488

Solutions Manual Fluid Mechanics, Seventh Edition

6.78 In Fig. P6.78 the connecting pipe is

commercial steel 6 cm in diameter. Estimate
the flow rate, in m3/h, if the fluid is water
at 20C. Which way is the flow?
Solution: For water, take = 998 kg/m3
and = 0.001 kg/ms. For commercial
steel, take 0.046 mm, hence /d =
0.046/60 0.000767. With p1, V1, and V2
all 0, the energy equation between
surfaces (1) and (2) yields

0 + 0 + z1

Fig. P6.78

p2
200000
+ 0 + z 2 + h f , or h f = 15
5.43 m (flow to left)
g
998(9.81)

Guess turbulent flow: h f = f

L V2
50 V2
=f
= 5.43, or: fV 2 0.1278
d 2g
0.06 2(9.81)
1/2

m
" 0.1278 #
= 0.00767, guess ffully rough 0.0184, V %
2.64 , Re = 158000
&
' 0.0184 (
d
s
m
fbetter 0.0204, Vbetter = 2.50 , Re better 149700, f3rd iteration 0.0205 (converged)
s

The iteration converges to

f 0.0205, V 2.49 m/s, Q = (/4)(0.06)2(2.49) = 0.00705 m3/s = 25 m3/h Ans.

6.79 A garden hose is used as the return line in a waterfall display at the mall. In order
to select the proper pump, you need to know the hose wall roughness, which is not
supplied by the manufacturer. You devise a simple experiment: attach the hose to the
drain of an above-ground pool whose surface is 3 m above the hose outlet. You estimate
the minor loss coefficient in the entrance region as 0.5, and the drain valve has a minorloss equivalent length of 200 diameters when fully open. Using a bucket and stopwatch,
you open the valve and measure a flow rate of 2.0E4 m3/s for a hose of inside diameter
1.5 cm and length 10 m. Estimate the roughness height of the hose inside surface.
Solution: First evaluate the average velocity in the hose and its Reynolds number:

V=

Q
2.0 E4
m
Vd 998(1.13)(0.015)
=
= 1.13 , Red =
=
= 16940 (turbulent )
A ( /4)(0.015)2
s

0.001

Chapter 6 Viscous Flow in Ducts

499

P6.94
Air at 20C flows through a smooth duct of diameter 20 cm at an average
velocity of 5 m/s. It then flows into a smooth square duct of side length a. Find the
square duct size a for which the pressure drop per meter will be exactly the same as the
circular duct?
Solution: For air at 20C and 1 atm, take = 1.20 kg/m3 and = 1.8E-5 kg/m-s.
Compute the pressure drop in the circular duct:

Re D =

VD (1.2)(5)(0.2)
=
= 66, 700 ; f smooth = 0.0196

1.8E 5

p = f

1 m 1.2kg / m3
L 2
m
Pa
V = (0.0196)(
)(
)(5 )2 = 1.47
D2
0.2 m
2
s
m

The square duct will have slightly different size, Reynolds number, and velocity:

Dh =

Vsquare a
(1.2)Vs a
4a 2
= a ; Re Dh =
=
4a

1.8E 5

m3
= Vs a 2
4
4
s
Thus everything can be written in terms of the square duct size a:
But Q =

Re Dh

D 2V =

(0.2) 2 (5) = 0.157

1.2(0.157 / a 2 ) a 10470
1 m 1.2 0.157 2
Pa
L 2
=
=
; p = 1.47
= f
Vs = f
( )( 2 )
1.8 E 5
a
m
Dh 2
a 2
a

or : 1.47 =

0.0147 f
a

or : f = 99.5 a5

Guess f equal to, say, 0.02, find the improved Reynolds number and f, finally find a:
Vs = 4.70 m/s ; ReDh = 57,350 ; f = 0.0203 ; a = 0.183 m
Ans.
_______________________________________________________________________

514

Solutions Manual Fluid Mechanics, Seventh Edition

6.109 In Fig. P6.109 there are 125 ft of

2-in pipe, 75 ft of 6-in pipe, and 150 ft of
3-in pipe, all cast iron. There are three
90 elbows and an open globe valve, all
flanged. If the exit elevation is zero, what
horsepower is extracted by the turbine
when the flow rate is 0.16 ft3/s of water at
20C?
Fig. P6.109

Solution: For water at 20C, take = 1.94 slug/ft3 and = 2.09E5 slug/fts. For cast
iron, 0.00085 ft. The 2+, 6+, and 3+ pipes have, respectively,
(a) L/d = 750, /d = 0.0051; (b) L/d = 150, /d = 0.0017;
(c) L/d = 600, /d = 0.0034
The flow rate is known, so each velocity, Reynolds number, and f can be calculated:

Va =

0.16
ft
1.94(7.33)(2/12)
= 7.33 ; Rea =
= 113500, fa 0.0314
2
s
2.09E5
(2/12) /4

Also, Vb = 0.82 ft/s, Re b = 37800, fc 0.0266; Vc = 3.26, Rec = 75600, fc 0.0287

Finally, the minor loss coefficients may be tabulated:
sharp 2+ entrance: K = 0.5; three 2+ 90 elbows: K = 3(0.95)
2+ sudden expansion: K 0.79; 3+ open globe valve: K 6.3
The turbine head equals the elevation difference minus losses and the exit velocity head:

h t = z h f h m Vc2 /(2g)
(7.33)2
= 100
[0.0314(750) + 0.5 + 3(0.95) + 0.79]
2(32.2)
(0.82)2
(3.26)2

(0.0266)(150)
[0.0287(600) + 6.3 + 1] 72.8 ft
2(32.2)
2(32.2)
The resulting turbine power = gQht = (62.4)(0.16)(72.8) 550 1.32 hp. Ans.

Chapter 7

569

Flow Past Immersed Bodies

7.9
Repeat the flat-plate momentum analysis of Sec. 7.2 by replacing Eq. (7.6) with
the simple but unrealistic linear velocity profile suggested by Schlichting [1]:
u
y
for 0 y
U
Compute momentum-integral estimates of c f , /x, */x, and H.
Solution: Carry out the same integrations as Section 7.2. Results are less accurate:

u
u
(1
) dy
U
U
0
U
w

U2

(1

) dy

d
dx

U2

(1
0

d ( / 6)
; Integrate :
dx
x

u
) dy
U

;H

12

3.64

Re x

Re x

/2
/6

3.0

Substitute these results back for the following inaccurate estimates:

cf

0.577
x

Re x

*
x

1.732
Re x

3.0

Ans.(a, b, c, d )

P7.10 Repeat Prob. 7.9, using the polynomial profile suggested by K. Pohlhausen in
1921:
u
U

y3

y4

Does this profile satisfy the boundary conditions of laminar flat-plate flow?

Solution: Pohlhausens quadratic profile satisfies no-slip at the wall, a smooth merge
with u
U as y
, and, further, the boundary-layer curvature condition at the wall.
From Eq. (7.19b),
u
u
x

u
v
y

u
y2

0, or:
wall

u
y2

wall

0 for flat-plate flow

p
x

580

Solutions Manual

Fluid Mechanics, Fifth Edition

P7.26 Consider laminar flow past the square-plate arrangements in the figure below.
Compared to the drag of a single plate (1), how much larger is the drag of four plates
together as in configurations (a) and (b)? Explain your results.

Fig. P7.26 (a)

Fig. P7.26 (b)

Solution: The laminar formula C D

(a) Fa
(b) Fb

const
2 L1

const
4 L1

1.328/Re L 1/2 means that C D

(4 A1 )

8 F1

(4 A1 ) 2.0F1

2.83F1

L 1/2. Thus:

Ans. (a)

Ans. (b)

The plates near the trailing edge have less drag because their boundary layers are
thicker and their wall shear stresses are less. These configurations do not quadruple
the drag.

7.27
Air at 20 C and 1 atm flows at 3 m/s past a sharp flat plate 2 m wide and 1 m long.
(a) What is the wall shear stress at the end of the plate? (b) What is the air velocity at a point
4.5 mm normal to the end of the plate? (c) What is the total friction drag on the plate?

Solution: For at 20 C and 1 atm, take = 1.2 kg/m3 and = 1.8E-5 kg/m-s. Check the
Reynolds number to see if the flow is laminar or turbulent:
Re L

UL

(1.2)(3.0)(1.0)
1.8E 5

200, 000

We can proceed with our laminar-flow formulas:

Laminar

586

Solutions Manual

Substitute (x) into

w:

2(0.0225)
(0.37)1/4 Ux

Cf
1

Finally, CD

Cf d
0

Fluid Mechanics, Fifth Edition

x
L

1/5

5
Cf (at x
4

0.0577
Re1/5
x

, or C f

L)

0.072
Re1/5
L

Ans. (b)

Ans. (c)

7.34
Consider turbulent flow past a flat plate of width b and length L. What
percentage of the friction drag on the plate is carried by the rear half of the plate?
Solution: The formula for turbulent boundary drag on a plate is Eq. (7.45):

CD

2 D( x)
2

U bx

0.031
Re1/x 7

1/ 7

0.031

1/ 7

( Ux)

, or :

D ( x)

(const ) x6 / 7

At x = L, we obtain a force equal to (const) L6/7. At x = L/2, we obtain a force equal to

(const) L6/7/26/7 = (const)(0.552) L6/7, which is 55.2% of the total force. Thus the force
on the trailing half of the plate is only (100 55.2) = 44.8% of the total force on the
plate. Unlike laminar flow (29.3%), this is nearly half of the total, since turbulent shear
drops off much slower with x.

P7.35 Repeat Problem 7.26 for turbulent flow. Explain your results.
Solution: The turbulent formula C D
(a) Fa
(b) Fb

const

(2 L1 )1/7
const
(4 L1 )1/7

0.031/Re1/7
L means that C D
(4 A1 )

3.62F1

Ans. (a)

(4 A1 )

3.28F1

Ans. (b)

L 1/7. Thus:

The trailing areas have slightly less shear stress, hence we are nearly quadrupling drag.

P7.53 From Table 7.2, the drag coefficient of a wide plate normal to a stream is
approximately 2.0. Let the stream conditions be U and p . If the average pressure on the
front of the plate is approximately equal to the free-stream stagnation pressure, what is the
average pressure on the rear?

Fig. P7.53

Solution: If the drag coefficient is 2.0, then our approximation is

Fdrag

2.0

U 2 A plate (pstag

Since, from Bernoulli, pstag

p rear )A plate , or: p rear

2

U 2 , we obtain prear

pstag

U2

U2

Ans.

P7.54

If a missile takes off vertically from sea level and leaves the atmosphere, it
has zero drag when it starts and zero drag when it finishes. It follows that the drag must
be a maximum somewhere in between. To simplify the analysis, assume a constant drag
coefficient, C D , and a constant vertical acceleration, a. Let the density variation be
modeled by the troposphere relation, Eq. (2.20). Find an expression for the altitude z*
where the drag is a maximum. Comment on your result.

Solution: For constant acceleration and C D , the drag follows simple formulas:
1 2
at , V 2
a2t 2
2a z
2
2
where A is the missile reference area and z is the altitude. The density is given by Eq.
(2.20):

F = Drag

(1
o

CD

V2 A , V

Bz n
) ,
To

at , z

where n

g
RB

4.26

P7.71
The 2009 Ford Escape Hybrid has an empty weight of 3669 lbf, a drag-area
C D A = 11.6 ft2 [21], and a rolling resistance coefficient RRC (without brakes) of 0.88 lbf
per mi/h of speed. Estimate the maximum velocity this vehicle can attain when rolling
freely, at sea-level conditions, down a 5-degree slope.
Solution: For sea-level air, take = 0.00238 slug/ft3. Convert the RRC to English units:
0.88 lbf/(mi/h) = 0.70 lbf/(ft/s). At maximum (terminal) velocity, the rolling resistance
and the air drag balance the vehicle weight component along the 5 slope:

W sin

( RRC ) V

(CD A)

V 2 , or :

3
lbf
2 0.00238 slug / ft
(3669 lbf ) sin(5 )
(0.70
)V
(11.6 ft ) (
)V2
2
ft / s
129 ft / s
88 mi / h
Solve for
V
Ans.
o

At this (surprisingly high) terminal speed, the drag force is still double the rolling resistance.

P7.72 A settling tank for a municipal water supply is 2.5 m deep, and 20 C water
flows through continuously at 35 cm/s. Estimate the minimum length of the tank which
will ensure that all sediment (SG 2.55) will fall to the bottom for particle diameters
greater than (a) 1 mm and (b) 100 m.

Fig. P7.72

Solution: For water at 20 C, take

998 kg/m3 and
0.001 kg/m s. The particles
travel with the stream flow U 35 cm/s (no horizontal drag) and fall at speed V f with
drag equal to their net weight in water:
Wnet

(SG 1)

wg

(a) D 1 mm: Vf2

140, Vf

Vf2

4(SG 1)gD
3CD

D2 , or: Vf2

Uh/V f where h

2.5 m.

4(2.55 1)(9.81)(0.001)
, iterate Fig. 7.16b to CD
3CD

0.14 m/s, hence L

(b) D 100 m: Vf2

Re D

Drag CD

fcn(Re D ) from Fig. 7.16b. Then L

where C D

Re D

D3

Uh/Vf

(0.35)(2.5)
0.14

6.3 m

1.0,

Ans. (a)

4(2.55 1)(9.81)(0.0001)
, iterate Fig. 7.16b to CD
3CD

0.75, Vf

0.35(2.5)
0.0075

0.0075 m/s, L

120 m

36,

Ans. (b)

P7.73 A balloon is 4 m in diameter and contains helium at 125 kPa and 15 C. Balloon
material and payload weigh 200 N, not including the helium. Estimate (a) the terminal
ascent velocity in sea-level standard air; (b) the final standard altitude (neglecting winds)
at which the balloon will come to rest; and (c) the minimum diameter (<4 m) for which
the balloon will just barely begin to rise in sea-level air.
Solution: For sea-level air, take
1.225 kg/m3 and
1.78E 5 kg/m s. For helium
R 2077 J/kg K. Sea-level air pressure is 101350 Pa. For upward motion V,
Net buoyancy
or:

1.225

weight drag, or: (

125000
(9.81) (4)3
2077(288)
6

Guess turbulent flow: C D

Check Re D

air

He ) g

200 CD

D3 W CD V 2 D 2
6
2
4
1.225 2
V
(4)2
2
4

0.2: Solve for V

9.33 m/s

Ans. (a)

2.6E6: OK, turbulent flow.

(b) If the balloon comes to rest, buoyancy will equal weight, with no drag:

612

Solutions Manual
air

Fluid Mechanics, Fifth Edition

125000
(9.81) (4)3
2077(288)
6

200,

kg
, ZTable A6 4000 m Ans. (b)
m3
(c) If it just begins to rise at sea-level, buoyancy will be slightly greater than weight:
Solve:

1.225

air

0.817

125000
(9.81) D3
2077(288)
6

200, or: D > 3.37 m

Ans. (c)

P7.74 It is difficult to define the frontal area of a motorcycle due to its complex
shape. One then measures the drag-area, that is, C D A, in area units. Hoerner [12] reports
the drag-area of a typical motorcycle, including the (upright) driver, as about 5.5 ft2.
Rolling friction is typically about 0.7 lbf per mi/h of speed. If that is the case, estimate the
maximum sea-level speed (in mi/h) of the new Harley-Davidson V-Rod cycle, whose
liquid-cooled engine produces 115 hp.

Solution: For sea-level air, take

0.00237 slug/ft3. Convert 0.7 lbf per mi/h rolling
friction to 0.477 lbf per ft/s of speed. Then the power relationship for the cycle is
Power

or: 115*550

ft-lbf
s

( Fdr

Froll )V

(5.5 ft 2 )

CD A

V 2 CrollV V ,

0.00237 slug/ft 3 2
V
2

Solve this cubic equation, by iteration or EES, to find V max

P7.75 The helium-filled balloon in

Fig. P7.75 is tethered at 20 C and 1 atm
with a string of negligible weight and drag.
The diameter is 50 cm, and the balloon
material weighs 0.2 N, not including the
helium. The helium pressure is 120 kPa.
Estimate the tilt angle if the airstream
velocity U is (a) 5 m/s or (b) 20 m/s.

0.477
192 ft/s

lbf
V V
ft/s

131 mi/h. Ans.

Fig. P7.75

Solution: For air at 20 C and 1 atm, take

helium, R 2077 J/kg K. The helium density

1.2 kg/m3 and

1.8E 5 kg/m s. For
(120000)/[2077(293)] 0.197 kg/m3.

The balloon net buoyancy is independent of the flow velocity:

Bnet

He ) g

air

D3

(1.2 0.197)(9.81) (0.5)3

6

0.644 N

The net upward force is thus F z (B net W) 0.644 0.2 0.444 N. The balloon drag
does depend upon velocity. At 5 m/s, we expect laminar flow:
(a) U

Drag CD
Then

U2
tan

(b) At 20 m/s, Re
Drag

1.2(5)(0.5)
167000; Table 7.3: CD
1.8E 5

m
: Re D
s

0.2

4
1

D2

1.2
(5)2 (0.5)2
2
4

0.47

Drag
Fz

tan

1.384
0.444

1.384 N
Ans. (a)

72

667000 (turbulent), Table 7.3: C D

1.2
(20)2 (0.5)2
2
4

9.43 N,

0.47

tan

0.2:
1

9.43
0.444

87

Ans. (b)

These angles are too steepthe balloon needs more buoyancy and/or less drag.

P7.76
The 2005 movie The Worlds Fastest Indian tells the story of Burt Munro, a
New Zealander who, in 1937, set a motorcycle record of 201 mi/h on the Bonneville Salt
Flats. Using the data of Prob. P7.74, (a) estimate the horsepower needed to drive this
fast. (b) What horsepower would have gotten Burt up to 250 mi/h?
Solution: Prob. P7.74 suggests C D A = 5.5 ft2 and F rolling = 0.7 lbf per mi/h of speed.
Convert 201 mi/hr to 295 ft/s. Bonneville is at 4300 ft altitude, so take = 1.0784 kg/m3
= 0.00209 slug/ft3 from Table A.6. Now compute the total resistance force:

Fdrag

Frolling

V2

0.7 Vmi / h

0.00209slug / ft 3
)(295 ft / s) 2 0.7(201) 500 141
2
FV
(641lbf )(295 ft / s ) 189,000 ft lbf / s 550

(5.5 ft 2 )(
Power

(C D A)

641lbf

343 hp Ans.(a)