Professional Documents
Culture Documents
B00230817
Design Analysis 1
Assignment
Bob Bailey
Aim
The aim of this assignment is to produce a design of a structure. The entire
structure is required to have a factor of safety of 3.0. In addition to this, unknown
dimensions are asked to be calculated so that the structure meets the given
conditions.
Calculations supporting the design theory, plus a narrative description of this,
will be included in this report.
Introduction
The purpose of this assignment is, ultimately, to assess how the tensile yield
strength and the load, can affect the design of a structure i.e. How it affects the
size of bolt used, the thickness of materials etc.
Tensile yield strength varies between materials . It is a measure of
the force required to pull a structural beam to the point where it breaks. The
tensile strength of a particular material is the maximum load of stress that it can
take before failure (breaks).
In addition to this, the yield strength is the stress a material can with stand
without permanent deformation. It will cause a permanent deformation of 0.2%
of the original dimension.
Furthermore, the factor of safety is the ratio of the maximum breaking stress
that a structural part can withstand to the estimated maximum stress in ordinary
use.
Finally, the impact of the tensile yield strength and the factor of safety on a
design structure, as well as the different types of stresses (bearing and shear)
are the main principles explored in this assignment.
Calculations
The Question, included in the assignment, is as follows:
A 6m long beam with simply supported ends is required to support a moving point
load of 15 tonnes. The section for the beam is shown in Figure 1 and is
manufactured from mild steel having a tensile yield strength of 425MN/m2. The
beam support arrangement is shown in Figure 2. A side plate is bolted to each
side of the beam by two bolts of diameter D 1. The bolts have a tensile yield
strength of 375MN/m2 and the plates a tensile yield strength of 215MN/m2. The
side plates in turn are supported in a cradle as shown via a hinge pin having a
diameter D2 having a tensile yield strength of 275 MN/m2. The entire structure is
required to have a factor of safety of 3.0.
The design produced should meet the specification given:
Bolt Size D1
Side Plate thickness T2 and width W2
MY
I
2
D
4
F
A
2W
W/20
Datum
Shape 1.
Area =
wx
w
20
w2
20
( 12 x W20 )
y = 2W
2
W 79W
x
20
40
Ay =
2W W
1
40
79 W
40
80W W
40
40
79 W
40
Shape 2 and 3.
Area =
Ay =
A =
Ay =
1 2W W
1 40W W
2 1
20 2 20
20
y=
Y=
2W W W
x
1
20 20
) (
40 W W W 39W W 39W 2
x =
x =
20
20 20
20
20
400
1 39W
x
2
20
39 W
40
39 W 2 39 W 1521 W 3
x
=
400
40
16000
W 2 39W 2 39 W 2
+
+
20
400
400
20 W 2 39W 2 39W 2 98 W 2
+
+
=
400
400
400
400
Ay
=
A
2311 W
8000
98W 2
400
2311 W
1960
=
=
1960
40
1960
1960
1960
49
H=
For shape 1
79 W 2311 W 3871W 2311 W 1560 W 39 W
=
=
40
1960
1960
1960
1960
49
H=
A( y )
( 2 )
1
b d 3 +
12
I
( xx + A h2)
Ixx =
[(
1
w
xW x
12
20
[(
W
W
W 39 W
x
+
x
12 8000
20 2401
( )) (
3
)(
+ Wx
W 39W
x
20
49
) )] [(
)] [(
+2
[(
)] [(
[ ( 0.031685 W 4 ) ] +2
[ ( 0.031685 W 4 ) ] +2 [ ( 0.034956 W 4 ) ]
+2
1 W
W
x x 2W
12 20
20
W
40 W W
x
240
20
20
)) ( (
)) ( (
+
[(
)(
59319 W
3900 W
+
1920000
960400
)]
w
W
10 W
x 2W
x
20
20
49
)(
w
40 W W
10 W
x
x
20
20
20
49
W 4 1521W 4
W 393 W 3
w 39 W 10 2 W 2
+
+2
x
+
x
x
96000
48020
240 8000
20
20
2401
)(
)(
)]
) )]
2
) )]
2
[ ( 0.031685 W 4 ) ] +[ ( 0.069912 W 4 ) ]
0.101597 W
L L
F
2 2
o
o
F F
2 2
o
o
F F
2
2
F L FL
x =
2 2 4
FL
4
o
o
From the bending moment diagram, the bending moment acting on this structure
Force x Length
4
is equal to
So,
F x L 147150 x 6
=
=
4
4
The equation
MY
I
220725 Nm
425
=
3
141.67 N/mm2 ;
MY
=
I
141.67
2311
1960
0.101597W 3
220725 x 10 3 x
2311
1960
0.101597 x 141.67
3
220725 x 10 x
W 3=18081590.18
W
3 18081590.18
W = 262.47 mm
Hence,
2311
W
1960
0.101597 W 4
220725 x 10 3 x
141.67
H = 2W = 2 x 262.47 = 524.94 mm
T = W/20 = 262.47/20 = 13.1235 mm
= 0.7 x
F
4A
425
3
= 99.167 N/mm2
4 x D2
4
F
D2
Because 4 bolts so 4 x area
99.167=
147150
D2
147150
x 99. 167
D 2=
= 472.33
D= 472.33=21.73 mm
= 0.7 x
F
4A
50.167=
D 2=
215
3
= 50.167 N/mm2
4 x D2
4
147150
2
D
147150
x 50. 167
= 933.67
D= 933.67=30.56 mm
F
2
D
= 0.5 x
F
4A
425
3
= 70.83 N/mm2
F
2
4x D
4
F
D2
70.83=
147150
2
D
147150
x 70.83
D =
= 661.29
D= 661.29=25.72mm
Diameter D1 is taken as 30.56 because it is the largest diameter that satisfies
the max diameter of all the 3 stresses acting on the bolt. Since you cant get/buy
a bolt size of 30.56 mm, the bolt size is therefore taken as 32 mm
Thickness T2.
F
4( D1 x T 2)
on 4 bolts
T2
147150
4(32 x T 2)
147150
4 x 32 x 50.167
= 22.92 mm
Width W2.
= Side plate bearing stress = 50.167 N/mm 2
2 side plates = F
so, 2xD1
W2
F
2 ( W 22 D 1 ) x T 2
2 bolts on 1 side plate
2 (W 22 D 1 ) T 2
( W 22 D1 ) T 2
W 22 D1
W 22 D1
W2
W2
W2
F
x2
F
x 2x T 2
F
x 2x T 2
F
x 2x T 2
147150
50.167 x 2 x 22.92
= 63.988 + 64
W 2 = 127.99 mm
Diameter D2.
2D1
2 x 32
Where A = 2A because the hinge pin goes through 2 holes,
one at each side of the cradle. So, A =
2x
2
D
4
2
D
2
F
A
2
D
2
45.835 =
147150
2
D
2
147150
x 45.835
2
= 2043.822
2043.822 = 45.21 mm
D=
Thickness T3.
= 64.167 N/mm2
F
2( D1 x T 3)
T3
147150
2 x 46 x 64.167
= 24.93 mm
Width W3.
= 64.167 N/mm2
F
F /2 for one side of cradle
2 ( W 3 D2 ) x T 3
W3
Cross Sectional Area + diameter of bolts = W3
W3
W3
F
x 2x T 3
147150
64.167 x 2 x 31.89
+ D2
+ 46
W 3 = 35.955 + 46
W 3 = 81.96 mm
For W3 and T3, assume the tensile strength of the cradle is the same as the
hinge pin. This is because the tensile strength for the cradle is not given. Also,
the hinge pin goes through the cradle, so the diameter used satisfies the above
equations.
Discussion
To check that the method for determining Y and I xx are correct; Random values
that still meet the specification are used. Where, the height = 2 x W, and
Thickness = W/20.
100
200
20
Datum
When W = 100, H = 200 and T = 20;
Shape
1
2
3
Y=
Ay
A
Area
200 x 20 = 2000
180 x 20 = 3600
3600
9200
102800
=
9200
Y
190
90
90
370
AY
2000 x 190 = 380000
3600 x 90 = 324000
324000
1028000
112
I
( xx + A h2)
Ixx=
35159466.67, this value is in terms of the height (because it acts around the
x-axis).
35159466.67
2
= 1.7x107
Please
turn over
Design
With support from the calculations above, an illustration of the proposed design
is as follows:
H
T
Where,
T = 13.13 mm
524.94 mm
W = 262.50 mm
H=
W2
D1
D2
W3
Where,
W2 = 127.99 mm
46.00 mm
W3 = 81.96 mm
D1 = 32.00 mm
D2 =
Where,
T2
T2 = 22.92 mm
T3 = 24.93 mm
T3
Conclusion
To conclude this assignment, from the calculations, the structure does indeed
have a factor of safety of 3.0 and it does meet the specifications of the structure
with the given dimensions. This design is successful and fulfilling to the original
aim.
Furthermore, the factor of safety is really important when building a structure,
and is very much dependant on the material strength and stresses that act upon
it. E.g. When constructing a plane, the margin of safety for an aeroplanes wings
is 1.5.
This means that the plane wings can take up to 0.5 times more than the design
load. This may not sound so safe compared to the structure of a wardrobe which
may have a factor of safety of 5. Theoretically, the factor of safety being 1 is
generally sufficient. For an aeroplane, the factor of safety may be low for the
following reasons.
Firstly, the design is sufficient in the eyes of the manufacture and in reality
this margin is fine.
And the second reason could be to keep manufacturing costs down.
The smaller the factor of safety, the more likely the cost is lower.