QUICK CMM NOTES

HABER:
Reaction conditions:
- Reactants: N2 and H2 kept in 1:3 ratio
- Temperature: 400oC to 500oC
- Pressure: 20-25MPa
- Catalyst: magnetite
- Recycling of unused reactants and constant liquefaction
IONS
Why monitor ions?
- Lead is toxic ingestion from polluted soils
- Lead biologically mimics other metals
- Neurological problems, damage to kidneys, anaemia, etc.
Testing for ions?
- Flame Test:
Platinum wire cleaned and dipped into solution of HCl,
then dipped into salt that will be tested.
Calcium: brick red
Barium: apple green
Copper: blue green
Sodium: yellow
Strontium: Scarlet
-

Precipitation Tests (solubility rules)

All Group I and NH4+ are soluble
All NO3- are soluble

All Cl, Br-, and I- are soluble except Pb2+ and Ag+
All SO42+ are soluble except Pb2+, Ag+, Ca2+, and Ba2+

OH- salts are insoluble except with Group I, NH4+ and

Ba2+
CO32-, O2-, and PO43- are insoluble except group I and
NH4+

Further Tests:
Iron compounds:
o Add NaOH, brown indicates Fe(OH)3 while
green/white means Fe(OH)2
Calcium/Barium:
o Flame test, or add NaF because CaF2 will form
precipitate
Nitrates:

o Add FeSO4, then slowly add H2SO4. A brown ring

should form
Phosphates:
o Add Ba2+ to alkaline solution and a white
precipitate should form

Atomic Absorption Spectroscopy:

- Technique to accurately measure concentration of metal ions
in solution, especially if they are in low concentrations when
gravimetric analysis fail
- Works based on principle that each metallic element absorbs
specific wavelengths of light
- Sample is fed to flames and vaporised, light will pass through
to detector
- Absorption vs concentration graph
- Advantages: very accurate, valid, sensitive, simple, and cheap
to run
- Disadvantages: the identity of the ion must be known, cant
differentiate valencies
- Impact:
Understanding of trace elements like copper, zinc,
cobalt and molybdenum
AAS found out roles and identities of these elements,
etc. health realted
AAS can also find heavy metal concentrations in water
Atmosphere
Troposphere (0-15km): contains 75% of the air
Stratosphere: (15-50): contains ozone layer, with troposphere
they contain 99.9% of gases
Mesosphere (50-85): cold since there is little particles
Thermosphere: 85+ : very high F absorbed resulting in higher
temperatures
Pollutants:
CO2,CO, NOx. SO2, Ozone, and organic. All from burning fuels, etc.
Coordinate covalent bond: Bond in which the bonding pair of
electrons is wholly donated by only one of the bonding atoms.
CFCs and Halons:
CFC: contains carbon, fluorine and chlorine. Developed to
replace NH3 as refrigerant
Halons: contains carbon, bromine and fluorine and maybe
chlorine. Developed for fire extinguishers.
Ozone destruction:
Show chlorine radical breaking off CFC and attacking ozone

Monitoring O3
Spectrophotometers: measures intensity of light from sun at
wavelength that ozone absorbs.
Ground based: points upwards to stratosphere
Satellite based: Total ozone mapping spectrophotometers
Atmosphere based: Helium balloon creates ozone profile as
altitude increases.
Montreal protocol
1970s realised depletion in ozone layer
Worldwide determination to eradicate threat to ozone
o Phasing out CFCs, and developing HFCs and
HCFCs
HCFCs contains H, C, Cl, and F
H means it is more unstable removed from troposphere
before reaching ozone in stratosphere
HFCs contain H, F, and C atoms cannot form bromine or
chlorine radicals but these are greenhouse gases
WATER

Turbidity: amount of suspended solids, transparency of water

- Ideal drinking water <1 NTU
Dissolved oxygen. To improve, increase surface area or agitate
the water
o Healthy = 6-8 ppm
o Moderately polluted = 4-6ppm
o Severely polluted = 2-4 ppm
o Dead = <1
BOD: amount of DO needed by organic matter in water
sample.
BOD5 = DO0 DO5
5 days is for enough for organic matter to decompose
o Unpolluted water: 1-3 ppm
o Polluted water: >5 ppm
o Domestic, untreated sewerage: 350ppm
Hardness: contains Ca2+ and Mg2+ ions