv, 27*

of the Four

Mexico

of

System

; his

his

the Mexicans

Slanghter

of

the

Death, representedon

hieroglyphicalPainting, xiv,171.
Alyattes, King

of

(lis sepulchralMonument,

Lydia.

xiti,

102.

Amaningh,

mentions

Poet,

Hindoo

Divisions

two

of

the

xiii,330.
Ecliptic,
Anahuac,

Country of, its

first Inhabitants

xiii, 208,
214:

214

occupied by

after them

by

Nahuatlacks,

the

tecki, 81,

214

the

the

the

81,

Aztecks,

of the

; enumeration

Tarascks,

Chichimecks, 81, 214;

Acolhuans,

and

the

Toltecks, 81, 208,

214

-,

of

this

People by

the

the TlascaL
aU

See

81, 214.

Chronological History

"hete xiordg.

xiv, 248

and

the Zacatecks,

tecks, the Olmecks,

in the Cutlal-

were

Country,

whom

it

was

primitivelyinhabited,248.
Ani^hnacatzin, king
Anahaatlacs,
Andes.

Their

of

Azcapozalco,xiii,189.

People composed
exhibit

Summits

of Seven
Three

Tribes, xiii,82.

leading Forms, xiii,

288.

Andrade-Motezuma,

SpanishFamily.

Its

Origin, xiv,

258.

Animals
Aanals

sacred

the Mexicans,

among

of the Toltecks

Christ,xiii,298
Eleventh,

299

go back

to

those

of

i
*,

xiv, 48.

the Seventh
the Aztecks

of
representation

these

Century
begin
Annals

after
in the
on

hieroglyphicPainting,xiv, 170.
a great Inundation, which
Apachihttiliztli,

t2

took

place accord-

^6

GENERAL

iog

INDEX

the Tradition

to

oftheWorld,

World, xiv,

de Mulahalo,

Aposentos

4800

in
Mexico, according to trad"t"oo,

in

of the

Age

Aztecks, io the Year

of the

xiii,06.

Apes, odIj appeared

Third

TO

with

which

the

Aqnaverde,

Name

of

whicli

name

Callo

is

22.

the Stone,

Cie"a gives to

constructed, xiv, 6.

Spaniard representedon

the

hicrogly-

pfaicPicture, xiii,144.
Ajraucans,

People

and

that of the

Arches,

Aztetk

Arsenal

enclosed

Art

Drawing.

of

of Chili.

since

their Year

between

Egyptians, xiv, 284.

substitute
in

Analogy

for, xiii,91

Teocalli, xiii,112.

Perfection

Its

of the

the Arrival

the

among

Aztecks^

Spaniards in Mexico, xiv,61

62.

of

del), Oroup

Assuay (Paramo

Mountains

in the

Kingdom

of Quito, xiii, 240.

Atahnalpa, Grotto

which, according to the tradition,he hid

in

his Treasures^
Name

Atelkusu,

xiii, 254.

of the

Second

of the

Country

Madjares,

xiii,222.
AtemotztU,

the

of

Name

Month

Eighteenth

of the

Mexican

Year, xiii,293.
Name

Atl, Water,
dis

phic

of

Sixth
of

Sign

337,

Name

of the

Day

Series

of this Word

Europe, xiv,

Atlcahualco,

of

Sevendi

Aquarius,

Existence
of

the

of Nine,

338

in the

314

xiii,

Month,
;

Observation

Hierogly*

of the

Languages

the

on

East

222.

of

the

Third

Month

of

the

Mexican

Year, xiii,290.
Atonatiuh, Age
the

World

of

Water,

according

of

name

to

the

the

Azteck

Fourth

Age

Mythology,

of
xiv,

23.

Avila, Mountain

Axajacatl,

an

of, xiv,
Azteck

208.

King,

his Palace

at

Tenochtitlan, xiii.

"278

of

Balance, Sign

the,

bj

Joliot

Caeaar

ia foond

amoof

the

added

Zodiac, xiii,382

-,

Egyptians,xiv,230
Ancient

and

of

Indian

Baptism

an

TO

INDBSt

OBNBKAL

rektire

Authors

Modern

lodiaoa

representedon

and

the
of

Passages

to afl the

References

Romai"

to tbe

it"241.

to

hierogljpbiePainting"

xiT,171.

Baragasy
New
Basaltes

of the central

Sommit

Grenada,

Regla,

of

Forms, xiii,273.

representingthe

Zodiac

ther

#f

of the CordiUera

xiii,02.

their

Bas-relief,Roman,

Chain

resembles

which

that

and

Zodiac,

Greek

of

aoo*

the Tartar

Na*

tiens,xiii,362.
Bas-relief

Beanhttmois,

the

Che?alier

Inscriptionfound
Been,

Name
a

of

small

102;
HnitiiKpoehiSy xiii,

of Sacrifice of

the Stone

on

de,

in

sends

to

France

pretended

Canada^ xiii,161.

Chiapanese Warrioe^

which

marks

of.

Daj

Period, xiii,319*

Belufl, his Temple

Babylo" resemftded

at

the

Mexican

Teo*

cailis,xiii,98.
Berlin, Descriptionof

the

Mexican

Mannscripto

(bund

there^

xiii,191.
Betun,

of

Cement

Asphaltnm

employed bj

the

Peruviana^

xiii,258.
Bianchini,

ancient

an

Planisphere described

bj Um,

xiii,.

362.

Birth

of

Children,

these

Ceremonies

represented

obserred

at

it, xiii, 186

Hieroglyphic Paintings, xir,,

on

18T.

Birds

in the

escape

according to
Bochica,

their

gata

Bogota,

fabulous

second
the

Destruction

Azteck

Personage

Legislator, xiii,74
to

River

breadth

be

of

liningCreatures^

Mythology, xiv,
of
;

the

xiv,

Muysca
107

-,

he

22.

Indians,
causes

and

Fama*

multilated,xiv, 136.

of, its Fall

above

this

near

Tequendama,

Fall, 78.

l"i", 72

;.

Hi.

Xlll

TOLUMES

Manuscript preserTed

tiia Mexican

BologQa" ]"Meriptiooof

Wf^

XlV*

ANB

there^ xiii,179.
Bones

of AwbmJs

Bones

of

that
foand

Wolf

in

the

Mexican

Tomb,

Manuscript belonging

Mexican

Veletn

at

206

it has

Benadueci,
; Kb

the Remains

Chevalieo Adrentares
CoHeetion
of them

of the Mexican

of this

mented
com-

at

are

be erected

employed

Traveller,

Manuscripts,

of Asteok

Mexico,

; his

188

GiH, xiii,850

Aateck

an

Braneiforte, Marquis of,Vico^roy of Mexico,

Bricks

been

187

-y

Study

History, 279.

Braaelet, Obsidian, of

to

Mexican

by Fabrega, 208.

on

xiii,136

the

Descriptionof

Manuscript there, xiii, 191,

Boturtni

xiv, 48"

of Giustiniani^xiii,207.

Family

Museum

B^rgian

the

Borgia^Cardinal, saves
to

extinct^ xiv, 21*

ave

Charles

to
to

construct

IV.

xiv,206.

causes

Statue

xiii,"O.
Artificial

an

Hill,xiii,96,

106.

of Cords

Bridge

that

the River

crosses

Bridges,natural, of Icononso, xiii,53

59

their

Bn"M", Ramon,

Fraoeiscan, asserts

xiv, 72.
Creek, xiii,

59.

that

he

disdsvered

an

Cavern, xiii,153*

particularcut

Chambo,

; of Cedar

Elevation,xiii,57, 58,

in
Inscription

Bugnato,

of

of

Stones, is remarked

in Peruvian

Edifices,xiii,258*
Bundle

of

Reeds, Hieroglyphic of

Period, xiii,287.

C.

Cabeza

del
,

Cacas,
Caio.

Inca,

Name

of

Mass

of Rock

detached

firom

Cotopaxi,xiii,123.
a

Bird

See

of New

Grenada, xiii,59.

Callo.

Calantica,the
Mexico,

Egyptian Veil,
xiii,47.

found

on

the

Monuments

of

f80
Caldera

GENERAL

da

INDEX

Pitoo, Name

rifle"xiv,

of the

TO

of TeM^

of the Peak

Crater

166.

Calendar, Azteck"

Source

from

which

Vifbrmation respectingthe

we

derive

maj

Mexican

some

Chronology, xiii,

276, 280.

Calendar, Civil, TonalpobnaUi, xiii,281

into

Days, Hours,

282

Days, 286,

thirteen

293

Years,

286

Weeks,

Months,

288

290

Ritnai, Metzlapohualli,xiii,
when

it commences,

Series
375

denote

to

xiv, 34

299

Contrivance

the Years,
Lords

the

of

of the Ritual

Mexican

Nations

Japanese,

and

the Azteck

Zodiac,

the

Days

the

from

the

Asiatic

the

Mexicans

Twelve

Months,

with
; are

of the

Roman

Intercalation, 376,

Fasti,

Stone

and

the
of

taken

xiv,

49

which

iU
;

that

in
of

Origin, the

coounon

Days,

the

the Hours,

Hours, xiii,354

Zodiac

"

Analogy
drawn

by

gin
Ori-

of the
Bian-

Cycles ? 370;
originally

the Zodiacs

Equinoxes

the

preside,not only over

of

-,

of the Tartar
has

with

of Signs, 357;
multiplicity

chini, 362-8

',

319

among

369;

the Years, the

over

Odin,

the Names

Zodiac

have

xiii,

Thibetans,

Signs

Astrology,
to

-,

331-337,

of the Zodiac

Zodiac

980-7

the

of the

Solar

the smallest Parts

of the

Signs

of

appears

but also

even

Tartar

those

Lunar,

System

Signs

of

respondence
Cor-

-,

Calendars,

of Time

those

the

328-354;

Origin

Civil

and

Tartars, 320-327
are

Days, 311,

Night, xiii,314

Division

and

Periodical

the

Ofaiapa,xiii,319

the

between

Analogy

and

of

; Calendar

317, 318

Epocha

"

of

and

800,

lendar,
Ca-

286.

294

of

Cycle

Years,

62

Time

of

tary
complemen-

-,

284,

of

Cycle

Division

the Solstices,372

389-394

representing the

Secular
Calendar

can
Mexi-

Festival,
and

the

397-409.

Calendar, Christian, represented on

xiv, 175.

Painting,
Hieroglyphical

VOttM"S

xiii,191

Spaniards in Mexico,
Calendar

the

of

Mayscas,

of their

Form

their Months,

Nations

of the

Stone, xiv,

Weeks,

104;
123

110,
127

of their Calendar

Analogy

the

foil.; their Year,

of Oriental

of

Calendar, Ritual,

on

; their

110

and

123,
the

and

Cycles

Year,

the

of

xiv, 175.

engrayen

arriral

the

after

Hierogl)'phical,made

Calendar^

"8t

XIV.

AND

XIII

their
that

with

Asia, 182.
represented

Aztecks,

on

Mana-

scriptat Rome, xiii,192.

Calendar, Tolteck, Relation

and

this Calendar

between

some

Egyptian Institations,xir, 224.

Calidas,

Indian

the

mentions

Poet,

of

the

Cycle of

the

Divisions

two

Ecliptic, xiii,330*
CaHi^

House,

Sign serving

Years, xiii,301
313

Hieroglyphic

thiB

Description of
Cane,

Hieroglyphic

the

indicate

to

Cannar,

of this

Ruins,

the
of

day

Fire, xiv,

26,

Kingdom

of

the

Month,

Quito, xiv, 1;

5.

of Water,

Cycle

the

Peruvian

of the

xiv,

25

; a

Sign serving

Years, xiii,301.

Fortress, xiii,240

; detailed

Description

Edifice, 242.

Farm

Canoas,

its

first

of

of the^Incas, in the

House

Callo,

the

and

indicate

to

the

in

Kingdom

New

of

Grenada,

xiii,

78.

Cano-Motesuma,
Caoutchouc,

Spanish Family,

Ofiering presented

an

its

Origin, xiii,253.

to

the

Gods

the

among

Toltecks, xiii,216.

Capac-Urcu,

Mountain

that

Carguairzo, Descriptionof
when

Road

from

Carreri, Gemelli,
Carrier

of Burdens
81.

down, xiii,238.

this Mountain,

great part of it fell down,

Cargueroes, Carriers
a

has sunk

of Men,

xiii,66

being mended,

this author

xiii,230

Epoch

238.

they

have

prevented

68.

defended, xiv,

represented on

Mexican

57.

Paintings, xiv,

qSi

INDBX

eSNEB"L

of

Caicide

Caspiy

xiii"fm.

Begk,

of,

the

Mar^oU

coo

Mamiicripl

Acoooot

hk

del)"

Volcaoo

Catcitepetl,a
Cata, Name

tor

of

Market

Greoada,

Steps

in the Stoirw

of

Avihor

89.

oT

Bklofy

ToQfooi ziii,tf|8"
siiii^M.

Bienco^

xiis 5M6.

the Pemfiaaa,

aiaoag

Chaia

Western

the

by

of

of Corttoi,

Arnf

ToocaUii, wi,

Mexioap"

the

of the

Nwaber

of), separated fron

(VaUej

Caoca

Soldier

in the Asteek

Coontiy

Mezi^

BelofBO" xiii"180.

the

of

(ChmtoTid
his

of

of the

FoMPHor

tha

ooce

that led to the diSNraot

casee

Castillo

woi

Diasdel,

Benod

CMtOlo,

TO

of

the

Pmoriaee

the

CovdiDera

of

Choea

of

Now

xiii,62.

Causeway,

oonstrocted

Cayaabe

or

by the

Ineas

Cayambo^Ureii,

of

Pera, xiii,5HS.
of

Yokaoo

Qoilo,

xir,

Years,

xi"i,

99.

iSee

Cayambnr.

Cayanbo.

its nataral

Cedar-Creek,

Cehuehoetiliztli, a

Bridge, xiii"69.

Period

of

Hoadred

Four

286.

Proof

Cemeot,

that the

eaiployod it ia their B"ild"

Peraviaas

ings, xiii,257.

CemiUmitlapohoali^tli,the

of the

ritoal Caleodar

Mexieaas,

xiii,294.

Cempohnalilhaitl,the
87, 276,
Centeotl,

the

Century,

the

their

and

Cerro

Gordo,
of

bad

Hieroglyphic

Saint

Chain

of

the

Tolleoks, xin"

Ceres, xiii,229.

Astecks

Calendar

foil.

Mexican

Ceroxylon Andicola,
Cerro

C"t"I

Hieroglyphic

no

for the

Half

for, xiii,287

Century,

iM.

species of Palm-tree, xiii,71.

of Mountains,

Domingo,

xiv, 294.

Chain

of

Mountains,

204.

Cerrantes, Professor

of

Botany

at

Mewo,

xiv, 126.

xiv,

Cbdcli"uhineja"

Goddess

the

Chaidihihi"pehiNt,the
the

AND

XIII

VOLUMES

of Water,

immolated

VictnDS

xiv,

Priest

"siedc

28^

XlV.

who

28.

the

tore

Skull

of

HoetzelipochtK, xiii,

to

267.

Chief

ChalchiochtlatODac,

of

the

in

Aztecks

the

Elerenth

Century, xiH,290.
Ri^er, xiii,6^.

Chamaya,

has

Biter,

Chanbo,

of

Beads,

rival of

Charles

Y,

in Honor

known

of the

the

to

it,xiv, 72.

over

Wolf, xiv,

Mexicans

Spaniards, xiii, 204

the

Mexiean

Rope Bridge

erected

ChaatieOy Chapds

Chaplet

before

40.

the

represented

-,

Ar*
on

Painting, xiv, 20.

the

founds

Emperor,

Umversity

of

Mexico,

Eqnestrian Statne

at

Mexico,

the

xitr,14S.
Charies

of

IV, King

SpAb,

his

xiii,00.
of GhiMren

Chastisements

Chiefs,

of

Seven,

Mexican

the

the

among

Aztecks, xiii,185.

Tribes,

on

Painting, xiv,

32"

Chia,

Wife

of

Bochica, xiii,74.

Chiapanese, their Calendar, xiii,919.

Chibcba,

of the

Name

in this

Numbers

112,

119

dicate

Chichimecks,
came

Union

the

Phases

of the

and

Chicoo"oitotl,

the

lo

the

Place
Human

where

Hieroglyphics,
to

those

that in^

foreignNation

Mexico, xiv, 2dl

and

Milk

the

in

the

Tdteeks,

the

Asteck

that
-,

on

the

their

2A2.

Mytho*

Aercdite, wliieh
fell

Raee,

121.

second

with die Acolhoans

of

their

Moon,

the

Mnyscas, xiv. 111

Words

itsdf at

established

Chichiuhalqoehuitl,Tree

Birth

of these

Cicimecks,

or

the
and

Langoage

Relation

of

Langoage

gave

Earth, xiv,

247.

Child, New-bom,
xiii,211.

represented on

hieroglyphic Pkintingr

284

GENERAL

INDEX

Laws

Children, MexicaD,

Ta

relative

rogljphic Painting, x"t, 181

their

rishment"

representedon

Azteck

Chimalpopoca,

and

their

of

Author

Panishments^

Mexico

of

History

third

of the Aztecks,

King

Chimn,

its Elevation

aboTO

xiii,141

Description of

this

his

of

Name

Chinax,

Plain

Mountain,

of
230

History

186.

Ti^ia, xiii,
xir, 100.

city of Peru, xiii,02.

ancient

an

the

glyphic
Hiero-

xiv, 262;

represented by hieroglyphicPaintings, xir,

235

im

xiii,278.
l."aiaguage,

indicating his Name,

Chimborazo,

Nov"

Buckler, xiii,202.

Chimalpain (Domingo),
the

Eie--

their Birth" their

Education,

on

hieroglyphicPaintings,187.

Mexican

Chimalli, or

represented

to,

Warrior

given

to

of the

one

of the

Days

Chiapanese Calendar, xiii,319.

Cordillera

Chipa,

Chisinche,

of New

of

one

the

in the

Andes

Province

highest

Summits

of

the

of

the

xiii,61.

Grenada, xiii,78.
made

of

Heights

ELingdom

of New

of

Copper, xiii,280.
of

the

Cordillera

Quito, xiv, 3.

Grenada, xiii,82.

Ckoiuia.

See

CholoUan.

the

Grenada,

Peruvian,

Chisel, ancient

Chooo,

of New

Mountain

of

of, one

Paramo

Chingasa,

Cholollecatles, the

Azteck

Name

of

the

InhaUtants

of

Cholula, xiii,94.
Cholula,

City

looked

of Mexico,

on

of.

Cholula, Pyramid
Chota,

Holy,

as

See

Population, xiii,88

it

wa"

98.

Pyramid ofCkoMa,

of, its depth, xiii,64.

Crevice

of

Christianity,Traces
thought they

had

Chronology, Mexican,
Notions

Chulueanas,

its

this

Beligion

found

in Mexico,

Sources

from

of it,xiii,276"281
an

ancient

Ruins, xiv,

198.

which

Town

of

Spaniards

xiii"198.

which

xiv,

Peru,

the

we

get

can

239.

Description

of

its.

^86

O"NBRAL

CoHiaaDf,

Nation

216

Collection

of

of

Mendosa,

their

of
'lliatorj

Paris, 183;

farther

the

of

doei

can
Mexiexist

not

Collectioo, 188;

of it,xir, 177.

River, xiii,09.

Combeimai
of

Comets

Original

of

Description

Particulars

217.

this CoHeotion

the

Astoo"s, kili|

the

Ubetty,

Paintings, xiii,182
at

TO

sobdee

Mexico,

them

roAtore

INDEX

and

1480

xiv,

represented on

1628,

Mexican

ing,
Paint-

171.

Conohocando,

Title' of the

Condemnation

to

King of lican, xiv, 8.

how

death,

it

pronounced

was

at

Mexico,

xiii,142.

Diadem,
or
Copilli,
Cock,

Sign

of

Sovereignty, xiii,140.

into Mexico

introdoced

Mountain

Corozon,

Coracon,

JJanos

of Qnito,

del,

Spaniards, xiv, 81.

described, xiv, 180.

Plain

the

bj

situate above

Popajan,

xiv,

61.

Cordilleras, Reflections
of

these

Mountains
their

117;

Grenada"

those

Division

into

; form

120

Country,
builds

Mexico

tbe

of
with

his
to

xiv,

Century,
238.

nent,
Conti-

Chains, in New

two

Mountains

in the

of

dom
King-

in

that

Teoodititlan, xiii,48

be

hung

up

by

xiii, 186;

60

the

King

causes

Feet, 188.

xiv, 247;

of the Tibetans, xiv, 31.

See

its Analogy

Elements^

Mankind.

of, Hieroglyphic by which

it is represented,

32.

loftiest

xiii,118

of the aneient

Family bears,

Mexicans,

that

Volcano
Cotcitepetl,

tbe

comparison

principal Summits

Ruins

the

-^g^ of the Wwld^

Cotopaxi,

their

on

Quauhtimomn
Cosmogony

of these

234.

which

Name

Form, xiii,116

with

of Quito, %ll

Cortes

their

on

of

the Volcanoes

; instances

118,

129;

of its

the

of

Eruptions in

form

of

thu

the

Cordilleras,

Eighteenth

Mountain,

120,

IDovrier.

See

himself

liad retired, 66

how

he

Tree, xir, 28;

Delage,
leara

to

64

sends

whether

represented in

840

the

liie

Birds

Nations, xiii,144,

represented floatingon

di

from

cessvrriy several

Old

oat

the

Age

on

sue*

.Waters
the

Az-

Paintinga,84.

tcok

Wolf, xiv, 48.

Mexican

the

Necklace

Cozcapetlatlya

of

Name
'Coscaqiiauhtli,
the

among

of

Pearls, xiii,203.

the

Fourteenth

Mexicans,

":!ozehaat],Mexican

Day

of

the

Month

xiii,813.

Half-hoots, xiii,203.
ihe Azteok

of Mien,

"JiMtiiMis

is

Trunk

the

in

saved

he

wUch

Painting
Water

Mexioan

the

of
'm

Coyote,

^7

KIV.

Plouffimi.
Noah

the

"^oxcox,

AND

XIII

V'OLUMU

Af

admits

ythok^

Five,

xiv,

17.

CUvoodiles

represented

Ae

on

of

Monument

Xochicaloo,

xiii,111.
Codio,

Biver" xiii,69.

"}iieata,^

de

Pie

lain

of

Anahnac,

of

Ci^

CmmK"wc%^

la,

the

plaoe "t

of

entrance

the

Moun*

Quindiii,.xiu,4IO.

"^uetzpalin. Name

of

the

Second

Meitieiui Calendar,
Teillh
Ctritlahttatain"

mixed

with

q"

of the Aztecks,

King

hnac, xiii,208,

Day

Period

of

the

xiii,818.

Cttitlfllteoki"first Inhabitants

Copper

xiii,108.

of the

xiv, 262.

elevated

Plains

of Ana^^

2i4.

Tin, employed

Peruvians, xiii, 260;

and

for

making Took

by

the

by

Mexicans,

the

268,

269.

Culebra,

Camino

Cascade

Cuadinamarca,

de"
of

Path

Tequendama,

Kingdom

leading

Crevice

founded

of, ib Depth, xiii,64.

.

the

Foot

of

the

xiii,80.

108.

Cutaoo,

to

by JEfuncahua, x"y,

"88

GENERAL

Cycle, Tartar,

INDEX

from

came

TO

Country, xuj"

aoother"

more

346.

Cyclat fit the Mexicans,

Fifty.two Years,
Cycles

of the

Muyscas, xiv,

Mexican

xiii,286

Years,

of

-,

ilrid.

the five, of the

Cycles,

of Thirteen

132,
of the

Age

World,

according to

the

Mythology, xiv, 16, and/olL

Cypress-trees plantedby

the

Azteck

King", xiii,251.

D.

Scandinarian

Danbboda,
Danto,

Bridge near

among

its Division

into

ibid; Names
those

356,

313,

eight Parts,

of

Signs

the Aztecks

the

of

356

Days

of the

Days

of the
of

Names

of

the

and

313,

Zodiac

used

twenty

Days

visions,
Di-

Day,

foil.; they

in Oriental
the

of

are

Asia,-

Almanack,

of the

Azteck

between

Signs

of the

See Nemontemi.

Year.
their

Denominations

and

Tibetian, Chinese, Tartar^

Mongul Zodiac, xiii,337.

and

Deluge

the

i"id

divided

Muyscas,

Anahuac,

according
it is

Paintings,xiv, 23,
Dispersion

into Four

Toltecks, their Names,

tecks, xiii, 96;

of

the

to

Parts, xiv, 110.

xiv,

222.

the Tradition

represented

on

of the

Az.

Hieroglyphic

63t

Nations

after

the

Deluge

of

Coxcox,

most

distant

xiv, 66.

Dogs,

xiv, 34.

Days, Mexican, Analogy

of

Days,

the

of

Days complementary

those

282
Sun-rise,xiii,

at

Hieroglyphic representing the

ibid;

328

Sepulchre, xiii,102/

Totonilco, xiii,60.

Day, civil,began

perhaps

her

Queen,

Mexican

Marron,

forests"xiii,343.

have

retired

into

the

XIII

VOLUMES

Door,

Name

given by

that

sacrificed

was

Doors.

Peruvian

in the

particularForm

Their

Cycle

of

Eighty-fiveMonths, xiv, 134.

and

Hundred

beginning of

the

at

Tictim

Haman

to the

Muyscas

the

"89

XIV.

AND

and

tian
Egyp-

Buildings, xiii,258.
Dove

Tongues
distributing

Men

to

bom

after

the

Deluge,

xiv, 66.

Dragon*tree
Drawing,

of the Art

Improvement

the Arrival
Dress

described, xiv, 20d.

of Orotava

the

of

xiv, 36

of

of the

204;

the

Gener^s

xiii,186

62.

xiv,

of

Time

and

old

Painting,

Guatimala, xiii,132

and

Men,

of the

Montezuma,

Kings, 202,

according to

Grandmothers,

203.
M

to

the Laws

202,

if

Women,

of the Aztecks,

190.

Dnpr", M., Captain in

Cabinet

contains

xiii,43;

his

the

Service

the

Opinion

of the

Bust

of

the

on

of

King
Azteck

an

Bas-relief

of

Spain^ his
Priestess,
the

Stone

Sacrifice,261.

Dnquesne (Don

Jose

of the
Duration

in

permitted to

Drunkenness

of

of

Warrior

since

Priests, represented on

People

common

Spaniards,xiv, 61

of the

Mexican

the Aztecks

among

of the

Domingo),
Muysca

has

mad^

known

the

lendar
Ca-

Indians, xiv, 104.

World, according to

the

Mexicans, xiv, 28,

24, 27.

".

Eagle,

the

Mexicans

erected

Chapels

in

honour

of this

Bird, xiv, 48.

"agle tearing a Captive, Figures represented

Stone, xiii,119.
VOL.

XIV.

on

an

can
Ameri-

fiQO

GENERAL

Eagle perehed
place

oo

INDEX

TO

Tenochtitlan

where

bailt, xiv,

be

to

was

the

iodicated

Cactus, Pro"ig3^ which

185.

Earthy
Ears

Hiero^yphic

its

pierced, who

is

Rabbity xiv, 25.

this Custom

introduced

the

amoog

As-

ttcks, xiii,M.

Ecaticpac,

Name

given

the

to

of

Pyramid

CholoUi, xir,

221.

M exicaos

that the

Eclipses, Proof

the

knew

of them,

cause

xiv, in.
of Asia

Nations

Ecliptic,the

xiv, 224

xiv,

the

Priest

End

of

Head
in

of

Manuscript

World,

of the

xiv, 226,

the

Which

Four

Agepf
Aztecks,

Destructions

the

on

to

of

xiii,12

have

sent

of

Helmet

xiv, 21"
to

the

Pope

Vienna, xiii,180.

Tradition

Mexican

respecting it, xiii,

239.
at

Mexico

phic Painting, xiv, 171

art

Third

Painting,xiii,211.

Portugal, "aid

Epidemical Distemper

Epoch

"mong

30.

observable

one

Mexican

Mexican

of the
380

of the

of the

Instruments

Four,

King

the

that "of the

Month

the

the Tradition

Elephants, Fossil,in New-Grenada,

Emanuel,

the

Hieroglyphic,xhr, 26.

Name

livingCreatures, xiv, 25,

Elephant,

of

22.

the

Elements,

its

Woi4d, according to

the

with

more

of

Day

of aie Air,

Age

Ehecatonatiuh,

still

that

234.
Oiiili,

Mexicans, xiii,313

the

of

of

of the Twentieth

Name

Ehecatl,

and

nation

Divisions

two

with

Calendar

their

of

Egyptians, Analogy

AtMieans,

with

337.

ofit,xiii,dS6,

Mexicansi

acquainted

JEra of

represented

on

hierogly.

the

Mexicans

begins, xiii,

299.

Epoetiasof
Era

the

Mexican

of the

HisWiry, indicated

Aztecks, xiii,3Cf",810

according to
)civ,248.

the

VOLUMES

Epochas

Nature

of

xiv,

Equinoxes,

according

Signs

their

from

the

in the

Azteck

Mexican

Mythology,

Year,

of

the

the

the

Spaniards borrowed

Mexicans, xiii,202.

found

Manuscript

name
Etzalqualiztli,

Calendar, xiii,372.

which

of
Iclicahuepilli

Escurial, Mexican

there, xiii, 179.

Month

eighth

of

the

Mexican

xiii,291.

Mexican.

Ezoztli,

the

to

Qjri

XIV.

16,

Escaupil,a military garment,

Eve,

ANO

XIII

See

Tonantzin.

of the fourteenth

name

Month

ofihe

Mexican

Year,

xiii,292.

F.

(Father) his Commentary

FabKBGA

the Codex

on

Mexicanui

ofVeletri, xrii,280.
Festival, secular, of the
Field

of ihe

Mexicans, xiii,380
in ihe

Plain

-Giants,a

387.

"

of New

Kingdom

Grenada,

xiv, '21.
Fire,

kindling it^ represented on

of

manner

Picture, xiii, 225

Fire,

Hieroglyphic

destroyed, according

Fire

Azteck

Tradition, the second

xiv,'21

new,

Creneration

I0

the

of Mankind,

"Hieroglyphicof Fire, 25.

Festival

Mexican

of, xiiiy'381.

Flint, Silex, Hieroglyphic of the Air, xiv, 26.

of Evil

Genius

Fomagata,

the

Forehead

singdlarly flattened
Azteck

Four

among

Paintings, xiv,

Destructions

of

the

World

Nations, xiii,200.
Funzha, River.

See

the

in
85.

Bogotct.
"2

the

Muyscas,

Figures

seen

xiii,136.
in

the

"

admitted

hy

the

Mexican

"g2

"INEKAL

INDEX

TO

G.

Gallows
Garoa

representedoo
his Collections

(Mr.)

Gamboa

from

Manuscripts,xiii"136.

of

Cathedral

of the

Canon

(Mr.)

destruction

Painting,x"v, 82.

Mexican

the

of

Huitzilo-

of Sacrifice of

Stone

saved

Mexico,

xiiiy263.
pochtli,
Garita

del

of

of the Mountain

Gemelli.

Point

of

the

Passage

Quindia, xiii,64.

See CarrerL

Genealogj representedon
Giants

elevated

the most

Paramo,

of Anahuac,
the Plains
of

the

HieroglyphicPicture, xiii,136.

xiii,06
of

Tradition

Tlascala, xiv,
^ho

Giants,

of their Existence

10

Peruvian

disembarked

at

in

Tradition
St.

Helen*"

Point, xiv, 21.

Gilbar

(Narcissus)

of Books

form

gives the
Giustiniani

Franciscan

the Pano

among

Author

(Princes)

Peruvian

were

finds

Monk,

Paintings in

Indians^ xiii, J 74

Chisel,xiii,260.

Proprietorsof

once

the

the Mexican

Manuscript of Veletri, xiii,206.

Gmelin,

Painter, drew

German

Work,

of the Views

some

in this

xiii,246.

Gk"asacoalco, a

River

of

Mexico,

the

at

Mouth

of

which

Quetzalcoatl disappeared,xiii,04.

Gormus^

of Scandinavia,

King

Great

Spirit.

Great

Year

of

See

his

Sepulchre, xiii,102.

Tezcatlipoca.

the

Aztecks,

Period

of

fiftj-twoYears"

xiii,287.
Great

Goddess.

Great

Week

See

Cmteotl,

of the Aztecks,

Grecques,

Ornaments

of the

Grixalva,

his

to

Voyage

Guachinangoes,
62.

Mexican

the

xiii,287.
Palace
Mexican

common

of

Mitla, xiv,

158.

Coasts, xiii, 128.

People, their Dress, xiii"

294

INDEX

GENERAL

the

Coantrj

the

Hieroglyphics of

Mexicans,

of

TO

Anahvac,

difference

"gyptians

the

the

157$

150

and

of

those

three

had

Mexicans

between

ei

sorts

roglyphics,
hie-

Hieroglyphics, simple Hieroglyphics, phonetic

and

Rolls

of

they

162

they

Art, 166

by

served

instead

ieasi

"Btrodaced

Hours

by

the

Teoteuctli.

Giant

have

xiii,96.

Xelhna,
in the

written

Lan-

Azteck

announced

the

to

Mexican

People

Priests, xiii,100.
of Mexico,

Dress

of two

Women

oi

Province, xiii,204.
Peruvian

or

Word,

Chief

the
of

established

Huematzin,

author

Year, 'xiii, 284

of

Etymology

this

287.

HuehuetlapaHan,
Huemac,

Iroqmoia and

unequal lengthyxiii,282.

were

Province

this

Huata,

of

were

Night

the

Hnasteca,

the Mex-

xiii,278.

Azteck,
of the

the

by

who

Mexico,

goage,

Hours,

the

into Mexico

between

bf the

those

of

See also, Mamt"criptSfjizttck,

171.

constrocted
Hilly artificial,
of

die

Egypt"

knowledge

aay

Htgh-priest of Huitzilopochtli. See

Historians

in

alphabetiealCharactera^

resemblance

Hieroglyphics and

Harons,

of

Hieroglyphics were

the Toltecks, 169

ibund

been

withoot

drawn

are

have

161
of

those

with

Hieroglyphiga

which

Papyms

160

their

of

comparison

Hieroglyphics, 159"

compound

the

Country

the

of the

setnlar

Toltecks, xiii,94.

Power

by Quetzalcohuatl,

in

Women

the

Huepilli, Clothing of

the

Book, xiii,207

of the Divine

Government

xiv, 250.

Astrologer, of

Tolteck

the

among

seventh
;

the

xiv,

Century,
249.

Aztecks,

xiii"

187.

Hueymiccailhuill,Name
can

Year,

Hueypacl^tli^Name
292.

of the eleventh

Month

of the Mexi"

xiii,291.
of

the

fifteenth

Mexican

Month,

xiii,

VOI"V]ft]^$

XIII

AllfP.

which

the

vais of the

Huay

during

of the

Teocalli,
th"

of

one

Festi*

Suo, xiii,4Q1.
of

Hueytecuilhuitl"Name
Year,

retired

Kings

995

interior

Hnejquaahxiiealoo,Building io; the

to

XIV.

the

of the

tenth Monjth

Mexican

xiii,29X.

Tozoztli, Name

oj the sis^tb Month

of the

Mexican

YeaTj xiii, 290.

Hoitzachtecatl,

Mountain

Feast

Mexican

second
Hoitsilifaui"l,

of the New

216

tained
his

carried

Image

tiens,216

Sacrifices that

dominant

became

the

as

of

of

Mexico,

Sign

xiv,
*

Hurons,

it

con*

44

first humaa

xiii,216-8

220

his

swallowed

Empire

223

thological
My-

Worship
in proportion
all the

up

descriptionof hisTeocalli

262.

of the

descended

retreat

of

or

Tezpi, a

of the

the

branch

of

Tree,

Waters, xiv, 65.

Mayscas,

or

of

CundioamarcA"

from

perhaps

tribe of the Tokeeka,

l'y!-

covered

Huytbaca,

49

xiii,

108.

wit
Huts

War,

country of Anahuac,

Mexican

first King

Hunoabija,

diis God"

brings Cpxcox,

Qomming*bird

252.

strong place,112;

Stone, xiv,

the

in

neighbouring States,
at

ae

offered tQ him,

History

the

the A;Bteck8 in their Emjgpra-

before

were

of

Tenochtitian,

served

h"" Idol

God

Azteck

at

Arsenal, and

an

Aztecks, xiv, 170,

the

Temple

lok

celebrated

was

Fire, xiii" 381.

of the

Kiag

Mexitli,
fluitzilopochtli,
or
84,

which

on.

Wife

of the

the leaves

with
of

Vijao, xiii,70,

B"ichica^xiii|74.

I.

ICHeAHUE?iLLi,
xiii,202.

Garment,
See

or

Coat

Escaupil,

of Mail

of the Mexicans,

996

INDBx'

GENERAL

TO

M
IcoooBSO, Valley^of,{xiii,
^fgeologicalDescriptionof

Country,
Idacanzas,

60.

Name

|Bochiea,

of

the

in

of

Mythology

the

Mnyscasy xiii,75.
Idol

found

Mexico,

at

xiv,

of Mexico
had

Monterey
the

it

dug

the

Bishop

Idol found

; another

48

of

in

of

Xocojotziuy

Motezuma

King

Families

the

99.

of

Grandson

of

stock

up^

versity
of the Uni-

Professors

got it hnried, 47

City of Mexico,

Ihuitemotzin,

; the

44

and

Moteznma

of

Tola,

xiv, 253.
Dhnicaminay
Name,

Hieroglyphic expressing hia

Mexico,

of

King

xiii, 169.

Uinissa, Mountain

Quito, xiv, 78.

of

Incas, their Palace

Cannar,

at

xiii, 242.

Inga-Chungana, Descriptionof
Inns

built

on

die Road

Peru, xiv^

from

this Monument,

Cpzco

Town

of

priestof

the

Incas

of

discovered

in the North

of

found

Cannar,

near

Canada, xiii,162.

in
on

which

is

engpravedthe

of the Sun, xiii,2471

Image
Iraca,

Rock

the

xiii,161.

pretended Tartar,
Inscription,
Inti.Guaicn,

Quito, by

1.

Inscription,
pretended Phenician,
America,

to

xiii,261

Cundinamarca,

of

Residence

Muyscas, xiv, 108,

the

High-

109.

Iroquois,conjecture respectingtheir Origin^ xiii,171.

Name
Itecalli,

of the

first Month

of the

Mexican

Year, xiii,

290.

Itzcoatl, fourth
Itzcuintli,Dog,
313

one

Ixcuina, Goddess

Mexican
Name
of the
of

King, xiv, 262.

of the

eighth Day

Signs

of the Mexican

Month, xiii,

2iodiac, 342.

Voluptuousness, xiii,228.

Ixtilixochitl, Grand-nephew
Tezcuco,

of the

xiv,

of

Nezahualcojotl, King

263.

Ixtlicuechahuac, Tolteck

King of Anahuac,

xiv, 249.

of

VOLUMES

Ixtozoliztli,
a

half

Iztacmixcaatly the

297

XIV.

AND

XIII

Lnnation, xiii,205.
first

by Citlalicue,xiv, 247.

created

Man,

J.

Jacal,
Jade,

Moantain

Mexico, xiv, 204.

made

Stone,

of

which

of

Azteck

many

Hatchets

are

founds xiv, 38.

their Calendar

Japanese^

Mexicans,

Javirac, a

Moantain

Jorallo,

Volcano

has

analogy

some

with

that of

the

xiii,321.
Quito, xiii,235.

near

that

Century, xiv,

of

out

rose

Earth

the

in the 18th

101.

See Jorullo.

Juruyo.

K.

Knives,

Mountain

Knots

substitutes

as

of, xiv,
for

204.

Writing.

See

NeapohuaUziizm

and

Quippoes,

L.

Observation

Azteck,

Language,

in this

Words

Languages,

their

the

on

length

of

the

Language, xiv, 246.

diversityafter

the

of

Deluge

Coxcox,

xivf

abundance

of

66.

Languages

of the New

Continent, displayan

grammaticalForms, xiii,140
to

those

of the

on

their

System

ancient
of

Continent,

Numeration,

Laws, Mexican, representedon

have

Mexican

249

but little analogy

;

xiv, lit

ObseHrations
and

foil.

Paintings,xiv, 181.

9""

GEN^MAI*

Law-suit

represented on.

IVDBX

TO

HieroglyphicalPaisting, xiii,141
"

Leoba, Name

which

of the
Le

TeUier,

Palace

Life,

Rheims,

of

Manuscript,

the Rnm

possession
the

to

of

Library

168.

of

Town

in

was

belonging

now

it,xiii,140.

Hieroglyphics indicate

Llactacunga,

give to

of Mitla, xiv, 154.

Paris, xiv,

how

Indians

Tzapoteck

Archbishop

Mexican
at

the

of Quito, destructive

Kingdom

the

Earthquake there, xiii,239.

Llano

del Pullal, the elevated

Lords

of

the

measured
Name

Series in the

the

uppcor

Bridge

of leo^onzo

by him, xiii, 57.

given by

xiv,

form

Signs that

Jorge) height of

(Don

Luiva,

Assuay, xiiij241.

Calendar, xiii,314.

Mexican

Lozono

nine

Night,

of

Plains

the

Tzapotecks

to

the Ruins

at

M.i4iy

164.

M.

Machines

to

with

produce Fire, Observations

respect

Macuil-Malinalli,

them, xiv,

to

Mexican

of

||^. Visconli

217.

Deity, Festival

in

of

honour

him, xiii,405.

Macuilxochitl,
of its

of

Town

Hieroglyphic expressive

Mexico,

xiii, 160.

Name,

(Marquis oO xiii"124.

Maenza,

Mexicans,

Malpays,

District

Mamaacbota,
Mankind,

them,

xiv,

of

the

Intendance

of

Porphyriti"Mountain

xiv,
20.

of this Moqib

m^ng^

tb"

xiii,313.

17

ValladoUd, xi?" 10!2.

Mexico" xiv, 203.

Mythology admits,

Azteck

the

tenth Day

of the

MalinaJli, Namie

DestriKtion

of

the

five Creations

of

first Generation,

VOLUMES

found

MvAuecr"pts

the

among

Manuscripts, Azteck,
Palace

them,

thej

163

those

Bologna,
xiii,191

ibid.
5 xtf,

Dresden^, xiv,

at

Pavis, xiii,167

at

madse

xiv.
3

Manuscripts
Col-

of Mendoza;

Boturini

Mexico

at

Marriage, how
187

sight:of

its Ceremonies

(Don Lms)

Collection

bear

those

to

of the

before

the arrival

Hand,

xiv,

of

Name

of

the

"

gets again dug

Professors
in

youth, xiv,

of the

order

versity
Uni-

withdraw

to

48.

the Azteeks,

among

repreaented on

Architect

tm

Mexican

Mexican

Monterey,

84.

xiii,186,

Hieroglyphic

189.

of

Mexico, xiv,

154.

Bracclets,^xiii,203.

Matlalcueje, the Goddess

a

the

it wassoeliabvaled

Painting,xiv,

Matemecatl,

of

iaterred

had

Mexico

the

by

Idol, which

Azteek

it "om

Mazatl,

of Aztech

they

terminated

Sceptre

an

Maxtlatl,

Berlin,

Spaniards, xiii,112.

of

Martin

at

at

xiii,163.

(Don Feliciano) Bishop

up

179

Vatican, xiii,191

Collection

resemblaBCe

drawn
ga(^rapliteal,

Maqoahuitl,
Marin

of them,

Escnrial,

; in the

144

164

Veietri,xiii,19i

Botorini, See

by

Manuscripts^ Siamese,

the

in the

3 at

Set

folding

See Picharda.

of Pichardo,

Azteeks,

characteristic

Collection

by Mendoza,

fedio"

Map,

drawing

80, 88, 176

of

Manner

the

Materiak

Vienna, IBO, xir, 148

at

162

in

th^se Manuscripts,

Manuscripts

83

made

of

of

174.

xm"

Botorini| preserved

of

Contents

Azteck

Ucajai",

of

Indians

written,

were

I"efects in the Art

165

909

XIV.

Viceroy, at Mexico, xiii,Wl

o"the

which

0ft

"NI"

XIII

of Water,

xiv, 23.

Girdle^ xiii,208.
the

fifth

Day

of

the

Month

among

the

Mexicans, xiii,313.
Mechoacan,

an

of
163.

ancient

Kingdom

Vailadelid, Dresses

comprehending
of

its

the

vince
Pro-

Inhabitants, xiv"

500

TO

INDEX

GENERAL

traces
Medicine, astrological,

of

it

found

are

in the Hievo-

gljphic Paintings,xiii,210.
Mendoza

of

(Antonio de) Marqnis

of

his Collection

Mexico,

of Mexican

Viceroj

Paintings,xiii,

Colkciion.

See

182.

first

Mondejar,

Meiempsyohofiis,a

Doctrine

known

the

to

TIascalteoks,xiii,

200.

Mexioans.

8tc

and

Aztrcks

ToUecks.

Mexico, City of, rebuilt by Cortez, xiii,49

ilnd, ;

Foundation
stands

of

its

the

on

its great

University,
where

place

143

Square"

its Cathedral

anciently the

was

Teocalli

of

Huitzilopochtli,262;
and

Foundation,

its

from

there,

xiii,81

than

Civilization

the

that

of the

Miccailhuitzintli,Name

roglyphic
Hie-

of

successivdy appeared
the

to

Century

N(xrth

the

have

seventh

in the tenth

iu

186.

five Nations

Country of,

of

Conquests, represented on

Paintings,xir,
Mexico,

History

twelfth
advanced

more

Europe,

88.

Month

of

twelfth

tury,
Cen-

the

in

can
Mexi-

Year, xiii,201.
Goddess

Mictlancihuatl,the
Mictlanteuhtll, Lord
Mexican

Hell, xiii,213.
of the Dead,

of the Place

Sculpture,xiv, 47
of the

Miquiztli,Name
Mexicans,
Miravalle

of

fourth

xiii,313

(Conde de)

Azteck.

See

(Duke

Monte-Leone

Months, Mexican,
Montufar

Moon,

Sign

of

Spanish Family,

Mitia, (Palace of) Descriptionof

Monks,

on

its

Painting, 84.

Month

of the

Day

fifth

representedon

Series,

its

the

among
314.

Origin, xiv, 263.

Ruins, xiv, 163.

Tlamazacks,

of), a descendant

their Names,

of Cortez, xiii,60.

xiii,290.

(Don Carlos), xiii, 237.

its

Origin according to

Indians, xiv, 74
in

the

Temple

Calendar
built

its

of
of

the

Mythology

twenty-seven

the

Shells,

Hindoos,
401.

of the

Mansions
328

and

Muysca
or

Inns,

foil. "

its

284

Ptmt"Dgty Mexican.
Ruins

Palenqoe,

See
of

TO

INDEX

GENERAL

an

and

Hierogi^kk"
Town

ancient

Mmnucripts.

the

in

Plain

of, xir,

168.

Indians, their mythological Traditions, xiii,73,

Pancha

and.

foU.

Panoes,

Indians

of

Tribe

the

on

Banks

Ucayale,

the

of

Hieroglyphic Paintings possessed by them, xiii,174,

of

Panqoetzaliztli,Name
Year,

Mexican

the

of

Paper

proportion

xiii,136,
Pastons,
Penitences

of

place

xiii,

Mpnoment,

its Basis

and

Aztecks

for their

four

every

who

eat

its

Height,

00.

Paintings,

Flesh, xiii,200.

no

Quetzalcoatl,
at

fifty-twoYears,

Years,

Peak

by

the Mexicans

took

Perote,

Nation,

introduced

among

Period

the

by

this

162.

American

an

between

used

Maguey,

the

of

xiii, 292.

Papantla, Pyramid of, Description of

86

Month

seventeenth

the time

Years,

xiii, 286

in

xiii, 92;

of the

Use

which

Sacrifice

385.
;

of

and

hundred

four

iAid.-

of,

Coffer

of

Mountain

Mexico,

xir, 76^

of Teneriffe, xiv, 166.

Pichardo

Jose

(Don

of

Mexico,

Collection

his

of

Paintings, xiii,189.

Mexican

Pichincha,

Antonio)

Volcano

oi^ described, xir, 192.

See

Rucu--

aUo

Pichmcha,
^

Pite.

See

j4gave

Planisphere

jimencana.

Bianchini, Description

of

of

this

Monumeat,

xiii,362.

Popayon,

City

of

form

of this Mountain,

xiii,238.

Clusium,

xiii,101.

New-"rrenada,

its

Situation, xiv,

51.

Popocatepec,
Porsenna,

his

Labyrinth

Porters, represented on
Postman,

who

swims

at

Mexican

down

Paintings,xiv, 81.

Rivers, xivj 54.

VOLUMES

Precession

of the

had

knowledge

any

of tbe

AND

305

XIV.

Equinoxes, inquirywhether

Priests, Mexican.
Prints

XIII

See

of

the

Egyptians

it,xiy, 240.

Teojnxqui,

Feet, hieroglyphicof the Sun's

motion, xiii,

352.

Procession
ed

that took

hieroglyphicPainting, xiiij225

on

Priests

Muysca

of

xiv,

Cycle

represent*
that of the
of

dred
Hun-

135.

found

among

Hieroglyphics,xiii, 228.
of the

the Juice

prepared from

Drink

(lin^am) not

its Emblem

Power,

the Mexican

Pulque, "

opening

the

at

Eighty-eightMonths^

and

Procreative

fifty-twoYears,

place every

Agave" xiii,

136.

of Children,

Punishments

xiv,

Count

I^urace,a Villageof

of)y xiii,124.

New-

of the Biver

Puruays,
Pusambio,

Acid

an

celebrated

Grenada,

Vinagre, xiv,

Inhabitants

ancient

ings,
hieroglyphicPaint-

189.

(the

Punnelrostro

representedon

of Quito,

River,

for the Cataracts

62.

xiv, 8.

its Cataracts

at

Purace, xiv,

52.

Pyramid

of

Cholola,
87

Height,

interior
;

Pyramids
attributes

them
them

Olmecks,

Papantia.

\ci
kit

from

Mexico,
to

to be
208.

the
the

the

its

as

Mexican

Tradition

Burial

See

its

Place,
97

Names,

its

xiv,

Painting,82
of

the

Toltecks, xiii, 83;

work

ment,
Monuand

Platform,

its several
a

this

its Basis

has served

representationon
of

the

between

Construction, 106;

its

believes

"oIn

its Interior

Prospect enjoyed

ibid, I

221

Description of

-,

Proportion

90

xiii, 81

Aztecks

Siguenza

of the Cuitlaltecks

CkoliUa^ Teotikuacm^

and
mid

306

GENERAL

TO

INDEX

Q.

Name

Qquichua,

second

Qpapan,

Name

of

of

Mexico, xiv,

the

loca, xivg

of the

185.

of

Month

Third

IIL.

Mexicai"^

the

xiii,200.
last

QoaohtemotaHn,
Qoauhtinchan,
its

Language

Fonnder

Qtiahaitlehua,
Year,

of the

Town

of the Aztecks,

King
of

xiv, 252.

Hieroglyphic expressing

Mexico,

Naaio, xlii,160.

Qnauhtliy

Month

Qaecholli,

Name

Eagle,

an

among
of

Name

^f

the

Mexicans,

the

sixteenth

of

Day

thirteenth

the

the^

xiii,313.
Month

of the

Mexican"

the

Kingdom

Year, xiii,292.
Qaesada

Ximenes

(Gonzalo
of

de). Conqueror

New-Grenada,
God

Qoetzalcoatl,
22;

the

of

their

was

Golden

cepts

Age,
the

93

of the

of

the

the

'
.

the

Apostle

his

ac-

pearance,
Disap-

taken

Cortez

for

tiieydis"

think

Thomas,

human

xir,

Reign, their

iifid;

Spaniards
Saint

Tiapallan, 94

to

'Spaniardsunder

95

xiii,02

his

-,

Cholula,

preached against

he

10.

Aztecks,

Journey

Goremment

in him

260}

his

Descendants,

ooTer

Air

xir,

Legislator,xiii,02

ibid /
his

xiii,73

of

197

xir^

Sacrifices,xiii".

220.

Qmahuitl,
the

of the seventeenth

Name

Mexicans,

Nine,

denomination

immolated

at

one

ninth

Sign

the

given

beginning

eighty-fiveMonths,
Month,

Quilla, the Peruvian

Quindiu,

"

of the

Month
of

among
Series o"

314.

Quihioa^ Door,
and

xiii, 313.

Day

of

the

Summits

of

the

to
a

Victin"-

human

Cycle

of

hundred

xiv, 134.

xiii,284.
of the

central

Chain

of

the

XIII

VOLUMES

Cordillera
the

AND

of New-GreiMicIa,

writing,xiii,168

before

they

the

it,63.
the purpose

Peruvians,
made

Mexicans

acquainted

were

Descriptionof

pass

the

Quippus, Knots, serving, among

of

xiii,61

Travellers

in which

manner

307

XIV.

with

of them

use

ing,
hieroglyphicWrit-

19.

Race

Qasdcuilltexeque,a

tliat,according

Giants,

Tradition, dwelt

Tolteck

xiv,

of

the

in

Plains

of

to

Tlascala,

19.

"

It

Hieroglyphic of Earth, xiv, 26.

the

Rabbit,

in the Mexican

SLahJt"t,crowned,
210
to

Raft

the idea

of

Hieroglyphioa,xiii, 208,

expiatory

an

Scu;rifice

was

attached

it,209.

of the

River

Uegl"y

Basalte

Relief

found

of

Guaya4)uil,xiv,

there, xiii, 273

found

xiii, 126

Oaxaca,

at

201.

of

Ca"icade

Reglm,

respectingits

doubts

Origin, 128.
Revillagigedo {Count of).Viceroy
to

the

there, xiv,
(Mr.

an

of

City, xiii" 49
Mexico

an

263

Idol

he

found

47.

Lewis

de), xiv, 97.

.Bucn-PichiDcha,
Ramichaca,

that

University

the

to

removes

Bieux

of

Embellishment

his attention

of Mexico,

Mountain

earthen

of Quito, xiii,120.

Bridge

in the Frovhwe

of Los

Pas-

tos, xiii,59.

S.

Sacrifice,

human,

xiii,211

represented

this Custom

was

x2

on

Mexican

unknown

to

Painting,
all the

Na-

,S08

doDs

gin

of Anahuac

before

the

Aztecks,

among

three

human

them

to

the

of the

Safaagun (Bernardino

Volcano

of Quito,

Series, Periodical,
ject
811,

Serpent

cut

375

in

the

sometimes

Serpent-Woman.

of
cription
Des-

time

of

Mexicans,
of

opting

the

882

Cjcle

xiv, 133,

134

"

171."

skilled

Monk,

in the

xiii, 120.

xiii, 300^;

Years,

for

having

Calendar,

the

and

ol^

Days,

34.

Mexican

on

Painting,

indicates

sometimes

Genius

of Evil, 228..

See

Time,

ibid;

Tmantzin.

represented

remarkable,

the

Figure

this

oflfer

xiii, 278.

represented

Pieces,

xiii, 227

Shoes,

the

xiv,

the

Franciscan

Mexican

the

of

denote

to

first

Tradition

the

at

Sacrifice,

Languages,

American
a

de),

the

Sacrifices, 221;

at

human

Ori-*

Aztecks

eighty-fiveMonths,

of

its
of

Totonack

among

Muyscas,

and

hundred

representation

Sangay,

the

offered

Fire,

215;

Particulars

these

of

new

the

among
a

Aztecks,
-,

220

Sacrifice

the

of

of

216

Gods,

cessation

future

and

the

Sacrifices, 216-218;

all their

Festival

TO

INDEX

GENERAL

Mexican

on

Bas-relief

xiii,267.

Signs employed

the

Mexicans

Order

in

by

xiii, 301

to

which

Cyeles

express
these

Signs

of

Years,

placed,

are

359.

Siguensa (Carlos de),

of

Professor
his

Mexico,

Paintings, xiii,187
pyramidal
Study
Silla
Skins

of

Collection
attributes
with

Deer

used

by

the

of
to

in

the

the

at

versity
Uni-

hieroglyphic
Tolteeks

Mexico,

208

tbe
;

hi"

Antiquities, 279.

granitic Mountain,

162.

he
met

Mexican

Caracas^
of

"

Structures

of the

of Mathematics

Aztecks

xiv,
for

208.

painting

on^

xiii^

Skulls

tied to

Girdle

tbe

AND

XIII

VOLUMES

of

309

XIV.

Warrior, xiii,

Mexican

133.

Sky,

its deep azure

Tint between

Small Pox,

Ravages caused by
phicPainting,xiv, 72.

Snake, crested,
cut

Solstice,
Winter,
and the

Spaniardsare

to

the

xiv, 11.
Tropics,

it represented
on

hierogly'

piecesby Tezcatlipsca,
xiii,195.

Festival

of, celebrated by

the

Egyptians

Mexicans,xiv,226.
taken

by

Montezuma

94
Quetzalcoatl,
xiii,

for the Descendants

their

of

Entry into Tenochtitlan,

300.
representedby a Hieroglyphic,
of the Number
Standard,Hieroglyphic
Twenty, xiv,307.

Statue,Bronze,

of Charles

IV,

Mexico, described,
xiii,

at

60.

Statue of

AztecL

an

Priestess,xiii,43

its Ornaments
of

Tsis,44

Posture
Stone

of this

exhibitingthe

tween
be-

and the Calantica of the Heads

Observations

; resemblance

of Mr.

Visconti

on

the

Figure,xiv, 211.
Calendar

Mexican

found

Teocalli of

of the Ancient

in the

dations
Foun-

Mexico, xiii,279,

397.

Stone

262

of the
Stone

Teocalli

of Sacrifices of the

of

Tenochtitlan,xiii,

of this Monument, 263 ; Opinion

Description
its Destination,
Author concerning
266.

that fell from

Heaven,

Cholula, xiii,96, 97

at

xiv,

26.

Somma

Pas, Paramo

de

of

la, one

of the Oriental Chain

the

highestSummits

of the Cordillera of New-Grenada,

xiii,61.

Sun,

its

worship was

introduced

76
Muysca Indians,xiii,

the Commencement
its
247.

""

"

""

"

^'

Image

engraven

by

Bochica

and existed at Mexico

of the fourteenth
on

among

the

Rock

the
till

Century,212 ;
of Inti-Gqaico,

310

Suo8,

GENBRAL

Tradition
before

Suna,

of

the

tbe

TO

Mexicans

thai

present, xir,

Moqth

or

INDEX

of tlie

four

Suns

have

exbled

16.

Muyacas, xir,

123.

T.

constructed

Inns

TAMBOSy

Quito,

order

by

the

on

of

Road

from

Cuzco

of

Peru,

xiii,

Incas

the

to

255

xiv, 1.
elevated

Tapia,

235

Plain

xiv,

10

Foot

the

at

of

its Elevation

"himborazO|
the

above

xiii, 284,

Ocean,

xiii,

235.

Inhabitants

Taraaoks,

Anahuac

of

before

the

Toltecks, xiii,

214.

Stone

Xaontott-Biver,

of, containing

Phenician

pretended

Inscription,xiii, 151.
fiflthFounder

Teciaeuh,

Tflcpaltzin,Chief

Toopad"

Flint

Yean^
tha

firom

Stone,
xiii,

Months

NinOi

Mexico,

Aztecks

tbe

of

Emigration

of

185.

the

xiii,138.

of

Name

of

one

the

the

Cycle

sixteenth
of

Signs

Hieroglyphic

350.;

tb"ir first

of

time

Sign indicating the

31i3;

314,

at

Aztlan,

301

xiv,

of

the

of

the

Day

of

Series

of

Air, xiv,

26.

Name
TeeaiUinilisitli^

the

of

Ninth,

Month

of

the

Mexican

Year^ xiii,291.
X^huilojoccan,
its

Temalaeari,
were

Town

Name,

Stoma

on

of

160.
xiii,.

which

fought, xiii,265,

Tempest represented on
Ten, Hieroglyphic

Hieroglyphic representing

Mexico,

of this

the

Combats

of

the

Gladiators

266.6

hieroglyphicPainting, xiv, 171.

Number,

xiv, 307.

312

ntf

TeotihaacaD,

INBEX

GENERAL

Pynonids

MoDomentB,

of

84

the

Description

of, xiii, 88$

proportion

great Pyramid

Teotiy Name

TO

and

its

Great

the

between

of

tbeser

Bate

of

the

Being

of

the

lieight,90.
Sopreme

Spirit or

Aztecks, xiii, 83^215.

Teotleco, Name

of

the

Foorteenth

Month

Mexican

the

pf

Year, xiii,292.

Teoyamiqui,

Wife

of

the

of

God

Mexican

xiv,

War,

46.

TepeilhuitlyFestiyal
Fifteenth

TepeyoUotli,
Sign

the

of

Mexican

God
of

of

Teponatstli,an

Mountains,

the

of

Eighth

Nine, xiii,314.
of

Instrument

Name
Tepopochuiliatli,

of the

xiii; 292.

Interior

of

Series

Month,

the

Divinities, Name

Coontry

Music, xir, 186.

of the

Month

Seventh

of the

cans,
Mexi-

xiii,291.

Teqaendama,

fall

Bochicha,

74,

it is not,

as

75

is

Description

attributes

it to

ibis Cataract,

76

Mythology

of, xiii, 72;

thought,

the

of

highest

the

in

World

77.

TequitI, Tribute

paid by

Mexicans

the

Princes, xiv,

their

to

80.

Terrific,the, a

Daughter

Teteionan,
on

of

name

the

to

of

Altar

Huitzilopochtli,xiii,220.
the

King

of the Colhuans,

immolated
the

Huitzilopochtli,and placed among

xiii,218,219.
Divinities,,
Tetlacmancalmecac,

the

Priests

of the

the

of

Convent

Sacred

Wolf

the

of

Congregation
the

among

Mexicans,

xiv, 49.
Tetlama,

Tetlanman,
among

Village
interior
the

Tetzahuitl, Surname

of Mexico,

xiii,112.

part of the

Mexicans,
of

Chapel

xiv,

'

of

the

48.

Huitzilopochtli,xiii,220.

Sacred

Wolf

VOLUMES

XIII

Great

or
Tetsscailipoca,

AND

Spirit,first

Being, xiii,83

Supreme

zalcoatly93

Azteck

Divinity^fter

grants immortality

is'represented

313

XIV"

to

the

Qust-

cutting to pieces a Snake,

195.

Tezontii,

of

the

porous

Author.

See

Name

Azteck

amygdaloid, xiv, 86,

86.

Tezozomoc,

Tezpi,

of the

one

Theret

Mexican

(Andrew),*
had

of Coxcox,

Names

Geographer

in his Possession

xiv,
the

to

the

^Ivarado,
64.

of

King

Collection

of

France,

once

Mendoza,

xiii"

182.
Thibaut
Thomas

(M.)

Architect,

French

xiv,

14.

(Saint), Apostle, the Spaniards thought they

him

Mexicans,
Tiahuanaco,

there, xiv,

the

of

person

the

Quetzalcoatl

of

the

xiii, 197.

Town

Tianquiztli,

the

in

vered
disco-

of

Peru,

ancient

very

Edifices

found

8.

which

Festival

beginning of

the

Aztecks

Subdivision

each

celebrated
of

the

Month,

at

xiii,

288.

Tiger,

the

erected

Mexicans

Chapels

this

to

Animal,

xiv,

48.

Tilmatii, a

Man's

Cloak

Time, represented by

liopnllo,one

of

289,

Aztecks,

xiii,187.

Serpent, xiii,227.

Quito, xiv,

Titans, Azteck.

of the

Cordilleras

in the

dom
King-

4"

TzocuiUixecks,

See

of the

Tititl,Name

Summits

of the

the

among

first Month

of

the

Mexican

Year, xiii,

290.

Inca

Titn-Manco-Capac,

of Pero,

Reformer

of the

xiii,288.

Tixlpitzin,Prince
Tizac, Seventh

of

Kii^

Azcapozalco,
of the

Aztecks,

xiii,138.
xiv, 262.

Calendar,

314

1NI""X

ORNERAI.

TO

"

God
TlanihiiepaiicDaceolaii,

preieDted oa
TlacaleeoUtl,

of

Blood

Idd

Mexieai"

Thdoc,

the

of

the-

of the Mexican

BeCnge

Giants

seven

Immdation

gmal

the

placed on

Image

celebrated

Tlaltonatiiih,Ae

Age

of

of

Anahnac,

Tlassaltecks,

Mei^ican

ast

gmge

of

the

Ae

ilnd;

298.

the

of

Mexican

the-

among

finit Age

of

Mythology, xiv,

Aotecks^ xiii,98,

Vdnptnoosness^ xiii,227*

Nation, speaking

the

Lan-

same

Toltedai, the Gieimecks".tbe Acolhoansi

Aztecks, xiii,81

SMistilnte

Mountain,

286.
Years,, xiii,.

Name

the

Beligions Orders

Tlameaqonnilli^Goddess

Honour,

Earth,

siii"216

Toltecks,
of

Meucaa

World, according to

Tlamacazcks,

the

Summit

in hi*

of Thirteen

Cycle

or

and

87.

Month

tock

principidDivinity of

Festivab

the

which

oni

Time

TMottouctli,

TMpilli,

of the fourth

the

M.

xiii,

his

r^

290.

Mountain
at

Mexicans,

Stone, xiv" 48"

Heart, xiv, 86,

N"me
'Haeaxipehnelistli,

Year, xui,

of

tiie

of

Dir"mtjr,repreaented drinking

Human

of Wir

foe

made

Writing^.w"tb'

Use

which

of

the;

Knots
were

as

umpc*

quaintedy 168,.169';/ they,adopted tho/Dogpia oftbe^

MettmpByebrais,
Name

Tlaxochimaco,
Year,

9M.

of the

Elevmithi

the

Tlazolteucihua,

SIgnof

Planet
Goddess

Yeniis^ xin
of

Love,

in the

Azteck

Tochtli, Rabbity Sign

Day

174i,

xiii^228?^;

Seventh

Series of Nini^ 314.

Tletonatiuh, the Age of Fire, Name

Sixth

of(the Mexican

xiii, 291.

Tlinolt"otl, Naane^ort"e

World

Month.

of*

of the

of the Second

Mythology,
a

Year,

Month,

of the

xiv, 21.

xiii, 301

313.

Age

Name

of

the

XlII

VOLUMES

Toisa

(Don
tiie

Academy

Equestrian
TolteckSf

of

Statue

Mexican

the

as

and

the

Nation,

found

in New

169

Writing,

ibid

descend
Lake

them,

171

172

were

Pamting^?

;"

208

Sacrifices,215

of

Mexico,

"id

Oidendap

Taged by

and

Tonacacihua,

222

sittmg on

251

Iroi^om

of

the

Union

fttr as

as

who

of the

tbo
cate,
indi-

to

Southern

HenmL
istroduced
witb

ttuk

"^ their

cipal
prin-

they disappeawd
the

Twenty

Days
their

between"

224;

202*

Mexicans,

royai Seat" xiii,195,

i"-

Remains

of their

ChicUmedEB,

Eve

at

perhaps

seans"

Analogies

and' the

Tenantzin,

or

Arrival

iiierog^ypUpaf

Image

when

Names

-,

Pestilence,

the

the

Calendar,

Egyptian Institiulm",

some

Aoolhnans

the

the

their

uaaeqaainted

were

298

MoBlii" xiv,

their

with

83,

their Cvi'il

first

the

Divinity, ihid'jEpocha
from

Mono*

whieh

Fact

Name

-,

P^ramidai

they migrate

they

they

Tlasealteeksf
of

and

"

the

Tradition"

Annals-

of

JLanguage

the

of

they penetrated" into

phere, 173;

man

sereral

and

mado

same

Epocha

had

Hurons

Nicaragua,
that

the

from

they

the

Sculptave

Fourth, x"i""50.

the

Sjpain,83

Country,

Mexico,

81

them'

to

the

Acolhuans,

xiii,

of

Mexico^

at

speaking

the

Aztecks,

their

Arts

of Charles

attribute

ments/

Class

the

of

Fine

Cicimecks^

Aziecks

Director

Manuel),

Sl5

XfV.

AND

226

sented
repre-

xiv, 80,

84.

Tonacajohua,

"e

the

Adtai

of

the

Tonacateucdi,

on

the

Tonalamatt,

Cererof

tile Az"eoks"

xiii, 195

-,

sented
repre-

Hieroglyphic Painting, 226.

Bitual

Tonalpohualli, the

M^xicansi, xiii,220.

Cdendar

Civil

Cateudar

of th"
of

Aitecks,
the

xiii,194.

Mexicans,

xiii,

281.

Tonatiuh,

or

xiv,

the

171.

Sun,

Surname

given

to

Pedro

Alvarado,

3l6

of the

Name

Tooatinhy

San

he

how

il

Ogured

See Yquiza^

Tonatiuh.

Tooatiah-Yztaqoaly

the

among

and

Nfpantla,

Snake,

105

989.

Onagui.

TeocaUis

of the

one

Created

Monuments^

the

on

; be

Aztecks, xiii,85

Piecef

repreaentedcattingin

ii

TO

INDEX

GENERAL

of

Teotihnacan,

xiii

86.

indicate, in JVIexican Hieroglyphics,

ToDgoeip

xiii,140
.

and

Topiltsin,last King
Vase
Top-xioalli,

xir,
Toribio

de

Power,

of the

livingMan,

144.

Toltecks, xiii,138.

containing Incense,

the

among

Mexicans,

47.

Benavente,

learned

Franciscan,

in the

American

Langaages, xiii,278.
his

Torqaemada,

Researches

Mexican

on

Antiqaities,xiii,

277.

Totonaeks,

thej distingoishtwo

Nation,

Mexican

Races

of

Divinities,xiii,220.
Babel,

of

Tower

Azteck

an

Tradition

that

reminds

of it,

os

xiii" 96.
of the

Toxcatl, Name

Serenth

Mexican

Month,

xiii,291.

Festiral of the Mexicans,

Toxiahmolpilia,Secolar

xiii,380"

387.

Tozoztontli,

Name

of the

Fifth

Month

of the

Mexicans,

xiii,

290.

of

Traces

141,
Treasure

found

of Milk

Tributes

of

in

the

Hieroglyphics, xiii,

Chinese
Mexican

Tsin, Dynasty

the

near

South

Nations

Termination
proper

Names,

of, in

China,

Town

of

Tmx-

Sea, xiii,"92.

Mythology, xiv,

Azteck

Mexican

Tomb

of the

Coasts

of the
the

Peruyian

Painting,xiv, 80,
Tsin,

in

352.

illo,on
Tree

they indicate

what

Feet,

32.

represented on

phic
Hierogly-

179.
found

in

great

Number

of

xiv, 223.
its

ruin

coincides

with

the

Periods

of the Toltecks

Arrival

of the

31?

XlV.

AND

XIU

VOLUMES

xiii^

Mexico,

at

170.

Tuinametin,

Race

dwelt

Tula,

Tamali,

in different

found

Origin, xir,

Burial

as

of the

Parts

253.

Places,

World, xiii,101,

are

IDS;

3.

Tungarahaa,
Tanja,

its

Tradition,

to

Tlascala, xiv, 19.

Hills, serving

Artificial

or

xir,

of

in the Plains

Spanish Family,

that, according

of Giants,

of

Mountain

Quito, xiii,120.
founded by Huncahua,

of Cundinamarca,

Town

xiv"

108.

Inca

Yupangi,

Tupac

24B

his

Turkey representedon
Hieroglyphic
of its

Tzapoteca,

or

Dress

the

220,

Tzitzimimes,

conquers

this

Village, xiv, 94.

Painting,xiv, 81"

Mexican

of this

Number,

xir, 307

of

an

of this

Inhabitant

phics
Hierogly-

See

204.
Province, xiii,

Tktonatiuh,

Primitive

the Mexican

Goddess,

Ceres,

xiii,

Anahuac,

xiii,

221.
Evil

Genii, xiii,380.

Inhabitants
Tzociiillixeque,
Giants, original
9(1 J

Quito, xiii,106,

Multiples,ibid.

Tzonchichilteque.
Tzinteol,

Peru,

Palace, 242.

Description of

Turbaco,

Twenty,

of

of

xiv,*19.
,

U.

Ulmbcatl,

third

University founded

Son

of the

at

Mexico"

first

Man,

xiv, 247.

xiii,143.

V.

of Oaxaca

Valley
Vases

of

(Marquis

Granite, from

the

of

Coast

the).
of

See Monte

Leoi^e,

Honduras, xiv,

90,

318

OENBRAL

Vatioan, library

of

INDEX

TO

the, Mexican

Manoscripta

it

Manuscript

there, xiii,

contains,

xiiiylOl.

Veletri, Description of
190,

101,

206

the

Mexican

it has

commented

been

bjr Fabre-

on

ga, 208.

Venus,

the

Planet, represented

Painting, xir,

Mexican

on

174.

Verandrier

discovers,

in

Canada,

pretended

Tartar

tion,
inscrip-

xiii,160.

Vienna,

Destxription of

.Mexican

Manuscript dicre, xiii,

180.

Vijao,

of the

Plant

which

Vinagre,

with

Town

Bananas,
it,70,

xiv, 51,

of

Peru,

its

Mexico
See

103.

all

are

Catapaxi^

ILuins, xiv,

of

Activity, xiii,238

and

of

those

Line,

same

those
those

8.

xiii, 140;

the

on

Hots

52.

TuMgwtakua,

Form

Orizaba.

caiepec,

placed

xiii,70

71.

Hieroglyphic indicating them,

Volcanoes,
of

form

its Cataracts,

ancient

an

of the

Indians

the

River,

Vinaque,

Family

Popo*

Sangmff

that
that

xiv,

stiU

are

in

faDen

are

in,

i"iiL

Votan,

of

Chief

xiii, 173

North,

given

was

Vulture

sent

to

retired, xiv,

of

one

Coxcox

by

whom

people

Tradition

brings

Ghiapad"se

Warrior

their

310^

to

Days,

examine

from

whose'

whether

the

the

Name

waters

had

66.

W,

Water,

of

one

Hieroglypliics the

its

Aquarius, xiii, 337,

is

Warriors,
Week,

Cane,

Mexican,

that

of Seven

xiv,

their

Days

338

with

same

of

another

iU

that

phics
Hierogly-

26.

Dress,
was

xiii,?02.
unknown

to

of

all the

Nations

dM

INDEX

GENERAL

Xinhteoctli, the

of

God

TO

Firo, xiv,

21

Figaro on

his

roglyphic
Hie-

Painting,37.
Xiuhteoctli

Tied,

in the

Xochicalco,
was

of the

one

Signa

artificial Hill

Temple,

112

Days,

109

probably

it

fortified

of

signifiesHouse

its Name

xiii, lOB

Caemavaca,

near

Military Stnictare,

Nine

Serieaof

Calendar, xiii,314.

Mexican

an

of

Flowers,

113.

Xochilhnitl,

Name

of

Month

second

the

of

the

Mexican

Year, xiii,280.
Xochimilcks,

Colhnacan,

Xochiqnetsal,

aided

Wife

the

by

of

Mexican

Water

the

on

of

King

xiii,216.

the

or

into the

hollowed

Tree

Aztecks,

Coxcox,

represented floating
of

the

Nation, vanqaished by

Mexican

Form

of

Noah,

in the

Trunk

Boatj xiv, 23,

64.

Xochitl,

Name

Mexicans,
of

Nine,

Xocotlhuetzi,

18th

the

of

of

Day

xiii, 313

the

Month

the Third

and

the

among

Sign

of

Series

314.

of the

Name

Twelfth

Month

of the

Mexican

Year, xiii,291.
Xorullo,

Volcano

of.

See JoruUo.

Y.

Year,

Civil,

of

the

Resemblance

Mexicans
to

the

its Form,

French

xiii,281

its

Republican Calendar,

286.

Year, Mexican,
Cycle
the

differs from

of

Thirteen

Year, 287,

; how

288

Opinions
387

of the

Years,

Hieroglyphics, 300,
376

that

and

286^

Egyptians, xiii,47
Commencement

the Years
folL

of divers

its first

the

Authors

Day

is

are

of

indicated

Year

was

on

its

always

by
lar,
So-

mencement,
Com-

presided

the

by

over

321

XIV.

ANP

}i\}l

VOLUMES

406.
jjignthat correspond U^ ^^pifi"orp,

See Calendar,
Vef^r of the
127

Miiy"ca9,civil,of twenty Moatb^* ^i^" 110"

Mopths, ibid;
of the Priests, of thirty^"pvwi

of Twf"We Mpoiift, J98-rl"W

Agricqlturri,
of Yeairf, ISO

of the three Sorts

the Civil

Year

Year,

of

"k^"p^iepccrnentof

132.

qf the "Dhabitonts of Nootk",

Months

is

of
"oi^poped

Year, Solar,

Hundred

and

Inquiry whether

its Com-

^8Q.

of Three

Hours

fovrteea

Tweaty P^ysi,xiiii407.

284
.of the Pqr^viafis j its Form, j^iii,
Ye"^r, Civil,

mQqceineot,

Picture

Sixty-fiveDays,

it belongs

Six

to
peculiarly

the

Egyptians,xiv, 224.
See

Ynga-Chungana.

Inga-Ckungana.

Yo, the four. Mountains

China

to the

Yubecayguaya,

which

on

Sacrifices

ofivred in

were

Supreme Being, xiv, 244*

of

Wife

74.
Bochica, xiii,

Z.

Inhabitantsof

Zacatecks,

the Toltecks,

Zaque,

Title

of

Anahuac

before

the Arrival

of

xiii,214.

the

Sovereign of

the

Muyscas, xiv, 108,

109.

of the

Zarina, Queen

Zippa, Title
of

of

of the Ponces

the

Bogota subject to

Zaques

Tunga, xiv, 109.

2iOcam, Name

Zodiac,

Scythians,her Pyramid, xiii,101.

of the Civil Year

the Nations
invented

other

that
two

of the

Muyscas, xiv, 127.

fixed their AUention

Sorts

of

on

Zodmljiione

the Heavens

Lunar,

Solar, xiii,369.

Zodiac, Egyptian, appears

belong

to

to

an

Agricultural

People, xiv, 60.

Zodiac
VOL.

of the Nations
XIV.

the

of Oriental
y

Asia,Analogy

between

32"

INDEX

GENERAL

and

the

Mexican

and

Tiger

Nation,
Zuhe,

Name

of

xiv,

Mexico,
he

hroken,

xiii,

344

the

-,

that

prove,

received

this

Signs
the

from

Zodiac

that

of

Hunting

and

toral
Pas-

49.

xiii,

74.

Franciscan

his

86

first

Monk,
Idols

the

canses

en

he

Bochica,

(Juan),

Zomaraga

XIV.

346.

to

appears

337,

therein,

Asia

Coantiy,

AND

XIII

xiii,

existing

Oriental

soathem

Tartar,

Zodiac,

VOLS.

Calendar,

Ape,
of

Nations

more

TO

of

the

Arrival

Plain

and

Bishop
of

his

Death

Hieroglyphic

Painting,

xiv,

Micoatl

171.

of

to

sented
repre-

323

PLATES

OF

LIST

TO

XIII.

VOLUME

PAGE

PLATE

land

Statue

d.

3.

Natural

4.

of

Bridges

View

of

the

of

Priestess

Azteck

an

43

Icononzo
of

Pyramid

'

Cholula,

near

Mexico

81
.

6.

6.

Azteck

7.

Law-suit

View

in

of

guairazo,
8.

Cascade

9.

Mexican

Hieroglyphics
MS.

hieroglyphical

of

in

in
of

Regla,

Calendar^

the

Vatican

Chimborazo

America

South

near

in

141

Mountains

the

53

and

146

Car230

Mexico

Relief,

Library...

270

on

Basalt

276

3U

OF

LIST

PLATES

TO

VOLUME

XIV.

PLATE

PAGE

10.

JJoUSE of the

11.

to the Azteck My tbpEpocbs of Nature according

15
logy
34
Signsof the Days in the Mexican Almanac
72
Bridgeof Eopes near Penipe

Inca, "t Callo

"

12.
13.

14. Vases

on

the Coast of Honduras...

of JoniHo

16.

Volcano

16.

Lunar Calendar of the Mayscas

11.

MS.
Fragmentsof a I^eroglyphical

1".

Plan

.19. Ruins
."V

of Granite found

20.

101

of the JRuins of Mitla

of Mitla

Viewofthe

....;

Lake

90

ofGuatarita

1 04
at

Dresdep

...144
163
168
208

FINIS.

"
.

f'./

'