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ABSTRACT
The soil-structure-interaction of retaining structures is complex and dependent on many factors. In particular excavations in soft soils
and urban environments with adjacent buildings are always subjected to deformations which are not fully avoidable. Therefore,
numerical analyses can be a powerful tool for predicting the stress path and time dependent deformation behavior of retaining
structures in soft soils. But the quality of these numerical predictions is directly related to the used constitutive soil models, the
estimation of their material parameters and a realistic simulation of the soil-structure-interaction. The fact that Class-A predictions of
the deformation behavior of retaining structures in soft soils tend to be rare highlights the current limitations of numerical analysis.
Therefore, the observational method has still to be carried out as superior controlling tool for the construction of retaining structures in
soft soils.
This contribution stresses the importance of the observational method based on a case history of an 8m deep excavation. The
excavation is located in the City Constance in southern Germany and was successfully constructed in deep soft lacustrine clay deposits
in 2008. The monitoring program is described in detail with its instrumentation consisting of vertical inclinometers, geodetic
deformation points, pore pressure and strain transducers. Furthermore, the concept of the observational method is explained by means
of limiting values of threshold for deformations and forces depending on the construction process.
Additionally, the evaluation of an a priori numerical analysis which was used for the determination of the threshold values is presented
together with the measurement results and a numerical back analysis. The limitations of numerical analysis of retaining structures are
shown based on the presented case history and successful application of the observational method. As a result recommendations are
presented for numerical simulations of the soil-structure-interaction of excavations in soft soils.
INTRODUCTION
The prediction of deformations from excavations in soft soils
is generally performed using the finite element method (FEM)
in combination with the application of advanced constitutive
soil models. The fact that a reliable estimation of deformations
in advance of the project is generally difficult due to the
variety of factors on soil-structure-interaction can be judged
by the rare number of Class-A predictions published in
literature. The FEM is rather applied for retaining structures in
soft soils for more than three decades in conjunction with the
observational method.
The a priori numerical analysis can be used to establish the
design based on a working hypothesis of behavior anticipated
under most probable conditions. In that case should the
numerical calculation lead with suitable variations of material
OBSERVATIONAL METHOD
The observational method is a combination of common
geotechnical investigations and predictions with continuous
measurements of the soil-structure-interaction during
construction and, if necessary during its use.
In general the observational method has to be adopted in cases
where it is not possible to predict the soil-structure-interaction
based solely on previous ground investigations and
geotechnical predictions. In particular, this includes a large
range of geotechnical constructions which can be specified
according to the national German standard (EN 1997-1):
e)
NUMERICAL ANALYSES
Numerical methods enable the analysis of complex
geotechnical problems with an emphasis on the soil-structureinteraction whereas conventional geotechnical methods, e.g.
limit equilibrium, stress fields, empirical methods, are not
sufficient anymore. In general, numerical methods can be
suitable for the geotechnical analysis of:
Fill material
Basin sand
Upper lacustrine clay
Lower lacustrine clay
Transition layer
Ground moraine
b) Stiffness parameters
Soil layer
kx =ky
[kN/m]
[kN/m]
[m/d]
21.0
19.0
19.0
19.0
20.0
22.0
21.0
20.0
19.0
19.0
20.0
22.0
0.086
1.730
8.64E-4
8.64E-4
8.60E-4
8.60E-4
ref
E 50
ref
Eoed
E ref
ur
do.
do.
[MN/m]
Fill material
6.0
Basin sand
8.0
Upper lacustrine clay
5.9
Lower lacustrine clay
6.0
Transition layer
8.0
Ground moraine
40.0
c) Shear strength parameters
Soil layer
c
unsat
Fill material
Basin sand
Upper lacustrine clay
Lower lacustrine clay
Transition layer
Ground moraine
pref ur
6.0 24.0
8.0 32.0
4.5 19.0
5.5 24.0
8.0 32.0
40.0 160.0
do.
[-]
[-]
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.2
0.2
0.2
0.2
0.2
0.2
0.70
0.50
0.90
0.90
0.50
0.80
Rf
[kN/m]
[]
[]
[-]
0.01
0.01
13.5
0.01
0.01
0.01
30.0
27.5
26.0
24.0
25.0
30.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.90
0.90
0.90
0.90
0.90
0.90
EA
EI
6.11E06 2.32E05
7.04E05
2.22E05
2.30
-
0.3
-
kx = ky
kN/m
m/d
Eref
MN/m
0.20 2.5E04
as soil
0.20 1.3E04
Observational Method
The monitoring program of the observational method
contained deformation measurements of the surrounding
Fill material
Basin sand
Upper lacustrine clay
Lower lacustrine clay
Transition layer
Ground moraine
0,7
MN/m
50,0
60,0
31,0
44,0
60,0
150,0
3,1E-04
2,4E-04
3,0E-04
2,0E-04
2,4E-04
1,0E-04
SPZ
Modifications had to be made for the material parameters of
the soft lacustrine clay layers and the FE model geometry
based on the a priori numerical analysis described before. The
construction phases were not changed.
G0ref
B
D
E
F
E50ref in
Eurref in
G0ref in
0,7
MN/m
MN/m
MN/m
17,50
14,40
13,00
22,30
87,50
76,35
69,10
118,15
87,50
76,35
69,10
118,15
1,7E-04
1,9E-04
2,1E-04
1,2E-04
CONCLUSIONS
Fig. 14. Settlements in MQ 2.
The observed time dependent development of excess pore
pressures is shown in Fig. 15. The numerical simulation
describes the reduction of negative excess pore pressure due to
the excavation in a very good agreement with the
measurement results. The negative excess pore pressure
dissipated within 3 months.
REFERENCES
Becker, P. [2009]. Zeit- und spannungspfadabhngiges
Verformungsverhalten bei Baugruben in weichen Bden,
Schriftenreihe Geotechnik, Universitt Kassel, Heft 14.
Becker, P., Gebreselassie, B. and Kempfert, H.-G. [2008].
Back analysis of a deep excavation in soft lacustrine clays,
Proc. 6th Intern. Conf. on Case Histories in Geo. Engrg.
Arlington, Virginia, USA 2008, Paper 5.17.
Benz, T. [2007]. Small strain stiffness of soils and its
numerical consequences, Univ. Stuttgart, Mitteilung des Inst.
f. Geotechnik, Heft 55.
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