qarTveluri leqsikis istoriidan

iza CantlaZe

qarTveluri leqsikis
istoriidan
I

iza CantlaZe

iza CantlaZe _ filologiis mecnierebaTa doqtori, Tbilisis ilia WavWavaZis saxelobis saxelmwifo universitetis sapatio profesori,
ivane javaxiSvilis saxelobis Tbilisis saxelmwifo universitetTan arsebuli arnold Ciqobavas enaTmecnierebis institutis mTavari
mecnieri TanamSromeli, baTumis SoTa rusTavelis saxelobis saxelmwifo universitetisa
da axalcixis saxelmwifo saswavlo universitetis profesori, samagistro da sadoqtoro
programebis xelmZRvaneli.
1957 wels medalze daamTavra Tbilisis
113-e saSualo skola da imave wels Cairicxa
Tbilisis saxelmwifo universitetis filologiis fakultetis kavkasiur enaTa ganyofilebaze, romlis warCinebiT damTavrebis Semdeg iyo saqarTvelos mecnierebaTa akademiis
enaTmecnierebis institutis aspiranti (xelmZRvaneli akad. arnold Ciqobava). igi aqve
Camoyalibda warmatebul qarTvelologad
(1969 wels daicva sakandidato, xolo 1990
wels sadoqtoro disertaciebi).
iza CantlaZe aris araerTi monografiisa
(erT-erTi maTgani germanulad gamoqveynda qalaq ienaSi prof. hainc fenrixTan TanaavtorobiT) da 200-mde samecniero gamokvlevis avtori. igi dRemde sistematurad monawileobs sauniversiteto, respublikuri Tu saerTaSoriso konferenciebis muSaobaSi rogorc CvenSi, ise sazRvargareT.
gansakuTrebiT aRsaniSnavia misi Rvawli varlam Tofuriasa da maqsime qaldanis `svanur leqsikonze~ momuSave samecniero
jgufis xelmZRvanelobisa da qarTvelologiis samagido wignis
_ varlam Tofurias `svanuri enis saxelmZRvanelos~ daumTavrebeli xelnaweris sastambod momzadebis saqmeSi, agreTve, samkvidrodan gamodevnili kodoreli mosaxleobis metyvelebis
detaluri Seswavlis mxriv (ix. disertantebTan TanamSromlobiT Seqmnili akademiuri wigni `kodoruli qronikebi~).
profesorma iza CantlaZem aRzarda mravali studenti da
15 doqtoranti, romelTagan 11 filologiis akademiuri doqtoria.
hyavs erTaderTi qaliSvili da sami SviliSvili: iza, guram
da giga bendianiSvilebi.

2012

arnol
arnold
nold Ciqo
Ciqoba
qobavas
bavas saxe
saxelo
xelobis
lobis ena
enaT
naTmecni
mecnie
nierebis
rebis insti
institu
stituti
tuti
Tbilisis ilia WavWavaZis saxelobis saxelmwifo universiteti
baTumis SoTa rusTavelis saxelobis saxelmwifo universiteti
axalcixis saxelmwifo saswavlo universiteti
universiteti

iza Cantla
CantlaZe
ntlaZe

qarTve
qarTvelu
Tveluri
luri leqsi
leqsikis
sikis isto
istori
torii
riidan

Tbili
Tbilisi
li si _ baTumi _ axalcixe

2012

Arnold Chikobava Institute of Linguistics

Tbilisi Ilia Chavchavadze State University
Batumi Shota Rustaveli State University
Akhaltsikhe State Teaching University

Iza Chantladze

From the History of Kartvelian

Vocabulary
I

Tbilisi Batumi Akhaltsikhe

2012

wigni eZRvneba Cemi uaxloesi megobrebisa

d a R i r s e u l i k o l e g e b i s: z u r a b s a r j v e l a Z i s,
g u r a m k a r t o z i a s, v a l e r i s i l o g a v a s, m i x e i l
q u r d i a n i s a d a j a n r i k a S i a s x s o v n a s.

The book is dedicated to the memory of my closest

f r i e n d s a n d h o n o r e d c o l l e a g u e s: Z u r a b S a r j v e l a d z e,
G u r a m K a r t o z i a, V a l e r i S i l o g a v a, M i k h e i l K u r d i a n i
and Janri Kashia

Cemi dumilic miiTvaleT Tqvendami locvad...

winamdebare namSroms damxmare saxelmZRvanelos saxiT gamoiyeneben humanitarul mecnierebaTa fakultetebis qarTvelur enaTa SedarebiTi gramatikisa da qarTveluri leqsikologiis saleqcio kursebis
msmeneli magistrantebi, doqtorantebi da yvela is pirovneba, visac
qarTvelologiaze guli Sestkiva.

r e d a q t o r e b i: kevin
kevin tui
tuiti (monrealis universitetis anTropologiuri departamentis profesori, ienis fridrix
Sileris universitetis kavkasiologiis departamentis
xelmZRvaneli, eTnolingvistikis doqtori)
SuSa
SuSana
Sana futka
futkara
karaZe
raZe (baTumis SoTa rusTavelis saxelobis saxelmwifo universitetis emeritus-profesori,
filologiis mecnierebaTa doqtori)
qeTe
qeTevan
Tevan margi
margia
giani-su
ni suba
subari
bari (ivane javaxiSvilis saxelobis
Tbilisis saxelmwifo universitetis asocirebuli
profesori, arnold Ciqobavas saxelobis enaTmecnierebis institutis mecnieri TanamSromeli, filologiis
akademiuri doqtori)
r e c e n z e n t e b i: maia
maia kikva
kikvaZe
vaZe (baTumis SoTa rusTavelis saxelobis
saxelmwifo universitetis asocirebuli profesori,
filologiis akademiuri doqtori)
maka
maka beri
beriZe
riZe (axalcixis saxelmwifo saswavlo universitetis asocirebuli profesori, filologiis akademiuri doqtori)
cira
cira goge
gogebaS
gebaSvi
baSvili
vili (filologiis akademiuri doqtori)
m T a r g m n e l i nana qavTaraZe

t e q n i k u r i r e d a q t o r i levan
levan vaSa
vaSaki
SakiZe
kiZe
k o m p i u t e r u l i u z r u n v e l y o f a Tina
TinaTin
naTin gabroS
gabroSvi
broSvili
vili
wigni daibeWda erovnuli kulturis skola `kai
kai ymisa
ymisa~
da biznesmen joyola Cegianis finansuri mxardaWeriT.

iza CantlaZe

The present work will be used as a supplementary manual for MA and Ph.D.
students of the kartvelological lexicology and comparative grammar of the
Kartvelian languages at the faculties of humanities and for all those, who are
concerned about kartvelology.

E d i t o r s: Kevin Tuite Professor of the Anthropologic Department at the

Montreal University and Head of the Department of Caucasiology at
the Jena Friedrich Schiller University, Ph.D. in Ethnolinguistics
Shushana Putkaradze Emeritus-Professor, Ph.D. in Philology of
the Batumi Shota Rustaveli State University
Ketevan Margiani-Subari Associate Professor at the Tbilisi Ivane
Javakhishvili State University, a Scientific Fellow at the Arnold
Chikobava Institute of Linguistics, Academic Doctor of Philology
(Ph. D.)
R e v i e w e r s: Maya Kikvidze Associate Professor at the Batumi Shota
Rustaveli State University, Academic Doctor of Philology (Ph. D.)
Maka Beridze Associate Professor at the Akhaltsikhe Teaching
State University, Academic Doctor of Philology (Ph. D.)
Tsira Gogebashvili Academic Doctor of Philology (Ph. D.).
T r a n s l a t o r Nana Kavtaradze

T e c h n i c a l e d i t o r Levan Vashakidze
IT

s u p p o r t Tinatin Gabroshvili

The book has been published with the financial support of National
Culture School "Kai Kma" and businesman Joqola Chegiani.

Iza Chantladze

winasityvaoba
winamdebare wignze muSaoba daviwye jer kidev maSin, roca Cemi
uaxloesi megobrebi da Rirseuli kolegebi _ saqarTvelos mecnierebaTa erovnuli akademiis wevr-korespondenti, Tbilisis sulxansaba orbelianis saxelobis saxelmwifo pedagogiuri universitetis
proreqtori samecniero nawilSi, ivane javaxiSvilis saxelobis Tbilisis saxelmwifo universitetis Zveli qarTuli enis kaTedris gamge, filologiis mecnierebaTa doqtori zurab
zurab sarjve
sarjvela
rjvelaZe
laZe,
Ze Tbilisis sulxan-saba orbelianis saxelobis saxelmwifo pedagogiuri
universitetis

qarTvelologiuri

problematikis

laboratoriis

gamge, saqarTvelos mecnierebaTa akademiis prezidiumTan arsebuli

SoTa rusTavelis poemis teqstis damdgeni komisiis swavluli mdivani, filologiis mecnierebaTa doqtori guram
guram karto
kartozia
tozia,
zia ivane
javaxiSvilis saxelobis Tbilisis saxelmwifo universitetis asocirebuli profesori da axalcixis saxelmwifo saswavlo universitetis saqarTvelos istoriis kaTedris gamge, istoriis mecnierebaTa
doqtori vale
valeri
leri silo
siloga
logava
gava,
va gelaTis mecnierebaTa akademiis prezidenti, arnold Ciqobavas saxelobis enaTmecnierebis institutis
zogadi lingvistikis ganyofilebis gamge, filologiis mecnierebaTa
doqtori mixe
mixeil
xeil qurdi
qurdia
diani da afxazeTis mecnierebaTa akademiis sapatio wevri, parizis ilia WavWavaZis saxelobis qarTul-evropuli
institutis direqtori, profesori janri
janri kaSia
kaSia _ cocxlebi iyvnen.
mixaroda am brwyinvale profesorebis amqarSi yofna, maTTan dausrulebeli kamaTi qarTvelologiis urTules problemebze, radganac,
miuxedavad imisa, rom TeoretikaSi, ZiriTadad, msgavsi Sexedulebebi
gvqonda, yovel konkretul SemTxvevaSi `daundoblad vesxmodiT
Tavs~ erTmaneTs ama Tu im axali etimologiis warmodgenisas.
samwuxarod, xuTive uZvirfasesi megobari moulodnelad gamomecala xelidan da davrCi
davrCi uima
uimaTod
maTod _ sruliad marto. `orgemage~
wuTisoflis eldam lamis sawols mimajaWva... yvelaze metad ki is
mixeTqda guls, rom wigni, romelSic waramara vexmianebodi maT
9

naazrevs, daumTavrebeli mrCeboda. swored am dros `mfarvel angelozebad~ momevlinen baTumeli megobrebi _ medicinis mecnierebaTa
doqtori, SoTa rusTavelis saxelobis saxelmwifo universitetis
emeritus-profesori a k a k i
ri doqtori e T e r

beriZe

da filologiis akademiu-

b e r i Z e, romlebmac qobuleTSi idealuri

pirobebi Semiqmnes `qarTveluri leqsikis istoriis~ pirveli monakveTis dasamTavreblad.

gulwrfeli madliereba minda gamovxato baTumis saxelmwifo
universitetis

reqtoris,

saqarTvelos

medicinis

mecnierebaTa

akademiis akademikosis, medicinis mecnierebaTa doqtoris, sruli

profesoris a l e k o

bakuriZisa

da axalcixis saxelmwifo

saswavlo universitetis reqtoris, filologiis mecnierebaTa doqtoris, sruli profesoris m e r a b

b e r i Z i s mimarT monografi-

aze muSaobisas gamovlenili TanadgomisaTvis.

uRrmesi madloba yvela Cems megobars _ yofilsa Tu axlandels; agreTve, am wignis redaqtorebs, recenzentebsa da mTargmnelebs _
teritoriulad Zalze daSorebulT Tu axlobelT _ didi RvawlisaTvis! sikeTis madli arasdros mogakloT RmerTma arc erT Tqvengans!
ar SemiZlia sagangebod ar gamovyo mokrZalebuli samadlobeli uniWieresi kavkasiologis, profesor k e v i n

tuitisadmi

Cemi naSromis maRalmecnieruli winasityvaobis SeqmnisaTvis.

yvela WeSmarit qarTvel mamuliSvils yovelTvis unda axsovdes,
rom `me
megrul
megrul-la
grul lazu
lazuri
zuri qarTu
qarTuli
Tuli enis gulia
gulia,
lia svanu
svanuri
nuri ki _ gulis
gulislisguli
guli~
li (janri kaSia)...
marad da marad da maradis iqiTac
Tqveni erTguli i z a

CantlaZe

1-5 dekemberi, 2012 weli

10

Foreword
I have undertaken working on the present book then when my close friends
and honorable colleagues a Corresponding Member of the Georgian Academy of
Sciences, Vice Rector of the science section of the Tbilisi Sulkhan-Saba Orbeliani
State Pedagogical University, a Head of the Chair of the Old Georgian at the Tbilisi
Ivane Javakhishvili State University, Doctor of Philological Sciences Mr Zurab
Sarjveladze, a Head of the laboratory for the Kartvelologic Problematics at the
Tbilisi Sulkhan-Saba Orbeliani State Pedagogical University, a secretary of a
Studying Commission on the text of Shota Rustaveli's poem at the Presidium of the
Georgian Academy of Sciences, Doctor of Philological Sciences Mr Guram
Kartozia, Associate Professor of the Tbilisi Ivane Javakhishvili State University, a
Head of the Chair of the History of Georgia at the Akhaltsikhe State University,
Doctor of History Sciences Mr Valeri Silogava, President of the Gelati Academy of
Sciences, a Head of the General Linguistics Department at the Arnold Chikobava
Institute of Linguistics, Doctor of Philology Sciences Mr Mikheil Kurdiani and a
Honorary Member of the Academy of Sciences of Abkhazia, Director of the Paris
Ilia Chavchavadze Georgian-European Institute, Professor Janri Kashia were
alive. I was happy being among these great professors, unending arguing on the
complex kartvelological problems as although having similar views on theoretics, in
each concrete case we "mercylessly attacked" each other during presenting of any
new etymology.
Unfortunately, these five dearest friends suddenly were lost by death and I
remained without them all alone. This earthly life nearly chained me to a bed...
But one fact was breaking my hurt: the book in which I was keeping in touch with
their ideas was unfinished. Just at this time Batumian friends Doctor of Medical
Sciences, Emeritus-Professor of the Shota Rustaveli State University Mr A k a k i
B e r i d z e and Academic Doctor of Philology E t e r B e r i d z e who had created
ideal conditions in Kobuleti for finishing the first part of the "History of the
Kartvelian vocabulary" appeared as "guardian angels".
I'd like to express my sincere gratitude to the Rector of the Batumi State
University, Academician of the Georgian Academy of Medical Sciences, Doctor of
Medical Sciences, Full Professor A l e k o B a k u r i d z e and Rector of the
Akhaltsikhe State Teaching University, Doctor in Philology, Full Professor
M e r a b B e r i d z e for supporting.
11

Deepest thanks to all my former and current friends; also to the editors and
reviewers of the book who are territorially far and near, for great deeds! Let the
grace of God's kindness always be with you!
I'd like to express especially my humble gratitude to talanted caucasiologist,
Professor K e v i n T u i t e for creating a high-scholarly foreword for my work.
All true Georgian patriot should remember that "Megrelian-Laz is a heart
of Georgian, Svan is a heart of hearts" (Janri Kashia).
Forever and forever and forever there
your faithful I z a C h a n t l a d z e

1-5 December, 2012

12

Editors foreword
Etymology is like poetry. Both combine art, technique and elegance. Both
require erudition, discipline, patience, self-criticism, and that indefinable gift one
might call flair. Like poetry, etymology is an ancient practice, going back to the
dawn of linguistics (one recalls the word origins some reasonable, others absurd
and even comical proposed in Platos Cratylus). Also like poetry, etymologies
are still produced in abundance today, and still incite passionate debate. Poetry and
etymology are easy to do poorly, and extremely difficult to do well! As readers will
determine for themselves, the essays in the present collection are the work of
someone who does etymology well.
Although Kartvelian is a small language family, with only four members and
no proven relatives either in the Caucasus region or elsewhere, it has been the
object of etymological speculation for well over two centuries. (Readers should
recall that Gldenstdt identified the Kartvelian family in the early 1770s, over a
decade before William Jones celebrated discourse on Indo-European affinities).
The origins of Georgian, Svan and Laz-Mingrelian words have drawn the attention
of ingenious philologists, ambitious pre-historians, undisciplined dilettantes with
outlandish theories, and the likes of Nikolai Marr (who could be said to have
belonged to all three of the preceding categories simultaneously). Since at least the
time of Tsagareli, Kartvelian etymology has been practiced with a methodological
rigor comparable to that employed in Indo-European linguistics. But the field has
also been the venue for intense debates over the fundamental principles of language
contact and change (Marrs hypotheses about sociolinguistic variation and language
hybridity; Chikobavas insistence that the Neogrammarian doctrine of exceptionless
sound laws be modified to accommodate the special circumstances of the Caucasian
languages), and over the extent to which Kartvelian etymology should be
influenced by presuppositions about deeper genetic affinities (recall Javakhishvilis
and Chikobavas quests for the vestiges of East-Caucasian-like class prefixes in
Kartvelian).
With the publication of Karl-Horst Schmidts Studien zur Rekonstruktion des
Lautstandes der sdkaukasischen Grundsprache (1962), Klimovs etymological
dictionary (1964), and Gamkrelidze and Machavarianis sonantta sistema da
ablauti kartvelur enebi (1965), the field seemed at first glance to have turned its
back on Marrist speculation about language mixing, Chikobavas IberoCaucasianism and the alternative Nostratic theory according to which Kartvelian
is genetically related to Indo-European and several other Eurasian language
families. In each of the three works, and in the etymological dictionaries produced
13

more recently by the team of Zurab Sarjveladze and Heinz Fhnrich, Kartvelian was
treated as an essentially closed linguistic system, within which etymologie were
constructed on the basis of Kartvelian data exclusively. But it could be said that
external factors were not in fact entirely excluded from consideration. The
attribution of a third series of sibilant fricatives and affricates to Proto-Kartvelian
by Klimov, Fhnrich and Sarjveladze brings the ancient Kartvelian consonant
inventory closer to that of West Caucasian. The system of vowel alternations
reconstructed by Gamkrelidze and Machavariani, featuring zero, reduced and
lengthened ablaut grades, bears more than a coincidental resemblance to that of
Indo-European.
The challenge for the newer generation of etymologists is to think outside the
box about Kartvelian etymology, pushing against the heavy hand of the academic
authorities of the recent and more remote past, without compromising the rigor,
methodological restraint, flair and elegance requisite for quality work. In the two
dozen chapters on Kartvelian etymology and onomastics which Iza Chantladze
offers us, the principal problem areas in Kartvelian historical linguistics come
repeatedly to the forefront. I will list some of them here, and leave to readers the
pleasure of finding out for themselves how Iza deals with them.
1. The appearance nearly a half-century ago of the above-mentioned
monographs by Schmidt, Klimov and Gamkrelidze and Machavariani contributed to
the coalescence of what could be called a post-Chikobava consensus on Kartvelian.
Specialists adopted a methodological agnosticism with regard to long-range genetic
affiliations: data from outside of the language family are not, in principle, to be
considered when reconstructing Kartvelian proto-forms. A consensus also formed
with regard to the internal history of Kartvelian, according to which Svan was the
first to separate from the ancestral language community, leaving a Georgian-Zan
branch. As a consequence, lexemes with cognates in Georgian and Mingrelian
and/or Laz, but not in Svan, have been attributed (provisionally) to Common
Georgian-Zan, rather than Proto-Kartvelian. Nonetheless, older hypotheses continue
be advocated, sometimes quite vigorously, in present-day Kartvelian and Caucasian
linguistics. The Ibero-Caucasian theory still finds support (mainly among
Georgians), and the rival Nostratic hypothesis has attained doctrinal status among
long-range comparativists in Russia, the USA and elsewhere. Some linguists have
also maintained that Georgian, rather than Svan, is the outlier within Kartvelian,
and therefore that a Svan-Zan branch can be postulated. The persistence of these
rival hypotheses, in my opinion, ought to serve as a stimulus for serious and
thorough reconsideration of the Schmidt-Klimov-Machavariani standard view. Such
an exercise will, in all likelihood, strengthen the arguments in support of the
consensus, but could also lead to some important revisions.
14

2. One topic which most certainly merits reconsideration is the question of

the sibilant inventory of early Kartvelian. In his 1962 dissertation, Schmidt
reconstructed a system quite close to that of modern Zan (Laz-Mingrelian), with
hissing (sisina) and hushing (iina) series of fricatives and affricates, as well as a
third series comprising clusters of hushing sibilant + velar stop. At the same time,
Klimov and Machavariani formulated a quite different hypothesis, according to
which Proto-Kartvelian had three distinct series of sibilants: hissing, hushing and an
intermediate hissing-hushing (sisina-iina) series. The Klimov-Machavariani
reconstruction has since achieved quasi-canonical acceptance, having been adopted
in the etymological dictionaries of Sarjveladze and Fhnrich, as well as numerous
works on Kartvelian historical linguistics by Georgian and foreign specialists.
Schmidts alternate proposal has been effectively shunted aside. Like Iza, I believe
that the time has come to reopen discussion on the phonology of early Kartvelian,
and give the Schmidt reconstruction which has the merit of not requiring a
sibilant series unattested in any Kartvelian language its day in the court of
linguistic opinion. Also to be discussed would be the puzzling cognate sets in which
Georgian /c/ or // corresponds to Svan /h/ or zero (e. g. Geo /-cvd-/, Sv /-hwd-/
grant, give), as well as the participial prefixes with initial /s-/ in Georgian, /l-/ in
Svan, and zero in Zan. Fhnrich raised the possibility that these correspondences
derived from lateral obstruents of some kind (which he symbolizes */L/ and */l/
respectively). Needless to say, this discussion will also have consequences for the
investigation of ancient areal or even genetic connections with the East and West
Caucasian families, Indo-European, and possibly other language groups (as the
maverick comparativist Alexis Manaster-Ramer observed on several occasions).
3. The art of etymology draws upon a diversified toolbox of skills, instincts
and tricks. One sign of refined, elegant technique is knowing what tools to use on
which problems, and how to demonstrate appropriate constraint when doing so.
This is particularly evident when etymologists confront lexical domains where
expressive phonosemantics or irregular sound changes are likely to play a role. We
all know of cases where sound symbolism, metathesis and the like are excessively
and abusively invoked in support of weak or improbable etymologies (Nikolaev &
Starostins North Caucasian dictionary is full of cautionary examples). Those
interested in the issue of irregular sound change will profit from several case studies
in the chapters to follow (for example, Izas discussion of metathesis with respect to
Georgian /tqrp-el-/ < /brtq-el/ flat).
4. One further matter that deserves to be looked at afresh is ablaut. The
question of vowel alternations in Kartvelian has of course been discussed in dozens
of publications, culminating in Gamkrelidze and Machavariani 1965. The
appearance of this magisterial study has had the somewhat unfortunate side-effect
15

of channeling discussion of ablaut toward the types of alternation which feature

most prominently in the book: morphophonologically-conditioned vowel syncope;
the alternation e/i (most commonly observed in the conjugation of certain verb
types); and, of course, the controversial issue of whether the phonemic opposition
of short and long vowels characteristic of some Svan dialects was inherited from a
similar quantitative distinction in Proto-Kartvelian. Far less attention has been paid
to the evidence of a contrast between a-grade and e-grade verb roots. Already in the
1940s and 1950s, Topuria, Shanidze and Vogt wondered if the Old Georgian verb
pair /qed/ come, go and /qad/ make X come or go might betoken an ancient
opposition between e-grade intransitives and a-grade transitives, at least for a small
class of verb roots. In the following chapters, Iza looks at several intriguing
instances of a/e vowel alternations, as well as a possible case of three-way
qualitative contrast (comparable to the a/e/i vocalism manifested by the Georgian
root /vn-/ appear, be visible).
Before turning the stage over to the author of this collection, I would like to
point to one aspect of her career as a linguist that is inseparable from her skills as an
etymologist: Izas commitment to fieldwork. Many are aware of her formidable
skills as linguist and lexicographer, but it should not be forgotten that she has
played an important role in bringing new data to light, to complement the enormous
quantities of lexical and grammatical material already collected. Readers of the
present volume will discover hitherto unknown information from the Choluri
speech varieties of Lower Svaneti now recognized as a distinct dialect of Svan
as well as the fascinating varieties of Svan spoken in the Kodori valley of Abkhazia
until the Russian-Georgian war of 2008, when the Georgian population was driven
out. Izas etymologies are likewise informed by data from Georgian dialects,
including some spoken in Turkish territory that have only recently been described. I
sincerely hope that others will find the experience of reading these chapters as
interesting and educational as it was for me.
Kevin Tuite
Professor of Anthropology at the University Montreal,
Head of the Department of Caucasiology
at the Jena Friedrich Schiller University,
Ph.D. in Ethnolinguistics

16

redaqtoris winasityvaoba
etimologia poezias hgavs: orive maTgani aerTianebs xelovnebas, teqnikasa da taqtikas. orive moiTxovs ganswavlulobas, disciplinas, moTminebas, TviTkritikas da es yvelaferi

ganusazRvreli

jildoa, romelsac SeiZleba ewodos `alRo~. rogorc poezia, etimologiac uZvelesi dargia, romelic enaTmecnierebis gariJraJidan
iRebs saTaves (ikvlevdnen sityvis warmomavlobas _ zogs safuZvlianad, zogs absurdulad da zogjer komikuradac _ magaliTad platonis `kratilos~Si). rogorc poezia, etimologiebic mravlad iqmneba dResdReobiT da mainc jer kidev iwvevs cxare debatebs. advilia poeziisa da etimologiis cudad `keTeba~ da metad Znelia maTi kargad `keTeba~. rogorc Tavad mkiTxvelebi gansjian, winam
winamde
namdeba
debabare monog
monogra
nografia
rafiaSi
fiaSi Seta
Setani
tanili
nili weri
werile
rilebi
lebi warmoad
warmoadge
adgenen
genen im adami
adamia
mianis
naSroms
akeTebs
naSroms,
Sroms vinc etimo
etimolo
mologi
logias
gias kargad
kargad `ake
akeTebs~.
Tebs
miuxedavad imisa, rom qarTveluri patara enobrivi ojaxia
(sul raRac oTxi wevriTa da arc erTi dadasturebuli naTesaviT
arc kavkasiis regionSi da arc sadme sxvagan), is mudam iyo gansjis
sagani daaxloebiT ori saukunis ganmavlobaSi (mkiTxveli gaixsenebs,
rom giuldenStedtma gamoavlina qarTveluri ojaxi XVIII saukunis
samocdaaTian wlebSi _ aTi wliT adre

uiliam jounsis cnobil

msjelobamde indoevropul enebTan naTesaobis Sesaxeb). qarTu

qarTuli
Tuli,,
li
svanu
svanuri
nuri da megrul
megrul-la
grul lazu
lazuri
zuri sityve
sityvebis
tyvebis warmomav
warmomavlo
mavlobam
lobam mii
miipyro gagamWria
mWriaxi filo
filolo
lologe
logebis
gebis,
bis ambi
ambic
biciuri preis
preisto
istori
toriko
rikose
kosebi
sebisa
bisa da aradis
aradisdiscipli
ciplini
linire
nirebul
rebul dile
diletant
letantTa
tantTa yura
yuradRe
radReba
dReba,
ba wamoa
wamoayene
yenebi
nebina
bina maT ucna
ucnau
nauri Teo
Teorie
riebi da raRac msgavsi niko mariseuli (romelic, SeiZleba
iTqvas,

rom

miekuTvneboda

yvela

zemoCamoTvlil

kategoriaTa

ricxvs). aleqsandre cagarelis droidan moyolebuli, qarTveluri

etimologia

`gamoicada~

meTodologiuri

sizustiT

Sedarebul iqna indoevropulTan, magram, miuxedavad amisa,

da

igi

es sfe-

ro kvlav darCa enobrivi kontaqtebisa da cvlilebebis fundamentur principebze intensiuri debatebis adgilad (niko maris hipo17

Tezebi sociolingvisturi variaciebisa da enobrivi hibridulobis

Taobaze, arnold Ciqobavas daJinebuli moTxovna, rom bgeraTa wesebis ugamonaklisobis neogramatikuli doqtrina unda gadaixedos,
raTa igi moergos kavkasiuri enebis specifikur movlenebs) im
tendenciiT, rom qarTvelur etimologiaze gavlena unda moaxdinos
winaswarma varaudebma Rrma genetikuri naTesaobis Sesaxeb (gaixseneT ivane javaxiSvilisa da arnold Ciqobavas kvlevebi qarTvelur
enebSi aRmosavleTkavkasiuris msgavsi klas-prefiqsebis nakvalevisa).
rac Seexeba karl horst Smidtis naSroms "Studien zur Rekonstruktion des Lautstandes der sdkaukasischen Grundspache" (1962 w.), giorgi
klimovis etimologiur leqsikons (1964 w.), Tamaz gamyreliZisa da
givi maWavarianis `sonantTa sistemas da ablauts qarTvelur enebSi~

(1965

w.),

erTi

SexedviT

Canda,

TiTqos

maT

zurgi

Seaqcies mariseul mosazrebas enaTa Serevis Sesaxeb, arnold Ciqobavas

iberiul-kavkasiur da alternatiul `nostratul~ Teorias, romlis
mixedviT, qarTveluri enebi genetikurad enaTesavebian indoevropul
da ramdenime sxva evraziul enaTa ojaxs. TiToeul am naSromSi da,
aseve, etimologiur leqsikonebSi,

romlebic gamoqveynda zurab

sarjvelaZisa da hainc fenrixis TanaavtorobiT, qarTveluri enebi

ganxilulia rogorc daxuruli lingvisturi sistema, romlis SigniT etimologistebi

izrdebian

mxolod qarTveluri monacemebis

bazaze; magram unda iTqvas, rom gare faqtorebi mTlianad ar unda

gamoiricxos mxedvelobidan. g. klimovis, h. fenrixisa da z. sarjvelaZis mier mesame seriis sibilanti frikatebisa da afrikatebis mikuTvneba protoqarTvelurisTvis uZveles qarTvelur TanxmovanTa
inventars aaxloebs dasavleT kavkasiurTan. xmovanTmonacvleobis
sistema, romelic aRdgenil iqna T. gamyreliZisa da g. maWavarianis
mier nulovani, mokle da grZeli ablautis safexurebiT, ufro mets
adasturebs, vidre SemTxveviTi msgavsebani indoevropulTan.
axali Taobis mkvlevarTa gamowveva is aris, rom isini unda
gascdnen qarTveluri etimologiis farglebs; amitom maT winaaRmdegoba unda gauwion axlo da Soreuli warsulis akademiur avto18

ritetTa `mZime xels~ ise, rom xarisxiani naSromisTvis ar ugulebelyon zusti meTodologiuri sazomebi, alRo da taqtika. im TavebSi, sadac profesori iza Cantla
CantlaZe
ntlaZe exeba qarTvelur etimologiasa da onomastikas, winaa wamoweuli qarTveluri istoriuli enaTmecnierebis ZiriTadi problemuri arealebi. me mxolod davasaxeleb
ramdenimes, danarCens ki mkiTxvelebs davutoveb, raTa mieceT saSualeba, Tavad aRmoaCinon, Tu rogor ganixilavs maT qalbatoni iza:
1. TiTqmis naxevari saukunis win k. Smidtis, g. klimovis,
T. gamyreliZisa da g. maWavarianis zemoxsenebuli monografiebis
gamoCenam didi wvlili Seitana imaSi, rasac SeiZleba ewodos postCiqobavaseuli konsensusi qarTvelur enebTan mimarTebiT. specialistebma aRiares Soreuli genetikuri naTesaobis meTodologiuri
agnosticizmi _

enobrivi ojaxis gareTa monacemebi principulad

ar miiCneva qarTveluri protoformebis rekonstruirebisas. konsensusi Camoyalibda, agreTve, qarTveluris Sida istoriasTan dakavSirebiT, ris mixedviTac svanuri iyo pirveli, romelic gamoeyo
erTian enobriv ojaxs da datova qarTul-zanuri Sto. amis Sedegad
monaTesave leqsemebi qarTulsa da megrul-lazurSi (magram ara svanurSi) miakuTvnes (pirobiTad) qarTul-zanur erTianobas da ara
protoqarTvelurs. miuxedavad amisa, Zvel hipoTezebs kvlav mxars
uWeren _ zogjer aqtiuradac dRevandel qarTvelur da kavkasiur
enaTmecnierebaSi. iberiul-kavkasiur Teorias jer kidev aqvs mxardaWera (gansakuTrebiT qarTvelebSi), xolo `metoqe~ nostratiulma
hipoTezam dogmatis statusi SeiZina mravalricxovan komparativistebs Soris ruseTSi, amerikis SeerTebul Statebsa da sxvaganac.
zogma enaTmecnierma isic ki daamtkica, rom qarTuli (da ara
svanuri) aris `auTsaideri~ qarTvelur enebs Soris da amdenad
`svanur-zanuri~

Sto

SeiZleba

postulirdes.

Cemi

azriT,

am

sapirispiro hipoTezebis arsebobam stimuli unda misces imas, rom

Smidti-klimovi-maWavarianis

Tvalsazrisi

ufro

seriozulad

da

gamowvlilviT gadaixedos. albaT, mxolod aseTi midgoma gaaZlierebs

konsensusis mxardamWer argumentebs, magram isic SesaZlebelia, rom
amas mohyves mniSvnelovani xelaxali ganxilvebi.
19

2. Tema, romelic namdvilad imsaxurebs xelaxla gadasinjvas,

gaxlavT adreuli qarTveluris sibilantTa sakiTxi. k. Smidtma Tavis disertaciaSi (1962 w.) aRadgina sistema, romelic Zalian axlos dgas Tanamedrove zanurTan (megrul-lazurTan) sisina da SiSina frikat-afrikatebiTa da mesame seriiT (SiSina sibilanti + velaruli Tanxmovani). amave dros, g. klimovma da g. maWavarianma

Camoaya-

libes absoluturad sxva hipoTeza, romlis mixedviTac, protoqarTvelurs hqonda sibilantTa sami gansxvavebuli seria _ sisina, SiSina
da Sualeduri `sisina-SiSina~. klimov-maWavarianis hipoTeza aRiares
kvazikanonikurad mas Semdeg, rac igi Setanil iqna rogorc sarjvelaZe-fenrixis etimologiur leqsikonebSi, ise qarTveli da ucxoeli specialistebis bevr naSromSi qarTveluri istoriuli enaTmecnierebis Sesaxeb. k. Smidtis alternatiuli winadadeba faqtiurad ganze iqna gaweuli. rogorc qalbaton izas, aseve mec mjera,
rom ukve dadga dro, daiwyos diskusiebi adreuli qarTveluri fonologiis Sesaxeb da mivuCinoT k. Smidtis rekonstruqcias (sibilantTa da ukanaenismier TanxmovanTa kompleqsebis daudasturebulobis saWiroebas nebismier qarTvelur enaSi) Tavisi adgili enaTmecnierTa azris samsjavroze. unda ganxilul iqnes garkveuli naTesauri kompleqsi, romelSic qarTuli /c/ da // Seesabameba svanur
/h/-s da - (qarT. /-cvd-/, svan. /-hwd-/),. es exeba mimReobis prefiqssac /s-/ TavkiduriT qarTulSi, /l-/-Ti svanurSi da -Ti zanurSi.
h. fenrixma dauSva SesaZlebloba, rom es Sesatyvisobani miRebulia
garkveuli saxis lateralebisgan (romlebsac igi simbolurad gamoxatavs Sesabamisi */L/ da */l/ grafemebiT). ra Tqma unda, diskusia
gamoiRebs Sedegebs rogorc uZvelesi arealebis, aseve aRmosavleT
da dasavleT kavkasiur ojaxebTan, indoevropulTan da SesaZloa sxva
enobriv jgufebTan genetikuri kavSirebis SeswavlisaTvis (komparativistma aleqsi manaster-ramerma daafiqsira amis ramdenime SemTxveva).
3. etimologiis xelovneba efuZneba gamocdilebis, instinqtebisa da xerxebis saSualebebs.
20

erT-erTi niSani daxvewili, natifi meTodisa aris imis codna,

Tu romeli problemisTvis romeli meTodi gamoiyeno da rogor
aCveno Sesabamisi SezRudva. es naTeli xdeba maSin, roca etimologiis mkvlevari leqsikuri samyaros pirispir aRmoCndeba, sadac
eqspresiuli fono-semantika da araregularuli bgeraTcvlilebebi,
savaraudod, iseTive rols asruleben. yvelam viciT is SemTxvevebi,
roca bgeraTa simbolizmi, metaTezisi da msgavsni gadaWarbebuladaa
gamoyenebuli saeWvo Tu susti etimologiebis mxardasaWerad (nikolaevisa da starostinis `Crdilokavkasiuri leqsikoni~ savsea msgavsi magaliTebiT). vinc dainteresebulia araregularuli bgeraTcvlilebebis

sakiTxebiT,

aucileblad

waadgeba,

Tu

waikiTxavs

im Tavebs, romlebSic warmodgenilia ramdenime kvleva (mag. qalbatoni izas diskusia metaTezisze qarTul t'q'rp'-el-/ < /brt'q'-el' -Tan
dakavSirebiT).
4. Semdegi sakiTxi, romelic imsaxurebs axleburad midgomas,
aris ablauti. xmovanTmonacvleobis sakiTxi qarTvelurSi aTobiT
publikaciaSia gaSuqebuli, rac dagvirgvinda T. gamyreliZisa da
g. maWavarianis wigniT (1965 w.). am magistraluri naSromis gamoCenam garkveulwilad samwuxaro mimarTuleba Seucvala ablautze
diskusias alternatiuli tipebisken, romlebic ufroa warmoCenili
wignSi (morfofonologiurad ganpirobebuli xmovansinkope: e/i-is
monacvleoba yvelaze xSirad SesamCnevia garkveul zmnaTa uRlebisas). ra Tqma unda, metad mniSvnelovania sadavo sakiTxi _ momdinareobs Tu ara zogierTi svanuri dialeqtisTvis damaxasiaTebeli
mokle da grZeli xmovnebis fonemuri opozicia protoqarTveluris
msgavsi Tvisobrivad gansxvavebuli opoziciidan? gacilebiT naklebi
yuradReba eTmoba kontrastis mtkicebas a- da e-safexurian
zmnur
e
ZirebSi. jer kidev me-20 saukunis 40-50-ian wlebSi varlam Tofurias, akaki SaniZesa da hans fogts ainteresebdaT: SeiZleba Tu ara
Zveli qarTuli zmnuri wyvili /ed
ed ed/
ad ad/
ed da /ad
ad CaiTvalos uZveles opoziciad gardauval e-klassa da gardamaval a-klass Soris
minimum zmnur ZirTa mcire jgufisTvis mainc? momdevno TavSi qal21

batoni iza ganixilavs rogorc ramdenime saintereso magaliTs a/e

e
xmovanTmonacvleobisa, aseve SesaZlo SemTxvevebs samgzis Tvisobrivi
opoziciisa (aa/e
e/i
i vokalizmi gamoamJRavna qarTulma Zirma Cvn (Can
Can
Can/Cen
Cen Cen/Cin
Cin Cin).
sanam scenas wignis avtors davuTmob, msurs aRvniSno misi,
rogorc enaTmecnieris, erTi aspeqti _ rac ganuyofelia misi, rogorc etimologiis mkvlevrisagan: esaa qalbatoni izas erTguleba
savele samuSaoebisadmi. bevrma icis misi SesaniSnavi alRo, rogorc
enaTmecnierisa da leqsikografisa, magram ar unda dagvaviwydes,
rom man didi roli Seasrula bevr axal monacemTa SuqTmofenaSi,
uricxvi leqsikuri da gramatikuli masalis Sevseba-SegrovebaSi.
winamdebare tomis mkiTxveli aRmoaCens aqamde ucnob informacias
qvemo svaneTis Coluruli metyvelebis variaciebze _ axla ukve
aRiarebul svanur dialeqtze, aseve cocxali svanuris momxiblav
metyvelebaze afxazeTis kodoris xeobisa, saidanac 2008 wlis ruseT-saqarTvelos omis Semdeg qarTuli mosaxleoba gaZevebul iqna.
qalbatoni izas etimologiebSi asaxulia monacemebi qarTuli dialeqtebidanac,

gansakuTrebiT ki TurqeTis teritoriaze arsebuli

zogi metyvelebis CaTvliT, rac mxolod axlaxan iqna gamokvleuli

etimologiuri TvalsazrisiT.
gulwrfe
gulwrfelad
wrfelad vime
vimedov
medovneb
dovneb,
neb rom am wignis
wignis waki
wakiTxvi
kiTxvisas
Txvisas mkiTxve
mkiTxveTxvelebi
lebi aRmoa
aRmoaCenen
Cenen bevr sain
sainte
intere
teresos
resosa
sosa da sayu
sayura
yuradRe
radRebos
dRebos iseve,
iseve rorogorc Tavad
Tavad me aRmovaCine.
aRmovaCine
kevin
kevin tui
tuiti
monrealis universitetis anTropologiuri
departamentis profesori, ienis fridrix Sileris
universitetis kavkasiologiis departamentis
xelmZRvaneli, eTnolingvistikis doqtori

22

Sesavali
qarTuli enis struqturisa Tu istoriis kvlevisaTvis TxuTmetsaukunovan ZeglebTan da dialeqtebTan erTad udidesi mniSvneloba eniWeba danarCen qarTvelur enaTa monacemebs. `svanuri ena,
iseve, rogorc megrul-Wanuri, marTalia, pergamentze araa warmodgenili, magram es arc mas da arc megrul-Wanurs ar uSlis xels,
SeinarCunos uZvelesi Tvisebebi, romlebic SesaZloa odesRac saerTo iyo qarTvelur enaTa yvela warmomadgenlisaTvis, magram sruliadac ar asaxula werilobiTs ZeglebSi~ (karpez dondua).
niko maris azriT, "
, , .
,
" ( 1910: IX).
cnobilia, rom nebismieri enis leqsika gacilebiT ufro swrafad icvleba drosa da sivrceSi, vidre misi gramatikuli wyoba an
fonematuri struqtura. amasTanave, yvela ena moicavs ZiriTad da
nasesxeb leqsikas.
mTavari kriteriumi, romliTac ase Tu ise myarad SeiZleba
vimsjeloT fuZeenidan momdinare leqsemaTa Sesaxeb, gaxlavT regularul fonematur kanonzomierebaTa Cveneba geneturad erTmaneTTan dakavSirebul enebSi (Tumca arc morfologiuri an leqsikuri
izoglosebi unda daviviwyoT). masala, romelic, qarTul-zanur-svanur SesatyvisobaTa gamo, preqarTvelur enaSicaa savaraudo, didi
raodenobisa ar aris _ sul aTasiode fuZes asaxelebdnen specialistebi 1974 wlisTvis (foCxua 1974: 310); hainc fenrixisa da zurab sarjvelaZis `qarTvelur enaTa etimologiur leqsikonSi~ ganxilulia 1350-ze meti Zireuli da morfologiuri erTeulis arqetipi (fenrixi-sarjvelaZe 2000: 31), xolo komparativistuli qarTvelologiis jerjerobiT bolo naSromSi (Kartwelisches Etymologisches
Wrterbuch von Heinz Fhnrich, 2007), sadac warmodgenilia specialur
literaturaSi

adre

arsebuli

SedarebiT

sando

etimologiebi

avtoriseul axal monacemebTan erTad, gvxvdeba 1700 erTeulze meti

praforma.
23

Cveni sakvlevi obieqtis mTavari maxasiaTebelia qronologiis

`didi siRrme da Sesabamisi masalis obieqturi simwire~ (arabuli
2001: 14), rac Zalian arTulebs saenaTmecniero saqmianobas.
zogjer regularobis mwyobr suraTs abundovanebs enobrivi
koleqtivis cxovrebaSi momxdari iseTi cvlilebebi, romlebic metwilad ucnobia mkvlevarTaTvis (foCxua 1974: 311). Cvena
Cvenamde
namde qarqarTvelur
Tvelur enaTa
enaTa arc erT dia
dialeqts Tavda
Tavdapir
dapirve
pirveli
veli saxiT
saxiT ar mouR
mouRuRwevia
wevia:
via `xangrZlivma saerTo istoriulma cxovrebam da arsebobam saerTo enac da mwerlobac Sehqmnes, raSic yvela qarTveluri tomebi
sxvadasxva dros da erTdrouladac sxvadasxva monawileobas iRebdnen; TviTeuls Tavisi wvlili aqvs Setanili am saerTo saunjeSi.
amgvarad Sesdga erTi sazogado samwerlo-saliteraturo da saxelmwifo ena. `qarTuli~, viTarca saerTo samwerlobo ena, xelovnuri
enaa da amitom aris, rom mas bevri ram aqvs, rac megrul-Wanur-svanur-afxazuridan1 aris daunjebuli. yvelafers, rac qarTulSia,
mTlad qarTebis, mesxTa da iberTa ena-kavebis kuTvnilebad ver
vicnobT. roca Seiqmna sazogado ena _ qarTuli, manac, Tavis mxriv,
iqonia da hqonda xolme mudam ganuwyveteli gavlena megrul-Wanursvanur-afxazurze~ (javaxiSvili 1914: 15).
ZiriTadi leqsikuri fondi (naTesaobis aRmniSvneli sityvebi,
sxeulis nawilebis, cxovelTa, frinvelTa da mcenareTa saxelwodebani, bunebis ZiriTadi movlenebis, qarTveli xalxis materialuri
Tu sulieri kulturis Sesabamisi leqsemebi, nacvalsaxelebi, ricxviTi saxelebi, adamianis, frinvelisa Tu cxovelis saarsebo yofasTan dakavSirebuli zmnebi,...) yvela qarTvelur enaSi, rasakvirvelia, dRemde identuria an fonematuri SesatyvisebiTaa warmodgenili, xolo danarCeni leqsika, TavisTavad cxadia, nasesxebia ucxo
enaTagan sxvadasxva dros, zogi imdenad arqaul warsulSi, rom garkveuli kanonzomierebiTac kia Sepirobebuli. `advili srulebiTac
ar aris nasesxeb sityvaTa gamoyofa, metadre, Tu sityva Zvelad
aris SeTvisebuli. aseTi sityvebi imdenad Seeguebian xolme axal
1

24

afxazurze amjerad ar vimsjelebT.

enobriv garemos, ise icvlian xSirad fers, rom istoriuli Ziebis

gareSe maTi sadaurobis garkveva SeuZlebelia. laT. skala
skala (`kibe~)
WanurSi m-sqa
sqala
skala
sqala || f-ska
skala-s
la saxiT gvaqvs, gurulSi ki mas pwkala
pwkala-s
la
saxe miuRia, marTal
marTal qarTul
qarTul sityvad
sityvad gamoi
gamoiyure
yureba
reba:
ba pwk!..
pwk (xazi Cvenia _ i. C.)... zogjer aseTi `ucxoelis~ gamocnoba TiTqmis SeuZlebeli

xdeba;

TviTmizani

magram
ki

es
ar

ar

aris

didi

a r i s, a r a m e d

ubedureba:
enis

Sedareba

istoriis

ga-

s a r k v e v i d a m x m a r e s a S u a l e b a. am funqcias nasesxebi masalac

iseve Seasrulebs, rogorc sakuTari sityva~ (Ciqobava 1938: IX).
uamravia megrulSi, svanursa da lazurSi (axla SedarebiT naklebad, Turquli enis Zlieri gavlenis gamo) erTiani saxelmwifo,
samwerlobo Tu saliteraturo enidan _ qarTulidan Sesuli sityvebi, piruku ki _ SedarebiT mcire (magaliTad: jaWvi
jaWvi,
vi jargva
jargvali
gvali,
li
maTxo
maTxoji
Txoji,
ji ojale
ojaleSi
leSi,
Si oCoko
oCokoCi
koCi,
Ci elarji
elarji,
ji Ciqor
CiqorTu
qorTuli
Tuli _ zanuridan, xolo kubda
kubdari
dari,
ri WiSdva
WiSdvari
dvari,
ri maxvSi
maxvSi,
Si maCu
maCubi
Cubi _ svanuridan). sazogadod,
imis garkveva, fuZeenidan momdinare leqsikur erTeulTan gvaqvs saqme, Tu erTi qarTveluri enidan sxva qarTvelur enaSi nasesxebTan,
zogierT SemTxvevaSi metad rTulia (fenrixi-sarjvelaZe 2000: 28).
qarTvelologiis, rogorc erT-erTi lingvisturi disciplinis, maRalmecnierul safexurze ayvanisaTvis sakmarisi ar aris mxolod komparativistuli kvlevebis saerTaSoriso done. upirveles
yovlisa, aucilebelia amomwuravi empiriuli masala. ukanasknel
wlebSi saqarTvelos mecnierebaTa erovnulma akademiam misi prezidentis akademikos Tamaz gamyreliZis xelmZRvanelobiT udides saqmes Cauyara safuZveli _ mimdinareobs qarTuli enis Tezaurusis
Sedgena V saukunidan dRemde arsebuli teqstebis mixedviT. igive
unda gakeTdes yvela qarTveluri enis dialeqtebisa Tu kilokavebis
maqsimalurad srul monacemTa gasaTvaliswineblad. rasakvirvelia,
praenisTvis savaraudo arqiformaTa rekonstruqciebi, upirveles
yovlisa, maRali Teoriuli azrovnebis maCvenebelia, magram romelime maTganze msjelobisas erTi sailustracio faqtic rom dagvrCes
yuradRebis miRma, maSin, raRa Tqma unda, pozitiur Sedegebs veRar
miviRebT. ase magaliTad:
25

Tavis droze niko marma ( 1936: 146) erTmaneTs Seupirispira qarTuli Rrma,
Rrma Rrm-ul
Rrm ul-i
ul i da lazuri Rorma
Rorma (`xvreli, farTo
naxvreti~), SemdgomSi (1984: 44, 2007: 495-496) hainc fenrixma am
monacemebs daumata megruli rRoma
rRoma (`CaRrmavebuli adgili~) <
Rorma
Rorma.
ma kargi iqneboda, gaxsenebodaT svanuri (laSxuri, Coluruli)
ma-Rur
Rur-Ruc
Rur Ruc,
Ruc Rur-Ruc
Rur Ruc (`Rrma wyali, morevi~) leqsemebi, romlebic
qarTuli enis leCxumur dialeqtSic gvxvdeba (Sdr. Rur-Ruc
Rur Ruc-i,
Ruc
Rur-Rum
Rur-Rum
Rur-R
Ru-Runc
maSasadame, zaRur Rum-i,
Rum
Rur Rum-el-i/Rur
Rum
Rur Rum-al-i,
um
Ru Runc-i);
Runc
nur-svanur ZirTa interkonsonantur poziciebSi -o
o- da -u
u- gvaqvs
(amosavali a unda yofiliyo svanurSic: *Rarm
Rarm-a
Rarm
Ram >
Rarm > *Rar
Rarm > *Ram
Rum;
Rarm-a
Rarm > Rurm > Rur;
Rum misi analogiiT ki, albaT, *Rarm
Rarm > *Rarm
Rur
sufiqsis dakargvis sakompensaciod Ziriseuli xmovani ar dagrZelebula). bunebrivia, qarTulSi, kanonzomier fonemaTSesatyvisobaTa
sakmaod mkacri, zusti da mowesrigebuli wesebis gaTvaliswinebiT,
unda movelodeT -aa- xmovans. samwuxarod, Tavis droze aseTi masala
ver SeniSnes da zogi Teoriis mixedviT zanurisTvis damaxasiaTebeli
srulxmovnobis procesi aRmoCnda gadamwyveti (Ciqobava 1942: 129),
sxva SemTxvevaSi ki mTavaria r sonantis vokalizacia interkonsonantur poziciaSi (gamyreliZe, maWavariani 1965: 97-101).
arada, Tu toponimiis _ `dedamiwis enis~ monacemebs gaviTvaliswinebT aRmoCndeba, rom arc erTi zemoaRniSnuli varaudis daSveba aucilebeli ar iyo: maRalmTian aWaraSi, sofel dabaZvelSi,
erT-erT hidronims ewodeba Raram
Raram-Rel
ram Rel-e
Rel e (beriZe 1986: 25), Sdr. iqve,
sofel

oladaurSi,

nakadulis

saxelwodeba

Rrm-a
Rel-e
Rrm a-Rel
Rel e.

mavani

ifiqrebs, iqneb Raram

Turqul xmovanTa sinharmonizmis asaxvaao,
Raram'Si
ram
magram ara gvgonia; es Ziri xom saerToqarTveluri monacemia, im
droisTvis ki enaTa amgvari gavlenebi istoriulad gamoricxulia.
Tu Zveli qarTulis Rrm-i
ad (`Rrmad~) da Rrm-i
ad-i
Rrm i-ad
Rrm i-ad
ad (`Rrma, Zneli~)
formebsac gaviTvaliswinebT, maSin auslautiseuli -aa, albaT, sufiqsad
CaiTvleba, romlis metaTezisma mogvca Raram
Rarm-a);
magram, Tu
Raram (<*Rarm
Rarm
megruli rRom
rRomadan amovalT, maSin mosalodnelia, rom qarTulSi
-am
am fuZis Tematur monacemad CavTvaloT, romlis kanonzomieri fonematuri Sesatyvisi iqneboda megruli -om
om-.
om arc isaa gamoricxuli,
26

rom qarTuli Rr-am

ul-i
(Sdr.
Rr am-i
am i, Rr-m
Rr m-ul
ul i ukavSirdebodes xr-am
xr amsac
am
Rram/i
Rram _ `sigrZe usivrco~ _ saba; da Rram _ `Rrmuli, uwylo
xrami~ _ Coluruli svanuri).
rac Seexeba leCxumur-svanur RumRum Zirs, aq mTavaria -aa (< -am
am)
am
xmovnis asimilaciis procesi momdevno labialur TanxmovanTan. fSaur, moxeur Tu qiziyur Rrum-a
Rrum (Sdr. svanur-leCxumuri) || Rrima
Rrima an
ingilour Rrm || > Rrim monacemebSi, aq gadamwyvet rols TamaSobs
fonetika (asimilaciis procesi da anaptiqsuri xmovani a > u > > i) _
fonologia (umlauti: *Rrum
Rrum+i
> Rrm > *Rrim
Rrim > Rrim).
Rrum
Rrim
dRes SedarebiT ukeTesi viTarebaa komparativistul qarTvelologiaSi warmatebebis misaRwevad ara marto saqarTveloSi, aramed mis farglebs gareTac. garda imisa, rom gvaqvs velze muSaobis
didi gamocdileba Cvens mowafeebTan erTad, Zalze gvexmareba digitalizebuli eleqtronikis sxvadasxva meTodi Tu xerxi, ena-kiloTa
interferenciis pirobebSi rac SeiZleba swrafad aRvnusxoT da davamuSaoT Cveni erovnuli saunje. amJamad ukve gvaqvs didebuli akademiuri leqsikonebi rogorc svanurSi (varlam Tofuria, maqsime
qaldani), ise megrulSi (oTar qajaia); male gamova lazuri leqsikonic, romlis Seqmnas arnold Ciqobavas saxelobis enaTmecnierebis
institutma TiTqmis naxevari saukune moandoma. samwuxarod, amjerad
Cven ver movaxerxeT masSi warmodgenil Zir-fuZeTa Tu morfemaTa
gaTvaliswineba (da es,
es bunebrivia, naklia
naklia Cveni
Cveni monog
monogra
nografi
rafii
fiisa),
sa magram, vimedovnebT, lazuri sailustracio masalis etimologiuri
analizi vrclad iqneba naCvenebi `qarTveluri leqsikis istoriis~
momdevno monakveTebSi.1
jer kidev 1937 wels gvafrTxilebda didi ivane javaxiSvili:
`Secdomebisgan Tavis dacva Znelia kavkasiur enaTa kvleva-Ziebis
sferoSi, sadac babilonis enaTa aRrevis msgavss movlenas zed uaR-

winamdebare naSromis ZiriTadi nawili eleqtronuli saxiT mzad iyo

jer kidev 2003 wels, Tumca, finansuri problemebis gamo, misi publikacia ver
moxerxda. ukanaskneli 10 wlis manZilze gamocemul leqsikonebSi warmodgenili
zogi etimologia ratomRac (Sic!) Cvensas daemTxva, magram maTze aq aRar
mivuTiTebT (vfiqrobT, amis sruli ufleba gvaqvs).

27

resad gamarTulebel garemoebad transkrifciaTa, terminologiisa

da Teoriebis aRrevac erTvis. araerTi etimologiis magier sxva
ganmartebis wamoyenebac SeiZleba, magram mainc imedi maqvs, rom mopovebuli Sedegis mTavari nawili, ZiriTadi debulebani, ar unda
iyos mcdari; Tundac bedma mimtyunos da Cemi molodini momavalSi
ar gamarTldes, mainc vfiqrob, rom mxolod am meTodologiuri
gziTa da amnairi enovani masalis analiziT aris im mravalsaukunovani amocanis gadaWra SesaZlebeli, romelsac kavkasiuri enebis bunebisa da naTesaobis sakiTxi warmoadgens. imedia, momavalSi mainc
sxvebi pirveli cdis avtorze ukeTesad da damajereblad SesZleben
problemis gaSuqebas. Tu Cemi
Cemi namu
namuSe
muSeva
Sevari
vari,
ri romel
romelsac
melsac amode
amodena
dena dro
da Zala
Zala Seva
Sevalie
valie,
lie mecni
mecnie
cnierebas
rebas samsa
samsaxurs
msaxurs gau
gauwevs,
wevs esec gawe
gaweu
weuli
Sromi
Sromisa
misaTvis
saTvis zneob
zneobri
obrivi
rivi jildo
jildo iqne
iqnebo
neboda
boda~
da (javaxiSvili 1937: XIV).
genialuri mecnieris am mokrZalebul gancxadebaTa Semdeg sxva
mkvlevrebma raRa unda vTqvaT?! . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
iberiul-kavkasiur enaTa Soris qarTveluri enebi yvelaze
ukeT aris Seswavlili istoriul-SedarebiTi meTodiT. am mxriv
gansa
gansakuT
sakuTre
kuTrebiT
rebiT kargi
kargi mdgoma
mdgomare
mareo
reobaa qarTu
qarTuli
Tulisa
lisa da zanu
zanuris
nuris urTi
urTiTierTo
erTobis
Tobis kvlevis
kvlevis mxriv.
mxriv svanu
svanuris
nuris viTa
viTare
Tareba
reba ufro
ufro rTulia
rTulia (SaraZeniZe 1991: 121); Tumca, samwuxarod, `Wanuris poziciebi dRiTidRe
sustdeba. Wanuri metyveleba savsea Turquli sityvebiT _ dReebis,
Tveebis, ricxvTa rigiTi Wanuri saxelebi saZebari gamxdara, weliwadis nawilTa lazuri saxelebi aRaravin icis~ (Ciqobava 1929: VII).
`Wa
Wanu
Wanuri
nuri metyve
metyvele
tyveleba
leba katas
katastro
tastroful
troful mdgoma
mdgomare
mareo
reobaSia
baSia...
Sia misi
misi gaqro
gaqroqrobis safrTxe
safrTxe dRiTi
dRiTidRe
TidRe rea
realuri
luri xdeba
xdeba~
ba (Ciqobava 2008: 579, 590).
ukanasknel xanebSi, RvTis wyalobiT, momravldnen qarTvelologiiT dainteresebuli pirebi rogorc CvenSi, ise ucxoeTSi. TiTqos nel-nela frTebs isxams didebuli niko maris 1911 wliseuli
winaswarmetyveleba:
`gaivlis didi xani... qarTu
qarTuli
Tuli da misi
misi mona
monaTe
naTesa
Tesave
save meg
megruli
ruli,
li
lazu
lazuri
zuri da svanu
svanuri
nuri enebi
enebi evro
evrop
ropiul mecni
mecnier
cnierTa
erTa kvlevis
kvlevis sagnad
sagnad
Seiq
Seiqmne
iqmneba
mneba (xazi Cvenia _ i. C.) da qarTuli kaTedrebis daarseba
evropis did qalaqebis universitetebSi aucilebeli Sedegi iqneba
amisi~ (mari 1937: 324).
28

Introduction
The data of other Kartvelian languages along with 15 century-old monuments and dialects are of greatest importance in researching the structure and
history of the Georgian language. "It is true, that Svan like Megrelian-Chan has not
been presented on the parchment, but this does not prevent Svan and MegrlianChan to preserve the ancient features which in all probability were common for all
representatives of the Kartvelian languages but were not reflected in written works".
(Karpez Dondua).
According to N. Marr, "One should not limited only by the written sources,
literatural works of the ancient time. Living Georgian sayings more mostly preserve
archaic picture then the ancient Georgian written works" (Marr 1910: IX).
It is well known, that vocabulary of any language is changed much more
rapidly in time and space, then its grammatical and phonetic structures. Herewith,
each language has its basic and borrowing vocabulary.
The main criterion, by what one can consider the lexemes originated from a
parent language, is to manifest the regular phonetic regularities in the genetically
related languages (though neither morphological nor lexical isoglosses should be
forgotten). The material due to Georgian-Zan-Svan correspondences, is assumed in
pre-Kartvelian language as well, is not of great number about thousands stems
have been listed by 1974 (Pochkhua 1974: 310), in Heinz Fhnrich and Zurab
Sarjveladze's "Etymological dictionary of the Kartvelian languages" the archetypes
of more then 1350 roots and morphological entries are given (Fhnrich, Sarjveladze
2000: 31), but in the book of comparativistic Kartvelology (Kartwelisches
Etymologisches Wrterbuch von Heinz Fhnrich, 2007), which represents an
author's new data along with relatively reliable etymologies existed in special
literature more then 1700 pre-forms are given.
A main characteristic of a research object is "great depth of chronology and
objective lack of relevant material" (Arabuli 2001: 14) that complicates the
linguistic researching.
Occasionally a consistent picture of regularity is obscured by such changes
that took place in a language collective's life and which are mostly unknown for
researchers (Pochkhua 1974: 311). No one dialect of the Kartvelian languages
has reached in the original form untill today: "Long-term common historical life
and existence has created common language and literature in which all Kartvelian
tribes differently took part simultaneously at various times. Each has made its
contribution to this common treasure. In this way one common literary and state
language has been created. "Georgian" as a common literary language is an
29

artificial language and owing to this it has preserved much from Megrelian-ChanSvan-Abkhazian.1 Everything that occurs in Georgian, could not be considered as
the belonging of the Kartians, Meskhians and Iberians' dialects and sub-dialects.
When a common Georgian language has been created in its turn it continuously
influenced on Megrelian-Chan-Svan-Abkhazian" (Javakhishvili 1914: 15).
Needles to say, a basic vocabulary stock (the words denoting relatives, parts
of a body, names of animals, birds and plants, natural phenomena, relevant lexemes
denoting the material and spiritual culture of the Georgian people, pronouns,
numerals, the vebs related with a human's life, bird and animal...) in all Kartvelian
languages is identical untill today or is represented by phonetic correspondences.
As for other vocabulary, it goes without saying, it has been borrowed from foreign
languages at different times some of them in such archaic past that even a certain
regularity has been preserved.
"It is in no way easy to single out loan words especially then when a word
has been entered in ancient times. Such words adapt to new language environment,
change their color so assimilated that without historical investigation it is
impossible to clear their origin: Lat. sk
kala "stairs" occurs in Chan as m-skala //
f-sk
kala, in Gurian it occurs as pwkala.
(italics
pwkala A real Georgin word is: pwk!...
pwk
mine!|... Sometimes it is almost impossible to guess such "foreigner". But it is not a
big trouble: c o m p a r i s o n i s n o t g o a l b y i t s e l f , b u t a n a d j a n c t i v e
t o o l s f o r s t u d y i n g t h e h i s t o r y. Borrowed material fulfills this function
as well as an own word does" (Chikobava 1938: IX).
In Megrelian, Svan and Laz (at present little, due to influence of Turkish)
there is a great number of words entered from a state literary language Georgian
and vice versa a small number (e. g. Jayvi,
Jayvi Jargvali,
Jargvali maTxoJi,
maTxoJi oJaleSi,
oJaleSi oCokoCi,
oCokoCi
elarJi,
elarJi CiqorTuli from Zan, kubdari,
kubdari yiSdvari,
yiSdvari maxvSi,
maxvSi maCubi from Svan).
Generally, in some cases it is difficult to find out weather it is a lexical entry from a
parent language or it is a loan word entered from one Kartvelian language to
another one (Fhnrich, Sarjveladze 2000: 28).
Today in comparativistic Kartvelology a situation is relatively better to
achieve success not only in Georgia but abroad, as well. In addition, having great
experience of field-working together with our students, different methods and tools
of digitized electronics help us to list and to research our national treasure in
interference conditions as rapidly as possible. At present we have excellent
academic dictionaries of Svan (Varlam Topuria, Maxime Kaldani) and of Megrelian
(Kajaia). A Laz dictionary the compiling of which took the Arnold Chikobava
Institute of Linguistics about half a century, will be published soon.
1

30

This time Abkhazian will not be discussed.

Unfortunately, this time the roots, stems and morphemes given in it could not
be taken into account (and this is shortcoming of the monograph), but I hope an
etymological analysis of the Laz illustrative material will be widely given in the
next part of the "History of the Kartvelian vocabulary".1
Still in 1937 great Ivane Javakhishvili warned us: "It is difficult to protect
oneself from mistakes in investigating of the Caucasian languages, where similar
phenomenon of the Babylon's language mixing is accompanied by complicating
fact of mixing of transcription, terminology and theories, as well. Instead of many
etymologies other interpretation could be given, but I hope, main part, basic
regulations of result could not be wrong. Even if my fortune is not lucky out and my
expectation is not proved in future, I still consider that only through this
methodological way and analyse of such language material is possible to resolve a
century-old issue of nature and kinship of Caucasian languages. I hope, in future
others will coverage the problem better and more credibly then the first author's
attempt was. If my work for what I spend so much time and strength, serves to
science, it would be moral award for me for the labor I have carried out."
(Javakhishvili 1937: XIV).
After such humble words of a genius scholar what we other researchers can say!
Among the Iberian-Caucasian languages Kartvelian languages are the best
studied from historico-comparative method standpoint. In this regard, especially
good situation is in studying the relation of Georgian and Zan. Situation in Svan
is complicated (Sharadzenidze 1991, 12). Though, unfortunately "Chan's position is
getting weaker day after day. Chan speech is full of Turkish words names of
days, months, numbers are lost, a part of year's Laz name nobody knows"
(Chikobava 1929: VII). "Chan speech is in extreme poor conditions... danger of
its disapparing is getting real day after day" (Chikobava, 2008: 579, 590).

A main part of the present work was ready in an electronic form in 2003. But due to
financial problems it could not be published. For some reasons some etymology represented in the
dictionaries which were published during last 10 years (sic!) coincide with our ones. But I will not
point them this time (I think, I have absolute right!).

31

`s v a n e T i a r i s s a o c a r i, s a s i q a d u l o d a
s a a m a y o k u T x e s a q a r T v e l o s i. a q c x o v r o b e n
q a r T v e l e b i, r o m e l n i c s a u k u n e e b i s m a n Z i l z e
i c a v d n e n d a ica
ica ven s i w m i n d e s, i c a v e n C v e n s
x a t e b s, C v e n s j v r e b s. s r u l i a d s a q a r T v e l o m
s w o r e d a m k u T x e s a n d o T a v i s i s a u n j e~.
sruliad saqarTvelos
k a T o l i k o s - p a t r i a r q i i l i a II

"Svaneti is a marvelous, glorious and praiseworthy region of Georgia. There live the Georgians
who have protected and have been protecting sacredness, our icons, our crosses for centuries. All Georgia
e n t r u s t e d i t s t r e a s u r e j u s t t o t h i s r e g i o n ".
Catholicos-Patriarch of
A l l G e o r g i a I l i a II

`odes Cuensa matianesa mTavarangelozni warikiTxviden,

Tavdadrekilni mas winaSe vdgeT: marTal
marTalni
Talni marju
marjue
jueniT,
niT xolo
xolo
codvil
codvilni
vilni _ marcxe
marcxeniT
cxeniT~
niT (`svaneTis istoriis furclebi~
2011: 178).
"When Archeangels read our chronicle, let us stand before them
with our head hung low: honests to the right, sinners to the left"
("Pages from Svaneti's history", 2011: 178).

32

svanu
svanuri
nuri enis zoga
zogadi
gadi daxa
daxasi
xasia
siaTeba
Teba da misi
misi
leqsi
leqsikis
sikis Seswav
Seswavlis
swavlis Tana
Tanamed
namedro
medrove
rove viTa
viTare
Tareba
reba
ganusazRvrelia arqaizmebiT gamorCeuli svanuri enis roli
qarTvelur enaTa istoriul-SedarebiTi Seswavlisa da arqetipTa
rekonstruqciisaTvis, radganac, rogorc cnobilia, igi `yvelaze axlos
dgas saerToqarTvelur fuZeenasTan. misi rTuli fonetikuri sistema,
gramatikuli Taviseburebani da dialeqturi nairgvaroba gansakuTrebiT faseulia zogadlingvisturi TvalsazrisiT~ (Tamaz gamyreliZe,
givi maWavariani).
`svanurSi daculi Zveli yofisa da warmarTobis amsaxveli
uZve
uZvele
velesi
lesi leqsi
leqsika
sika da gamoTqme
gamoTqmebi
Tqmebi,
bi arqa
arqau
qauli grama
gramati
matiku
tikuli
kuli wyobis
wyobis
gardmo
gardmonaS
rdmonaSTe
naSTebi
Tebi da mdida
mdidari
dari folklo
folklori
klori SesaZ
SesaZleb
saZleblo
leblobas
lobas iZle
iZleva
leva
warmodge
warmodgena
dgena viqo
viqoni
qonioT
nioT qarTvel
qarTvel tomTa
tomTa Rrma azrov
azrovne
rovneba
nebasa
basa da maRal
maRal
kultu
kultura
turaze
raze,
ze egeve safuZvels qmnis iberiul-kavkasiur da ZvelaRmosavlur enaTa geneturi urTierTobis sakvanZo sakiTxTa gadasaWrelad. amitom bunebrivia is didi interesi, romelic svanuris yovelmxriv Seswavlas axlavs. am interesiT aris gamowveuli svanuri
enis fonetikuri sistemisa da gramatikuli wyobis istoriul aspeqtSi aRweris aucilebloba, qarTvelur enaTa SedarebiTi gramatikisa da TargmniTi Tu SedarebiTi leqsikonebis Sedgenis saWiroeba~
(varlam Tofuria).
genezisis mixedviT megruli, lazuri (Wanuri) da svanuri mosaxleoba iseTsave mimarTebaSi imyofeba saqarTvelos sxvadasxva kuTxis (qarTlis, kaxeTis, imereTis, guriis, aWaris, xevsureTis,...) mosaxleobasTan, rogorSic TviT am kuTxeTa mcxovrebni erTmaneTTan.
qarTvelur enebze, bevr monaTesave enaTa jgufisagan gansxvavebiT, ar
warmoqmnila sxvadasxva erovnuli kultura, sxvadasxva erovnuli
fsiqika da sxvadasxva saxelmwifoebrivi struqtura. swored amitom
Seadgens qarTvel ers qarTvelur enebze metyvelTa erToblioba.
amasTanave, `qar
qarTu
qarTuli
Tuli iyo mudam
mudam qarTve
qarTveli
Tveli xalxis
xalxis erTa
erTader
TaderTi
derTi sasalite
litera
teratu
raturo
turo ena da erTi
erTia
Tianobis
nobis burji
burji,
ji umwer
umwerlo
werlobo
lobo qarTve
qarTvelu
Tveluri
luri
enebi
enebi ki funqci
funqcio
qcionalu
naluri
luri Tvalsaz
Tvalsazri
sazrisiT
risiT qarTu
qarTuli
Tuli enis dia
dialeqleqtebs utolde
utoldeba
ba~
(aleqsandre
oniani).
deba
33

sruliad bunebrivia, rom umdidresi da uZvelesi leqsikis

mqone svanuri eniT karga xnis win dainteresdnen ara mxolod saqarTveloSi, aramed sazRvargareTac. Sesabamisi masala ama Tu im saxiT warmodgenilia: i. giuldenStedtis (1787-1791 w.), p. palasis (1786-1789 w.),
j. edvarsis (1788 w.), i. klaproTis (1807-1808 w.), g. rozenis (1845-1847 w.),
f. bopis (1846-1847 w.), i. barTlomes (1855-1876 w.), p. uslaris
(1863-1887 w.), fr. miuleris (1864 w.), al. cagarlis (1872-1880 w.),
d. pikokis (1887 w.), h. Suxardtis (1895 w.), r. erkertis (1895 w.),
m. janaSvilis (1895-1925 w.), a. stoianovis, m. zavadskis, a. grenis
(1890-1902 w.), o. uordropis (1911 w.), b. niJaraZis (1888-1913 w.),
i. niJaraZis (1910 w.), a. diris (1928 w.) da sxvaTa naSromebSi.
fasdaudebelia akademikos niko maris moRvaweoba svanuri enis
fonetikur-morfologiuri Tu leqsikur-etimologiuri TvalsazrisiT Seswavlis saqmeSi. man peterburgSi sagangebod daaarsa seria
" ", romlis VIII, IX da X tomebSi gamoaqveyna svaneTSi oTxi samecniero mivlinebis Sedegebi,
gamokvlevebi, teqstebi, laSxeTis mkvidris _ arsen onianis xeTa da
balaxTa saxelwodebebis krebuli (`megmareS i balxare Jaxle xora~) da svanur-rusuli leqsikonis sacdeli monakveTi ("
- "). samwuxarod, niko mars ar dascalda,
bolomde mieyvana am leqsikonis Sedgenisa da publikaciis saqme, rac
Rirseulad ganagrZo misma mowafem _ profesorma karpez donduam.
1917 wels petrogradSi gamocemuli laSxuri teqstebis mixedviT
man

Seadgina

svanur-qarTul-rusuli

leqsikoni

("

"), magram verc svanuri enis es SesaniSnavi mkvlevari

moeswro Tavisi naRvawis gamocemas.
1910 wels uSgulelma ivane niJaraZem TbilisSi gamoaqveyna rusul-svanuri leqsikoni (520 gv. moculobisa). mas Semdeg araerT enaTmecniersa Tu araenaTmecniers (o. uordropi, m. CarTolani, C. gujejiani,
l. palmaitisi, a. liparteliani, a. avaliani...) ucdia svanuri leqsikonis
gamocema.
Tbilisis saxelmwifo universitetisa da saqarTvelos mecnierebaTa akademiis daarsebis Semdeg daiwyo sruliad axali etapi svanuri enis Seswavlis saqmeSi _ akademikosebis: akaki SaniZis, varlam
Tofurias, simon janaSias da arnold Ciqobavas muxlCauxrelma moR34

vaweobam, erTi mxriv, da profesor gerhardt deetersis fundamenturma Sromebma, meore mxriv, safuZveli Cauyares qarTvelur enaTa
kvleva-Ziebis maRalmecnierul dones. daarsda specialuri seria _
`masalebi qarTvelur enaTa SeswavlisaTvis~, romelSic 1939-1979
wlebSi gamoqveynda svanuri xalxuri poeziis erTi da prozauli
teqstebis xuTi wigni (maT Soris erT-erTi qrestomaTiaa) balszemour, balsqvemour, lentexur da laSxur dialeqtebze, agreTve,
andazebi, oRond samwuxaro isaa, rom bevr maTgans ar axlavs arc
leqsikoni da arc sityvasityviTi, e. w. pwkareduli Targmani, rac
maT gamoyenebas aZnelebs.
samwuxarod, xsenebuli seria didi xania daviwyebas mieca, amitom Cven yvelaferi gavakeTeT misi aRdgenisTvis. swored am seriis X
nomrad gamoveciT metad mniSvnelovani akademiuri wigni `kodoruli
qronikebi~ (2010 w.) da, rac ufro sayuradReboa, publikaciaSi
warmodgenilia ara mxolod interferencirebuli svanuri metyvelebis
uZvirfasesi nimuSebi, aramed maTi pwkareduli qarTuli Targmanebi
(gamokvlevebiTa da etimologiebiTurT).
mogvianebiT svanuri enis Sesaxeb Zalze mniSvnelovani naSromebi Seqmnes: Tamaz gamyreliZem, givi maWavarianma, TinaTin SaraZeniZem,
maqsime qaldanma, aleqsandre onianma, baqar gigineiSvilma, zurab
WumburiZem, zurab sarjvelaZem, mixeil qurdianma, avTandil arabulma, vaJa Sengeliam, merab Cuxuam, janri kaSiam, murman suxiSvilma,
ekaterine osiZem, nia abesaZem, klara gaguam, giorgi klimovma, karl
horst Smidtma, ian braunma, hainc fenrixma, iost gipertma, vinfrid boederma, kevin tuitma, leta palmaitisma...
dRes svanur enaze 30000-mde kaci laparakobs. masze metyvelni,
ZiriTadad, saqarTvelos Crdilo-dasavleT nawilSi, kavkasiis mTavari qedis Ziras, sam (en
engu
cxeniswyli
kodoris
enguris
guris,
ris cxenis
niswylisa
wylisa da kodo
doris)
ris xeobaSi
cxovroben.1

svanebi cxovroben agreTve: TbilisSi, quTaisSi, zugdidSi, cagerSi,

wyaltuboSi, rusTavSi,... 1987 wlis stiqiuri ubedurebis Semdeg isini Casaxldnen:

marneulis, bolnisis, dmanisis, TeTriwyaros, gardabnis, kaspis... raionebSic.
2008 wlis agvistos cnobili samxedro-politikuri bataliebis gamo, maTi bedi
gaiziares kodorelma svanebmac.

35

svanurSi tradiciulad oTx (balszemour, balsqvemour, laSxur

da lentexur) dialeqts ganarCeven. balszemouri da balsqvemouri
zemosvanuris saxelwodebiTacaa cnobili, xolo laSxuri da lentexuri _ qvemosvanurisa. oTxive dialeqti erTmaneTs upirispirdeba
umlautis, xmovanTa sigrZis, reduqciis, gramatikul (bruneba-uRlebis paradigmatuli sistema, sintaqsi) Tu leqsikur TaviseburebaTa
arseboba-ararsebobiT.
balsze
balszemo
szemou
mouri kilo
kilo mestiis raionis uSgul-latalis teritoriazea gavrcelebuli. rasakvirvelia, aqauri svanuri mTlianad ar
emTxveva

erTmaneTs

da

amitomac

ganirCeva

rogorc

kilokavebi

(uSguluri, kalur-ifaruli, mulaxur-mestiuri, lenjeruli, lataluri), ise calkeuli Tqmebi (vTqvaT, sofel mulaxis SigniT _ muJalisa,
WolaSisa, laxirisa, murSkelisa, arcxelisa, Rvebra-zardlaSisa).
balsqve
balsqvemo
sqvemou
mouri kiloc
kiloc mestiis raionis mcxovrebTa metyvelebaa,
oRond sofel beCodan (lenxeris CaTvliT) samegrelos sazRvramde.
or zemosvanur dialeqts erTmaneTisagan yofs latalsa da beCos Soris mdebare balis
balis mTa. balszemourTan SedarebiT balsqvemouri kidev ufro metadaa diferencirebuli. esenia: beCouri, cxumaruli,1 eceruli, faruli, Cubexeuri, laxamuluri kilokavebi.
ukanaskneli sakmaod gansxvavebulia balsqvemoelTa danarCeni metyvelebisagan Tavisi umlautiT, namyousrulisa Tu aoristis warmoebiT, agreTve leqsikiTac; rasakvirvelia, Tqmebi balsqvemour kiloSic ganirCeva (magaliTad, beCour kilokavSi _ dolasvifisa, Wkida1

maqsime qaldanis mosazrebis mixedviT, cxumaruli eceruli kilokavis

erTerT-erTi Tqmaa sakuTriv ecerulisa da farulis gverdiT,

gverdiT igive SeiZleba
iTqvas Cubexeuri metyvelebis Sesaxeb (qaldani 1959: 213-234), magram, rom
sakmaod rTulia umwerlobo enaTa dialeqtebad Tu kilokavebad diferencirebaze msjeloba, es kargad Cans svanuri prozauli teqstebis meore tomis winasityvaobidan, romlis SedgenaSi monaw;ileobda maqsime qaldanic: `balsqvemouri moicavs bals qvemoT odiTve arsebuli yvela sazogadoebis metyvelebas:
beCours, cxumaruls, eceruls, faruls, Cubexeursa da laxamulurs. maT
Soris kilokauri sxvaoba imdenad didia, rom TviT adgilobrivni Seucdomlad
arCeven beCours ecerulisagan da eceruls laxamulurisagan... cxumaruli
calke kilokauri erTeulia~
erTeulia (ix. svanuri prozauli teqstebi, II, 1957: XII).

36

narisa, lanxvrisa, mazerisa, qarTvanisa, gulisa, uSxvanarisa, bagvdanarisa, hebudisa, Woxuldisa, naSTqolisa, tvibiSisa).
qvemos
qvemosva
mosvanur
vanur metyvelebaSi gacilebiT naklebi sxvaoba SeimCneva
soflebs Soris, vidre zemos
zemosva
mosvanur
vanurSi
nurSi.
Si SesaZloa aq garkveuli mniSvneloba hqondes qarTul enasTan mWidro kontaqtsac.
lente
lentexu
texuri
xuri kilo
kilo cxeniswylis xeobaSia warmodgenili Tavisi
oTxi (rcxmeluruli, sakuTriv lentexuri, xofuruli, xeleduri)
kilokaviT.
lentexis raionSivea gavrcelebuli laSxu
laSxuri
xuri kiloc
kiloc,
loc romelic
moicavs erTmaneTTan Zalze kompaqturad ganlagebul soflebs, rac,
bunebrivia, ganapirobebs kilokaur TaviseburebaTa simciresac. ase
rom, erTmaneTisagan didad ar gansxvavdeba: sasaSis, Jaxundris, CixareSis, Cukulis, axalSenis, Sgedis, meles, xerias, laSxraSis, leRvanis, maxaSis, lekosandis, lujis, naculis, Robis, margviSis, lemzagoris, lamfalaSisa da mebecis metyveleba.
`Coluruli, ZiriTadad, laSxurs ganekuTvneba bgeriTi SedgenilobiTa da gramatikuli wyobiT. umlauti, albaT, lentexuris gavlenis Sedegia. aRsaniSnavia, rom lentexurTan axlo mdebare soflis _ saydris (agreTve, muwdisa da buleSis) Zveli Taobis metyveleba umTavresad lentexurs gasdevs, axlisa ki _ laSxurs. saydruli metyveleba Sejvarebuli gardamavali dialeqtis iSviaT erTeuls
warmoadgens: Colu
Coluru
luruli
ruli axlo
axlo moma
momaval
mavalSi
valSi Seswav
Seswavlis
swavlis obieqts
obieqts SeSeadgens
adgens~
gens (Tofuria 2002: 219).1
Colu
Coluru
luruli
ruli gardamavali dialeqtia qvemo svaneTSi. am metyvelebas iyeneben im teritoriaze, romelic aerTianebs lentexsa da
laSxeTs. mis calke dialeqtad gamoyofas jer kidev niko mari uWerda mxars. Cven vfiqrobT, rom ColurulSi sami kilokavi upirispirdeba erTmaneTs: saydruli, Tekaluri da fanaguri, sadac gamoiyofa
cameti sxvadasxva soflis metyveleba.
1

varlam Tofuriam es azri gamoTqva jer kidev 1965 wels gamokvlevaSi

`svanuri ena (zogadi cnobebi)~, magram, samwuxarod, Coluruli metyveleba

rigianad dRemde araa Seswavlili.

37

umlautiani a, o, u xmovnebi yvelgan gvxvdeba, garda laSxuri

dialeqtisa; grZeli a, o, u, e, i, fonemebi wrmodgenilia balszemourSi, laSxursa da ColurulSi, naumlautari grZeli a, o, u
xmovnebi ki balszemour dialeqtsa da Colurulis centralur nawilSi (metwilad) fiqsirdeba. rac Seexeba reduqcias, am TvalsazrisiT daaxloebiT erTgvari situaciaa zemosvanurSi, laSxursa da Colurulis Crdilo zolSi, xolo lentexur dialeqtsa da Colurulis samxreT nawils reduqciis kanonTa susti moqmedeba axasiaTebT.
Zalze Taviseburi Cans Coluruli umlauti. Tavad toponimi
Colir
Colir <*Colr
Colr <
Colir xom aSkarad naumlautari fuZea (<*Colir
Colur
saxelobiTi brunvis morfema)? rac Seexeba laSxuri diaColur+i,
lur
leqtis momijnave soflebis (leuSr, fanaga, Welf) metyvelebas, aq
daculia a > > e procesis amsaxveli bolo safexuri (iseve, rogorc laSxurSi) gansakuTrebiT preverbebTan (en
enkid
enkid `aiRo~, Sdr.
zs., lnt. nkid),
nkid xolo naumlautari da mxolod e da i
kompleqsebis saxiTRa gvevlineba da isic ara yvela SemTxvevaSi (sa
sasakiTxs speci
lentexuri dialeqtis mespecia
cialuri
luri Seswav
Seswavla
swavla sWirde
sWirdeba
deba!).
ba
zobel saydrul metyvelebaSi Cveulebrivia xmovani, Colurulis
centralur nawilSi ki mis adgilas arapalataluri a dasturdeba.
`ara mxolod xmovanTa sistemidan amosvliT, aramed sxva enobrivi
(gramatikuli, leqsikuri, intonaciuri,...) TaviseburebebiTac Coluruli iseve gansxvavdeba svanuris yvela sxva dialeqtisagan, rogorc
TiToeuli maTgani _ erTmaneTisagan, rac Colurulis damoukidebel dialeqtad gamoyofis safuZvels iZleva... rac Seexeba enobriv
sxvaobebs zemo da qvemoColuruls Soris, isini ar scildebian kilokaur sxvaobaTa farglebs~ (oniani 1998: 8).
akademikos varlam Tofuriasa da profesor maqsime qaldanis
mier gamocemuli svanuri prozauli teqstebis mesame tomSi, 1962
wels sofel saydarSi Caweril erT teqstSi, aRniSnulia: `Te
Teka
Tekali
kali
sabW
sabWos
bWos jinald i aTxe Colir
Colir xaJxa
xaJxa;
xa Tekli sabWosa
sabWosa asRri
asRri soso-

38

felar
felar:
lar 1 saydar
saydar,
ydar Woli
Wolier
lier,
er 2 Tekal
Tekal,
kal leu
leuSer,
Ser mam,
mam fana
fanaga
naga i Welf.
Welf
sayda
saydari
ydari xalxi
xalxi nin merme
merme saxiS
saxiS li,
li mer
merma sofe
sofela
felare
lare namski
namskidan
mskidan~
dan
(svanuri prozauli teqstebi, III, 1967: 320) _ `Tekalis sabWos Zvelad da axla Coluri hqvia; Tekalis sabWoSi Sedis soflebi: saydari, Wvelieri, Tekali, leuSeri, mami, fanaga da Wvelfi. saydris
saydris
xalxis
xalxis ena sxva saxi
saxisaa
xisaa danar
danarCen
narCen sofleb
soflebTan
lebTan Seda
Sedare
darebiT
rebiT~.
biT
es vrceli amonaweri imitom moviyvaneT, rom vaCvenoT, Tu rogor
mimdinareobs sametyvelo kodebis Sereva svanurSi da, rac mTavaria, am
process, ZiriTadad, sworad aRiqvamen TviT am enaze molaparakeni.
am TvalsazrisiT Zalze sainteresoa:
kodo
dalis
kodoris
doris xeo
xeobis (`da
dalis svane
svaneTis
neTis~)
Tis mosax
mosaxle
saxleo
leobis metyve
metyvele
tyveleba
leba,
ba
sadac mimdinareobs balszemour da balsqvemour dialeqtTa urTierTSerevis procesi. am mxriv gansakuTrebiT gamoirCeva soflebis:
laTas, {p}tiSis, ajarisa (|| aJarisa) da xutias mkvidrTa ena. rac Seexeba genwviSs, aqaurebi, ZiriTadad, balszemouri kilos ifarul
kilokavze metyveleben, radganac Tavis droze afxazeTSi ifaridan
Casaxldnen; omariSal (|| alcunesga || ialcunesga)is mosaxleobas,
Cveulebriv, yofili mulaxlebi warmoadgenen, xolo balsqvemour
dialeqtze molaparakeTa (soflebi: qafCara, zma, CxalTa, bCkr,
bZgr, aZgara, gandra, barmba, saken, nahar) kilokauri urTierTmimarTebis problema Sesaswavlia.
saqar
saer
erTa
saqarTve
qarTvelos
Tvelos erovnu
erovnuli
nuli samec
samecni
mecnie
niero fondi
fondisa
disa da sa
erTaSo
TaSori
Soririso proeq
proeqtis
eqtis (ECLinG) finan
finansu
nansuri
suri mxarda
mxardaWe
daWeriT
WeriT oTxi wlis ganmavlobaSi sagangebod SeviswavleT mdinare kodoris zemo welis (resp.
dalis) mosaxleobis metyveleba inter
interdis
Tvalsazri
terdiscip
discipli
ciplina
linaru
naruli
ruli Tvalsaz
sazririsiT da Cems mowafeebTan _ filologiis akademiur doqtorebTan
(qeTevan margiani-subari, qeTevan margiani-dadvani, medea saRliani,
1

umlautian

dialeqtebSi

(balszemouri,

balsqvemouri,

lentexuri)

mravlobiTobis aRmniSvneli morfema yvelgan ganicdis umlauts (-r

r),
r aq ki
gansxvavebuli viTarebaa, albaT imitom, rom fiqsirebul magaliTebSi ar gvaqvs
ukanaenismier g, q, k TanxmovanTa momdevno pozicia (lamara babluani).
2

Sdr. soflis Tanamedrove oficialuri saxelwodeba (-e

e kompleqsis

Semcveli) Welier.
Welier

39

rusudan ioseliani) TanaavtorobiT gasul wels gamoveci 836 gverdis moculobis fundamenturi naSromi `ko
kodo
kodoru
doruli
ruli qroni
qronike
nikebi
kebi~,
bi riTac
faqtiurad gadavarCineT iqauri svanuri daRupvas (cnobilia, rom
ruseT-saqarTvelos ukanaskneli samxedro-politikuri bataliebis
Semdgom kodoris xeoba daicala mosaxleobisgan, romelic dRes
ltolvilis statusiT daqsaqsulad cxovrobs saqarTvelos sxvadasxva
kuTxeSi, sxvadasxva enobriv garemocvaSi).
digitalizebuli video-audio aparaturiT adgilze mopovebuli masalebis lingvokulturologiurma analizma gviCvena Semdegi
Sedegebi:
1. TiTqmis saukunenaxevris win kodoris xeobaSi Casaxldnen
mestiis regionis svanebi TurqeTSi iZulebiT gadasaxlebul muhajir
afxazTa nacvlad. es teritoria 2008 wlis 10 agvistomde moicavda
17 sofels, romlebSic mimdinareobda balszemour da balsqvemour
dialeqtTa urTierTSejvareba. inter
interfe
terferen
ferenci
renciis
ciis proce
procesi
cesi,
si ZiriTadad, Seexo fonetika-fonologias, morfologiasa da leqsikas.
2. amgvar metyvelebaze garkveuli gavlena moaxdina saxelmwifo
enam. garda saliteraturo qarTulisa, kodorelTa metyvelebaSi
ramdenadme aisaxa kontaqtebi afxazur da rusul enebTan. ase rom,
saxezea diglo
diglosia
losia-bi
sia bilin
bilingviz
lingvizmis
gvizmis movle
movlene
vlenebi
nebi.
bi
3. Tavis mxriv, svanurma fonetikamac gaurTula saqme megrel
da afxaz rZlebsa Tu siZeebs _ svanurad metyvelebisas maT Zalian
uWirT umlautiani da grZeli xmovnebis, agreTve, faringaluri
Tanxmovnis warmoTqma, radganac amgvar fonemebs moklebulia megruli da afxazuri.
4. SeiniSneba gramatikul movlenaTa gaerTmniSvnelianebis, rTuli viTarebidan martivisaken gadasvlis, bruneba-uRlebis araerTi
morfemidan TiTo-orolas damkvidrebis (uni
unifor
uniforma
formaci
maciis
ciis)
is tendenciebi.
5. kodoris xeobis zemo welis mcxovrebTa Soris gansakuTrebuli yuradReba miiqcia as wels gadacilebul mxcovanTa metyvelebam, sadac Tavs iCens genderuli problema _ qalTa mier gamoyenebul leqsikasa Tu gramatikul formebSi Warbobs arqa
arqaiz
qaizme
izmebi
mebi,
bi romelTac gansazRvravs informatorTa socialuri yofa.
40

rogorc ukve aRvniSneT, svanuri enis dialeqtTa sademarkacio

safuZvelia sami fonetikuri movlena: xmovanTa sigrZe, umlauti,
reduqcia. sigrZe-simoklis mixedviT dapirispireba SeiniSneba mxolod or dialeqtSi (balszemoursa da laSxurSi); rac Seexeba
gardamaval _ Colurul kilokavs, grZeli xmovnebi laSxuri dialeqtis mezobeli zemoColuruli metyvelebisTvisaa damaxasiaTebeli (SaniZe 1925; Tofuria 1965, oniani 1998); daaxloebiT igive viTareba unda iyos kodoris xeobis im soflebis metyvelebaSic, sadac balszemouri da balsqvemouri warmomavlobis mosaxleoba erTad cxovrobs, Tanac ise, rom pirvelni Warboben ukanasknelebs. istoriulad eceris, Cubexevisa da faris mcxovrebTa STamomavali kodoreli axalgazrdoba ukve grZel xmovnebs warmoTqvams (Rol
Rolq
Rolq
`cxvri~, ml `melia,~ yr `yavari~, d
d `devi~, q'Cd `gavida~,
aTg
Tgnx `gaudgnen~, sg'
sg'n
nd `Semovida~, ....), Tanac metwilad morfemaTa zRvarze an erTi morfemis farglebSic, oRond dakarguli
Tanxmovnis sakonpensaciod an kombinatorulad (ori xmovnis SeerTebis Sedegad).
vfiqrobT, roca mTlianad SeviswavliT dalis xeobis soflebs
interferenciuli TvalsazrisiT, suraTi ufro naTeli iqneba da,
amasTanave, Coluruli metyvelebis msgavsi. garda amisa, raki Cven
Tvalwin kodoreli balsqvemouri warmomavlobis axalgazrdoba, ZiriTadad, swored kompensatorulsa da kombinatorul sigrZes mimarTavs, es imaze unda miuTiTebdes, albaT, rom svanur enaSi xmovanTa sigrZe istoriuladac garkveuli poziciiT iyo Sepirobebuli
TiTqmis yovelTvis, oRond diaqroniuli viTareba dRes CvenTvis
yvela SemTxvevaSi naTeli araa. aris Tu ara kodo
kodoris
doris xeo
xeobis mosax
mosaxsaxleo
leobis inter
interfe
terferen
ferenci
rencire
cirebu
rebuli
buli metyve
metyvele
tyveleba
leba svanu
svanuri
nuri enis calke
calke
dia
dialeqti
leqti,
ti es iseve
iseve unda
unda gadawydes
gadawydes,
wydes rogorc
rogorc Colu
Coluru
lurulis
rulis SeSemTxveva
mTxvevaSi
vaSi _ mxolod
mxolod deta
detalu
taluri
luri da gamowvli
gamowvlil
wvlilviTi
viTi Seswav
Seswavlis
swavlis sasafuZvel
fuZvelze
velze ara marto
marto fone
foneti
netika
tika-fo
ka fono
fonolo
nologi
logiis
giis,
is aramed
aramed grama
gramati
matiki
tikisa
kisa
da leqsi
leqsikis
sikis Tvalsaz
Tvalsazri
lsazrisiT
risiT.
siT
41

amri
amrigad
rigad,
gad kodoris xeobis 17 soflidan sistematuri, aSkara interferenciuli movlenebi axasiaTebs mxolod xuTi soflis (oma
omari
omaririSali
p}ti
tiSi
Sali,
li genwvi
genwviSi
wviSi,
Si ajara
ajara,
ra xutia
xutia,
tia {p
tiSi)
Si mosaxleobis metyvelebas,
radganac aq balszemour da balsqvemour dialeqtebze molaparake
xalxi erTad cxovrobs.
sxvadas
sxvadasxva
dasxva dia
dialeqtTa
leqtTa inter
interfe
terferen
ferenci
rencie
ciebi SeniSnulia svanuri
enis gardamaval kilokavebSi (uSguluri, lataluri, beCouri, cxumaruli, laxamuluri), xolo, rac Seexeba qarTul
qarTul-sva
Tul svanur
svanur inte
intefe
tefeferenci
renciebs
ciebs,
ebs isini metnaklebad mTel svanurSia gavrcelebuli, gansakuTrebiT ki qarTuli enis sakomunikacio funqcionirebis mezobel
teritoriebSi (lentexi, laSxeTi). `mTqmelebi komunikaciis procesSi gaucnobiereblad aniWeben upiratesobas ara mSobliur, aramed
dominantur enas, rac maTi enis Canacvlebas iwvevs dominanturi
enis sasargeblod1~ (Gippert 2009: 170).
orive saxis interferencia, ZiriTadad, damaxasiaTebelia kodoris, engurisa da cxeniswylis xeobebSi mcxovrebi axalgazrdobisa
da saSualo TaobisaTvis, ufrosebi ki metnaklebad icaven arqaul
leqsikasa Tu gramatikul formebs.
maSasadame, ama Tu im metyvelebis narevobaze msjelobisas aucileblad unda mieqces yuradReba morfonologiur movlenaTa gavrcelebis ara mxolod horizontalur, aramed vertikalur (erTi
da imave geografiuli punqtis sxvadasxva Taobis) Wrilebs, rac Zalian arTulebs saqmis realuri viTarebis asaxvas. cnobilia, rom
swored amgvari interferencia uSlis xels afxazuri enis tapanTuri da aSxaruli dialeqtebis kilokaur diferenciacias (lomTaTiZe
1976: 12-13). albaT
albaT analo
analogi
logiu
giuri situ
situa
tuacia Segveq
Segveqmne
gveqmneba
mneba kodo
kodoru
doruli
ruli
metyve
metyvele
tyvelebis
lebis kvali
kvalifi
lifika
fikaci
kaciis
ciis SemTxve
SemTxveva
mTxvevaSic
vaSic.
Sic
svanuris monacemebi erTxel kidev adastureben imas, rom enaSi
erTmaneTis gverdiT SeiZleba Tanaarsebobdnen arqauli da inovaciuri movlenebi, romlebic eyrdnobian eqstralingvistur safuZvlebs.
1

termini `mSobliuri~ aq e. w. `akvnis enas~ (a. SaniZe), ojaxSi saxmar

enas gulisxmobs (daviTiani 1973: 3), xolo `dominanturi~ _ saxelmwifo enas

(Gippert, 2009: 170).

42

engu
dalis
enguri
gurisa
risa da kodo
kodoris
doris (da
dalis)
lis xeobaTa
baTa mosax
mosaxle
saxleo
leobis metyve
metyvetyvelebis
lebis urTi
urTier
warmogvidgi
metad sain
sainte
TierTSe
erTSepi
TSepiris
pirispi
rispire
pirebam
rebam warmogvid
gvidgina
gina metad
intere
tereso
reso
lingvo
lingvokul
gvokultu
kulturo
turolo
rologi
logiu
giuri sura
suraTi
raTi:
Ti
1. upirveles yovlisa, yuradRebas iqcevs enaTa da dialeqtTa
urTierTSerevis tendenciebi:
a) engu
enguris
guris xeo
xeobis balszemour da balsqvemour dialeqtebze
ukanasknel xanebSi gansakuTrebul gavlenas axdens saxelmwifo ena _
wignis ena saliteraturo qarTulis saxiT. amasTan, es gavlena beCokalis teritoriaze gacilebiT didia, vidre xaiS-eceris arealSi;
b) balszemouri dialeqtis lataluri kilokavi, rogorc aqamdec iyo cnobili specialuri literaturidan, gardamavali metyvelebis nimuSia, sadac balszemouri dialeqti dominantobs balsqvemourze (v. Tofuria, T. SaraZeniZe). igive situaciaa beCour metyvelebaSic, oRond iq saqme piriqiTaa: balsqvemouri leqsika da gramatikuli formebi warmarTaven balszemouri dialeqtis monacemebs
(m. qaldani).
g) kodo
dalis
kodoris
doris (da
dalis)
lis Cvidmeti soflidan saxelmwifo enis gavlenas ganicdis TiToeuli maTgani, magram zemosvanur dialeqtTa
interferenciebi, ZiriTadad, dadasturda im soflebSi, sadac erTdroulad cxovroben balszemoel da balsqvemoel svanTa STamomavlebi; Tu maT monacemebs SevudarebT mestiis raionis latalisa da
beCos metyvelebas, aRmoCndeba, rom aq balszemouri da balsqvemouri dialeqtebis leqsika, gramatikuli formebi Tu sintaqsuri konstruqciebi erTmaneTs ereva mezobel soflebSi, xolo dalis xeobaSi _
erTi da imave soflis SigniT, radganac am ukanasknelSi TiTqmis saukunenaxevris ganmavlobaSi Tanacxovroben (zog
zogjer
zogjer erTsa
erTsa da imave
imave
ojaxSic
ojaxSic ki!)
ki orive dialeqtis warmomadgenlebi. aq mTavar rols asrulebs socialuri viTareba (qorwineba, erTi samxu
samxub
mxubis erTad
cxovrebis survili, samsaxureobrivi faqtori da a. S.);
2. garda zemoaRniSnulisa, kodoris xeobaSi dadasturda qvemosvanuris zemosvanurTan interferenciisa da megrul-afxazur enaTa kontaqtebis kerZo SemTxvevebi;
3. rusuli enis gavlena SedarebiT umniSvneloa enguris xeobaSi,
xolo kodorSi es procesi aisaxeba marto
martoo
tooden dargobriv leqsikaSi;
43

4. SeiniSneba gramatikul formaTa gaerTmniSvnelianebis, rTuli viTarebidan martivisaken gadasvlis, mravali morfemidan TiToorolas damkvidrebis (uniformaciis) procesebi.
5. gacilebiT rTuladaa saqme fonologiuri interferenciebis
SemTxvevaSi: balsqvemo svaneTidan Tavis droze kodorSi CasaxlebulTa memkvidreebi ukve karga xania warmoTqvamen grZel xmovnebs,
maSin, rodesac ecerel (istoriulad!) gujejianTa rZali _ laSxeli
irma koWbiani naxevarsaaTian dialogSi mxolod erTxel (
!
_
`vai!~) iyenebs umlautian -aa-s. rogorc Cans, Sesabamisi saartikulacio bazisis warmoqmna ufro rTulia umlautis SemTxvevaSi, vidre
grZel xmovnebTan dakavSirebiT. rac Seexeba istoriulad lenjerel
wifianTa afxaz rZals _ meri arSbas, is verc erT SemTxvevaSi ver
warmoTqvams svanur enaSi Zalze gavrcelebul faringalur xSuls
(n
n `xari~, Sdr. Zv. q. ar-i,
ar misTvis aris xn),
n radganac mis mSobliur
bzifur dialeqtSi `dRes am fonemis mxolod bgerinacvali (s. janaSia),
reliqti arsebobs Taviseburi enisZirismieri spirantis (xx) saxiT~
(lomTaTiZe 1976: 171), Tumca 1932 wels simon janaSia sagangebod
msjelobda xorxismieri -s arsebobis Sesaxeb afxazuri enis bzifur
metyvelebaSi, gansxvavebiT abJuuri dialeqtisagan (janaSia 1959: 227)1.

meri arSbas (agreTve

agreTve sxva afxazebisac)
svanuri
afxazebisac
svanuri metyveleba
aucileblad unda iqnes Seswavlili eqsperimentuli fonetikis TvalsazriTvalsazrisiT. SesaZloa mTqmeli Tavisebur x spirants (da ara Cveulebriv laringalur
siT
x-s) warmoTqvams, Cven ki, qarTvelebs, Tanamedrove qarTuli enis fonematuri
sistemis maxasiaTebeli bgera gvesmis? specialuri literaturis (q. lomTaTiZe)
mixedviT, > x cvlilebis gzaze arc qarTvelur enebSia gamoricxuli gardamavali faringaluri x spirantis arsebobis daSveba (e. i. > x; es ukanaskneli ki
daemTxva

ukve

arsebul

ukanaenismier

spirants).

sakiTxs

specialuri

Seswavla sWirdeba iberiul-kavkasiur

iberiul kavkasiur enaTa mTel konsonantur sistemaSi.
sistemaSi am
TvalsazrisiT Zalze sainteresoa ukanasknel xanebSi gamoqveynebuli mayvala
miqelaZis monografia `interferentuli procesebi wovaTuSur enaSi~ (2008),
romlis

mixedviTac

erTmaneTisgan

diferencirdeba

sakuTari

da

nasesxebi

sityvebi da x fonemaTa warmodgenis TvalsazrisiT: pirvel SemTxvevaSi isini

gansxvavebul poziciebSi gamoiyenebian, xolo nasesxeb leqsemebSi SesaZlebelia
maTi Tavisufali monacvleoba, anu arafonemuri damokidebuleba (ix. gv. 150-152).

44

`guriaSi Zvelad sacole qalebi mohyavdaT daSorebuli kuTxeebidan, radgan mezob

mezoblis
zoblis colad
colad SerTva
SerTva sircxvi
sircxvilad
cxvilad iTvle
iTvlebo
vleboda
boda
(Sdr. Zveli xalxuri leqsi: `mezoblis qals xels nu axleb, isic
Sinauriao~)... sxva kuTxidan mosul qals Tan mohqonda im adgilis
enobrivi Taviseburebani. amas ki mniSvneloba aqvs imdenad, ramdenadac
Svili
Svili ufro
ufro metad
metad dedis
dedis enobri
enobrivi
rivi gavle
gavlenis
vlenis qveSaa
qveSaa,
Saa vidre
vidre mami
mamimisa~
sa (JRenti 1936: 42); eTnolog nino xarCilavas cnobiT, amaswinaT, zugdidis avtobusiT mgzavrobisas, daaxloebiT 35-40 wlis ori mamakaci
erTmaneTs ekamaTeboda, romeli gziT wasuliyvnen baTumidan _ qvaloniT Tu TeklaTis gavliT. erTma upasuxa meores: var,
var Tekla
TeklaTiT
laTiT
arT samoj
samojgi
mojgiro
giro Sara
Sara re _ `ara, TeklaTis gavliT (`TeklaTidan~)
samoyvro (`samokeTeo~) gza (`Sara~) aris~. mokamaTe mixvda, rom TeklaTis gavliT Soridan unda moevloT da meti SekiTxva aRar dausvams. maSasadame, dResac ki ician samegreloSi, rom samoyvro gza
Soreulia. igive situaciaa imereTSic (SaraSeniZe 2008: 415), albaT,
sxvaganac.
kodorel svanTa laSxel-lentexeli, megreli an afxazi (e. i.
Soridan damoyvrebuli) rZlebis (Tu siZeebis) SemTxvevaSic unda
gaviTvaliswinoT ara mxolod maTi zemosvanurad ametyvelebisas
warmoqmnili Taviseburebani, aramed mSobliuri dialeqtisa Tu enis
interferenciebic TavianTi ojaxebis wevrTa metyvelebasTan, rasac
moma
momaval
mavalS
valSi auci
aucileb
cileblad
leblad unda
unda mieq
mieqces
eqces jero
jerova
rovani
vani yura
yuradRe
radReba
dReba.
ba
6. metad mniSvnelovania genderuli movlena _ qalTa metyvelebaSi SedarebiT naklebia interferenciis procesi, vidre mamakacebTan, rac yuradsaRebia sxva enebisTvisac, anu saqme gvaqvs universaliasTan.
7. kodoris (dalis) xeobaSi dialeqtTa daaxloebiT iseTi
interferencia

Cans,

rogoric

ColurulSi,

oRond

ukanasknel

SemTxvevaSi amosavalia laSxuri da lentexuri metyvelebis SerwymaSejvarebis procesi. moma

momaval
mavalma
valma kvleva
kvleva-Zi
va Zie
Ziebam SesaZ
SesaZloa
saZloa Colu
Coluru
luruli
ruli
da kodo
kodoru
metyvele
svanuri
calke dia
dialeqte
leqtebad
doruli
ruli metyve
tyveleba
leba svanu
nuri enis calke
tebad
gamogva
loba
ba naad
gamogvayo
gvayofi
yofinos
finos,
nos magram
magram jerje
jerjero
jerobiT
robiT amaze
amaze msjelo
msjelo
naadre
adrevia
revia
45

(Tum
Tumca
Tumca ukanas
ukanasknel
nasknel xaneb
xanebSi
nebSi,
Si samwu
samwuxa
mwuxarod
xarod,
rod speci
specia
cialur lite
litera
teratu
ratura
turaraSi amgva
amgvari
gvari dau
dausabu
sabuTe
buTebe
Tebeli
beli gancxa
gancxade
cxadebe
debebic
bebic gakeT
gakeTda
keTda).
da
8. Cven vakvirdebodiT dalis xeobidan Wuberis xeobasa Tu qvemo qarTlSi (agreTve: TbilisSi, wyneTSi, vazianSi) ukanaskneli oci
wlis manZilze Seqmnili mZime politikuri da socialuri pirobebis
gamo, iZulebiT adgilnacval svanTa metyvelebasac, romelSic jerjerobiT SedarebiT iSviaTad SeiniSneba damxvdur enaTa Tu dialeqtTa interferenciuli movlenebi (leqsikuri ufro, vidre gramatikuli), Tumca Zalze aSkaraa araerTi tkiviliani amoZaxili maTTan
gasaubrebisas: vaxtang afsuS gezal sube
subeli
belia
lian dlxen (aajaraxen)
xen
xi,
xi ejur _ cxmrxen,
cxmrxen SniS,
SniS aTxe bolniss
bolniss xizg
xizge _ `vaxtang
afsuas Ze (`Svili~) subeliani dalidan (ajaridan) var, ise ki _
cxumaridan (`svaneTis~), axla bolnisSi vcxovrob~.
miuxedavad Cveni didi optimizmisa, mainc Zalian Znelia amJamad saqarTvelos mTel teritoriaze daqsaqsul kodorel svanebTan
muSaoba _ isini xom 17 sxvadasxva soflis warmomadgenlebi arian?
rode
rodemde
demde gagrZel
gagrZelde
grZeldeba
deba forsma
forsmaJo
smaJorul
Jorul-eq
rul eqstre
eqstrema
stremalu
maluri
luri situ
situa
tuacia
cia?! _ xalxs xom arafe
araferi
feri dau
dauSave
Savebi
vebia
bia?! . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
uSgu
uSgulis
gulis,
lis yorul
yorulda
ruldaSis
daSis,
Sis can
canisa da zesxos
zesxos mcxovre
mcxovreb
rebTa metyveveleba
lebaSi
baSi aSkaraa balszemouri da laSxuri dialeqtebis urTierTqmedebis Sedegebi; amasTanave, sofel zesxoSi, rakiRa iq uSgulidan da
mulaxidan gadasaxlebulni cxovroben, adgili aqvs uSgulur da mulaxur kilokavTa Serevasac;
lata
latalu
taluri
luri metyve
metyvele
tyveleba
leba zemosvanur kiloTa Sesayarzea; igive
iTqmis beCo
beCou
svanuris
Couri svanu
nuris Sesaxebac (nawilobriv);
Teka
Tekalur
kalur metyve
metyvele
tyveleba
lebaSi
baSi aRiniSneba

Coluris

sazogadoebis

Crdilo da samxreTi teritoriebisTvis damaxasiaTebel fonologiur-gramatikul TaviseburebaTa TandaTanobiTi Serwyma.

Zvelad zemo svaneTi or nawilad iyo dayofili: pirvel maTgans (uSguli, kala, ifari, mulaxi, mestia, lenjeri, latali) Tavi
Tavivisufa
sufali
fali svane
svaneTi
neTi ewodeboda, xolo meores (beCo, cxumari, eceri,
46

fari, laxamula, Cubexevi) _ sada

sadadeS
dadeSqe
deSqeli
qelia
liano svane
svaneTi
neTi.
Ti rac Seexeba
qvemo svaneTs (laSxeTi, Coluri, lentexi), mas sada
sadadi
dadia
diano svane
svaneTi
neTi
erqva. bolo ori saxelwodeba ganpirobebuli iyo mflobel mTavarTa gvarebis mixedviT.
umwerlobo qarTvelur enaTa, kerZod ki svanuris masalebis
fiqsireba, rogorc es mravalgzis aRniSnula, gansakuTrebuli mniSvnelobis amocanaa. Tana
Tanamed
namedro
medrove
rove epoqi
epoqisa
qisaTvis
saTvis dama
damaxa
maxasi
xasia
siaTebe
Tebeli
beli inintensi
tensiu
siuri kontaq
kontaqte
taqtebi
tebi gansa
gansazRvra
sazRvraven
zRvraven nebis
nebismi
bismie
mieri enis,
enis gansa
gansakuT
sakuTre
kuTrerebiT ki umwer
umwerlo
werlobo
lobo enebis
enebis,
bis swrafi
swrafi tempiT
tempiT cvlas.
cvlas swored
swored amit
amitom
amgva
fiqsi
sire
mxolod
lod sadRe
amgvari
gvari enebis
enebis masa
masalis
salis fiq
sireba
reba aris ara mxo
sadRei
dReiso amoamocana
cana,
na aramed
aramed axlo
axlo da Sore
Soreu
reuli moma
momava
mavali
vali Tao
Taobebi
bebisa
bisaTvis
saTvis zrunvis
zrunvis
gamovle
gamovlenac
vlenac (aleqsandre oniani).
svanuri prozauli Tu poeturi teqstebis gamocemisa da maTi
maRalmecnierul doneze Seswavlis saqmes saTaveSi bumberazi lingvistebi edgnen, romelTac bevri ram gaakeTes am TvalsazrisiT.
rac Seexeba karpez donduas naSroms (laSxuri kilos monacemebis
Semcvels), " ", romelic damuSavda peterburgSi karga xnis win, man mzis sinaTle mxolod mogvianebiT
ixila Tamaz gamyreliZis, zurab sarjvelaZisa da aleqsandre onianis
didi gulmodginebis wyalobiT. sayuradReboa, rom uSguluri kilokavis masala warmodgenilia saukuneze meti xnis win (1888 w.)
Seqmnil, magram dagvianebiT gamocemul besarion niJaraZis `qarTulsvanur-rusul leqsikonSi~ (2007 w.), xolo Colurulisa _ aslan
lipartelianis `svanur-qarTul leqsikonSi~ (1994 w.). cnobili kavkasiologis bernar uties azriT, `b. niJaraZis naSromSi Zvirfasi
masalaa warmodgenili da bevria iseTi sityva, romlebic ar gvxvdeba sxva leqsikonebSi. misi mdidari leqsika Zalian sasargeblo iqneba ara mxolod svanuri dialeqtologiisaTvis, aramed qarTvelur
enaTa ufro Rrmad SeswavlisaTvis~ (utie 2008: 210).
svanuri leqsikis Zirfesviani kvlevis TvalsazrisiT yvelaze
mniSvnelovan movlenad migvaCnia varlam Tofurias da maqsime qaldanis naxevarsaukunovani muxlCauxreli Sromis Sedegis publikacia
47

(`svanuri leqsikoni~, Tbilisi, 2000), romelic maTma mowafeebma da

mowafeTa mowafeebma ganvaxorcieleT brwyinvale wignis avtorTa
naadrevi gardacvalebis gamo. dRemde igi araerTi sadisertacio Tu
etimologiuri naSromis safuZvelia qarTvelologiaSi; moviyvanT
mxolod amonarids erT-erTi maTganidan: `Cveni monografiis gamoqveynebaze fiqri SesaZlebeli gaxda v. Tofurias da m. qaldanis
leqsikonis wyalobiT. misgan didad aris davalebuli Cveni naSromi.
danamdvilebiT SeiZleba iTqvas: svanu
myari
svanuri
nuri leqsi
leqsiko
sikoni
koni sai
saimedo (mya
myari)
ri
safuZ
safuZve
qarTvelur
ena kilo
leqsikis
gaRrmave
istofuZvelia
velia qarTve
Tvelur ena-ki
kiloTa
loTa leqsi
sikis gaRrma
Rrmavebu
vebuli
buli isto
toriul
riul-eti
ul etimo
etimolo
mologi
logiu
giuri kvlevi
kvlevisa
visa.
sa gvjera, rom igi sapatio adgils
daiWers am rigis sxva leqsikonTa Soris~ (Cuxua 2000-2003: 5).
sagangebod gvinda gavxazoT SedarebiT axali publikaciebi (m. Cuxua
`qarTvelur ena-kiloTa SedarebiTi leqsikoni, Tbilisi, 2000-2003;
. , . , , , 2003; m. qurdiani,
iberiul-kavkasiuri

enaTmecnierebis

safuZvlebi,

Tbilisi,

2007;

H. Fhnrich, Kartwelisches Etymologisches Wrterbuch, Leiden-Boston, 2007;

m. Cuxua, iberiul-iCqeriul enaTa SedarebiTi gramatika, Tbilisi,
2008),

romlebSic

metad

saintereso

(Tumca

xSirad

sadavoc)

qarTvelur-kavkasiur-baskuri etimologiebia gaanalizebuli.

misasalmebelia, rom svanuri enis struqturuli analiziTa da
leqsikis etimologiuri gaazrebiT araerTi ucxoeli qarTvelologia
dainteresebuli. arsebobs inglisur-svanuri da svanur-inglisuri
leqsikonebis sxvadasxva gamocema. am TvalsazrisiT muSaoba mimdinareobs germaniaSi, kanadaSi, amerikis SeerTebul StatebSi, did britaneTSi, poloneTSi, latviaSi, ukanasknel xanebSi ki _ avstriaSi,
Sveicariasa da italiaSi. gansa
gansakuT
sakuTre
kuTrebiT
rebiT gamoir
gamoirCe
irCeva
Ceva germa
germanu
manuli
nuli
qarTve
qarTvelo
Tvelolo
lologi
logiu
giuri skola
skola,
la romlis SemweobiT germanul enazec arsebobs karl Smidtis, hainc fenrixisa da zurab sarjvelaZis qarTvelur enaTa etimologiuri leqsikonebi, svanuri prozauli teqstebisa
da poeziis pirvel tomTa Tu svanuri andazebis indeqsebi, romlebic
Seadgina iost gipertma.
48

rakiRa safrangeTi SedarebiT mokrZalebulad gamoiyureboda

svanologiuri TvalsazrisiT, me da Cemma mowafeebma vTxoveT parizis qarTul-evropuli institutis direqtors profesor janri kaSias, dagvxmareboda qarTul-svanur-franguli leqsikonis Sedgenagamocemis saqmeSi. mis mier bolo ori aTwleulis manZilze Sesrulebuli Sromebi naTeli dadasturebaa imisa, Tu rogor SeiZleba
lingvisturi qarTvelologiis ganWvreta filosofiur-kulturologiuri TvalsazrisiT. man didi siamovnebiT miiRo Cveni winadadeba da 2002 wels gamosca Zalze originaluri monografia `ena, sazrisi, yofiereba (qarTvelur enaTa topologia)~. masSi naTqvamia:
`did madlobas movaxseneb profesor iza CantlaZes svanur-qarTulfrangul leqsikonze samuSaod miwveviT da svanu
svanuri
nuri eniT Cemi
Cemi cducdunebi
nebisa
bisaTvis
saTvis~
Tvis (kaSia 2002: 249). batoni janri Zalze CauRrmavda muSaobas Teoriuli mimarTulebiT, magram mas upirveles movaleobad
mainc xsenebuli samenovani leqsikonis Seqmna miaCnda. wlebis manZilze saocari rudunebiT naRvawi dasasruls uaxlovdeboda, rom
sruliad moulodnelad gardaicvala misi erT-erTi avtori _ sisxlis wvimebis saukuneSi emigrantuli da politikuri cxovrebis umkacresma susxma sasikvdilo dartyma miayena batoni janris guls. am
wignis danarCeni avtorebi Cveni wili pativis misagebad yvelafers
gavakeTebT imisaTvis, rom mkiTxvelma droulad miiRos publikacia,
Tumca uCvenodac karga xania ukvdavyofilia nino da kalistrate
saliebis mamuliSvilur saqmeTa didebuli gamgrZeleblis saxeli
qarTveli eris istoriaSi Tavisi JurnaliT `iveria~. janri kaSia
sul imas imeorebda, `me
megrul
qarTuli
gulia,
xolo
megrul-la
grul lazu
lazuri
zuri qarTu
Tuli enis gulia
lia xolo
svanu
svanuri
nuri _ gulis
gulisgu
lisguli
guli~-o.
li
amjerad yvelaze saSur saqmed gveCveneba kodo
kodoris
doris xeo
xeobis svanurisa da Colu
Coluru
luruli
ruli metyvelebis lingvisturi analizi. gamosacemia agreTve mose janaSvilis `qarTveluri sityvari~ (1875-1925 w.)
da aleqsandre Rlontis (Tanaavtorebi: iza CantlaZe, oTar qajaia,
omar memiSiSi) `mcire qarTveluri leqsikoni~ (2007 w.), romlebSic
49

svanuri masala soliduradaa warmodgenili qarTulis, megrulisa

da lazuris gverdiT.
umwer
umwerlo
werlobo
lobo enis leqsi
leqsiko
sikonis
konis Seqmna
Seqmna rTuli
rTuli saqmea
saqmea!
qmea es miT
ufro svanuris Sesaxeb iTqmis, romelsac 48 fonema aqvs (bgeriTi
sistemis sirTule, ZiriTadad, ganpirobebulia umlautis, xmovanTa
sigrZisa da anaptiqsuri xmovnis arsebobiT aRniSnul enaSi).
`enaTa mecnieruli Seswavla istoriul-SedarebiTi Seswavlis
gareSe warmoudgenelia. yvelaferi, rac ki mtkice mecnierul monapovrad iTvleba sxvadasxva enebis warsulis Seswavlisas, istoriulSedarebiTi Ziebis Sedegadaa miRebuli. ar arse
arsebob
sebobda
bobda da ar arse
arsebobs
sebobs
sxva gza,
gza romel
romelsac
melsac SeeZ
SeeZlos
eZlos araTu
araTu ukeTe
ukeTes
Tesi Sede
Sedege
degebis
gebis moce
mocema
cema,
ma
aramed
aramed Tundac
Tundac daax
daaxlo
axloe
loebiT imgva
imgvari
gvarive
rivesi
vesi,
si rogor
rogorsac
gorsac isto
istori
toriul
riul-Se
ul SeSedare
Seda
darebi
rebiTi
biTi Zi
Zieba iZle
iZleva
leva~
va (Ciqobava 1938: 1). `Se
Sedare
darebam
rebam yovel
yovelTvis
velTvis
unda
unda migviy
migviyva
gviyvanos
vanos forma
formaTa
maTa rekon
rekonstruq
konstruqci
struqcia
ciamde~
mde (Saussure 1955: 300).
Tanamedrove svanur metyvelebaSi warmodgenilia rogorc uZvelesi, saerToqarTveluri enis diferenciaciis Semdgomdroindeli
masala (vTqvaT: Zv. q. kues
_ svan. (lxm./Cbx. li-kaS
kaS-e
kues-eb-a-
es
kaS `SeTboba~,
Zv. q. wul-i
wul _ svan. WuS `vaJi~), ise SedarebiT gviandeli (mag.: kvec-a
kvec _
svan. li-kc
kc-e)
an sruliad axali nasesxobanic (mag.: arx-i
_ svan.
kc
arx
l-l
l l-hen
hen zs., rx lnt., l-l
l l-en
en qs. || kanao
kanao).
nao 1
svanurma enam Tavisi ganviTarebis grZel gzaze, mas Semdeg, rac
is gamoeyo preqarTvelurs, araerTi cvlileba ganicada rogorc
fonologiur-gramatikuli, ise leqsikuri TvalsazrisiT. amitomac,
sruliad bunebrivia, rom erTmaneTis gverdiT gvxvdeba ara mxolod
kanonzomier fonemaTSesatyvisobaTa Semcveli Zirebi (aclevinebs _
bz. x-aa-hr
hr-un
e `ayrevinebs~ < `aa-car
car-iel
hr un-
un -n
n-e
car iel-eb
iel eb-in
eb in-eb
in eb-s
eb s~), aramed nasesxebi fuZeebi rogorc sxvadasxva, ise erTsa da imave dialeqtSic
ki, xolo zogjer martooden nasesxebi sityvebiRa SemogvrCa (`awvalebs~ _ zs. a-wal
wal-
cd-r
cd-il
wal -i
i, `acodvilebs~ _ bz. a-cd
cd r-i
r i, x-aa-cd
cd ilil
l-n
ZaRl-a
yj-un
l n-e
n e~; `aZaRlebs~ _ bz. a-ZaRl
ZaRl a-i
a i, Sdr. Col. a-yj
yj un-e
un e).
roca ama Tu im leqsemis forma gansxvavebuladaa warmodgenili Zvelsa da axal qarTulSi, maSin sasurvelia mieTiTos orive monacemi, raTa mkiTxvelisTvis naTeli iyos, svanuri sityva diaqroni-

50

sesxeba saxelebSi ufro xSiria, vidre zmnebSi.

ulad romeli epoqis kuTvnilebaa, Tumca amis garkveva yovelTvis

araa advili _ magaliTad: bz., lSx. li-ts
ts-e
ts (`kmeva~) Ziriseuli
xmovnis sigrZiT ax. q. trus-v-adan
momdinared ufroa mosalodnetrus
li, vidre Zv. q. tus-v-adan
(Sdr. agreTve qiziy. tus-v-a),
Tumca
tus
tus
amosavali es ukanaskneli formaa.
komparativistebi, Cveulebriv, Tavs arideben xolme semantikur
rekonstruqciebs (maTTvis gadamwyvetia arqiformaTa fonologiuri
saxe), radganac amas `Tan axlavs nebismieroba, abstraqtul cnebaTa
rekonstruqcia~ (fenrixi-sarjvelaZe 2000: 25). arada `Se
Sesa
Sesatyvis
satyvis
fuZe
fuZeTa
ZeTa Zie
Ziebisas
bisas arse
arsebi
sebiTi
biTi mniSvne
mniSvnelo
vneloba
loba aqvs pirvan
pirvande
vandeli
deli seman
semanti
mantitikis dadge
dadgenas
nas~
(arabuli
2001:
29).
raki
yovel
enobriv
sistemas
sadgenas
myaros lingvisturi xatis agebisas safuZvlad mxolod misTvis damaxasiaTebeli
sintaqsur-semantikuri
danawevrebis
algoriTmi
udevs, aucilebelia misi SesaZlo interpretacia praenis donezec,
Tumca `monaTesave enebSi Sesadarebel sityvaTa gansxvavebuli semantikuri niuansebi mravalferovania, poziciaTa simravle gacilebiT
kompleqsuria da naklebi sixSirisaa~ (ivaniSvili 2005: 6), vidre
etimologiuri fonetikis SemTxvevaSi. semantikuri rkonstruqciis
sirTulis miuxedavad, masze uari ar unda vTqvaT, radganac mainc
arsebobs SesaZlebloba calkeul leqsemaTa mniSvnelobebis gadawevis dafiqsirebisa da garkveul leqsikur-semantikur jgufTan sistemur mimarTebaSi myofi konkretuli sityvis Tavdapirveli mniSvnelobis didi albaTobiT aRdgenisa; magaliTad: aaduRebs _ Jfne bz. <
`a-a-fu
fu-eb-s~.
igive viTarebaa nasesxeb sityvebTanac: sufTa _ wyzr
fu
(`TeTri~ < Zv. q. `m-wyaz
wyaz-ar-i~)
zs., dalocvili, kurTxeuli _
wyaz
wylin
wyl-ian-i~,
aTeTrebs _ aqaTqaTne
qaT-qaT
wylin bz. < `wyl
wyl
aqaTqaTne lSx. < `a-qaT
qaT qaT-ebqaT
s~, nagavi _ oxro
oxr-ob-a~,
Tumca `imis garkveva fuZeeoxroba
roba lnt., < `oxr
oxr
nidan momdinare leqsikuri erTeuli gvaqvs, Tu erTi qarTveluri
enidan sxva qarTvelur enaSi nasesxebi, zogierT SemTxvevaSi metad
rTulia; gansakuTrebiT maSin, roca saqme gvaqvs identur fonemaTSesatyvisobebTan, xolo semantika erTnairia an semantikuri sxvaoba
dasaSveb farglebs ar scildeba~ (fenrixi-sarjvelaZe 2000: 28).
zedmiwevniT gadmoqarTulebuli swori gramatikuli forma
iSviaTad xelovnurobis STabeWdilebasac tovebs, amitomac leqsikonSi unda aRvniSnoT varskvlaviT: amtvrevs (purs) _ ben
benju
jure
ju
re
(*`anatexebs~)bq. (Sdr. boj _ puris natexi, romelic yvela dialeqtSi
erTgvaradaa warmodgenili).
51

zogjer esa Tu is svanuri sityva amosavali semantikiTa da

qarTulTan Sesatyvisi an identuri (maT Soris nasesxebic) ZiriTaa
warmodgenili, magram aseT SemTxvevaSi am ukanasknels verc davSliT
da verc gavxazavT, raTa ar davarRvioT leqsikonis marcxena mxares
miTiTebul qarTul leqsemaTa `TeTri~ SriftiT agebuli sistema
(zafxuli _ lufx,
qvisli _
lufx Rawvi _ RWa,
RWa irRveva _ reR-n-i,
reR
meqSel, mirekavs _ arkli
arkli, ofli _ of/ef
meqSel
of ef,
ef dasoba _ Ji lisem,
lisem
RviZli _ yiJe
yiJe, mSvenieri _ musgen
musgen, svani _ muSn
muSn, moCveva
(`moSinaureba~) _ liCqne zs. (Fhnrich 1982: 37, 2007: 541; Tof. qald.
2000: 471), rbili _ mnSge
lilCe
Ce,
CeCx/CCx
CCx,
nSge, dacva _ lil
Ce cocxi _ CeCx
CCx cacxvi
_ zsx
zsx, ZarRvi _ ZrR
ZrR, aZigZigebs _ ajjgne,
ajjgne cicxvi _ JSxa,
JSxa Zua _
ji/j
Z), mWedeli _ mSkid
mSkid, xvlepa _ lixli
lixlipi
pi...).
ji
j (bq. Z
pi
sagangebod unda movepyraT leCxumur kilos, e. w. gaimerlebul svanTa metyvelebas. roca Ziri dadasturebulia mxolod svanursa da leCxumurSi, abreviatura Sdr.
Sdr albaT, uxerxulicaa (wya1
ro _ bi
binul
nul, lCx. bi
binul
nul-i, gantotva _ liCiCx
nul
nul
liCiCx,
CiCx lCx. CiCxv-i
CiCxv `naTesavi, memkvidre~...) amitomac sruliad bunebrivia, rom hainc fenrixma leCxumuri Cend-ar-i
(`moWrili xis gamxmari Ziri~) qarTul
Cend
cend-ars Seupirispira rogorc svanuri monacemi.2 imedia, komparacend
1

Tumca binuli rom mxolod leCxumuri araa, amaze SesaZloa miuTiTebdes

araleCxumeli avTandil gafrindaSvilis erTi leqsis striqoni: `oqrocurvil
binulidan mzeebs gizidavdi peSviT~ (ix. misi leqsebi, Tbilisi, 2004: 16).
2

ix. misi Gedanken zur kartwelishen Rekonstruktion, Jena, 1998: 45 (aqve gvinda
sagangebod aRvniSnoT, rom Zalze didia germanuli qarTvelologiuri skolis
damsaxureba etimologiur ZiebaTa dargSi. am mxriv gansakuTrebiT gamoirCevian
profesorebi: gerhardt deetersi, karl horst Smidti da hainc fenrixi.
rogorc cnobilia, zurab sarjvelaZesTan mravalwliani TanamSromlobis Sedegad hainc fenrixma araerTi sayuradRebo arqiforma aRadgina, xolo qarTveli
kolegis gardacvalebis Semdgom damoukideblad warmoadgina aranakleb saintereso
etimologiebi v. Tofurias da m. qaldanis `svanuri leqsikonisa~ da o. qajaias
`megrul-qarTuli leqsikonis~ masalaze dayrdnobiT. amitomac sruliad
bunebrivia, rom misi gaazreba zogierT SemTxvevaSi Cvensas daemTxva, rac kidev
ufro amyarebs Cvens etimologiebs, Tumca imasac SevniSnavT, rom k. Smidtisa
da h. fenrixis cdebs saerToqarTvelur enaSi l da t lateralTa aRdgenasTan dakavSirebiT ver gaviziarebT. aqve vsargeblobT SemTxveviT da gulwrfel
madlobas movaxsenebT baton haincs CvenTan TanamSromlobisa da araCveulebrivad kolegialuri damokidebulebisaTvis Colurul-germanul zmnaTa saZieblis
ienaSi gamoqveynebis gamo (ix. Iza Tschantladze, Heinz Fhnrich, TscholurswanichDeutsches Verbenverzeichnis, Jena, 2003).

52

tivistul labirinTebSi ase Tu ise Caxeduli mkiTxveli Tavadac

gaerkveva saqmis viTarebaSi.
`rodesac Sinagani Tu SedarebiTi rekonstruqciis Sedegad miRebul materialur monacemebze dayrdnobiT Zir-fuZeTa Sinaarsobrivi urTierTmimarTebis sawyisebs vexebiT, arsebiTad win wamoiwevs
semantikuri rekonstruqciis problema, romelsac, saerTo aRiarebiT, friad seriozuli, arcTu iSviaTad _ dauZleveli, sirTuleebi axlavs, Tumca analogiuri problemebis kvlevis sayovelTao gamocdileba mainc iZleva garkveuli kanonzomierebebis danaxvis SesaZleblobas~ (arabuli 2001: 11). marTlac Zalze rTulia semantikur
niuansTa amosavlebis Zieba (SesaZloa arqiformaTa aRdgenaze problematuric ki!), magram Cven mainc SevecadeT am mimarTulebiTac gvewarmoebina kvleva-Zieba. aseT SemTxvevaSi, Tu vaxerxebT specialuri
literaturis mixedviT an Cveni varaudiT Tavdapirveli semantikis
etimologiur Cvenebas, misgan momdinare semantemebs aRvniSnavT <
simboloTi, Tumca, vfiqrobT, rom am SemTxvevaSi misi gamoyeneba
mTlad moxerxebuli ar unda iyos. mag. gamocalkeveba _ qa limSe
bz., qa liTSi
TiS-v-a~);
gamoyvanili _ qa
liTSi zs. (`gamorCeva~ < `ga-mo-TiS
TiS
1
lye
ye bz., qa lid lnt. (`gamotanili~ < Zv. q. gan-mo-d
d-om-il-i~);
d

gaaprialebs _ qkiri
kr-ial-eb-s~);
qa
qkirine
rine < qa krine
krine bz. (< `ga-a-kr
kr
kiine lnt. (`gaabrWyvialebs~); qa aferni Col. (< gur. `ga-fer
fer-av-s~);
fer
gamoZaxeba _ qa lihri
lihri{ne
ri ne}
ne zs. (`gamoxmianeba~), qa limxli bz., (`dabareba, gamoxmoba, gamotyueba~), gaavebuli _ Cu lsye bz. (`gagiJebuli~), Cu lfTe bz. (< `da-feT
feT-eb-ul-i~),
Cu ltture
ltture zs.
feT
(`ga-ten
ten-ter
Cu lqnjibe
qmanj-v-a~
an
ten ter-eb-ul-i~),
ter
lqnjibe bq. (< mox. `ga-da-qmanj
qmanj
im. `qanj
qanj-v-a~);
Wama (didi lukmebiT) _ liybe bz., libluye
qanj
libluye
lnt. (`tenva~ < lCx., raW., gur. blay-n-a,
bluy-n-a,
mox. buy-n-a).
blay
bluy
buy
1

Zveli qarTuli gan-ed

ed `gadi~ da svanuri li-ed
ed `svla~ araerT

mkvlevars daukavSirebia erTmaneTTan rogorc formaluri, ise semantikuri

TvalsazrisiT, imdenad naTelia msgavseba maT Soris, magram Cveni yuradReba
miiqcia avTandil arabulis gaazrebam, romlis mixedviTac aqve Semova Tav-ed
eded
(`ficxeli, Tavgasuli~) kompozitis meore komponentSi warmodgenili -ed
eded
Ziric (arabuli 2001: 51).

53

svanuri enis dialeqtebi da kilokavebi erTmaneTs upirispirdeba organul formaTa da aRweriT konstruqciaTa gamoyenebis
TvalsazrisiTac: gamofaSva _ lifSre zs., faSre
faSre qa liked
liked bz.
(`faSv
faSv-eb-is
gamoReba~ < `ga-mo-kid
kid-eb-a~);
xuTva _ liWub
faSv
kid
liWubde
Wubderi
deri bq.,
qiniS lisko
liskode
kode lxm., Cbx. (`sulis gaRrmaveba~); xuWavs (Tvals momakvdavi) _ aSdrne bq., aStku
ukun-eb-s~
an `*akbiaStkune
kune Col. (`*a-ukun
ukun
lebs~), Terrs uSxarJi
uSxarJi xTxfe lxm. (`Tvalebs erTmaneTze odnav
afarebs~); dawva (metismetad) _ liyCe
liyCe{ni
Ce ni},
ni ligti zs. (`*qato-ob-a~?)
ligaspe
ligaspe bq., qiqimd
qiqimd ligne
ligne lnt. (`ferflad dgma~); windaxeduli _
gagfr bz., lmxl zs. (`mcodne~), sgobd mskdi lSx. (`win mxedveli~);
wkavwkavi _ liwkawk
kakaC
liwkawka
kawkai lSx., kki liked
liked zs. (Zv. q. `ka
kakaC-eb-is
kaC
a-kid
kid-eb-a~?),
udgeba _ xewdi,
xewdi xewnl bz. (`{Se}-e-wev
wev-a~),
eCxenCu
eCxenCu
kid
wev
lg (`iqiTken dgas~) lxm., uaryofs _ akrcxe,
akrcxe amqure
amqure,
re aqqbure
aqqbure
(`atyuebs~) Col., naq ReSd esRa (`naTqvami ukan miaqvs~) lxm.,
Zmiswuli _ nibSin (`na-bad
bad-iS-{ev}-i~)
bz., muxbmi gezal
bad
gezal bz., sazvarako _ layJr uSg., erTi mxriv, da yiJa lada argi
argi `zvarakis misatani adgili~, meore mxriv, ZuZumwovara (bavSvi) _ meCig
meCig
(`mrqeneli~, Sdr. xevs., fS. `Cigv
Cigv-a~)
bq., oqTa
lorTqo
lSx.,
Cigv
oqTa (`lor
lorTqo~?)
Tqo
luss meWem
meWem (`ZuZus {mi}mdevari, mimyoli~) qs., qaTmis Wiri _ Txp
(< lCx., im., gur., `Txi
Txipe
Col., qaTla
Txipe~,
pe Txipa
Txipa-i~)
pa
qaTla Wir lSx...
zogjer erTi dialeqtis an kilokavis SigniTac SeiZleba monacvleobdnen organuli da aRweriTi monacemebi (damsxvreva, dayvlefa _ bz. liyumf
liyumfl
i erTi mxriv, da ylfd ligne
ligne _
yumfli,
`yvlef
yvlef-ad
meore mxriv).
yvlef ad dg-om-a~,
dg
xandaxan rTuldeba svanuri abstraqtuli saxelebisa da masdarebis qarTulad Targmnis procesi, radganac maT qarTulSi, Cveulebriv,
erTi ekvivalenti aqvT. ZiriTadad aseT tipTan gvaqvs xolme saqme:
acdena _ qada
qad-ul-i~)
zs., liqde
qada (Sdr. Zv. q. `si-qad
qad
liqdeni
deni (Sdr. Zv. q.
qad-eb-a~)
zs., kleba _ b/e
era,
br-a~),
qad
ra dakleba _ qa libre
libre (`ga-mo-br
br
banaoba _ b/e
era zs., dabanva _ qa libr zs., an mivmarTavT aspeqtobriv opozicias: usruli aspeqtis (upreverbo) forma albaT,
ufro Seesabameba abstraqtul Sinaarss, xolo sruli aspeqtisa _
54

masdars: mateba _ qama

qm-n-a~),
moqama,
ma momateba (moimatebs) _ liqme
liqme (`qm
qm
mateba (moemateba) _ liqem
qm-n-a~),
Tumca yovelTvis am sademarliqem (`qm
qm
kacio xazis gavleba araa advili. Sdr. qroba _ dga bz. (`dag
dag-v-a~),
dag
qroba (aqrobs) _ lidge
dag-v-a~),
qroba (qreba) _ lideg
lidge zs. (`dag
dag
lideg zs.
(`dag
dag-v-a~)
da Caqroba (Caaqrobs) _ Cu lidge
dag-v-a~),
Caqroba
dag
lidge (`da-dag
dag
(Caqreba) _ Cu lideg (`da-dag
dag-v-a~);
dag
ase rom, e. w. windebul-Tandebulebi (varlam Tofurias terminologiiT): Cu,
Cu Ji,
Ji qa,
qa sga Zalian gvirTuleben saqmes svanuri masdarebisa da abstraqtuli saxelebis erTmaneTisagan garCevisas qarTul TargmanebSi. Tu sxva gamosavali araa, Zalze iSviaTad preverbi
unda

CavsvaT

naxevrad

kvadratul

frCxilebSi

an

gamoviyenoT

xelovnuri monacemebi:
{ga}Taveba (an `Taveba~) _ Sdxa (Sdr. Zv. q. Tx-ev-a),
Tx
gaTaveba
(gaaTavebs) _ Cu liSdxe
Tx-ev-eb-a~),
gaTaveba (gaTavdeba) _ Cu
liSdxe (`ga-Tx
Tx
liSdex
Tx-ev-eb-a~).
liSdex (`ga-Tx
Tx
sadac ki SesaZlebelia, svanuri leqsemebi unda SevadaroT Zveli qarTulisa da Tanamedrove qarTuli enis dialeqtebSi dadasturebul bgerobriv-Sinaarsobrivad identur Zirebs. irkveva, rom
yvelaze meti masala Tanxvdeba dasavlurqarTulsa (ZiriTadad, leCxumur-raWuls) da aRmosavluri mTis dialeqtebs. araferia gasakviri imaSi, rom amgvari Zirebi Zalze iSviaTad gvxvdeba imerxeulSi,
ingiloursa da fereidnulSi. Tu esa Tu is fuZe dadasturebulia
Zvel qarTulSi, pirvel rigSi is unda mieTiTos. mag: aclis (Tmas
gasayid saqonels) _ afinCo
Sdr.
afinCore
Core lSx. (Sdr
Sdr Zv. q., mTiul., mesx.,
`fiCv
fiCv-i~,
imer. `finCq
finCq-i~,
gur. `finC
finC-i~).
fiCv
finCq
finC
garTulebulia

preverbian

formaTa

qarTulad

Targmnis

saqmec. zogjer qarTuli leqsema ar ixmareba uzmniswinod, zogjer

ki piriqiT _ zanursa da svanurSi preverbianic SeiZleba da upreverboc. aseTi SemTxvevebisTvis unda gamoviyenoT naxevradkvadratuli frCxilebi iSviaTad svanuri enis dialeqtebic gviCveneben sxvaobebs zmniswinTa xmarebis SemTxvevaSi.
miuxedavad imisa, rom qarTvelologiur literaturasa da svanuri teqstebis publikaciebSi umlautiani a xmovnis wina poziciaSi
mdebare gutural TanxmovanTa (g
g, q, k) iotizacia tradiciulad ar
55

aRiniSneboda,1 Cven mainc vTvliT, rom amaze miniSneba upriani iqneba, miT ufro, rom ukanasknel xanebSi ucxoeli kavkasiologebi Sesabamis TanxmovanTa marjvniv (zemoT) j simboloTi gamoxataven aRniSnul fonetikur process (mag: gjC _ dana qjn _ kanafi, kjW _

kaJi,...). rasakvirvelia, Cven qarTuli gvirCevnia (g

gC,
C q n,
n k W).
W

rakiRa kbilbagismieri -v
v svanurSi ar arsebobs (gamonaklisia
ramdenime sityva lentexur-leCxumur kiloTa sazRvarze da iqac
qarTulis gavlenaa), iseve, rogorc varlam Tofurias da maqsime
qaldanis `svanur leqsikonSi~, Cven yvelgan saTanado adgilas viyenebT wyvilbagismieri bgeris Sesabamis grafemas.
etimologia istoriuli leqsikologiis nawilia. mas saqme aqvs
calkeul sityvaTa mniSvnelobis ganviTarebis uZveles safexurTan _
mniSvnelobis warmoqmnasTan... amgvari Zieba iZleva stimuls ama Tu
im enis bgeriTi da gramatikuli agebulebis gaRrmavebuli SeswavlisaTvis. etimologiis, rogorc enaTmecnierebis dargis, warmateba
(Tu warumatebloba), asaxavs dones, rac miRweulia saTanado enis
SeswavlaSi: etimologiaTa met-naklebi sandooba damokidebulia imaze, Tu rmdenad safuZvlianad viciT mocemuli enis ganviTarebis
gzebi da ramdenad kargad gvaqvs gaTvaliswinebuli ama Tu im lingvisturi faqtis istoriuli bed-iRbali~ (foCxua 1974: 67).
1

akaki SaniZis fundamentur gamokvlevaSi `umlauti svanurSi~ (`arili~,

tfilisi, 1925) naTqvamia: roca ns win uZRvis erT-erTi guturalTagani, maT

uTuod iotacias uCens: k,
k g,
g q,
q k,
k g,
g q (odnavi iotacia moismis,
agreTve, maSinac, roca k-ans da gansakuTrebiT ki g-ans e mosdevs. iSviaTad
SemimCnevia sul mcireodeni iotacia S-inis Semdegac, roca mas umlautiani a
mosdevs). amitomac wesad maqvs miRebuli, rom svanuri teqstebis Cawerisa Tu
dabeWdvis dros iotacia aseT SemTxvevaSi ar gamovxato araviTari niSniT,
radganac igi aRniSnuli
nis win yvelgan da
aRniSnuli sami Tanxmovnis Semdeg palatali -nis
yovelTvis
yovelTvis TavisTavad da uTuod igulisxmeba~
igulisxmeba (xazi Cvenia _ i. C.). Tanamedrove
svanuri umlauti garkveulwilad gansxvavdeba TiTqmis saukunis win fiqsirebuli
monacemebisagan, bunebrivia, sxvaoba iqneba misi Tanamdevi procesis (iotizaciis)
gamoxatvaSi ukanaenismier TanxmovanTa momdevno poziciaSi (sakiTxs
sakiTxs specialuri
specialuri
Seswavla sWirdeba).
sWirdeba Zalze sagulisxmod gveCveneba niko maris erTi SeniSvna:
" ,
, a (Mapp 1922: VII). dasanania, rom
qarTvelologiaSi
qarTvelologiaSi es SeniSvna ratomRac uyuradRebod
uyuradRebod darCa.
darCa

56

qarTvelur enaTa Zireuli leqsikis Seswavlisas `sagulisxmo

perspeqtiva iSleba rogorc istoriuli morfologiis (fleqsiisa
da derivaciis), aseve, gansakuTrebiT, semantikuri (semasiologiuri
da onomasiologiuri) kvlevis TvalsazrisiT~ (arabuli 2001: 11).
arc Cven dagviwyia mSral adgilas amgvari muSaoba. Cveni moRvaweobis pirveli naxevari (TiTqmis 30 weli) movandomeT qarTvelur enaTa gramatikuli struqturisa da fonotaqtikis Seswavlis saqmes,
ramac migviyvana etimologiur kvleva-Ziebamde.
mosalodnelia, rom droTa viTarebaSi Cvens konkretul etimologias yavli gauvides da is araTu sxvisTvis, aramed CvenTvisac
aRar iyos sarwmuno. aqve gavixsenebT didi ivane javaxiSvilis erT
SeniSvnasac: `iSviaTad Tu moipoveba sityva, romlis etimologiac
akad. marrs orjer-samjerac TviTve Secvlili ar hqondes~ (javaxiSvili
1937: 59), rac, raRa Tqma unda, warmoudgenelia.
araxalia, Zvelia, rom Zalze rTulia leqsemaTa amosavali viTarebis garkveva, amitomac zogjer erTi da imave Ziris Tavdapirveli istoria SesaZloa sxvadasxvagvarad warmoidginos TviT erTma da
imave pirovnebamac ki! mag: mkvdari _ l-dgr
dgrl dgr,
dgr Sdr. Zv. q. da-dgr
dgr
om-il-i, me-dg
dg-ar-i
an da-m-dg
dg-ar-i;
locva _ li-m
zir,
dg
dg
li m-zir
zir Sdr. Zv. q.
zor-v-a
an mzer-a;
keTeba _ li-Cem
magram: momazor
mzer
li Cem,
Cem Sdr. Zv. q. qm-n-a,
qm
teba, Sovna _ li-qm
wva _ li-Sx
cx-e,
li qm-e
qm e, Sdr. Zv. q. qm-n-a;
qm
li Sx-i
Sx i, Sdr. si-cx
cx
magram: Zv. q. na-S
S-ir-i
> na-yS
yS-ir-i,
ax. q. na-xS
xS-ir-i/na-Sx
Sx-ir-i;
anadS
yS
xS
Sx
gurebs, angrevs _ -aa-c
c-e
ec-eb-s~
an `{a}-oc
oc-av-s~,...);
c e, Sdr. Zv. q. `a-m-ec
ec
oc
amjerad Cven yvela metnaklebad SesaZlo variants miveciT arsebobis
ufleba da arCevani mkiTxvels mivandeT, rakiRa winamdebare naSromi
student-magistrantTa da doqtorantTa saxelmZRvanelodac ivaraudeba.
Tanamedrove svanur metyvelebaSi aSkarad igrZnoba odindeli
fonemaTSesatyvisobebis Semcvel im ZirTa da mermindel nasesxobaTa
Tanaarseboba, romlebic erTsa da imave semantikas gadmoscemen (mag.
Wra _ li-qqC-e < `da-quc
quc-mac
erTi mxriv, da li-qc
qc-e,
meore
quc mac-eb-a~,
mac
qc
mxriv); ise ki, axals arafers vityviT, Tu sagangebod kidev erTxel
gavxazavT, rom rome
romeli
melime
lime konkre
konkretu
kretuli
tuli sityvis
sityvis isto
istori
toria
riaSi SesaZ
SesaZsaZloa gamoCndes
gamoCndes ara mxolod
mxolod enis,
enis aramed
aramed eris proble
probleme
lemebic
mebic.
bic magaliTad laSxuri RWa (`Rawvi~) qarTuli Rawvis
fonematuri SesaRawv
57

tyvisia,

im

dros,

rodesac

qarTuli

RanWi
RanWi

(`yba~),

imeruli

Rra{n
Wi (`qveda yba~), guruli Rranj
Rra n}Wi
Rranjmoqceuli (`ybamoqceuli~),
Ra{nW
Ra nW}-ip-a-,
nW

RanW-ip-or-e
RanW

(`Zalze

gamxdari

adamiani~),

imeruli

RanW-ap-ur-a
(`lazRandara~), qarTluri RanW-o
(`ulazaTo, uSno~),
RanW
RanW
imeruli Ranj-v-a
(`Rreka~), da-Rranj
Rranj-ul-i
(`daRrejili~) da misTanaRanj
Rranj
Ta Zirebi laSxur RWa-s
(`yba~) ki ar Seesabameba (radganac dasavRWa
luri qarTulis, megrulisa da svanuris SiSina afrikati, rogorc
wesi, saliteraturo qarTulSi Sesatyvis sisina fonemas iZleva),
aramed svanuri li-RWk
RWk-e
RWkRWk (`ybedoba~) masdaris -RWk
RWk Zirs, romelSic
sruliad kanonzomieradaa warmodgenili TanxmovanTkompleqsi (SiSina afrikats + ukanaenismieri mkveTri Tanxmovani) qarTuli SiSina W
afrikatis Sesatyvisad.
megrul-lazursa da svanurSi aSkarad igrZnoba abstraqtul
cnebaTa nakleboba da es bunebrivicaa _ umwerlobo qarTvelur
enebSi ganyenebuli saxelebi Zalze iSviaTad gamoiyeneba, rac garkveuli kulturologiuri azrovnebis anarekli Cans. es gaTvaliswinebuli unda iqnas nebismieri leqsikonis Seqmnisas.
amri
amrigad
rigad,
gad svanu
svanuri
nuri iberi
iberiul
riul-kav
ul kavka
kavkasi
kasiur
siur enaTa
enaTa ojaxis
ojaxis erT-er
erT erTi
erTi
wevria
wevria,
ria romelic qarTvelur enaTa Soris yvelaze meti arqaulobiT
gamoirCeva. igi oTx dia
dialeqts moi
moicavs,
cavs magram mas Semdeg, rac gamowvlilviT SeviswavliT rogorc kodoruli, ise Coluruli interferencirebuli metyvelebis specifikas, SesaZloa balszemour, balsqvemour (zemo svaneTi), laSxur da lentexur (qvemo svaneTi) dialeqtebs daematos kidev ori lingvisturi erTeuli kodoruli (zemosvanuri) da Coluruli (qvemosvanuri) metyvelebis saxiT;
saxelmwifo Tu saliteraturo enebisgan gasamijnavad svanurisa da zanuris msgavs umwerlobo erTeulebs SeiZleba vuwodoT reregio
gionuli
nuli enebi
enebi,
bi raTa isini zogi eTnolingvistis ukidegano fantaziiT warmosaxul dialeqtTa saocari konglomeratis wevrebi ar
gaxdnen, xolo Colurulisa da kodorulis Sesaxeb msjelobisas
jerjerobiT gamoviyenebT SedarebiT zogad termins `me
metyve
metyvele
tyveleba
leba~,
ba
raTa maTi safuZvliani Seswavlis Semdgom advilad SevZloT svanuri enis kilo-TqmaTa diferencireba.

58

Allgemeines zur swanischen Sprache1

Resmee

Fr die Erforschung der Struktur und Geschichte der georgischen Sprache

haben neben den eintausendfnfhundert Jahre alten Schriftdenkmlern und den Dialekten auch die Daten der schriftlosen Kartwelsprachen groe Bedeutung. Deshalb
vermerkte Karpes Dondua: "Die swanische Sprache ist zwar ebenso wie das Mingrelisch-Lasische nicht auf Pergament vertreten, doch dies hindert weder sie noch
das Mingrelisch-Lasische uralte Eigenheiten zu bewahren, die vielleicht einmal
allen Vertretern der Kartwelsprachen gemeinsam gewesen sind, aber in den Schriftdenkmlern berhaupt keine Widerspiegelung gefunden haben".
Nicht hoch genug einzuschtzen ist die Rolle der durch Archaismen beeindruckenden swanischen Sprache fr das historisch-vergleichende Studium und die
Rekonstruktion von Archetypen der Kartwelsprachen, denn das Swanische steht der
kartwelischen Grundsprache recht nahe. Sein phonematisches System, die grammatischen Merkmale und die Dialektivielfalt sind aus allgemeinsprachwissenchaftlicher Sicht besonders wertvoll.
Warlam Topuria betonte: "Die im Swanischen bewahrte uralte Lexik und die
Ausdrcke, die die alte Lebensweise und das Heidentum wiedergeben, die Reste eines archaischen grammatischen Baus und die reiche Folklore gestatten es, sich eine
Vorstellung von der intensiven Geisteswelt und der hohen Kultur der kartwelischen
Stmme zu machen... Daher ist das groe Interesse ganz natrlich, das das allseitige
Studium des Swanischen begleitet. Dieses Interesse bedingt die Notwendigkeit der
Beschreibung des phonetischen Systems und des grammatischen Baus der swanischen Sprache unter historischem Blickwinkel und das Erfordernis, eine vergleichende Grammatik der Kartvelsprachen sowie zwei- und mehrspachige und vergleichende Wrterbcher zu verfassen".
Ihrem Ursprung nach steht die mingrelische, lasische und swanische
Bevlkerung in dem gleichen Verhltnis zur Bevlkerung der verschiedenen
Gegenden Georgiens (Kartlis, Kachetiens, Imeriens, Guriens, Atscharas, Chewsuriens...) wie die Bewohner dieser Gegenden selbst zueinander. In den Kartwel1

Hier mchte ich Prof. Heinz Fhnrich und Nino Dobordshginidze fr die bersetzung

dieses Textes herzlich danken (guliTad madlobas movaxseneb prof. hainc fenrixsa da
nino doborjginiZes am teqstis TargmnisaTvis).

59

sprachen sind im Unterschied zu vielen Gruppen verwandter Sprachen keine unterschiedlichen nationalen Kulturen, kein unterschiedliches Nationalbewutsein und
keine unterschiedlichen staatlichen Strukturen entstanden. Aus diesem Grund stellt
die georgische Nation die Einheit aller in Kartwelsprachen Sprechenden dar. Zugleich war das Georgische immer die einzige Literatursprache der kartwelischen
Bevlkerung und ein Pfeiler der Einheit, whrend die schriftlosen Kartwelsprachen
nach Ansicht von Aleksandre Oniani in funktionaler Hinsicht Dialekten der georgischen Sprache gleichkommen.
So ist es durchaus natrlich, da sich fr die swanische Sprache mit ihrem
reichen Wortschatz seit geraumer Zeit nicht nur Georgier, sondern auch Auslnder
interessierten. Entsprechende Materialien finden sich bei J. Gldenstndt (1787-1791),
P. Pallas (1786-1789), G. Edwards (1788), J. Klaproth (1807-1808), G. Rosen
(1845-1847), F. Bopp (1846-1847), I. Bartholome (1855-1876), P. Uslar (1863-1887),
F. Mller (1864), A. Zagareli (1872-1880), D. Peacock (1887), H. Schuchardt
(1895), R. von Erckert (1895), M. Dshanaschwili (1895-1925), A. Stojanow, M. Sawadskij, A. Gren (1890-1902), O. Wardrop (1911), B. Nisharadze (1913), A. Dirr
(1928) und anderen.
Unschtzbar ist das Wirken von N. Marr zur phonetischen und morphologischen sowie lexikalisch-etymologischen Erschlieung der swanischen Sprache. In
St. Petersbhurg grndete er die Reihe "Materialien zur japhetitischen Sprachwissenschaft" (Materialy po jafetieskomu jazykoznaniju), in deren Band VIII, IX und X
er die Ergebnisse von vier wissenschaftlichen Expeditionen nach Swanetien
verffentlichte: Untersuchungen, Texte, die Pflanzennamesammlung des
Laschchers Arsen Oniani (megmare i balxare axele xoraw) und einen versuchsweisen Abschnitt eines Shanisch-Russischen Wrterbuchs (Izvleenie iz svansko-russkogo slovarja). Leider war es Marr nicht vergnnt, die Erarbeitung und
Publikation des swanischen Wrterbuchs zu Ende zu fhren. Diese Arbeit vollendete sein Schler Karpes Dondua, der nach 1917 in Petrograd verffentlichten
laschchischen Texten ein Swanisch-Georgisch-Russisches Wrterbuch (Materialy
dlja svanskogo slovarja) zusammenstellte, doch auch dieser ausgezeichnete Forscher des Swanischen erlebte die Herausgabe seines Werkes nicht.
1910 werffentlichte lwane Nisharadze aus Uschgul in Tbilisi sein 520 Seiten unfassendes Russisch-Swanisches Wrterbuch. Seither haben mehrere
Sprachwissenschaftler und Nichtlinguisten (O. Wardrop, M. Tschartolani, Ch. Gudjedjiani, L. Palmaitis, A. Liparteliani, A. Awaliani...) versucht, swanische Wrterbcher zu verlegen.
60

Mit der Grndung der Georgischen Staatsuniversitt Tbilisi und der Akademie der Wissenschaften Georgiens begann eine vllig neue Etappe in der Erforschung der swanischen Sprache. Das Wirken von Akaki Schanidze, Giorgi Achwlediani, Simon Dshanaschia, Arnold Tschikobawa und Warlam Topuria einerseits
und die fundamentalen Arbeiten von Gerhard Deeters andererseits schufen die
Grundlage fr ein hohes Niveau bei der Erschlieung der Karwelsprachen. Es
wurde eine spezielle Reihe ins Leben gerufen, die "Materialien zum Studium der
Kartwelsprachen" (masalebi kartvelur enata esc,avlisatvis), in der in den Jahren
1939-1979 ein Band mit swanischer Volkspoesie und fnf Bnde mit folkloristischen Prosatexten (wovon einer eine Chrestomathie darstellt) im oberbalischen, niederbalischen, lentechischen und laschchischen Dialekt vowie Sprichwrter
verffentlicht wurden. Bedauerlich ist nur, da meist weder ein Wrterverzeichnis,
noch eine wortwrtliche bersetzung beigefgt ist, was den Gebrauch erschwert.
Spter erschienen zur swanischen Sprache beraus bedeutsame Arbeiten von
Tamas Gamqrelidse, Giwi Matschawariani, Tinatin Scharadsenidse, Maksime Kaldani, Surab Tschumburidse, Bakar Gigineischwili, Surab Sardshweladse, Aleksandre Oniani, Micheil Kurdiani, Georgij Klimow, Karl Horst Schmidt, Jost Gippert,
Winfried Boeder, Jan Braun, Letas Palmaitis, Kevin Tuite, Ekaterine Osidze, Nia
Abesadse und anderen.
Heute sprechen etwa 30.000 Menschen in swanischer Sprache (Erfassung
von 1997). Der grte Teil lebt im Nordwestteil Georgiens, am Fu der Hauptkette
des Kaukasus in den Tlern des Enguri, des Zcheniszqali und des Kodori, darber
hinaus in den greren Stdten wie Tbilisi, Kutaisi, Sugdidi, Zageri, Zqaltubo, Rustawi, Marneuli, Bonlisi, Dmanisi, Tetrizqaro, Gardabani, Kaspi u. a.
Im Swanischen unterscheidet man traditionell veir Dialekte (Oberbalisch,
Niederbalisch, Laschchisch, Lentechisch), doch nach in letzter Zeit verfgbaren
Materialien wird es mglich, auch das Tscholurische als eigenen Dialekt abzugrenzen (und nicht als bergangszone von der laschchischen zur lentechischen Mundart
zu betrachten, wie das A. Schanidse und W. Topuria taten). Fr die Anerkennung
des Tscholurischen als eigenstndigen swanischen Dialekt sprechen sich Lamara
Babluani, Aleksandre Oniani und Micheil Kurdiani aus. Oberbalisch und Niederbalisch sind auch unter der Bezeichnung Oberswanisch bekannt, whrend
Laschchisch, Lentechisch und Tscholurisch das Niederswanische bilden. Diese fnf
Dialekte stehen hinsichtlich des Umlauts, der Vokallnge, der Reduktion, der
Grammatik (Deklinations- und Konjugationssysteme, Syntax) oder lexikalischer
Besonderheiten zueinander in Opposition.
61

Der oberbalische Dialekt ist auf dem Territorium von Uschgul-Latal im Kreis
Mestia verbreitet. Natrlich ist das hiesige Swanisch nich vllig gleichartig, und daher unterscheidet man sowohl Subdialekte (Uschgulisch, Kala-Iparisch, MulachMestiisch, Lendsherisch, Latalisch) als auch noch kleinere Einheiten (beispielsweise innerhalb von Mulach die Ortsdialekte von Mushal, Tscholasch, Lachir, Murschkel, Arzchel und Ghwebra-Sard-lasch).
Auch der niederbalische Dialekt ist die Sprechweise der Bewohner des Kreises Mestia, allerdings vom Dorf Betscho (einschlielich Lencher) an bis zur Grenze
Mingreliens. Die beiden oberswanischen Dialekte trennt der zwischen Latal und
Betscho gelegene Bergrcken Bal. Im Vergleich zum Oberbalischen ist das Niederbalische noch strker differenziert. Dies sind die Subdialekte Betschoisch, Zchumarisch,1 Ezerisch, Parisch, Tschubechewisch und Lachamulisch. Letzterer ist derart
verschieden von den anderen niederbalischen Subdialekten hinsichtlich seines
Umlauts, der Aoristbildung, aber auch der Lexik, da es nichts ausgemacht htte,
auch das Lachamulische als eigenen Dialekt zu werten. Natrlich lassen sich
Ortsdialekte auch im niederbalischen Dialekt unterscheiden, beispielsweise im
Betschboischen die Ortsdialekte von Dolaswip, Tschkidanar, Lanchwra, Maser,
Kartwan, Gul, Uschchwanar, Bagwdanar, Hebud, Tschochuld, Naschtkol und Twibisch).
Oberswanisch sprechen 14.709 Menschen.
In der niederswanischen Sprechweise ist ein bedeutend geringerer Unterschied zwischen den Drfern festzustellen als im Oberswanischen. Vielleicht spielt
hier auch der strkere Kontakt zur georgischen Sprache eine gewisse Rolle.
Der lentechische Dialekt, der im Zcheniszqali-Tal gesprochen wird, umfat vier
Subdialekte: Rzchmelurisch, das eigentliche Lentechisch, Chopurisch und Cheledisch.
Im Kreis Lentechi ist auch der laschchische Dialekt verbreitet, der sehr kompakt zueinaner angeordnete Drfer vereint, was naturgem bedingt, da keine Sub1

Nach Ansicht von M. Kaldani, ist das Zchumarische ein Ortsdialekt des Ezerischen neben dem eigentlichen Ezerischen und dem Parischen, gleiches lt sich vom Tschubechewischen
sagen (Kaldani, M.: Svanuri enis ubexeuri met,Kvelebis taviseburebani, in: Iberiul-k,avk,asiuri
enatmecniereba XI, Tbilisi 1959, S. 213-234). Doch wie kompliziert ie Dialekt- und Subdialektgliederung schriftloser Sprachen ist, zeigt sich im zweiten Band der swanischen Prosatexte, an
dessen Zusammenstellung auch M. Kaldani mitwirkte und wo es heit. "Das Niederbalische umfat smtliche je unterhalb vom Bal existenten Sprechweisen: Betschoisch, Zchumarisch, Ezerisch, Parisch, Tschubechewisch und Lachamulisch. Zwischen ihnen ist der subdialektale Unterschied derart gro, da selbst die Ortsansssigen fehlerfrei das Betschoische vom Ezerischen und
das Ezerische vom Lachamulischen unterscheiden... Das Zchumarische ist ein eigener Subdialekt". (Svanuri3rozauli
p
t,ekst,ebi, II, Balskvemouri k,ilo, Tbilisi, 1957, S. XII).

62

dialekte entstehen, so da sich die Redeweise von Sasasch, Shachunder, Tschicharesch, Tschukul, Achalschen, Schged, Mele, Cheria, Laschchrasch, Leghwan,
Machasch, Lekosand, Ludsh, Nazul, Ghob, Margwisch, Lemsagor, Lampalasch und
Mebez nicht sehr voneinander unterscheidet.
Im Tscholur-Dialekt spricht man in dem Gebiet, das Lentechi und Laschcheti
verbindet. Fr seine Abtrenung als sebstndiger Dialekt sprach sich seinerzeit auch
N. Marr aus. Wir meinen, da es im Tscholurischen drei Subdialekte gibt: Saqdrisch, Tekalisch und Panagisch, wo als Ortsdialekte die Sprechweisen von dreizehn verschiedenen Drfern fungieren.
Niederswanisch sprechen 11.411 Menschen.
Die Umlaute , und begegnen berall auer im laschchischen Dialekt.
Die langen vokalischen Phoneme , , , , , y sind in drei Dialekten der swanischen Sprache vertreten: im Oberbalischen, Laschchischen und Tscholurischen. Die
umgelauteten Langvokale , , charakterisieren den oberbalischen Dialekt sowie
den zentralen Teil des Tscholur-Dialekts. Was die Reduktion betrifft, so liegt eine
ungefhr gleichartige Situation im Oberswanischen, Laschchischen und im Nordteil
des Tscholurischen vor, whrend den lentechischen Dialekt und den Sdteil des
Tscholurischen eine schwache Ausprgung der Reduktionsgesetze kennzeichnet.
Eine starke Besonderheit stellt die Umlautung im Tscholur-Dialekt dar. Das
Toponym Tscholir selbst verkrpert ja deutlich einen umgelauteten Stamm (olir <
olwir < olr < olur+i, Nominativ-Morphem). Was die an den laschchischen
Dialekt angrenzender Drfer betrifft (Leuscher, Panaga, Tschwelp), so ist hier wie
im Laschchicshen die letzte Stufe des Prozesses a > > e erhalten, vor allem bei
den Prverben (enk
kid "er hob es auf", vgl. oberswan. und lentech. nk
kid), whrend
die Umlaute und nur in Gestalt der Komplexe we und wi auftreten und auch dies nicht in allen Fllen, was eine spezielle Untersuchung erforderlich macht. Fr
den saqdrischen Subdialekt, der dem Lentechischen benachbart ist, ist der Vokal
eine gewhnliche Erscheinung, doch im zentralen Teil des Tscholurischen tritt an
seiner Stelle das nichtpalatale a auf. Dazu bemerkt A. Oniani: "Nicht nur hinsichtlich des Vokalsystems, sondern auch im Hinblick auf andere sprachliche (grammatische, lexikalische, intonative...) Besondereiten unterscheidet sich das Tscholurische ebenso von allen anderen Dialekten des Swanischen, wie jeder einzelne von
ihnen sich von den anderen abgrenzt, was die Grundlage dafr gibt, das Tscholurische als unabhngigen Dialekt einzustufen... Was die sprachlichen Unterschiede
zwischen Ober- und Niedertscholurisch angeht, so berschreiten sie nicht den Rahmen subdialektaler Unterschiede".
In dem von W. Topuria und M. Kaldani herausgegebenen dritten Band der
swanischen Prosatexte heit es in einem 1962 in dem Dorf Saqdar aufgezeichneten
63

Text: "tek
kali sabyyos Jwinald I atxe olir xaxa; tek
ali sab
ojsa asri sopelar1:
saK
Kdar,
olier2 (Vgl. den offiziellen Dorfnamen Tschwelier ywelier, der den
Komplex -we- enthlt), tek
kal, leuer, mam, panaga i ywelp. saK
Kdari xalxi nin merme saxi li, merma sopelare namsk
idan" (Der Gemeindeverband von Takal
heit frher und jetzt Tscholur; zum Gemeindeverband von Tekal gehren die
Drfer: Saqdar, Tschwelier, Tekal, Leuscher, Mam, Panaga und Tschwelp. Die
Sprache der Leute von Saqdar ist anderer Art im Vergleich zu den anderen Drfern.
S. Svanuri prozauli t,ekst,ebi III, Lent,exuri k,ilo, Tbilisi, 1967, S. 320).
Diesen umfengreichen Auszug fhrten wir an, um zu zeigen, wie die
Mischung der sprachlichen Codes im Swanischen vonstattengeht, und vor allem,
da die in dieser Sprache Sprechenden selbst diesen Proze im wesentlichen richtig
wahrnehmen.
Unter diesem Blickwinkel ist beraus interessant:
1. die Sprechweise der etwa 2500 Menschen umfassenden Bevlkerung des
Kodori-Tals (Dal-Swanetien), wo ein Proze der Vermischung des oberbalischen
und des neiderbalischen Dialekts abluft. In dieser Hinsicht zeichnet sich besonders
die Sprache der Einwohner der Drfer Lata, Tisch, Adshara (Ashara) und Chutia
aus. Was Genzwisch betrifft, sprechen die dortigen Einwohner im wesentlichen im
iparischen Subdialekt des oberbalischen Dialekts, weil sie seinerzeit aus Ipari nach
Abchasien umsiedelten. Die Bevlkerung von Omarischal (Jalzunesga) stellen
gewhlich ehemalige Mulacher, doch das Problem der Beziehungen der Subdialekte der neiderbalisch sprechenden Drfer (Kwaptschara, Syma, Tschchalta,
Butschukur, Bydsygyr, Adsgara, Gwandra, Barymba, Saken, Naharw) bedarf einer
Untersuchung, was leider aufgrund der komplizierten politischen Situation bisher
nicht gelungen ist.
2. die Sprechweise der Bewohner von Uschgul, Qoruldasch, Zana und Seskho, wo deutlich Interferenzen des oberbalischen und des laschchischen Dialekts
vorliegen. Zugleich findet in dem Dorf Seskho, da hier aus Uschgul und Mulach
umgesiedelte Swanen wohnen, eine Vermischung der Subdialekte von Uschgul und
Mulach statt.
3. die Sprechweise von Latal an der Scheidelinie der oberswanischen Dialekte. Gleiches ist teilweise auch vom Betschoischen des Swanischen zu sagen.
1

In den Dialekten, die den Umlaut besitzen (Oberbalisch, Niederbalisch, Lentechisch),

wird das Pluralmorphem berall umgelautet (-r > l durch Dissimilation), hier aber weicht der
Befund ab, wohl deshalb, weil heir nicht die Position nach den velaren Konsonanten g, k, k vorliegt (Diese Frage bedarf einer experimentellen Untersuchung: Kann man in diesem Fall von Umlautung sprechen? Haben wir es nach Velaren vielleicht lediglich mit einer Jotierung zu tun?).
2
Vgl. den offiziellen Dorfnamen Tschwelier (ywelier), der den Komplex we- enthlt.

64

4. die Sprechweise von Tekal, in der eine allmhliche Verschmelzung der fr

die nrdlichen und die sdlichen Gebiete des tscholurischen kennzeichnenden phonologischen und grammatischen Eigenheiten zu beobachten ist.
Frher war Oberswanetien in zwei Teile geteilt: Der erste (Uschgul, Kala,
Ipar, Mulach, Mestia, Lendsher, Latal) wurde Freies Swanetien genannt, der andere
(Betscho, Zchumar, Ezer, Par, Lachamul, Tschubechew) war als DadeschkelianiSwanetien bekannt. Was Niederswanetien betrifft (Laschcheti, Tscholur, Lentechi),
so trug es die Bezeichnung Dadiani-Swanetien. Die beiden letzteren bezeichnungen
waren durch die herrschenden Frstengeschlechter bedingt.
Die Fixierung der schriftlosen Kartwelsprachen, darunter der Materialien des
Swanischen, stellt eine Aufgabe von besonderer Bedeutung dar. Die fr die gegenwrtige Epoche charakteristischen intensiven Kontakte fhren zu einem raschen
Wandel jeder Sprache, besonders der schriftlosen Sprachen. Aus diesem Ground ist
die Bewahrung des Materials solcher Sprachen nicht nur eine Tagesaufgabe, sondern auch eine Frsorgepflicht naher und ferner Generationen der Zukunft.
Die Edition der swanischen Prosa und Poesie und ihre Erforschong auf hohem Niveau leiteten georgische Linguisten, die eine gewaltige Arbeit leisteten. Ein
ebenso grundlegendes Werk ist das erts vor kurzem gedruckte "Swanische Wrterbuch" von Warlam Topuria und Maksime Kaldani, das in langjhriger, mhevoller
Arbeit zusammengestellt wurde und wo Material aller Dialekte mit Ausnahme des
Tscholurischen zusammengefat ist.
Zusammenfassend kann man folgendes sagen: Das Swanische, eine durch
ihre Altertmlichkeit kennzeichnende Kartwelsprache, gehrt zur iberisch kaukasischen Sprachfamilie. Traditionell unterscheidet man im Swanischen vier Dialekte.
Nach der genauen Untersuchung der Eigentmlichkeiten des Kodorischen und des
Tscholurischen kann zu den oben erwhnten vier Dialekten des Swanischen (Oberbalisch, Niederbalisch, Laschchisch, Lentechisch) noch zwei gefgt warden: Das
Kodorische (oberswanische Mundart) und das Tscholurische (unterswanische
Mundart).
Um die Sprachen, wie das Swanische und Sanische von den Literatur- und
Staatsprachen zu unterscheiden, kann man sie als Regionalsprachen bezeichnen;
durch diese Unterscheidung knnte man sie vor der merkwrdigen Idee einiger
Ethnolinguisten schtzen, diese Sprachen als Dialekten zu betrachten. Was das
Kodorische und das Tscholurische betrifft, werde ich sie bis zur genauen
Untersuchung als Mundarten bezeichnen.

65

preqar
preqarTve
qarTvelu
Tveluri
luri enis dife
diferen
ferenci
rencia
ciaciis
ciis
Semdgom
Semdgomdro
mdgomdroin
droinde
indeli
deli proble
probleme
lemebi
mebi
`saerToqarTveluri ena im qronologiur WrilSi, romelic
uSualod win uswrebda mis diferenciacias, warmogvidgeba rogorc
drosa da sivrceSi arsebuli erToblioba istoriul qarTvelur
enebSi transformirebuli saxiT Semonaxuli struqturebisa... gene
genenetur mimar
mimarTe
marTeba
TebaTa
baTa dasad
dasadge
sadgenad
genad unda
unda davem
davemya
vemyaroT
yaroT ara marto
marto fono
fononologi
logiur
giur,
ur aramed
aramed,
med agreT
agreTve
reTve,
ve morfo
morfolo
rfologi
logiur
giur da leqsi
leqsikur
sikur izoglo
izoglolosebsac
sebsac.
sac mxolod
mxolod amgva
amgvari
gvari kompleq
kompleqsu
pleqsur
suri midgo
midgoma
dgoma mogvcems
mogvcems saSu
saSua
Sualelebas,
bas gaviT
gaviTva
viTvalis
valiswi
liswinoT
winoT is rTuli
rTuli movle
movlene
vlenebi
nebi,
bi romleb
romlebsac
lebsac fuZe
fuZee
Zeenis
dife
diferen
ferenci
rencia
ciaciis
ciis proces
procesSi
cesSi unda
unda hqono
hqonoda
noda adgi
adgili
gili~
li (gamyreliZe,
maWavariani 1965: 4).
gerhardt deetersis cnobili sqemis (Deeters 1930: 2) mixedviT,
winareqarTvelur enas yvelaze adre gamoeyo svanuri, rogorc damoukidebeli erTeuli, im dros, rodesac qarTul-zanuri erTianoba
kvlav ganagrZobda arsebobas. garkveuli xnis Semdeg es erTianoba
daiSala sakuTriv qarTul da megrul-lazur enebad. germaneli
mkvlevris es midgoma SemdgomSi ganaviTara cnobilma kavkasiologma
giorgi klimovma jer Tavis fundamentur leqsikonebSi " (1964 w.)" da "Etimological Dictionary
of the Kartvelian Languages (1988 w.)", mere ki m. xalilovTan TanaavtorobiT Seqmnil naSromSi " (
, 2003 w.)", oRond mcireodeni terminologiuri gansxvavebiT (`qarTul-zanuri erTianoba~ da `praqarTul-zanuri erTianoba~). igive meTodi ganmeorebulia zogierT momdevno mkvlevarTa
SromebSi (qarTulsa Tu ucxour enebze).
vfiqrobT, qrTul-za
qrTul zanu
erTia
nobis epoqis
epoqis calke gamoyofa
zanuri
nuri erTi
Tianobis
sakmaod arTulebs preqarTveluri enis diferenciaciis Semdgomdroindeli, isedac rTuli viTarebis naTlad warmodgenas, miT ufro, Tu `qarTul-zanur-svanur sibilantur SesatyvisobaTa sistema
interpretirebul unda iqnes rogorc Sedegi im dialeqturi dapi66

rispirebisa, romlebsac adgili hqonda jer kidev saerToqarTveluri enis farglebSi, misi daSlis da damoukidebel enobriv erTeulTa Camoyalibebis periodamde~ (gamyreliZe, maWavariani 1965: 7). miuxedavad imisa, rom saerToqarTveluri donisa da qarTul-zanuri
erTianobis epoqaTa erTmaneTisagan gamijvna specialur literaturaSi Sefasda rogorc `axali etapi qarTveluri leqsikis Seswavlis
istoriaSi~ (fenrixi-sarjvelaZe 2000: 13-14), rekonstruqciebTan dakavSirebuli problemebi araTu Semcirda, aramed piriqiT _ kidev
ufro garTulda saqme, radganac arqiformaTa epoqebis mixedviT
virtualur ganawilebas gansazRvravs ara komparativistuli meTodebiT warmosaxuli viTareba, aramed kvlevis done istoriul-SedarebiT qarTvelologiaSi. Tu sisina da SiSina sibilantebi erTmaneTs upirispirdebodnen TviT preqarTveluri enis dialeqtebSive,
maSin am dapirispirebis mixedviT gamovlenili fonemaTSesatyvisobis
Semcvel arqiformebs an Sesabamis leqsemebs raRatom mivakuTvnebT
imave preqarTveluri enis diferenciaciis Semdgom gamoyofil qarTul-zanuri erTianobis xanas, roca Sesatyvisi Ziri svanurSi ver
davadastureT?! xom SeiZleba, rom garkveuli drois Semdeg mkvlevrebma aRmoaCinon savaraudo Ziri svanur enaSic? _ asec xdeba!
ramdenime wlis win ienaSi gamoqveynda hainc fenrixis naSromi
"Kartwelische Wortschatzstudien", romelSic warmodgenilia 164 Ziris
axali analizi, amasTanave, adre maTi umravlesoba specialur literaturaSi mxolod qarTul-zanuri erTianobis epoqis monacemebad
ganixileboda, xolo mas Semdeg, rac kanonzomier regularul fonemaTSesatyvisobaTa safuZvelze gamovlinda Sesabamisi svanuri Zirebi, maT gadainacvles saerToqarTvelur doneze. sailustraciod moviyvanT mxolod erT magaliTs: qarT. a-burgZ
burgZ-n
buZg u-aa/
burgZ n-aa: megr. buZg-u
biZg-u
buZg-u
o-buZg
buZg-in
iZg u-aa: laz. o-buZg
buZg u/o
buZg in-u
in u leqsemebSi warmodgenili burZgburZg
Ziri giorgi klimovma Tavis droze qarTul-zanuri erTianobis xanisaTvis aRadgina ( 1973: 361); Sdr. arnold Ciqobavas varaudi:
qarT. buZg-i
buZg `patara zRarbi~:1 megr. buZg-a
buZg `eklebi wablis nayof-

Sdr. buZgi _ 1. wablis ekliani bude; 2. zRarbis ekliani gareTa safari

(qegl), aWar. buZg-i,

imerx. buzg-i
buZg-v-il-i
buZg
buzg `ekliani buCqi~, gadatan. mnS. ga-buZg
buZg
(aWar..), ga-buZg
buZg-ul-i
(gur., imer.) Tmebi.
buZg

67

ze~:1 Wan. u-buZg

buZg-u
buZg u-nn `dabuJeba~ (Ciqobava 1938: 256); am masalas hainc fenrixma daukavSira svanuri li-bunZg
al (lSx.), li-bunZg
li bunZg-v
bunZg v-al
li bunZg-
bunZg l
(lnt.) leqsema (`mobuzva, mobuzuli siaruli~) da sruliad bunebrivia, rom *burZg
burZgburZg arqetipi ganixila qarTveluri fuZeenis doneze,
gansxvavebiT zurab sarjvelaZesTan erTad Seqmnil naSromSi mocemuli msjelobisagan.2 ufro metic! _ ara marto hainc fenrixi, aramed Tavad giorgi klimovic, mas Semdeg, rac svanurSi aRmoaCenda
xolme mxolod qarTul-zanuri erTianobis epoqisaTvis navaraudevi
arqiformis Sesatyvis Zirs, qronologiurad momdevno SromebSi
araerTxel cvlida saTanado doneebs.
vfiqrobT, preqarTveluri epoqisTvis unda aRdges yvela is
arqiforma, romelTa Sesatyvisi Zirebi dadasturebulia or enaSi
mainc _ amasTanave, mniSvneloba ara aqvs imas, umwerlobo qarTvelur enaTagan romels exeba saqme _ svanursa Tu zanurs. savaraudo
Ziri WeSmaritebasTan yvelaze metad maSin iqneba axlos, Tu misi
amsaxveli masala aGmoCndeba Zvel qarTul werilobiT ZeglebSi.
aranaklebi sirTuleebi iCens Tavs meoreul fonemaTSesatyvisobebTan dakavSirebiT. amjerad SevexebiT mxolod erT maTgans,
radganac masze msjelobisas sxvadasxva mkvlevari sxvadasxva amosavals varaudobs fuZeenaSi.
preqarTv. *w
w > qarT. w : zan. W : svn *W
W > h > (g. klimovi,
v. Tofuria, g. rogava, m. Cuxua);
preqarTv. *w
w1 > qarT. w : zan. W : sv. h > (g. maWavariani,3
T. gamyreliZe);
1

leCxumur dialeqtSic buZgv-i

buZgv `wablis ekliani safaria~, xolo qarTluri

buZg-nar-i
(/ buwk-nar-i
_ qarTl., qiz.) `Cirgvnars~ aRniSnavs.
buZg
buwk
2

es sityva zemosvanur dialeqtebSic gvxvdeba, oRond sxva mniSvnelobiT

(`Widaoba, bRlaZuni~), CubexeurSi ki l-bZg

l bZg-un
bZg un-e
un e `mobuzuls~ an `aburZgnil
Tmas~ niSnavs.
3

`qarTvelur enaTa SedarebiT gramatikaSi~, romelic g. maWavarianis

yofili studentebis (maT Soris Cvenic) saleqcio Canawerebis (1958-1961 w.w.)

mixedviT Seadgina z. sarjvelaZem, am SesatyvisobaSi svanurisTvis W aris warmodgenili (magaliTebis gareSe _ gv. 54, 139), Tumca isicaa aRniSnuli, rom
`xmovanTa win svanurSi h dasaSvebia, magram, unda vivaraudoT, rom SesaZloa
zogi h meoreuli iyos~ (maWavariani 2001: 86).

68

preqarTv. t > qarT. w : zan. W : sv. h > (h. fenrixi).1

aRniSnul SefardebebSi zanurSi yvelgan daculia W fonema,
Tumca m. Cuxua mas iqac aRadgens, sadac ar dasturdeba (Sdr.
v.

Tofurias

mier

svanuri

enisTvis

dadgenili

kanonzomiereba

*W
W > h > ) _ er (zs., lnt.), or *er
er (lSx.) `miwa, Tixa~:
qarT. wvir-e
wvir `nexvi, WuWyi, nakeli~: megr. wver-e
wver `nexvi~ (`megruli
wver-e
Wver-e...
*Wver
Wver-e
wver qarTulTan adaptirebuli fuZea _ wver-e
wver <*Wver
Wver
Wver
tipis fuZe svanurSic dasturdeboda. bolokiduri -e
e aq dakargula mas
Semdeg, rac asimilirebuli iqna Ziriseuli i: *Wir
Wir-e
hir-e
Wir *hir
hir
*er
er-e
er er~
er (Cuxua 2000-2003: 221). SevniSnavT, rom amosavalia
laSxuri uumlauto or fuZe da ara is, rac m. Cuxuas aqvs warmodgenili.
jer kidev 1960 wels gamoqveynebul statiaSi "
-" g. klimovs warmodgenili hqonda qarT. w : zan. w : sv. (wver
wver-i
wver : wvanj-i
wvanj : r-e)
r
Sefardeba, romelic gameorda mis fundamentur naSromSi " " (1964 w.) da SedarebiT gviandel
inglisurenovan publikaciaSi "Etimological Dictionary of the Kartvelian
Languages" (1998 w.). SemdgomSi es dakavSireba gaiziares v. Tofuriam
(1960 w.) da k. Smidtma (1962 w.), magram g. maWavarianma (1965 w.) igi
problematurad miiCnia ori mizezis gamo:
1) magaliTi erTaderTi iyo;
2) afrikatebis spirantizacias (da Semdeg gaqrobas) svanurSi
adgili ar unda hqonoda sonantis win.
amitomac, albaT, `sibilantTa sami rigis Teoriidan~ amosvliT,
sruliad bunebrivia, rom m. xalilovTan erTad gamocemul leqsikonSi
(gv. 67, 192) g. klimovs *w
w1erer arqetipi saerToqarTveluri donisTvis

h. fenrixisa da z. sarjvelaZis `qarTvelur enaTa etimologiuri leqsi-

konis~ pirveli gamocemis winasityvaobaSi warmodgenil fonemaTSesatyvisobaTa

ZiriTadi formulebis cxrilSi saerTod araa Setanili preqarTveluri Suasibilanturi w1-afrikatisagan momdinare qarT. w : zan. W : svan. h Sesatyvisoba
(fenrixi-sarjvelaZe 1990: 14-15).

69

ki aRar warmoudgenia, aramed mxolod preqarTul-zanuri epoqisaTvis.

igive viTarebaa h. fenrixisa da z. sarjvelaZis `qarTvelur enaTa etimologiur leqsikonSic~, magram amasTanave, miTiTebulia g. klimoviseul
arqetipebzec *we
wer
w1erwer (1964 w.) da *w
er (1998 w.) saerToqarTvelurSi.
zemoaRniSnul erTaderT magaliTs 1960 welsve v. Tofuriam
daumata rogorc n. maris (qarT. wab-l-i
: svan. heb
heb,1 qarT. wer-s
wab
wer :
svan. -ir
ir-i
hir-i...),
ise Tavisi masala (samwuxarod, enaTmecnieir <*-hir
hir
rebis institutis XIII samecniero sesiaze 1956 w. wakiTxuli moxsenebis _ `afrikatTa cvlisa da Sesatyvisobis zogi sakiTxi qarTvelur enebSi~ _ mxolod sqemaa Semonaxuli v. Tofurias arqivSi),
saidanac Cans, rom momxsenebeli sagangebod exeboda qarT. w : zan. W :
sv. *W
W > h > fonemaTSesatyvisobas moskovSi gamarTul orientalistTa XXV saerTaSoriso kongresis Catarebamde 4 wliT adre).
amis Semdeg ukve arsebul monacemebs daemata kidev erTi magaliTi
(Wum
Wum-e
`xval~ : laz. Wum-en
`xval dilas~ : svan. ham `dila~)
Wum
Wum
g. rogavas mier (rogava 1977: 90),2 xolo m. Cuxuam kidev ufro gaamdidra saanalizo bgeraTSesatyvisoba v. Tofurias da m. qaldanis
`svanuri leqsikonidan~ moyvanili ramdenime axali ilustraciiT
(oRond zogi ram mainc sadavod rCeba), romelsac Cven vumatebT
sxva magaliTsac: Zv. q. u-m-rw
rw-em-e-,
m-rw
rw-em-i
`umcrosi~ / sv. ma-hr
hr-nrw
rw
hr
e3 <*ma-rh
rh-n-e,
Tu hrxr-,
xr-a
rh
hr igive araa, rac -xr
xr Sdr. xo-xr
xr `ufro patara~ (oniani 1998: 105-106), Tumca maincdamainc did dabrkolebas ar unda hqondes adgili, radganac qarTvelur enebsa da maT
dialeqtebSi SeiniSneba xorxismier TanxmovanTa sistemis moSla;
kerZod, qvemosvanurSi h bgera aRar arsebobs, is an -d iqca, an
sul daikarga, xolo zemosvanurSi xSirad gadadis x-Si (v. Tofuria,
g. maWavariani). maSasadame, albaT, ma-hr
hr-n-e
> ma-xr
xr-n-e.
hr
xr
1

Tumca v. Tofuria arc qarT. bal-i

e-b
b fuZeTa dakavSirebas
bal da sv. h-e

gamoricxavs, romelSic svanur leqsemas arn. Ciqobava sxvagvarad (he

he-b
he b) Slis da
masSi hehe TavsarTs gamoyofs (Ciqobava 1938: 122).
2

es Sepirispireba, qarTuli wamwam fuZis gareSe, adrec arsebobda (Sdr.

arn. Ciqobava, s. JRenti, t. gudava, k. Smidti).

3

v. Tofurias azriT, -hr

hrhor-)
cr-o-s-,
hr (< *hor
hor ukavSirdeba qarTul u-m-cr
cr

m-cir
cir-e
cir fuZeTa Zirebs.

70

h. fenrixma gamoiyena specialur literaturaSi ukve mignebuli

magaliTebi [qarT. da-w
w-ev-n-a, mo-w
w-ev-n-a, mo-w
w-if-eb-a: megr. {nn}W
W-af-a
`daweva~, laz. o-mo-nW
nW-u
nW `damwifeba~: sv.: li{mm}hh-e `moweva (mosavlisa)~;
qarT. wad-il-i:
sv. li-hd
hd-
had-
wad
hd -i <*li-had
had -i `natvra, wadili~; qarT.
mi-wod
wod-eb-a:
sv. li-hd
hd-i
hod-i
wod
hd < li-hod
hod `micema, gayidva~; laz. Wum-en
Wum
`xval dilas~: sv. ham `dila~, Tumca g. rogavas mier moyvanili wamwam
`wami~ aRaraa gaanalizebuli], daumata Tavisi ori Sepirispireba
(qarT. wunw-ux-i
`wyalSi gaxsnili nakeli~: sv. li-hnw
hnw-i
wunw
hnw `nakelis
gatana yanaSi~ da qarT. amo-wver
wver-v-a:
zsv. li-her
er,
wver
li her,
her qsv. li-er
er
Sdr. la-m-her
her < *la-m-her
her `dasavleTi~, oRond unda SevniSnoT, rom
liher `Casvlaa mzisa~ da ara _ `amosvla~, Sesabamisad: lamher
lamher _
`{Ca}sasvleli~) da amosavlad laterali t ivarauda. lazuri Wab-u
Wab
(`TeTri fiTri~) da svanuri heb (`bali~) leqsemebis Sepirispirebisas amosavlad lateraluri afrikati igulisxmeba (Fhnrich 2002: 47),
radganac `ar aris naTeli is garemoeba, romelic Seapirobebda saerToqarTveluri Suasibilanturi w1-sgan momdinare qarT. w : zan.
W : svan. h Sesatyvisobas (h. fenrixi, z. sarjvelaZe 2000: 20). sxva
SesatyvisobebSi preqarTveluri donisTvis lateraluri arqetipis
Ziebis cda adre k. Smidtsac hqonda (Schmidt 1961, 1962).
amrigad, saanalizo fonemaTSesatyvisoba ukve sakmao masaliTaa
warmodgenili, Tanac svanurisTvis daZebnilia savaraudo *W
W (< saerToqarTv. w) afrikatisagan miRebuli h Tanxmovnis Semcveli magaliTebic da iseTebic, sadac h > > .
rasakvirvelia, arc ise advili warmosadgenia *W
W > h procesi
fonetikuri TvalsazrisiT, amitomac v. Tofurias svanuri h istoriulad sameulTa (da ara mJReri calis gareSe darCenili wyvileulis)
sistemis mkveTr (Tu preruptiv) warmomadgenlad miaCnda, xolo
arn. Ciqobava garkveul eWvs gamoTqvamda _ sxva spiranti xom ar
iyoo hae? v. Tofuria varaudobda w > s > h > gardamaval processac
da sailustraciod mohyavda li-wh
wh-i
ws-i
wh / li-ws
ws (`mipatiJeba, miwveva~),
li-Zh
Zh-en-i
/ li-Zs
Zs-en-i
(dakvla~) variantebi, magram SevniSnavT, rom
Zh
Zs
71

arsebobs li-wc
wc-i,
li-Zc
Zc-en-i
monacemebic, romelTa gaTvaliswinebiT
wc
Zc
albaT s < c ufro realuria. T. gamyreliZisa da g. maWavarianisTvis h yru spirantia an spirantuli fonema. `araferia gasakviri
imaSi, rom /*w
w1/ fonemis alofoni xmovnebis win da xmovnebs Sua
xSvis moSlis
moSlis Semdeg
Semdeg (xazi Cvenia _ i. C.) mogvevlina ubralo aspiraciis, e. i. [hh] bgeris saxiT... aseve advilia *ss1 fonemis gadasvla
aspiraciaSi, romelic SeiZleba moiSalos anlautSi, xmovanTa wina
poziciaSi~ (maWavariani 1965: 39).
ukanasknel xanebSi gamoiTqva garkveuli eWvi h-s spirantobasTan dakavSirebiT: `hh bgera xasiaTdeba dabrkolebis uqonlobiT,
msgavsad xmovnebisa da gansxvavebiT Tanxmovnebisagan. amitomac misi
misi
spirant
spirantTa
rantTa klasSi
klasSi gaer
gaerTi
erTia
Tianeba
neba ar asaxavs
asaxavs faqtob
faqtobriv
tobriv viTa
viTare
Tarebas
rebas~
bas
(oniani 1998: 11).
1975 wels b. gigineiSvilma saerToqarTveluri *wen
wenwen arqetipidan amosvliT erTmaneTs daukavSira Wan-/Wen
Wan WenWen (zan.) da henhen (< henhen
iox-i
iox i) Zirebi. es ukanaskneli miCneulia WanWan formis svanur variantad. maSasadame, Tu Sepirispireba sworia, maSin aqac meoreul fonemaTSesatyvisobasTan gvaqvs saqme (qarT. w / zan. W / svan. h < W).
miuxedavad imisa, rom `warmodgenil saxelTa dakavSireba logikuri
lingvisturi wesebiT xdeba, rTuli warmosadgenia Wanebis svanuri
saxelwodebis urartuli sufiqsiT gaformeba; aseve, aralogikuria
dasaxelebul tomTa gaigiveba, vinaidan welTaRricxvaTa mijnaze arianec da strabonic gverdigverd da sxvadasxva tomebad adastureben
Wanebs / sanebs, sanigebs, henioxebsa Tu svanebs. WanWan da henhen Zirebs
Soris WanWan formis ZiriTadobas xeli SeiZleba SeuSalos im faqtmac,
rom berZnul wyaroebSi heni
heniox
nioxox TiTqmis 500 wliT adre fiqsirdeba,
vidre Wan-~
Wan (futkaraZe 2005: 123).
maSasadame, yoveli axali etimologiis warmodgenisas, Tundac
sakmaod mkacrad vicavdeT fonemaTSesatyvisobis kanonzomierebaTa
sistemas, mudam frTxilad unda viyoT yvela SemTxvevaSi, gansakuTrebiT ki eTnonimTa Sepirispirebis dros.
72

rogorc vxedavT, svanuri meoreuli h-s saerToqarTveluri safuZvlisa (mkveTri w afrikati, Sua sibilanturi rigis, afxazuri
sisin-SiSina bgeraTa tipis warmomadgeneli *w
w1 Tu laterali t)
da misi bunebis Sesaxeb sruliad sapirispiro, urTierTgamomricxveli
Tvalsazrisebi arsebobs qarTvelologiaSi. vfiqrobT, sava
savara
varau
raudo amoamosaval
rogorc
saval fone
fonema
nemaTa
maTa sagan
sagange
gangebo
gebo eqspe
eqsperi
sperimen
rimentu
mentuli
tuli Seswav
Seswavla
swavla (ro
rogorc akusakustikur
tikur-per
kur percef
percefci
cefciu
ciuli,
li ise arti
artiku
tikula
kulato
latoru
toruli
ruli Tvalsaz
Tvalsazri
sazrisiT
risiT)
siT Zalze
Zalze
daex
daexma
exmare
mareba
reba Sina
Sinaga
nagani
gani rekon
rekonstruq
konstruqci
struqciis
ciis meTods am SemTxve
SemTxveva
mTxvevaSic
vaSic.
Sic

Posterior problems of Pre-Kartvelian

language's differentiation
Summary

In order to determine genetic relations we should base not only on

phonological isoglosses but on morphological and lexical ones. Only such complex
approaching will give as possibility to take into account those complex
appearances, that should have had taken place in the process of parent language's
differentiation (Gamkrelidze, Machavariani 1965: 4). In spite of the fact that
demarcation of the Common Kartvelian level and the epoches of Kartvelian-Zan
unity by Giorgi Klimov was evaluated in the special literature as "a new stage in
studying of the Kartvelian vocabulary" (Fhnrich, Sarjveladze 2000: 13-14), the
problems linked with reconstructions were not only decreased but they were
complicated, as according to the epoches of archi-forms a virtual distribution is
defined not by a comparativistic method but by a research level in historicalcomparative Kartvelology.
If whistling and hushing sibilants opposed each others even in the dialects of
Pre-Kartvelian language, then why the archi-forms of phonemes correspondence
and relevant lexemes manifested according to this opposition that belong to the
epoch of Kartvelian-Zan unity distinguished after the differentiation of the same
Pre-Kartvelian language when a corresponding root in Svan could not be
confirmed! Is it possible that after a certain period researchers will discover a
supposed stem in Svan? But sometimes it happens!
73

All those archi-forms the corresponding roots of which are confirmed still in
two languages should be reconstructed on a Common Kartvelian level in
addition, it does not matter of unwritten Kartvelian languages which concerns it
Svan or Zan. A supposed stem will be near to the truth when its reflecting material
is confirmed in old Georgian literary texts.
Difficulties of no less appear in connection with so called secondary
correspondences.
The work represents the discources on etymological relation of the roots of
Old Georg. m-rrw-em-i and Svan ma-p
pr-n-e
("junior") lexemes and it is noted that
p
there are completely different, contradictory standpoints on the basis of Svan
secondary h phoneme (a *ww affricate, *ww1 of mid-sibilant or lateral *tt) and its nature
in Kartvelology. Special experimental studying of supposed initial phonemes (from
acustic-perceptive as well as articulation viewpoint) will help greatly an inner
reconstructive method even in this case.

74

axali
zanu
xali qarTve
qarTvelu
Tveluri
luri etimo
etimolo
mologi
logie
giebi da qarTu
qarTul
Tul-za
zanuri
nuri
erTi
erTia
Tianobis
nobis epoqis
epoqis sava
savara
varau
raudo mona
monacem
nacemTa
cemTa proble
problema
lema
hainc fenrixisa da zurab sarjvelaZis `qarTvelur enaT etimologiur

leqsikonSi~,

miuxedavad

imisa,

rom

samjer

gamoica

(orjer qarTulad da erTxel germanulad), mainc gamorCenili iyo

zogi metad saintereso leqsemis Ziri, romelsac damatebiTi kvlevaZieba sWirdeboda; ratomRac uyuradRebod darCa agreTve erTmaneTTan Zalze advilad dasakavSirebeli Tu TiTqmis sruliad identuri masalac (magaliTad, qarTuli gob-i
da svanuri gob (lSx.) >
gob
geb (bz., lnt.). swored amitom Zalze misasalmebelia ienis fridrix Sileris universitetis profesoris hainc fenrixis mier Kaukasien-Reihes seriiT gamoqveynebuli monografia "Kartwelische Wortschatzstudien" (2002 w.), romelSic warmodgenilia 164 Ziris analizi
saerToqarTveluri fuZeenis doneze. am analizs xeli Seuwyves
varlam Tofurias, maqsime qaldanis, karpez donduas da oTar qajaias
svanurma da megrulma leqsikonebma, romelTa gamoqveynebas didxans
eloda yvela met-naklebad cnobili qarTvelologi CvenSi Tu sazRvargareT. axla jeri lazur leqsikonzea, romelic wlebis manZilze mzaddeboda saqarTvelos mecnierebaTa akademiis arnold
Ciqobavas saxelobis enaTmecnierebis institutSi.
gerhardt deetersis cnobili sqemis mixedviT, saerToqarTvelur enas yvelaze adre gamoeyo svanuri, rogorc damoukidebeli
enobrivi erTeuli, xolo ufro gvian, qarTul-zanuri erTianobis
daSlis Sedegad, Camoyalibda sakuTriv qarTuli da megrul-lazuri
(Deeters 1930: 2-3).
1964 wels, mas Semdeg, rac moskovSi gamovida giorgi klimovis
" ", qarTvelologiaSi moxda erTgvari meTodologiuri diferencireba saerToqarTveluri
donisa da qarTul-zanuri erTianobis epoqaTa rekonstruqciebisa,
`riTac axali etapi Seiqmna qarTveluri leqsikis Seswavlis isto75

riaSi~ (fenrixi-sarjvelaZe 2000: 12), magram Cven maSinac vfiqrobdiT da axlac vimeorebT, rom gansakuTrebiT frTxilad unda viyoT
xsenebuli doneebis gamijvnisas. rasakvirvelia, Tu Tavisi arqaizaciiT gamorCeul iseT enaSi, rogoricaa svanuri, dadasturda esa Tu
is qarTuli Ziri, es imas niSnavs, rom rekonstruqcia SesaZloa
warmovadginoT preqarTveluri epoqisTvis, maSinac ki, Tu Sesabamis
Zirs jerjerobiT ver mivakvlieT Zvel qarTul werilobiT Zeglebsa
an

leqsikonebSi.

(`wuxili,

amis

tirili,

SesaniSnavi

Wmunva,

magaliTia

drtvinva,

Civili~),

masdari

gurin-v-a
rin

romelsac

hainc

fenrixi udarebs svanur li-grin

grin-l
(`butiaoba~)s da SesaZleblad
grin
miaCnia

*grin
grin

arqetipis

aRdgena

saerToqarTveluri

fuZeenis

doneze (iqve: 13).

vfiqrobT, `qarTul-zanuri erTianoba~ mxolod pirobiTi, relatiuri cnebaa (garkveul masalasTan mimarTebiT) da mas samuSao
terminad Tu gamoviyenebT (mosaxerxebelia da imitom), Torem dRes
am donisad gamocxadebulma monacemma xval SesaZlo saerToqarTvelur doneze gadainacvlos, Tu gagrZelda kvleva-Zieba romelime
konkretuli Ziris mimarTulebiT. amis naTeli magaliTi kvlav hainc
fenrixis dasaxelebuli naSromia.
giorgi klimovis mier qarT. brdRv-n-a,
megr. go-burdR
burdR-on-u-a,
brdRv
burdR
laz. o-bur
bur/ndR
masdarTa Sepirispirebisas qarTul-zanuri
bur ndR-ol-u
ndR
erTianobis xanisTvis aRdgenil *brdRn
brdRnbrdRn ZirTan (fenrixi-sarjvelaZe
2000: 54) hainc fenrixma daakavSira svanuri enis laSxuri dialeqtis
monacemi li-bindR
bindR-l-a-i
(`gabdRvna, daxeva~) da saerToqarTvelubindR
ri donisTvis aRadgina *brdR
brdRbrdR Ziri (iqve: 10).
aleqsandre cagarlisa ( 1880: 2, 41) da gerhardt deetersis
(Deeters 1926: 47) mier gaanalizebuli RamRam-o,
Ram Ziri (qarT. Ram-e,
Ram sa-Ram
Ram
da-Ram
Ram-eb-a;
megr. Rum-a
`wuxel~; laz. Rom-a{n}
`guSin~) giorgi
Ram
Rum
Rom
klimovma (Klimov 1964: 200) qarTul-zanuri erTianobis epoqis monacemad miiCnia, radganac Sesabamisi masala svanur enaSi maSin ver dadasturda, da aRadgina *Ra
Ramen
Ramenmen arqetipi. batonma haincma es Ziri
daukavSira
76

karpez

donduas

`svanur-qarTul-rusul

leqsikonSi~

warmodgenil laSxur masdars li-Rm

Rm-n-e
(`drois micema, dacda~) da
Rm
saerToqarTveluri fuZeenis donisTvis ivarauda *Ram
RamRam Ziri (iqve: 35),
Tumca, vfiqrobT, rom svanurSi a xmovniseuli sigrZe mainc asaxsneli
rCeba (kombinatorulia igi Tu kompensatoruli?).
adrindel rekonstruqciebSi, iq, sadac ramdenadme Znelad dasajerebeli varaudebi iyo gamoTqmuli, hainc fenrixma Tavisi axali
naSromiT meti sinaTle Seitana.
gerhardt deetersis jer kidev 1926 wliseuli (Deeters 1926: 51)
Sepirispireba

qarTuli

brZ-ol-a
brZ

(`Serkineba,

SeWideba~)

da

megruli burj-af-i
(`bRlarZuni, Widaoba~) _ Tavis droze karl
burj
horst Smidtis (Schmidt 1962: 99), Tamaz gamyreliZisa da givi maWavarianis (gamyreliZe, maWavariani 1965: 97) mier dakavSirebuli iyo
svanur li-brg
brg-il
(bz.)/li-borg
borg-el
(lnt.) `Widaoba~ leqsemasTan,
brg
borg
magram Semdeg `qarTvelur enaTa etimologiur leqsikonSi~ es dakavSireba damajereblad ar iqna miCneuli (fenrixi-sarjvelaZe 2000: 62).
sagulisxmoa, rom ramdenime wlis mere am fundamenturi naSromis
erT-erTma Tanaavtorma hainc fenrixma giorgi klimovis mier qarTul-zanuri erTianobisTvis aRdgenili *brZ
brZbrZ Ziri (oRond misi
sisin-SiSina varianti *brZ
brZ1) ivarauda ara saerToqarTveluri donisTvisac

saeWvo

li-brg
brg-il/li-borg
borg-el
brg
borg

dakavSirebis

safuZvelze,

aramed qvemosvanur li-burj

burj-il
(lSx.)/li-burj
burj-iel
(lnt.) `Widili~
burj
burj
leqsemebSi warmodgenili burjburj Ziris gaTvaliswinebiT (iqve: 11).
Tavis droze arnold Ciqobavas (1938: 88) mier dakavSirebul
qarTul kiv-ilsa
da lazur {m}-k
k-a
kiv
k af-us (`tura~, etimologiurad
1
`m-kiv
kiv-an-i?~)
hainc fenrixi umatebs megrul ki-f-in-i
(`kivili~) da
kiv
ki
2
svanur (laSxur) ki-an
(`moZaxili, gamkivani xma~) formebs. am ukaki

nasknelSi daculia savaraudo saerToqarTveluri *ki

kiki Ziri (Sdr.
svanuri li-k
k-l-i
`kivili~).
k
Tamaz gamyreliZisa da givi maWavarianiseul Sepirispirebas
(1965: 162): megr. barg-u-a,
laz. o-berg
berg-u
`Toxna~, megr., laz. berg-i
barg
berg
berg
1

aRniSnul SepirispirebaSi Tavad arnold Ciqobavasac epareboda eWvi.

kin
kin balszemour dialeqtSic gvxvdeba.

77

`Toxi~, svan li-brg

brg-e
brg `Toxna~, brg `Toxi~ hainc fenrixi umatebs
axal masalas svanuri enidan. esaa li-brj
brj-e/li-barj
barj-e
brj
barj (`Txra~), magram kargi iqneboda, rom mas aqve mieTiTebina `Toxnis~ semantikazec,
romelic am masdars aqvs beCoursa da lentexur metyvelebaSi. Cveni
mxriT, aRniSnul monacemebs davumatebT barj leqsemis Colurul
mniSvnelobasac (liparteliani 1994: 64) _ `Toxis msgavsi iaraRi,
xisa~ da qiziyur-qarTlur-fSaur barj{v
barj v} (`Tevzis saWeri Cangliani
joxi~) formasac, Tumca imasac SevniSnavT, rom preqarTveluri g
Tanxmovnis palatalizacia svanurSi ufro advilad aixsneba saxelobiTi brunvis savaraudo morfemis wina poziciaSi, vidre qarTuli
enis dialeqtebSi.
Cveni yuradReba miiqcia, agreTve, hainc fenrixis erTma dakavSirebamac. esaa mTiuluri dialeqtisTvis damaxasiaTebeli namyo
drois vnebiTi gvaris mimReoba a-mo-gv
gv-il-i
(`amowyvetili~), romlis
gv
-gv
gvgv Sedarebulia svanuri enis laSxuri kilos zmnur, masdarul da
mimReobur formebSi warmodgenil -g
gg-e-
`vfqvav~,
g ZirTan: -x-a-g
g
li-g
g-e-
`fqva~, lu-g
g-e-
`dafqvili~ (iqve: 13). jer erTi, laSxur
g
g
monacemebSi dadasturebuli -
meoreulia da momdinareobs h Tanxmovnisagan (hh > fonetikuri procesi Cveulebrivi movlena balszemouridan laSxur formebze gadasvlis dros), da meorec, mTiulur
dialeqtSi arsebuli mniSvnelobac meoreuli, gadataniTi xasiaTisaa, amosavalSi ki aq igive Ziri unda iyos, rac qarTul da-gv
gv-a,
gv
na-gav
gav-i,...
da svanur la-n-g
g (`cocxi~, e. i. `sa-gv
gv-el-i~)/na-n-g
g
gav
gv
formebSi gvaqvs. am ukanasknelTa Sesaxeb Tavis droze msjelobda
zurab sarjvelaZe (Sardschweladze 1987: 18), oRond SevniSnavT, rom
svanuri n- sonori Ziriseuli morfema ki ar unda iyos (nga
nga-/ng
ng),
nga ngng < *ng
ng
rogorc amas mkvlevari fiqrobda, aramed zs. la-n-g
g/na-n-g
g iseTive
g
ormagprefiqsiani formebia, rogoricaa svanur enaSi sakmaod gavrcelebuli analogiuri masala: zs/lnt. la-n-g
g-l-i,
bq. na-n-g
g-l-i
(`nakelis
g
g
gadasayreli xvreli~), zs. lSx. la-n-za
za (`sazafxulo~), bz./lSx.
la-n-zr
zr-l
(`sakrebulo~), bq. la-n-war
war (`talaxiani adgili~),
zr
lnt. la-n-cn
cn-r,
Sdr. bz. la-cn
cn-r
(`sasacilo~), bz. n-l-mesg
mesg-
cn
cn
mesg
78

(`nacecxlari~), zs. n-m-geb

geb (`monagebi~), bz. n-m-Sed
Sed-l-
(`{Se}naweSed
vari~), zs. na-m-sd
sd-
(`narCeni~), l-l-zig
zig-a
(`samosaxlo~), lnt.
sd
zig
na-m-cd
cd (`sanacvlo~), Sdr. bz. na-cr
cr d a. S. prefiqsebi xSirad
monacvleoben, Tanac ise, rom wyvilTagan erT-erTs Tanamedrove
cocxal metyvelebaSi funqcia dakargulic ki SeiZleba hqondes
(CantlaZe 1998: 106).
hainc fenrixis wigni gamoirCeva ara mxolod saqarTveloSi
gamocemuli svanuri da megruli leqsikonebidan moxdenilad amokrebili masalebis safuZvelze gamotanili seriozuli daskvnebiT,
rac gulisxmobs qarTul-zanuri erTianobis epoqidan sakmaod didi
raodenobis monacemTa gadanacvlebas saerToqarTveluri fuZeenis
doneze, aramed TviT am donis SevsebiTac ZirTa axali SepirispirebebiTa Tu Zvel dakavSirebebze sxvadasxva masalis damatebiT.
preqarTvelur doneze rekonstruirebuli *fen
fen-/fin
fen finfin (qarT.
ga-fen
fen-a,
megr. fin-u-a,
laz. o-fin
fin-u
`gaSla, gafena~, svan. li-fn
fn-e
fen
fin
fin
fn
`fena~) arqetipi garkveul kiTxvis niSnebs badebda, radganac qarTulSi fanfan-el-i
fan Ziris Semcveli myofadis mimReobac gvaqvs (sa-fan
fan
`comis gundaze mosayreli fqvili~; aWar., imerx. `wvniani saWmlis
Sesasqelebeli fqvili~), romelsac batonma haincma Seudara svanuri
li-fn
fn-e
fn (`sakurTxi sufris wadgma micvalebulis sulis mosaxseneblad~, Sdr. `sul-T-mo-fen
fen-a~)
da amis mixedviT saerToqarTveluri
fen
fuZeenis epoqisTvis aRadgina samive gaxmovanebis Semcveli Ziri
*-fan
fan-/*-fen
fan fen-/*-fin
fen finfin (iqve: 29).
hainc fenrixis dasaxelebul monografiaSi araerTxel gvxvdeba
sruliad axali dakavSirebani. sailustraciod moviyvanT mxolod
ramdenime maTgans:
`qarTuli enis imeruli dialeqtis leqsema xok-ia
(`abazanis
ok
Wia~) Sepirispirebulia svanuri enis lentexuri kilos xk (`matli~)
formasTan, romelSic e. w. iracionaluri xmovani -o
o- xmovnisagan
miRebuladaa miCneuli. mkvlevris azriT, amave Zirs SeiZleba daukavSirdes agreTve qarTuli gvel-xok
xok-er-ac
(iqve: 45).
xok
79

qarTul m-tvr
tvr-ev-aSi
dacul Zirs hainc fenrixi udarebs svatvr
nuri enis laSxur dialeqtSi dadasturebul monacems li-tr
tr-am-i
tr
(`damtvreva~) da saerToqarTveluri epoqisTvis aRadgens *-tr
trtr
arqetips (iqve: 27).
qarTuli sxap-an-i
da svanuri sxip leqsemebis mixedviT wignSi
sxap
rekonstruirebulia *sxap
sxapsxap arqetipi (iqve: 25-26), saidanac jer
labialuri asimilaciis, mere ki palatalizaciisa da naumlautari
-i
ii kompleqsis delabializaciis Sedegad mosalodneli iyo sxip,
sxip
magram Tanamedrove metyveleba ase Sors jer ar wasula, Tumca
dRes svanurSi > i > i sakmaod gavrcelebulia.
Zveli qarTuli ked-i
hainc fenrixis azriT,
ked (> ax. q. ket-i),
ket
SesaZloa

ukavSirdebodes

svanur

kd-e/kd
kd kd-a
kd

(`najaxi~)

formaTa

Zirs, romelSic xmovnis sigrZe axsnilia, rogorc kompensacia gauCinarebuli -hh- Tanxmovnisa (Sdr. bq. ka{h
ka h}da
da).
da CvenTvis mTlad naTeli
araa svanuri auslautis calke gamoyofa. am monacemebidan amosavali unda iyos -aa xmovani, romelic saxelobiTi da moTxrobiTi
brunvebis morfemaTa palatalur -e
e elementTan urTierTobisas
gvaZlevs asimilirebul -e
e xmovans (*kda
kda+e
kd > *kde
kde `najaxi~;
kda e > *kd
*kda
kda+em
kdmiS > kdmi `najaxis~). saerToqarTvelur
kda em+iS
em iS > *kdmiS
doneze aRdgenilia *kad
kadkad Ziri, romlis naumlautar variantadaa
miCneuli Zv. q. kedked (iqve: 15).

*
*

...Tavisi monografiebiT, leqsikonebiTa da calkeuli gamokvlevebiT ienis fridrix Sileris universitetis profesorma, saerTaSoriso qarTvelologiuri Jurnalis `Georgica~s redaqtorma hainc
fenrixma araerTxel daamtkica, rom gamorCeuli enaTmecnieria. swored qarTvelologiam daakavSira batoni hainci profesor zurab sa80

rjvelaZesTan. isini ganuyreli megobrebi iyvnen TiTqmis naxevari

saukunis manZilze da araerT sasikeTo saqmes daudes saTave. am
akademiuri urTierTTanamSromlobis Sedegia ara mxolod `qarTvelur
enaTa

etimologiuri

leqsikonis~

sami

fundamenturi

gamocemis

arseboba, aramed oTar qajaiasTan erTad megrul-germanuli leqsikonis

(Kadshaia, Fhnrich 2001: 3-688), xolo Cveni TanaavtorobiT Colurul
zmnaTa ZiriTadi paradigmatuli sistemis publikaciebi visbadensa
da ienaSi (Tschantlaze, Fhnrich 2003: 3-96).

New Kartvelian etymologies and the problem

of supposed data of Georgian-Zan unity epoch
Summary

The research deals with the new materials withdrawn from Megrelian (Otar
Kajaia) and Svan (Varlam Topuria, Maxime Kaldani) dictionaries and which were
not known for any publication of Heinz Fhnrich and Zurab Sarjveladze's "Etymological dictionaries of the Kartvelian languages". On the basis of the fact that certain Georgian-Zan roots appeared in Svan Heinz Fhnrich in his work "Kartvelische
Wortschatzstudien" (2005) discussed a supposed material for Georgian-Zan unity
epoch on a Common Kartvelian level according to the results of early etymological
research. It concerns Georgian gob-i ("flat wooden bowl"), gurin-v-a ("weeping"),
brdGGv-n-a ("tearing"), Gam-e ("night"), brZZ-ol-a ("struggle"), kiv-il-i ("shrieking"),
a-mo-gv-il-i ("destroged, wiped out"), xok-ia ("cockvoach"), m-ttvr-ev-a ("breaking"), sxap-an-i ("blowing"). ked-i / kett-i ("wooden lever") and other lexemes.
These new etymologies are critically discussed in Iza Chantladze's work.

81

qarTve
qarTvelur
Tvelur enaTa
enaTa etimo
etimolo
mologi
logiur
giur leqsi
leqsiko
sikoneb
konebSi
nebSi
gamorCe
gamorCenil
rCenil fuZe
fuZeTa
ZeTa fono
fonolo
nologi
logiur
giur-se
ur seman
semanti
mantiku
tikuri
kuri anali
analizi
lizi
amouwuravia

nebismieri

enis

leqsikuri

fondi,

amitomac

sruliad bunebrivia, rom arc erT leqsikons ar SeiZleba hqondes

sisrulis pretenzia. es miT ufro iTqmis sityvaTa iseT `konebze~,
sadac geneturad erTi fuZeenis arqiformaTagan momdinare ramdenime enis masalaa warmodgenili. aki `brZenTa vedrebiT moguaxsenebda~
kidec mTeli sicocxlis manZilze `friadi SromiTa da rudunebiT~
Seqmnili fundamenturi wignis Sesaxeb didebuli sulxan-saba orbeliani Tavis droze: `er
erTi
erTisa
Tisa da oris klebi
klebisa
bisaTvis
saTvis nu dai
daiwunebT
wunebT,
nebT
sruli
gvian
sapov
povne
nelia
lia~-o.
sru
li gvi
an sa
pov
ne
lia
mokrZalebiT mogaxsenebT, rom Cven araTu viwunebT, aramed samagido wignebad gvidevs qarTvelologiis klasikosTa Tu Tanamedrove qarTvel da ucxoel mkvlevarTa etimologiuri Ziebani, magram,
raki Tavad saba brZanebs _ `gasworeba sjobs~-o, amitom SevecdebiT,
movamzadoT qarTvelur enaTa istoriul-SedarebiTi kvlevis iseTi
publikacia, romelSic aisaxeba wina gamocemebSi SemTxveviT Tu Segnebulad gamorCenili leqsikis fonologiur-semantikuri analizi an
maTgan gansxvavebuli interpretaciebi (gansakuTrebiT qarTuli enis
samxruli dialeqtebis monacemebisa, romelTac dRemde ratomRac ar
miuqceviaT Sesabamisi yuradReba komparativistuli TvalsazrisiT).
daaxloebiT amgvari samuSao ukve Catarda ramdenime wlis win
qarTvelur enaTa brwyinvale ucxoeli specialistis, ienis fridrix
Sileris universitetis profesoris hainc fenrixis mier (ix. Kartwelisches Etymologisches Wrterbuch, Leiden-Boston, 2007: 5-873), romelmac Seajama aqamde arsebuli pozitiuri Sedegebi komparativistuli
qarTvelologiisa1, daumata axali kanonzomieri fonemaTSesatyviso1

samwuxarod, hainc fenrixis leqsikonSi ver moxerxda merab Cuxuas

`iberiul-iCqeriul enaTa SedarebiTi gramatikis~ (Tbilisi, 2008: 8 _ 761)

gaTvaliswineba, albaT imis gamo, rom germanel da qarTvel enaTmecnierTa
akademiuri wignebi faqtiurad erTdroulad Seiqmna. ufro metad samwuxaroa
is, rom arc merab Cuxuas etimologiur leqsikonebSia (2000-2003 w., 2008 w.)
gamoyenebuli hainc fenrixis "Kartwelische Wortschatz"-is seriiT 1971-2005 wlebSi
gamocemuli araerTi etimologiuri gamokvleva.

82

bani da warmoadgina sruliad damajerebeli etimologiebi, riTac

xSir SemTxvevaSi moxer
moxerxda
xerxda adre
adre qarTul
qarTul-za
Tul zanu
zanuri
nuri erTi
erTia
Tianobis
nobis epoepoqisTvis
qisTvis sava
savara
varau
raudo arqi
arqifor
qiforma
formaTa
maTa gadata
gadatana
tana saer
saerTo
erToqar
ToqarTve
qarTvelu
Tveluri
luri fufuZee
Zeenis done
doneze
neze;
ze es ki SesaZ
SesaZle
saZlebe
lebeli
beli gaxda
gaxda Sesa
Sesaba
sabami
bamisi
misi svanu
svanuri
nuri ekvi
ekvivivalen
valente
lentebis
tebis moZi
moZie
Ziebis safuZ
safuZvel
fuZvelze
velze.
ze
miuxedavad amisa, Cven mainc vcdilobT kvlevis gagrZelebas am
mimarTulebiT

(qar
qarTv
qarTve
Tvelolo
lologi
logia
giaSi

sefe
sefesi
fesityva
sityva

yovel
yovelTvis
velTvis

qarqar-

Tvelma
radganac, rogori brwyinvalec
Tvelma mecni
mecnier
cnierma
erma unda
unda Tqvas!..),
Tqvas
unda iyos ucxoeli specialisti, mas, rogorc aramSobliur, Seswavlil enaze metyvels, mosalodnelia raRac gamorCes Cveni dedaenisa
Tu regionuli umwerlobo enebis leqsikis fonologiur-semantikuri analizisas.
sagamomcemlo reglamentiT SezRudulobis gamo, sailustraciod moviyvanT mxolod ramdenime magaliTs:
I _ dRemde arsebul arc erT etimologiur leqsikonSi araa
Setanili `sityvis konaSi~ dadasturebuli leqsema maCxi
maCxi (`TualWreli~, Sdr. Zv. q. Tu-al-ma-Cx
Cx-i
`WrelTvaleba~; imer. ma-n-Cx
Cx-i
Cx
Cx
`sxvadasxva feris Tvaleba~, Tv-al-Ci-Cx
Cx-a,
Tv-al-Cx
Cx-ak-a-i
`TvalWrela,
Cx
Cx
katis Tvaleba~; Ci-Cx
Cx-i
Cx-i
Cx `Ria Wreli~, mox. ma-Cx
Cx `celqi, eSmaki, mousvenari~), romelic Tanamedrove qarTulsa da xevsurulSi ma-r-Cx
Cx-is
Cx
saxiT warmogvidgeba (sonoris CarTva inlautSi Cveulebrivi movlenaa qarTvelur enebSi). rac Seexeba svanurs, aq mis erT-erT uZveles
(uSgulur) metyvelebaSia SemorCenili CxCx-ir--
`marRi,
Cx kompleqsi (Cx
Cx
WroRa, , , ~ _ niJaraZe 2007: 139-140, 248),
sxvagan ki gamJRerebuli (bz. jR-ir--,
bq. jR-ir--)
varianti
jR
jR
gvaqvs. CxCx gvxvdeba ColurulSic, oRond leqsemis struqtura ramdenadme gansxvavebulia (Cx
Cx-i-r
`Ria feris Tvaleba, TeTrTvaleba~).
Cx
megrulSi `WroRa~-s jR-am
jR am-a
am a hqvia. qarTvelur enebSi (gansakuTrebiT svanurSi) SeiniSneba mJRer da yru harmoniul kompleqsTa
monacvleobis procesi (zs., lSx. Sx-ir-e
> lnt. JR-ir-e
`xeTqs~,...).
Sx
JR
gamJRereba ufro bunebrivia xmovniT dawyebuli sonoris Semcveli
sufiqsis win (Sdr. imerx. Celx-i
Celx || Selx-i
Selx `areul-dareuli grova~;
qarTl., qiziy. Celx-i||jelR
Celx jelR-i
jelR `gaulewavi puris TavTavebi~; Celx-i
Celx
`xvarblis xvavis ulewveli anakazmi~ _ saba, svan. li-r
Cx-n
li r-Cx
Cx n-e
n e `Cxa83

runi~, magram JR-l

JR l `JRaruni~). zanizmi Cans qarTuli enis gurul
dialeqtSi

dadasturebuli jR-am-ar-ac
(`WroRa,
jR

WrelTvaleba~).

svanuri enis balszemour kiloSi zogjer amosavali, araasimilirebuli

formac (Cx
Cx-i-l-)
gvxvdeba, xolo kompozitSi dezafrikatizaciasac
Cx
[JR
JR-i-r-bR-i-r<*jR
jR-i-r-bR-i-r;
Sdr. qarTuli JR-al-i
`Sav-moJR
jR
JR
wiTalo~ (saba); `Sav-TeTri, muqi nacrisferi, ruxi||WaRara~ (qegli);
megruli JR-ar-i
JR
`Wreli~] aqvs adgili yvela dialeqtSi.
vfiqrobT,

rom

`WroRa~-s

aRsaniSnavad

saerToqarTvelur

fuZeenaSi mxolod CxCx Ziri gamoiyeneboda, xolo mJReri spirantizebuli variantebi (JR
JR<*zR
JR zR)
zR mowiTalo Tu moTeTro Savs, ruxs, anu
muq fers gamoxatavdnen. rac Seexeba CxCx kompleqss, Tavdapirvelad
is mxolod Ria fers aRniSnavda. mosalodnelia, rom aqromatuli
feris gadmomcemi J- marTlac Sesabamisi sisina spirantisgan momdinareobdes ise, rogorc es specialuri literaturidanaa (Cuxua
2000-2003: 187) cnobili, magram svanuri JRirisTvis
amosavali
JRir
Cans Cx-i-r
(`Ria feris Tvaleba, TeTrTvaleba~), romelic dRes
Cx
laSxursa da Colurul metyvelebaSia daculi, agreTve uSgulursa
da iSviaTad balszemourSi, oRond morfemaTa gansxvavebuli rangiT
(Cx
Cx-ir--,
Cx-i-l-);
Tavis mxriv, igi zemosvanuri metyvelebisTvis
Cx
Cx
damaxasiaTebel formaTa (jR
jR-ir--{})
safuZveli Cans.
jR
maSasadame,

saerToqarTvelur

fuZeenaSi

aqro
aqroma
romatul
matul

fers

gadmoscemda spirantuli JR-<*zR

JR zRzR kompleqsi, xolo qroma
qromatuls
matuls _
afrikatuli CxCx (> jRjR xmovniT dawyebuli sonoris wina poziciaSi
> JR dezafrikatizaciiT).
raki CxCx kompleqsis Semcveli Ziri zogjer albinosis (`becis~,
Sdr. laTinuri albinos `TeTri~) semantikasac gadmoscems, sofel xizabavraSi (javaxeTi) ki almacerad daTesili kartofilis kvals
`Cxeras~ eZaxian, mosalodnelia, rom es meore niuansi qarTul `meCxersac~ ukavSirdebodes, romelic svanur enaSi Cx-r
(bq.)/jR
jR-r
Cx
jR
(bz.) formebiTaa warmodgenili. igive leqsema dasturdeba imerul
dialeqtSi sxvadasxva gaxmovanebiT (Cx
Cx-a
i/Cx
Cx-e
i `araxSiri, meCxeri,
Cx ar-i
Cx er-i
almaceri~).
II _ kowa
kowaxu
waxuri
xuri ekliani mcenaris saxelwodebaa, WalebSi icis.
misi nayofisagan mSvenier sawebelas amzadeben (mayaSvili 1961: 41).
84

qarTvelur enaTa arc erT etimologiur leqsikonSi am sityvis

analizi Setanili ar yofila 2000 wlamde, anu manamade, vidre
profesorma zurab sarjvelaZem Tbilisis saxelmwifo universitetis
filologiis fakultetisa da Tsu filialebis meore samecniero
sesiaze 1999 wels ar waikiTxa `etimologiuri SeniSvnebi~, Tumca
svanuri gowxir
gowxir da lazuri kawa
kawaxu
waxuri
xuri arc am moxsenebaSi yofila
moxmobili qarTuli kowa
da megruli korwo
kowaxur
waxurisa
xur
korwoxu
woxu{l
xu l}is sapirispirod; gasaocari kia, imdenad naTelia aRniSnul fuZeTa erTianoba!1 analogiuri viTarebaa hainc fenrixisa da zurab sarjvelaZis
qarTul (2000 w.) da germanul (1995 w.) enebze gamocemul etimologiur leqsikonebSic, agreTve hainc fenrixis "Kartwelisches Etymologisches Wrterbuch"-Si (2007 w.).
sruliad bunebrivia, rom saanalizo leqsemaSi yvela qarTvelologis yuradRebas miiqcevda fuZis Sedgenilobis sakiTxi da es
asec moxda! _ zurab sarjvelaZis TvalsazrisiT, `cxadia, rom kowa
kowaxur
waxurxur
fuZea, oRond misi Semdgo
Semdgomi
mdgomi segmen
segmenta
mentacia
tacia jerje
jerjero
jerobiT
robiT ar xerxde
xerxdeba
xdeba~
ba
(fenrixi-sarjvelaZe 2000: 290). hainc fenrixis mixedviTac, am sityvis
fuZe
fuZe,
Ze rasak
rasakvir
sakvirve
virvelia
velia,
lia rTuli
rTuli struqtu
struqturi
turisaa
risaa (Fhnrich 2007: 251).
SevecdebiT, qarTvelur enaTa dialeqtebSi dadasturebuli,
formiTa da SinaarsiT msgavsi leqsemebis araerTi fonetikuri
variantis wyalobiT, movaxdinoT kowa
segmentacia:
kowaxur
waxuris
xur
uSguluri gowxil
qarTul Sesatyvisad besarion niJaraZes
gowxilis
xil
moaqvs kvawa
kvawaro
waroxi
roxi (niJaraZe 2007: 131), romelic avtors, rogorc
Cans, daviT CubinaSvilis leqsikonis mixedviT daumowmebia, sadac
erTmaneTis variantebadaa warmodgenili kowa
kowaxu
waxuri
xuri da kvawa
kvawaro
waroxi
roxi
(), besarion niJaraZesTan ki mxolod ukanaskneli gvxvdeba;
es varianti Cven jerjerobiT verc werilobiT ZeglebSi davadastureT, magram faqtia, rom kvawa
kvawaro
waroxi
roxi Zalian hgavs kvawa
kvawarax
waraxs
rax (moxarSuli mwife tyemlis cxrilze gaxexviTa da didi xnis duRebiT
miRebuli mJave sqeli wveni~ _ ZoweniZe 1974: 193). rac Seexeba
1

varlam Tofurias gowxir qarTulidan nasesxebadac ki miaCnda (Tofuria

2002: 32; 1979: 42).

85

megruls, ioseb yifSiZes kvarwa

kvarwaxi
waxi (`kvawaraxi~) da korwo
korwoxu
woxuri
xuri (`kowaxuri~) erT sityva-statiad aqvs warmodgenili ( 1914: 255)
`kvawaraxis~ mniSvnelobiT, xolo oTar qajaias kvarwax
miTiTekvarwaxTan
wax
buli aqvs: `Sdr. korwo
(qajaia 2002: 127).
korwoxu
woxuli
xuli~-o
li
Tu gaviTvaliswinebT imasac, rom mestiis raionis Crdilo
soflebSi (mulaxi, ifari, ieli, wvirmi, hadiSi, kala,...) tyemali
ver aswrebs damwifebas da amitom misi saweblisa Tu kvawaraxis
nacvlad svanebi xmaroben gowxir
damzadebul Sesunelebul
gowxirisgan
xir
mJave wvens moxarSul an Semwvar xorcze misataneblad, maSin Cveni
varaudi ufro gamyardeba.
rogorc kaw-,
kaw ise kowkow Zirebi simJaveze an simwareze miuTiTeben (Sdr. Zv. q. kaw-ax
kaw ax-i
ax i `mJave, mkvaxe~, ingil. `umwifari xili~, xevs.
kow-ax
konw-r-eb-ul-i,
mTiul. da-kow
kow-max-eb-ul-i
`Zalian
kow ax-i
ax i `mware~, da-konw
konw
kow
damJavebuli~, Sdr. mesx. kow-{a
max-i
`metad
kow a}-max
max i, mTiul. kow-max-ur-i
kow
mJave~ _ saba), xolo -ax
ax-,
ox-,
ar-,
or-,
ur-,
irax -ox
ox -ar
ar -or
or -ur
ur -ir
ir Sesabamis qarTvelur enebSi infiqsebad an sufiqsebad warmogvidgeba. igive situaciaa
svanuri enis balsqvemour dialeqtSi, sadac umwifar mJave xils,
agreTve maJalos, gow-{o
gow o}s uwodeben (Sdr. lSx. gow _ fetvis
msgavsi balaxi).
qvemogurulad kvawarxs konw-or
konw or-ox
or ox-i
ox i hqvia, romlisTvisac amosavali unda iyos megruli konw-ar
konw ar-i
ar i (`mware; avi, boroti~), xolo svanuri enis balsqvemouri dialeqtis karw-x
karw x megrul-lazuri (xofuri)
kvarwa
( 1914: 255; qajaia 2002: 127) unda momdinarekvarwaxi
waxisagan
xi
obdes. yuradsaRebia, rom raWvelebi kowaxurs kvaw
ax-ur
kvaw-ax
ax urs
ur eZaxian.
gadataniTi mniSvnelobis SemTxvevaSic `kvawaraxi~ da `kowaxuri~ erTnairad gamoiyeneba. ase magaliTad: guriaSi enamware adamianze `konworoxsac~ (e. i. kvawa
ityvian da `konwarsac~, xolo
kvawarax
waraxs)
rax
samegreloSi `korwoxuls~ (e. i. kowaxurs) amboben analogiur konteqstebSi (korw
korw-ox
jgua nina
korw ox-ul
ox ul-i
ul i-jgua
nina mila
milaZu
laZu _ `kowaxuriviT {e. i.
Zlier mware} ena udevs {pirSi}~ _ qajaia 2002: 160); Sdr. agreTve
kvarw-ax
kvarw ax-al
ax al-a
al a `gacxareba~, kvarw-ax
kvarw ax-en
ax en-s
en s `cxarobs~ _ iqve).
`did lazur leqsikonSi~ (Bucaklii 2007) qarTu
qarTuli
Tuli kowa
kowaxu
waxuri
xuri
dasa
dasaxe
saxele
xelebu
lebulia
bulia lazur
lazur leqse
leqsemad
semad,
mad romelsac beqmezis, anu `gadadu86

Rebuli tkbili sasmelis~ mniSvneloba aqvs, xolo kow-ax

Si
kow ax-ur
ax ur-i
ur i-Si
fa-fa
fa fa aris am `sasmelisgan gakeTebuli fela
felamu
lamuSis
muSis msgavsi
msgavsi SeWamadi~
(Sdr. imeruli: tyemlis wvens didxans ro vaduRebT, ari fela
felamu
lamuSi
muSiSiviT,
viT esaa kvawa
kvawara
waraxi
raxi~
xi _ ZoweniZe 1974: 193).
svaneTis sulTa matianis (XIII saukunis I naxevari) mixedviT,
sofel lenjeris (zemo svaneTi) saeklesio krebas `moegeba mama gogowaxri
waxria
rianisa
nisa~
sa (`svaneTis istoriis furclebi~, 2011: 176). maSasadame,
Tanamedrove svanur dialeqtebSi (lentexurSic ki!) reducirebuli
a xmovani daculia istoriuli dokumentis onomastikur leqsikaSi.
amrigad, rogorc struqturuli (kow
kowkow da kvawkvaw ZirTa monacvleoba, erTgvari afiqsebi), ise semantikuri analizi kvaw-ar
kvaw ar-ax
ar axax fuZisa safuZvels gvaZlevs, SevZloT `kowaxuris~ aRmniSvneli leqsemis
segmentacia, radganac is ufro meti fonetikuri variantebiTaa warmodgenili qarTvelur enebSi, vidre qarTuli kowa
kowaxu
waxuri
xuri da svanuri
gowxir
gowxir.
xir vfiqrobT, ar aris SeuZlebeli amgvari varaudis arseboba,
Tumca arc meore Teoriuli daSvebis albaTobaa gamoricxuli:
qarTuli enis ganmartebiTi leqsikonis mixedviT, kowa
kowaxu
waxuri
xuri
aris `ekliani buCqi (an saSualo zomis xe); ikeTebs yviTel yvavilebs da isxams mJave wiTel nayofs, romelic iWmeba; Cveulebriv,
izrdeba velad; xmaroben kulinariaSi~. aqedan amosvliT SesaZlebelia gakeTdes Semdegi etimologia:
*konw
konw-a
xurg-i
konw-a
xur-i
konw a-xurg
xurg i > *konw
konw a-xur
xur i > kowa
kowaxur
waxur-i
xur i, sadac kompozitis
pirveli komponenti Tanamedrove ingilour dialeqtSi daculi
konw-a
konw a (`wvrilwvetiani mrgvali msxali~, Sdr. imer. konw-ol
konw ol-i
ol i `nayofiT daxunZluli Sto~) unda iyos (sonoris inlautSi gaCenac da
gauCinarebac qarTvelur enaTa fonotaqtikis damaxasiaTebeli Tvisebaa!), xolo meore _ `Cirgvis~ (e. i. patara buCqis) aRmniSvneli
imeruli sityva xurg-i
xurg i (Tumca Ziris auslautSi mJReri Tanxmovnis
dakargvis daSveba arc ise advili asaxsnelia sonoris momdevno poziciaSi. Sdr. Cqar-ad
> Cqar-aT
> Cqar-a,
xurq-i
Cqar
Cqar
Cqar e. i. xurg-i
xurg > *xurq
xurq > xur-i?).
xur
87

rac Seexeba kowa

i/gow
gowxir
kowaxu
waxuri
xuri/kor
ri korwo
korwoxu
woxu{l
xu l}i
gowxir leqsemis fonematur mxares, vfiqrobT, rom yvelaferi rigzea rogorc xmovanTa, ise
TanxmovanTa Sesatyvisobis mxriv, oRond lazuri (xofuri) kawa
kawaxu
waxuxuri,
ri romelic dadasturebulia niko marisa da aleqsandre mayaSvilis SromebSi, TiTqos erTgvar disonanss qmnis, radganac mosalodneli iyo *ko
kowo
kowoxu
woxuri
xuri/ko
ri kowo
kowoxu
woxuli
xuli an raRac amis msgavsi. Tu es monacemi sworia, maSin a _ a xmovanTmimdevroba SesaZloa gviandelic
iyos da Turquli sinharmonizmiT aixsnas. Tu lazuris gavrcelebis
romelime arealSi dadasturdeba kowo
kowoxu
woxuri
xuri/ko
ri kowo
kowoxu
woxuli
xuli variantebidan romelime, maSin is xevsuruli kawax
(`erTgvari mcenare~) Sekawaxis
wax
satyvisi gamova, romelic Zvel qarTulSic ixmareboda, oRond sxva
(`mJave, mkvaxe~) mniSvnelobiT.
svanuri enis yvela dialeqtSi mxolod erTi (gow
gowxir
gowxir)
xir formaa
dadasturebuli; besarion niJaraZiseuli gowxil
gowxil (uSg.) SesaZloa
kninobiTobas gaxazavdes (*gow
gow-x
ir-il
gow-x
r-il
il > gow-x
il),
gow x-ir
ir il > *gow
gow x-r
gow x-il
il
radganac imave metyvelebis warmomadgenel ivane niJaraZes Tavis
`- ~-Si mTel svaneTSi gavrcelebuli erTaderTi forma aqvs miTiTebuli ( _ . kowaxuri, gv. 8).
niJaraZeTa leqsikonebi TiTqmis erTdrouladaa Seqmnili.
gowxil
gowxil gvxvdeba, agreTve, 1878 wels sofel mulaxSi Cawerili erTi Zveli xalxuri simReris teqstSi (`mavlia~), romlis mTqmeli Taisav SarvaSiZea, magram es forma SesaZloa Camweris _ besarion niJaraZiseuli iyos (na
namna
namnaSu
mnaSu gowxils
gowxils tixex
tixex _ nasvilari yanebi
kowaxurs aRmoacenen, sv. poez. 1939: 194, 7). isic sayuradReboa,
rom xelnawerSi raWul-leCxumuri `kvawaxuri~ gvxvdeba, romelic
`svanuri poeziis~ gamomcemlebs (akaki SaniZes an varlam Tofurias)
CausworebiaT saliteraturo formiT.
svaneTSi xarobs suros msgavsi mcenare, romelic wiTel marcvlebs isxams da xeebzea Semoxveuli. mis saxelwodebaSic gowxir
gowxir fuZea warmodgenili: lSx. m-gowx
m gowx-ir
gowx ir-l
ir l (`mokowaxuro~, anu `kowaxuris~
msgavsi?) qa xeWni megmars
megmars,
gmars kaklars
kaklars wrnis iSne
iSne;
ne suros
suros xajeS
xajeS
(oniani 1917: 19).
88

svanurisTvis damaxasiaTebeli TanxmovanTa disimilaciuri gamJRereba an reduqciisa Tu umlautis wesebi saanalizo leqsemaSi kanonzomieradaa warmodgenili (kow
kow-ax
kow ax-r
kow ax-ir
kow ax-ur
ax ur-i
ur i > kow-ax
ax r > kow-ax
ax ir >
kow-ax
ir > gow-x
ir).
kow ax-ir
ax ir > kow-x
kow x-ir
gow x-ir
ir es gardaqmnebi imaze miuTiTeben,
rom rogorc yru TanxmovanTa gamJRereba, ise naumlautar xmovanTa
delabializaciis procesi (ukanaskneli dRes mxolod ramdenime
kilokavs axasiaTebs) sakmaod Zvelia svanurSi. arqaulobis TvalsazrisiT, gowxir
gowxir odindeli xalxuri simRerebisa da andazebis enaSi
warmodgenili formebis gverdiT daiWers adgils.
III _ `pawia bavSvebis Jivil-xivilisa Tu tirilis~ aRsaniSnavad qarTuli enis imerul dialeqtSi gvxvdeba e. w. pirveladi masdaris (deetersi, Ciqobava) forma sxr-ial-i,
romlis TanxmovanTa
sxr
metaTezisiT miiReba megruli rsx-ial-i,
xolo svanurSi es Ziri
rsx
warmodgenilia r sonoris gareSe (sx
sx-l-i,
sx-am-sx
magram mis
sx
sx sx-um),
sx
odindel arsebobaze miuTiTebs xmovnis sigrZe, romelic SeiZleba
asaxavdes rogorc -r
r-, ise -ia
iaia elementTa gauCinarebis kompensacias.
arc dialeqtur qarTulSia sonori: imer. sx-av-i-s
(`tiris ususuri
sx
bavSvi~), sx-av-il-i
(`tirili ZuZuTa bavSvisa~) _ qegli.
sx
megrulSi

rsxia
rsxialis
li

gverdiT

ixmareba

sxar-sxal
sxar sxal-i/sxvar
sxal sxvarsxvar

sxval-i,
romelic erTcnebiani kompoziti Cans. igive fuZe unda iyos
sxval
gamoyenebuli aRniSnuli masdaridan nawarmoeb saxelSi, romelic yvela
qarTvelur enaSi, Cveulebriv, mravlobiTis formiT ixmareba:
q a r T u l i
gur. ba-sar
sar-sx
(< *ba-sar
sar-sax
`wvrili bavSvebi~,
sar sx-l-eb-i
sx
sar sax-al-eb-i)
sax
bartyebi,

Citis

marTveni~

(Sdr.

gur.

Ci-xar
xar-xal
xur-xal
xar xal-a/Ci-xur
xal
xur xal-a
xal

`wvrilSviliani ojaxi _ didebic, patarebic~)

imer. ba-sa
sa-sx
(< *ba-sar
sar-sax
sa sx-eb-i
sx
sar sax-eb-i)
sax
leCx.

ba-xar
xar-x
xar x-l-eb-i

(< *ba-sar
sar-x
sar x-l-eb-i

< *ba-sar
sar-sx
sar sx-l-eb-i
sx

< *ba-sar
sar-sax
< *ba-sar
sar-sax
sar sax-l-eb-i
sax
sar sax-al-eb-i)
sax
m e g r u l i
ba-sar
sar-sx
xar-x
sar sx-l-ef-i/ba-xar
sx
xar x-l-ef-i `Citis bartyebi; ityvian patara
bavSvebzec~
89

s v a n u r i
bi-sin
sin-sx
(lSx.) < *bi-sin
sin-six
bi-sn
sn-sx
(Col.) < *bi-sn
snsin sx-il
sx
sin six-il,
six
sn sx-
sx
sn
sax-,
b-san
san-sx
san-sax
(Col.)
sax
san sx (lnt.) < *bi-san
san sax `ToTo bavSvi~, sim-sx
sim sx-a
sx
`patara gogo-biWebi~.
bunebrivia, SeiZleboda baxar
(`bartyi yvabaxarxle
xarxlebi
xlebis
bi baxa
baxala
xalasTan
la
visa, yornisa, Wilyvavisa, kaWkaWisa da misT.~ _ qegli) dakavSireba,
magram imerxeul dialeqtSic da sulxan-sabas leqsikonSic es leqsema warmodgenilia grafemiT (baala
baala1 _ gogo, qaliSvili; yvavTa,
yoranTa da misTanaTasa marTus ba
baala ewodeba), rac imas niSnavs,
rom, Tu svanur bisnsx,
bisnsx bsansx formebsac davukavSirebdiT
baalas,
baala maSin iqac fonema unda yofiliyo dResac.
svaneTSi patara bavSvebis jgufs sx-l-i-r
hqvia, anu arakomsx
pozituri, amosavali Ziri Cans gamoyenebuli.
maSasadame, yvela qarTvelur enaSi warmodgenilia sxsx kompleqsi:
qarT. sx-av-il-i/sx
sx
sx-r-ial-i
: megr. r-sx
sx-ial-i
(`Cvili bavSvebis
sx
sx
tirili~) : svan. sx-l-i-r
(`pawia bavSvebi~)
sx
zemosvanur sl-xr
sl xr (`wriali~) formaSic, miuxedavad imisa,
rom kompozituri warmoeba gvaqvs, Cans rogorc s-, ise x-, oRond
isini rTuli leqsemis sxvadasxva komponentebSia ganawilebuli.
ganxilul masalaSi e. w.
w identur
identur Sesa
Sesatyvi
satyviso
tyvisobas
sobasTan
basTan ki ar
gvaqvs saqme
saqme,
qme aramed
aramed fuZe
fuZee
Zeenidan
nidan yvela
yvela qarTve
qarTvelur
Tvelur enaSi
enaSi gadayo
gadayoyolil saer
saerTo
erTo sxsx ZirTan
ZirTan,
Tan rome
romelic
melic gansxva
gansxvave
sxvavebu
vebula
buladaa
ladaa gafor
gaforme
formebu
mebuli
buli
qarTul
qarTul-me
Tul megrul
megrul-sva
grul svanur
svanurSi
nurSi.
Si
pirveladi masdaris Sedareba misgan momdinare substantivebTan
gamogvayofinebs baba-WaWy
(`patara
ba prefiqss: Sdr. ba-WaWy
ba WaWy-an-a/ba
WaWy
ba WaWy-eb-i
WaWy
bavSvebi~), erTi mxriv, da WaWy-an-i/WiWy
WiWy-in-i,
meore mxriv; agreTve,
WaWy
WiWy
javaxuri ba-Wy
(`cxovelis naSieri~ an `pawia bavSvi~), erTi
ba Wy-al-a
Wy
mxriv, da Wy-av-i-s,
meore mxriv. aqve gavixsenebT ivane javaxiSviliseWy
ul dakavSirebas qarTul ba-Ran
ba Ran-a
Ran a da svanur Rana
Rana (`fexmZime~) leqsemebs Soris (javaxiSvili 1937: 211-212). ase rom, unda gagrZeldes
muSaoba ba-/bo
ba bobo prefiqsTa gamovlenis TvalsazrisiT qarTvelur
enebSi (ramdenadme rTulia svanuri bi-/b
bi bb elementebis gamoyofis
1

90

zog mkvlevars baala Turqul sityvad miaCnia (ix. CoxaraZe 2007: 42).

sakiTxi! _ Sdr. qarTuli ne-kerCx

kerCx-al-i,
megruli la-kinCx
kinCx-a
kerCx
kinCx da svanuri bi-kenCx
kenCx-l).
ba-vSv
kenCx
ba vSvvSv fuZeSic xom ar unda davinaxoT igive
prefiqsi da `SobasTan~ dakavSirebuli semantika?!
IV _ zogjer qarTvelur enebSi fuZeenis dialeqtTa enebad
diferencirebis (kanonzomieri regularuli fonemaTSesatyvisobis
amsaxveli) Sedegebic (anu Zalze arqauli periodis monacemebi)
gvaqvs da sakmaod Zveli nasesxobanic erTmaneTis gverdiT, Tanac
ise,

rom

ukanasknel SemTxvevebSi

erT enaSi

qarTuli

fuZeebi

ucvleladaa warmodgenili, xolo sxvagan saxezea rTuli fonetikuri gardaqmnebi. magaliTad:

specialuri literaturis ( 1914: 411) mixedviT, qarTul
mZeval
mZevalval fuZes megrulSi Seesatyviseba jal < jaal
jaal-,
al magram svanuri
ekvivalentis Sesaxeb araferia naTqvami. igive mdgomareobaa CvenTvis
cnobil yvela etimologiur leqsikonSi, oRond merab Cuxua gvTavazobs gansxvavebul Tvalsazriss (Cuxua 2000-2003: 413), romlis
mixedviTac, qarTuli ZevZev da megruli jaljal Zirebi dakavSirebulia
svanur idiomatur gamoTqmaSi (jaS
jaS liWmi
liWmine
mine _ `Zirfesvianad amogdeba,
amowyveta~) dadasturebul erT-erT komponentTan, xolo `mZevlis~
aRmniSvneli Tanamedrove leqsema ja/l
ja l,
l jl miCneulia zanizmad
(iqve: 414). jer erTi, jaS (<*jaa
jaa-iS)
forma imaze miuTiTebs, rom
jaa
am leqsemas istoriulad auslautSi -aa xmovani unda hqonoda [amitom
misi winamavali -aa- arasdros gaumlautdeboda (Sdr. jl)],
romlis
jl
gauCinarebas axsna sWirdeba; meorecaada _ svanurma zanuridan jaljal
isesxa da qarTulidan ZevZev (Sdr. zs., lnt. Zel,
Zel uSg. Zl,
Zl lSx.
Zeal)
Zeal erTi da imave semantikis gadmosacemad?!
amasTanave, megrulSi qarTuli `mZevalis~ sxvadasxva fonetikuri variantebi gvaqvs (maT Soris spirantizebulic), svanurSi ki _
semantikuri:
m e g r u l i
rZia
rZiali (`sabudarSi sagangebod datovebuli kvercxi~, Sdr.
gurul-imeruli rZeva
rZevali
vali `mZevali~) > rzia
rziali (`amanaTi; be; mZevali~); rzia
rzialeba
leba (`mZevlad gaxdoma~)...
91

s v a n u r i
Zel (1. kvercxi; 2. tyve; 3. mawvnis deda/Ziri; 4. safuari;
5. nadiris misatyueblad xafangSi sagangebod Cadebuli leSi; 6. damxmare sari Robis gasamagreblad... Sdr. imerx. Zeval
Zeval-i
val 1. `budeSi
datovebuli kvercxi~; 2. didxans darCenili stumari~ _ futkaraZe
1993: 65).
hainc fenrixisa da zurab sarjvelaZis azriT, qarTul-megrul
monacemTa gaTvaliswinebis safuZvelze *mZe
mZeval
mZevalval arqiformas warmoadgens, xolo merab Cuxua svams metad saintereso kiTxvas: `xom ar
Seicavs qarTuli m-Zev
Zev-al
forma ZeZev
Ze (`memkvidre, vaJiSvili~) fuZes?~
Tumca Cven vfiqrobT, rom mZeval
ev-s
mZevalval SeiZleba iyos qarTuli Z-ev
ev
zmnis gasubstantivebuli mimReoba, e. i. mZevali isaa, vinc an rac
sadRac sagangebod Zevs; Sdr. saba _ mZevali aris `kaci, windad
dasmu
dasmuli
smuli~.
li maSasadame, mZeval
mZevalval fuZes rogorc megrulSi, ise svanurSi
Seesatyviseba jal Ziri. -al
al qarTulisTvis damaxasiaTebeli determinanti sufiqsia, romelic svanurSi, Cveulebriv, ar gadahyveba
xolme fuZes an iZleva -
fonematur Sesatyviss, romelic Zalze
xSirad ikargvis auslautSi. rac Seexeba m- prefiqss, Tanxmovnis wina
poziciaSi misi dakargva sxva SemTxvevebSic cnobilia anlautSi
(gudava 1979: 82), xolo Z-e
e-isagan,
svanuri fonotaqtikis gaTvae
liswinebiT, kanonzomierad miviReT jl/jal
jl jal/jl
jal jl (`mZevali~):
ZeZ-/Za
Zl-/Zal
Ze > *Z
Z ZaZa >*Zl
Zl ZalZal > jl/jal
jl jal/jl
jal jl (velaruli umlautisa da qarTuli _ svanuri l, qarTuli Z _ svanuri j fonemaTSesatyvisobaTa wesebis dacviT).
maSasadame, Sepirispireba qarTuli m-ZZ-ev-al- : megruli jaljal
(<*m-jj-av-ol-) : svanuri jal-/jl
jal jl-/jl
jl jljl regularul fonemaTSesatyvisobaTa amsaxveli da arqauli (saerToqarTveluri fuZeenis daSlis
Semdgomi) periodis monacemia, xolo megruli rZ-ial
rZ ialial > rz-ial
rz ialial da
svanuri Zel _ SedarebiT gviandelia, uSualod qarTulidanaa
nasesxebi, aranair Sesatyvisobas ar asaxaven da amitomac arc unda
ganvixiloT etimologiur gamokvlevebSi.
92

dRemde arsebul istoriul-SedarebiT leqsikonebSi, swored

imis gamo, rom maTi avtorebisTvis ar iyo cnobili saanalizo ZirTa
yvela SesaZlo varianti rogorc qarTulSi, ise svanursa da megrullazurSi, amJamad ukve gadasinjvas saWiroebs saerToqarTvelur Tu
qarTul-zanuri erTianobis epoqebSi savaraudo arqiformaTa arsebobis sakiTxi yoveli axali monacemis aRmoCenisas. rogorc wesi,
adrindel leqsikonebSi gamorCenili (ufro xSirad svanuri) masala
aRdgenil Zirebs qarTul-zanuri erTianobis epoqidan gadaanacvlebs xolme ufro Soreul warsulSi, e. i. praenis doneze, rac
xSirad cvlis qarTvelur enaTa istoriuli ganviTarebis savaraudo
situacias.
kidev ufro rTuladaa saqme maSin, roca sakiTxs ase vsvamT:
etimologiur leqsikonebSi unda SevitanoT Tu ara sxva enaTagan nasesxebi sityvebi da Tu SevitanT, maSin sailustracio oTxi
qarTveluri formidan erT-erTi mainc unda iZleodes fonemaTSesatyvisobis udavo dadasturebas; imis mixedviT, Tu ramden qarTvelur
enaSia esa Tu is Ziri warmodgenili, savaraudo arqiforma aRdgeba
an saerToqarTveluri enis, an qarTul-zanuri erTianobis epoqis doneze _ sxva enidan sesxebac Sesabamisi droiT ganisazRvreba.
Zalze rTuladaa situacia maSin, roca megrulidan svanurSi
an lazurSi Tu piruku nasesxobas exeba saqme, radganac umwerlobo
enebze arsebuli istoriuli dokumentacia arc ise Zvelia an uvargisia (gansakuTrebiT ucxoel mogzaurTa saleqsikono Canawerebi).
rom

svanurSi

arCxil
arCxil1

(`vercxli,

fuli~)

megrulidanaa

(var
varCxil
Sesuli, es sruliad udavoa qarTveluri fonotaqtikuvarCxil-i)
Cxil
ri wesebis mixedviT _ qarTuli e (vercxl
vercxl-i)
am poziciaSi svanurSi
vercxl
a xmovans araviTar SemTxvevaSi ar mogvcemda; garda amisa, sonoriani
Ziri qarTulSi mxolod XI-XII saukuneebidan gvxvdeba (sarjvelaZe
1975: 110). maSasadame, Zvel werilobiT ZeglebSi dadasturebuli
1

oliver

uordropiseuli

vorchkhil

(`vorCxil~)

mcdari

fiqsaciaa

enobrivi masalisa, rac damaxasiaTebelia misi inglisur-svanuri leqsikonisTvis

(ix. O. Wardrop, English-Svanetian Vocabulary: Jurnal of the Royal Asiatic Society, London, 1911).

93

vercxl-is
arseboba gviadvilebs svanuri arCxil
vercxl
arCxil Ziris megrulidan sesxebis varauds, magram Tavad megrulSi -r
r- rodis gaCnda? Sesabamisad, rogor unda aRvadginoT *er
erc
erc1xl-/e
xl ec
ec1xlxl arqiformebi
Tundac qarTul-zanuri erTianobis xanisTvis, rogorc es giorgi
klimovma ( 1964: 83) ivarauda mari broses (Brosset 1849: 74)
cnobili Sepirispirebis Semdeg? sonoris inlautSi CarTva problema ar aris qarTvelur enebSi da SeiZleboda es varaudi am SemTxvevaSic dagveSva megrulisTvis, magram romeli epoqisTvis? Tu -r
rqarTulSi mxolod XI-XII saukuneTa teqstebidan dasturdeba, qarTul-zanuri erTianobis epoqisTvis (ase Zalian daSorebul warsulSi) misi arseboba rogor unda vivaraudoT? Tu lazeTSi, kaCkarais
mTebis CrdiloeT ferdobze, mdebare wyaros saxelwodebas (war-ibaCx-ur-i
`wyalvercxli~) movixmobT (irfan CaRaTai aleqsiSi 2009:
baCx
75-78; Sdr. megr. tob-a-varCx
varCx-il-i
`tbavercxli~ egrisis qedze _
varCx
cxadaia 2005: 72), maSin ZirSi CarTuli sonoris sakiTxi SedarebiT
iolad gadawydeba. maSasadame, am SemTxvevaSi arqauli formebi daucavT Zvel qarTulsa da, albaT, lazurs (Tu wariba
waribaCxu
baCxuri
Cxuri ar momdinareobs *wari
wariba
xolo SedarebiT gviandeli _ mewaribar
barCxuri
Cxuri'sagan!),
ri
grulsa da svanurs.
etimologiuri kvleva-Ziebis sandoobisTvis Zalze mniSvnelovania
Zveli qarTuli enis dokumentacia, magram, Tu amgvari ram yovelTvis araa SesaZlebeli, maSin unda mivmarToT lingvokulturologiasa da eqstradisciplinarul kvlevas. ase magaliTad, niko maridan (Mapp 1912: 1095-1096) moyolebuli qarTuli anwl-i,
megrulanwl
lazuri inWir
inWir-i/inWr
Wir inWr-i
inWr da svanuri gnW erTmaneTTanaa dakavSirebuli, miuxedavad imisa, rom Zvel qarTul ZeglebSi anwlnwl Ziri ar Cans.
aseT SemTxvevaSi mivmarTavT xolme sulxan-saba orbelianis `sityvis
konas~ da Tu iqac ar aRmoCnda CvenTvis saintereso masala, maSin
moviSveliebT eqstralingvistur meTodebs da vityviT: `sityvis arqauloba eWvs sruliad ar iwvevso~ (fenrixi-sarjvelaZe 2000: 83).
veraviTar SemTxvevaSi ver gaviziarebT giorgi klimovis mosazrebas Zveli qarTuli gual
gal (lSx.)
gual-e
al da svanuri gl-e
gl (bz.)/gal
94

`wadi, iare~ formaTa Sesaxeb (1964: 60), sadac svanu

svanuri
nuri mona
monace
nacemi
cemi
qarTu
qarTuli
Tuli Ziris
Ziris kanon
kanonzo
nonzomi
zomie
mieri Sesa
Sesatyvi
satyvisi
tyvisi ki ar aris,
aris rogorc es
Cvens kolegas hgonia, aramed
laramed nases
nasesxe
sesxebia
xebia Zveli
Zveli qarTu
qarTuli
Tulidan
lidan:
dan -l
l
uTuod igivea, rac mi-val
val,
val zmnaSi, g- ki meoreuli Cans,
val mi-x-val
romelic garkveuli universaliis amsaxveli unda iyos. `qarTvelurma enebma ician s guturalizacia rogorc sakuTar, ise nasesxeb
sityvebSi... misi gadasvla R,
aixsneba wyvilbagismieri
R g an q-Si
q
artikulaciiT _ enis ufro meti miaxloebiT sasasTan. aqac igive
fonetikuri procesia, rac karga xania SeniSnulia somxurSi, sparsulSi da sxva enebSi~ (Tofuria 1979: 59-62; 2002: 32-33). raRa
Tqma unda, isic gasaTvaliswinebelia, rom, gansxvavebiT qarTul-megrul-lazurisagan, val-/ol
ur-/-vel
val ol-,
ol ul,
ul -ur
ur velvel Ziri (`svlis, mogzaurobis~ mniSvnelobiT) svanur enaSi ar arsebobs da maincadamainc
gl-e
gal (lSx.)Si warmodgenili -
l- ratom iqneba Zvel
gl e (bz.)/gal
qarTulSi dadasturebuli zmnis konkretuli mwkrivis, formiTa da
SinaarsiT absoluturad identuri leqsemis fonetikuri Sesatyvisi?!
maSasadame, Zalian frTxilad unda SevarCioT saanalizo masala monaTesave enaTa nebismieri istoriul-SedarebiTi leqsikonebisTvis, roca saqme nasesxeb sityvebs exeba da Tu fuZeenis diferenciaciamdel monacems ar vgulisxmobT, romelSic, bunebrivia, kanonzomieri fonemaTSesatyvisobac SeiZleba aRmoCndes (Tumc amgvar doneze savaraudod arc ise advilia arqetipis aRdgena!), sxva SemTxvevebi ar unda SevitanoT etimologiur leqsikonebSi. samwuxarod, qarTvelur enaTa istoriuli ganviTarebis amsaxvel publikaciebSi xSiria nasesxeb ZirTa fuZeenisa Tu qarTul-zanuri erTianobis epoqebisTvis mikuTvnebis SemTxvevebi.
ufro metic! _ sxvadasxva avtors erTi da igive Ziri an nasesxebad miaCnia (da mainc Seaqvs etimologiur leqsikonSi!), an odindeli fonemaTSesatyvisobis amsaxvelad:
1985 wels giorgi Citaiasadmi miZRvnil samecniero krebulSi
`masalebi saqarTvelos eTnografiisaTvis~ hainc fenrixma gamoaqveyna statia (Fhnrich 1985: 296), romelSic svanuri gem (<*gom
gom)
gom man
95

qarTuli gom-i/gom
leqsemebSi warmodgenili Ziris Sesatyvisad
gom gom-ur-i
gom
CaTvala (igive gaimeora ukanasknel xans gamocemul fundamentur
etimologiur leqsikonSic _ Fhnrich 2007: 109), Cven ki vfiqrobT,
rom analogiuri monacemebi imaT rigSi unda ganvixiloT, romlebic
fuZeenidan gadahyva yvela qarTvelur enas, anu saerTo movlenaa da
ara Sesatyvisoba (Tundac identuri!); gem igive gomgom aris, oRond
svanuri fonotaqtikiT warmodgenili _ ase rom, fonemaTSesatyvisuri kanonzomiereba aq arafer SuaSia!
mas Semdeg merab Cuxuam igive gom-i/gom
daukavSira svagom gom-ur-i
gom
nur gals
l Sesatyvisobaze (Sdr.
gal (`boseli~), sadac miniSnebaa m/l
qarT. qaTamm-i : svan. qaTal
l, Cuxua 2000-2003: 86) da imavdroulad
naTqvamia, rom svanurSi `somxuri gom (`boseli~) qarTulidan aris
SeTvisebuli~-o. mas fonologiuri gardaqmnebi ase aqvs warmodgenili:
saerToqarTveluri *gom
gom:
gom `boseli, gomuri~ qarT. gom-i,
gom gom-ur-i
gom
svan. gal < *gol
gol,
gua
gol magram gal,
gal jer erTi, momdinareobs *gu
guala
fuZisagan da, meorec _ is arc `boselia~ da arc `gomuri~, iseve,
rogorc arc gem aris `oTaxi~ (fenrixi-sarjvelaZe 2000: 147); Sdr.
gomu
gomuri
muri _ saxli glexuri (saba) da gem (zs., lnt.) _ gomuri, maCvibis qveda nawili, sardafi (Tofuria, qaldani 2000: 180); Col.
saxlis nawili, saxlTan midgmuli damatebiTi Senobis qveda sarTuli (liparteliani 1994: 82); bq. g{
}em
em (`gomi~) _ saxlis minaSeni
pureulis maragis Sesanaxad, beReli (bardaveliZe 1939: 201).
besarion niJaraZis leqsikonSi `boselTan~ SecdomiTaa miTiTebuli kira
kira (`sabZeli~), albaT, imitom, rom svaneTis zog kuTxeSi
gem `beRelsac~ ewodeba. rac Seexeba ivane niJaraZes, mas rusuli
is

Sesabamisad

lakmaS,
lakmaS bag,
bag

ramdenime

laxmir
laxmir)
mir

aqvs

leqsema

(kum
kumSi
kumSi

warmodgenili,

maT

larda
larda,
da

gal,
gal

Sorisaa

gal

fuZec. samwuxarod, varlam Tofurias da maqsime qaldanis `svanur

leqsikonSic~ gaparulia Secdoma _ aqac `boseli~ aris gal.
gal
axla vnaxoT, ra xdeba akaki SaniZis, varlam Tofurias da meri
gujejianis mier gamocemul `svanur poeziaSi~!
Zveli svanuri xalxuri simRerebis Semkrebni da Sesabamisi
teqstebis qarTuli Sesatyvisebis avtorebi gals
gal arasdros Targm96

nian, ucvlelad toveben qarTul nawilSi da sqolioSi SeniSnaven:

gvalo
gal,
gvalo (gal
gal mr. galr)
galr _ saqonlis adgili saxlis qveda
sarTulSi (maCubSi, sv. poez. 1939: 153).
afxnik-ma
afxnik mare
mare galrs laxSdx _ amxanagebi gvalo
gvaloebs
loebs miscvivdnen
(iqve: 148-149: 22);
mer
merma kaTxas
kaTxas galrs xode _ meore kaTxas gvalo
gvaloebs
loebs mivutan
(iqve 150-151: 30);
ime masgred? _ gala okers... sad damsvamT? _ gvalos
gvalos boloSi...
ime mayned? _ galisa
galisa.
sa sad damawvenT? _ gvalo
gvaloSi
loSi (iqve 258-259:
12-15).
TiTqmis igive ganmartebaa eTnologTa naSromebSic (galr
galr,
galr
mx. gal `svanuri saxlis _ maCb
maCbis is nawili, romelSic saqoneli hyavT~ _ xaraZe 1939: 117). Tu maincadamainc misi gadaTargmna
gvinda erTi leqsemis saxiT, `baga~ ufro ajobebs, vidre `boseli~.
roca vmsjelobT gomgom Ziris kanonzomier fonologiur Sesatyvisze svanurSi, isic unda gaviTvaliswinoT, rom igi sulxan-sabas
leqsikonSic ki ar gvxvdeba, araTu CvenTvis cnobil Zvel qarTul
teqstebSi. verc Zveli svanuri xalxuri simRerebis enaSi davadastureT gom Tu gem.
l ki ufro
gem qarTul-svanuri bgeraTfardoba m/l
arqauli unda iyos (Sdr. Cuxua 2000-2003: 86).
Zalze

rTulia

semantikuri

rekonstruqciebi

geneturad

erTmaneTTan dakavSirebul enebSi, rac, ra Tqma unda, exeba qarTvelur enebsac, magram, miuxedavad amisa, fonemaTSesatyvisobaTa Ziebebma ise ar unda gagvitacos, rom mniSvnelobis mixedviT erTmaneTisgan sruliad gansxvavebul niuansebze vimsjeloT. samwuxarod,
amgvar msjelobaTa araerTi SemTxveva gvxvdeba dRemde arsebul
istoriul-SedarebiT leqsikonebSi.
yovelTvis ar aris mZime viTareba nasesxeb sityvaTa analizisas: sruliad aSkaraa, rom laSxuri ZarR SedarebiT gviandeli Sesulia qarTuli enidan, xolo zemosvanur-lentexuri jrR qarTuli `ZarRvis~ fonematuri Sesatyvisia adgilobrivi fonotaqtikiT
modernizebuli, magram mTel svanurSi gavrcelebuli; as (`sxeu97

lis nawili~), rasakvirvelia, fuZeenidan momdinare saerTo masalaa

(da ara identuri Sesatyvisobis nimuSi an nasesxoba!), Tumca zemosvanursa da lentexur dialeqtSi `rbili xorcis~ aRsaniSnavad ixmareba iS,
iS xolo laSxurSi _ is:
is
iSs CiJe
CiJe izobda
izobda (svan. proz. t., III, 1967: 226) _ rbil
xorcs siZe Wamda; Sdr. frSmgs
frSmgs bi SeldJi
SeldJi TT as xaku
xaku leledid (svan. proz. t., I, 1939: 247) _ farSevangs TiTo nabijze TiTo
rbili xorci (`aso~) unda {pirSi} Casadebad.
rasakvirvelia, Tamaz gamyreliZisa (gamyreliZe 1959) da guram
kartozias (kartozia 2005) wesis mixedviT, -
sonantis wina poziciaSi gaSiSineba ar unda momxdariyo zemosvanursa da lentexur
dialeqtebSi (Sdr. is,
is Col. isidas `rbili xorci da Zvali~).
da saerTod, araerT mkvlevars (maT Soris Cvenc) araerTxel SeuniSnavs sisin-SiSina sibilantTa paraleluri variantebi erTsa da
imave ZirSi TviT qarTveluri enebis dialeqtTa SigniTac ki, romelTa pozitiuri axsna jerjerobiT ver xerxdeba.
aseve, Zalian Zneli dasajerebelia, rom megrul-lazuri gugul
gugulgul
(`guguli~) iyos qarTuli gugul
gugulgul fuZis fonematuri Sesatyvisi
(da ara qarTveluri fuZeenidan momdinare saerTo monacemi) da
misi absoluturad erTgvari saxeebi qarTvelur enebSi ganpirobebuli iyos mxolod Sesabamisi leqsemis onomatopoeturi bunebiT
(fenrixi-sarjvelaZe 2000: 154; Fhnrich 2007: 115).
qarTvelur enaTa dRemde arsebul etimologiur leqsikonebSi
e. w. identur SesatyvisobaTa amsaxveli masalebi xan warmodgenilia,
xan _ ara, amasTanave, sailustracio fuZeTa SerCevis principi sruliad subieqturia. gamotovebuli masala nasesxebad CavTvaleT da
imitom ar ganvixileT? magram rac ganvixileT, is didad rom ar
gansxvavdeba gamotovebulisgan arc fonologiurad da arc semantikurad?! `sa
sazo
sazoga
zogadod
gadod,
dod imis garkve
garkveva
rkveva,
va fuZe
fuZee
Zeenidan
nidan momdi
momdina
mdinare
nare leqsi
leqsisikuri
kuri erTe
erTeu
Teuli gvaqvs,
gvaqvs Tu erTi
erTi qarTve
qarTvelu
Tveluri
luri enidan
enidan sxva qarTve
qarTveTvelur enaSi
enaSi nases
nasesxe
sesxebi
xebi,
bi zogi
zogier
gierT
erT SemTxve
SemTxveva
mTxvevaSi
vaSi metad
metad rTulia
rTulia.
lia Cven ar
ZalgviZs, ganvasxvaoT qarTvelur enebSi nasesxebi sityvebi (magali98

Tad, qarTulidan megrulSi da piriqiT) fuZeeniseuli masalisagan,

roca igi `identuri~ saxis Sesatyvisobebs gviCvenebs, xolo semantika erTnairia an semantikuri sxvaoba dasaSveb farglebs ar scildeba~ (fenrixi-sarjvelaZe 2000: 28). aseTi SemTxvevebi (kvlav
kvlav vime
vimeo
meorebT!)
rebT unda ganvixiloT ara Sesatyvisobebad (Tundac `identurebad~), aramed im saerTo monacemebad, romlebic fuZeenidan ucvleli saxiT gadavidnen yvela (orSi mainc!) qarTvelur enaSi _ maTi
umravlesoba aucileblad Segvxvdeba Zvel qarTul werilobiT ZeglebSi! rac Seexeba nasesxeb sityvebs, isini SedarebiT gviandel epoqas ganekuTvnebian da, amasTanave, TiToeul qarTvelur enaSi Taviseburi fonetikur-semantikuri cvlilebebi ganucdiaT, Zvel teqstebSic iSviaTad gvxvdebian. amgvari masala ar unda ganvixiloT etimologiur leqsikonebSi.
maSasadame, qarTve
qarTvelur
Tvelur enaTa
enaTa isto
istori
toriul
riul-Se
ul Seda
Sedare
darebi
rebiTi
biTi kvleva
kvleva
unda
unda warimar
warimarTos
marTos sami
sami Ziri
ZiriTa
riTadi
Tadi mona
monace
nacemis
cemis mixed
mixedviT
xedviT:
viT
1. fuZeenis diferencirebis Sedegad miRebul regularul
fonetikur kanonzomierebaTa amsaxveli qarTveluri leqsika;
2. sxva enaTagan fuZeenis an qarTul-zanuri erTianobis epoqisTvis nasesxebi masala, romelic erT-erT qarTvelur
enaSi mainc iZleva fonemaTSesatyvisobas;
3. fuZeenidan momdinare ZiriTadi leqsikuri fondis sityvaTa
Zirebi, romlebic yvela qarTvelur enaSi warmodgenilia
ucvleli saxiT da arsad moipoveba aranairi fonemaTSesatyvisoba (mag. qarT. fol-i,
megr. fol-o,
svan. fol
fol
fol
`Cliqi~, laz. fol-o
`fexi~), Tumca dasaSvebia ramdenadme
fol
gansxvavebuli semantikuri niuansebi.
yvelaze arqauli Cans Zvel qarTul werilobiT ZeglebSi (ukidures
SemTxvevaSi sulxan-saba orbelianis leqsikonSi mainc!) dadasturebul monacemebTan Sepirispirebuli svanuri da megrul-lazuri
ekvivalentebi.
ukideganoa fonetikuri procesebi Tu leqsemaTa semantikuri
niuansebi regionul enaTa dialeqtebSi, Tumca, raki yvela ena qmnis
99

garkveul sistemas, Cvens SemTxvevebSic SeiniSneba Sesabamisi kanonzomierebani, rasac aramxolod lingvistikisTvis aqvs mniSvneloba.
amitomac unda vecadoT, ar gamogvrCes interdisciplinaruli TvalsazrisiT saintereso fuZeebi qarTvelur enaTa istoriul-SedarebiTi

kvlevebis

dros,

radganac

`enaT
enaTmec
enaTmecni
mecnie
nierebis
rebis

yvela
yvelaze
laze

arse
arsebi
sebiTi
biTi miRwe
miRweve
Rwevebi
vebi enis isto
istori
torias
rias ukavSir
ukavSirde
Sirdeba
deba~
ba (Ciqobava 1979: 5).

Phonological and semantic analysis of the stems

omitted in the etymological dictionaries
of the Kartvelian languages
Summary

In the present paper the author continues a historical-comparative research of

the (especially Svan) roots which are omitted accidentally in the etymological
dictionaries of the Kartvelian languages existing up today and due to loss of
relevant material by that time. This research results a noteworthy outcome the
arche-forms which were assumed for a Georgian-Zan unity epoch up today and
thanks to confirmation of Svan equivalents go back into more achaic past, in
particular on a Common Kartvelian parent-language level.
According to the author a historical-comparative research of the Kartvelian
vocabulary should be carried out according to three basic data:
1. Kartvelian vocabulary that reflects regular phonetic regularities and is
derived from the differentiation of a parent-language;
2. borrowed material from other languages for a parent-language and
Georgian-Zan unity epoch and which still gives a phonemes correspondence in one
of the Kartvelian languages;
3. The roots of the words of a core lexical fund originated from a parentlanguage and which are represented in all Kartvelian languages unchangeably and
have no phonemes correspondence in any language (e.g. Georg. pol-i - Megr. pol-o
Svan. pol "hooves", Laz. pol-o "leg").
Svan and Megrelian-Laz equivalents compared with the data that is attested
in old Georgian written sources (in the extreme case at least in Sulkhan-Saba
Orbeliani's dictionary) seem to be the most archaic.

100

qarTu
qarTuli
Tuli enis samxru
samxruli
mxruli dia
dialeqte
leqtebi
tebi
kompa
kompara
parati
rativis
tivisti
vistikis
tikis Tvalsaz
Tvalsazri
sazrisiT
risiT
dRemde cnobili yvela istoriul-SedarebiTi leqsikonis avtorebi (m. janaSvili, arn. Ciqobava, k. Smidti, g.klimovi, z. sarjvelaZe,
h. fenrixi, m. Cuxua, m. qurdiani) konkretul ZirTa etimologiuri
kvlevisas Zalze xSirad mimarTavdnen ara mxolod saliteraturo
qarTulisa Tu zanur-svanuri enebis monacemebs, aramed Tanamedrove
cocxali dialeqtebis masalebsac, romlebSic araerTi arqaizmia
Semonaxuli.
am mxriv metad specifikuria samxruli dialeqtebis viTareba,
sadac Turqul-sparsul enaTa gavleniT dafiqsirebuli inovaciebis
gverdiT garkveuli morfonologiuri arqaizmebicaa dadasturebuli, romelTac SeuZliaT esa Tu is koreqtivi Seitanon TviT klasikur bgeraTSesatyvisobaTa amsaxvel ilustraciebSic ki.
amjerad SevexebiT `ZaRlis~ aRmniSvnel ZaRZaR (qarT.), joRjoR (zan.)
da JeRJeR (svan.) Zirebs. jer kidev g. rozenisa (1847 w.) da n. maris
(1914 w.) Sromebis Semdeg cnobilia, rom svanuri leqsemis anlautSi

Tanxmovnis

dezafrikatizacia

xdeba:

qarTvelur

sibilantTa

fonotaqtikuri wesebis moqmedebis Sedegad (ZZ > j > J) vRebulobT

SiSina mJRer spirants, romelic momdinareobs Sesabamisi sisina
mJReri afrikatisgan. maT Soris gardamavalia SiSina mJReri afrikati,
romelic dRes dadasturebulia megrul-lazurSi.
spirantuli varianti zaR-ar-i
(`meZebari, mSieri, moxetiale
zaR
ZaRli~) gvxvdeba qarTuli enis javaxur metyvelebaSi (beriZe 1981: 56),
romelic dRemde arc erT etimologiur leqsikonSi ar yofila
asaxuli formaTa Sepirispirebisas.1 bunebrivia, rom igive viTarebaa

ukanasknel xanebSi ahmed ozqan melaSvilis dabadebidan 90 wlisTavi-

sadmi miZRvnil saerTaSoriso konferenciaze wakiTxul moxsenebaSi profesori

Salva gabeskiria Seexo zaRar
zaRaris etimologias, oRond sxvagvari interpretaciiT
(gabeskiria 2012: 130).

101

anlautis TanxmovanTan dakavSirebiT ingilour da imerxeul dialeqtebSi (`zaRli~), xolo aWarulsa da fereidnulSi daculia amosavali
afrikati (`ZaRli~).
raRa Tqma unda, erTi mxriv, svanuri enis, xolo, meore mxriv,
qarTuli enis samxruli dialeqtebis monacemebi sxavdasxva qronologiur sibrtyes asaxaven: pirveli spirantizacia (ZZ > j > J) uZvelesi
safexuris anareklia, Sepirobebuli qarTvelur enaTa istoriuli
ganviTarebis Sinagani kanonebiT, xolo meore (ZZ > z) SedarebiT
axalia, gamowveuli garegani faqtorebiT (ucxo enaTa gavleniT).
sayuradReboa, rom ZaRZaR Ziri javaxuris araerT leqsemasa da
sintagmaSia dadasturebuli (`ZaRli~, `ZaRlaWinWari~, `ZaRlbalaxa~,
`ZaRli kudi~, `ZaRli yefa~, `ZaRli ZuZu~, `ZaRli mecxvrisa~, `ZaRlamarwyva~, `ZaRlniora~, `ZaRlxaxva~, `ZaRlyurZena~, `ZaRluri~,...),
xolo imerxeulSi fonema Z jerjerobiT mainc gvxvdeba, oRond ara
`ZaRlis~ aRmniSvnel sityvaSi. mosalodnelia, rom `zaRli, zaRlimarwyvai, zaRlai~ da misTanebi Tavdapirvelad saukuneebis win TurqeTis arealSi moxvedrili javaxebis STamomavalTa metvelebaSi dasturdeboda da mere aqedan gavrcelda istoriuli tao-klarjeTis
mTel teritoriaze.
ver daveTanxmebiT specialur literaturaSi (n. beriZe, m. beriZe
2005: 44-46) gamoTqmul varauds spirantuli formis pirveladobis
Sesaxeb, romelic eyrdnoba arnold Ciqobavas adre gamoTqmul mosazrebas: `ZaR
ZaR-s
kanonzomierad Seesatyviseba joRZaR
joR Wanursa da megrulSi; svanuri JeR-is
Sesaxebac igive unda iTqvas, oRond Tavk
JeR
Tavkiduri
J- < j-), gvafiq
duri J, Tu is meo
meoreu
reuli araa (J
gvafiqre
fiqrebi
rebinebs
binebs,
nebs rom qarqarTulSi
TulSi unda
unda yofi
yofili
filiyo
liyo zaRzaR (Ciqobava 1938: 83). Cven SemTxveviT
ar gagvixazavs bolo fraza: arnold Ciqobava svanuri spirantis
afrikatisgan momdinareobis SesaZleblobasac uSvebs. garda amisa,
yvela
CvenSi
yvela mkvleva
mkvlevari
vari (Cven
CvenSi Tu ucxoeT
ucxoeTSi
eTSi),
Si vinc ki am Ziris
Ziris etimo
etimomologi
logias
Sexebia
amosavlad
swored afri
afrikats
miiCnevs
gias Sexe
xebia,
bia amosav
savlad swored
rikats miiC
iCnevs rogorc
qarTulSi, ise megrul-lazursa da svanurSi (Sdr. n. beriZe, m. beriZe
2005: 45). ase rom, zaRzaR arqi
arqifor
qiformas
formas vera
veravi
raviTar
viTar SemTxve
SemTxveva
mTxvevaSi
vaSi ver
aRvad
aRvadgenT
vadgenT saer
saerTo
erToqar
ToqarTve
qarTvelu
Tveluri
luri fuZe
fuZee
Zeenis done
doneze
neze!
ze
102

saWiroa eqsperimentuli fonetikis meTodebiT iqnes Seswavlili, aWarul dialeqtSi ratom vlindeba ase iSviaTad Z > z procesi,
xolo imave Turquli enis gavleniT imerxeulSi igive movlena xan
gvaqvs da xan _ ara. rasac adasturebs S. futkaraZis `Cveneburebis
qarTulis~ Sesabamisi teqstebi da leqsikoni (futkaraZe 1993: 456-461,
650-652 da a. S.). rac Seexeba ingilour dialeqts, aq azerbaijanulisa da mezobeli xunZuri enis zemoqmedeba qarTuli enis istoriul kaxur metyvelebaze imdenad Zlieri aRmoCnda, rom am sistemidan saerTod gamoidevna Z da j afrikatebi.
sparsuli enis garemocvaSi funqcionirebuli fereidnuli dialeqti cdilobs, SeinarCunos Z fonema.
zaR-ar-i
zaR
sainteresoa sufiqsis TvalsazrisiTac, romelic megruli joR-oris
analogiuri Cans Tanxmovnis mxriv. amgvari ram srulijoR
adac ar aris gasakviri samcxur-javaxur dialeqtSi, sadac karga
xania SeniSnulia megrul gramatikul movlenebTan interferencirebuli faqtebi specialur literaturaSi. rac Seexeba -aa- xmovans, is
SesaZloa uZvelesi safexuris (ZaR
ZaR-l
ZaR-al
ZaR-l
ZaR l- < *ZaR
ZaR alal an *ZaR
ZaR l -) amsaxvelic iyos. arc isaa gamoricxuli, rom am formis arsebobaSi rame
wvlili Turqul sinharmonizmsac miuZRodes.
iyo

Tu

ara

svanur

enaSi

analogiuri

sufiqsi

`ZaRlis~

aRmniSvnel sityvasTan? diax, iyo da esaa -

sonanti.
sxvadasxva dros araerT mkvlevars umsjelia aRniSnuli monacemis rogorc enobrivi faqtis (da ara rogorc enaTmecnieris mier
aRdgenili savaraudo formis) Sesaxeb; 1969 wlamde arc aravis
Seutania eWvi JeR-
JeR formis realobaSi, Tu mxedvelobaSi ar miviRebT T. gamyreliZisa da g. maWavarianis naSroms `sonantTa sistema
da ablauti qarTvelur enebSi~ (1965 w.), romelSic mxolod 85-e
gverdzea naTqvami, rom `JeR
JeR
JeR TiTqmis
TiTqmis gamosu
gamosulia
sulia xmare
xmarebi
rebidan
bidan,
dan Cveu
Cveulebri
JeR~,
lebrivia
rivia `JeR
JeR sxvagan ki JeR
JeR ganixileba im formaTa Soris,
sadac warmodgenilia qarTul-svanuri l : Sesatyvisobis amsaxveli masala. bunebrivia, Tu am droisaTvis JeR
JeR TiTqmis gamosulia
xmarebidan, sruliadac ar aris gasakviri, rom 1938 wels arn. Ciqobavam
103

es forma sagangebod warmoadgina JeR{

JeR }-is saxiT `Wanur-megrulqarTul SedarebiT leqsikonze~ darTul SecdomaTa gasworebaSi,
riTac xazi gausva imas, rom, maSin svanurSi ixmareboda rogorc
JeR
JeR, ise JeR variantebi da aramc da aramc mxolod JeR
JeR, romelic, wignis asoTamwyobisa Tu koreqtoris daukvirvelobis gamo,
naSromis ZiriTad teqstSia gaparuli.
maSasadame, saqme gvqonia ara Tana
Tanamed
namedro
medrove
rove enobri
enobrivi
rivi faqtis
faqtis
mcdar Cawe
Caweras
werasTan
rasTan,
Tan rogorc es al. onianis monografiaSia (`qarTvelur enaTa SedarebiTi gramatikis sakiTxebi~, gv.169) kvalificirebuli (maSin igive braldeba miT ufro waeyenebaT TiTqmis sami aTeuli wliT gvian gamocemuli naSromebis avtorebs _ T. gamyreliZes,
g. maWavarians _ 1965 w., m.qaldans _ 1969 w.), aramed mcdarad dabeWdili masalisadmi Zalian frTxil damokidebulebasTan. rom es
asea, Cans arn. Ciqobavas momdevno gamokvlevidan `saxelis fuZis
uZvelesi agebuleba qarTvelur enebSi~, sadac 1938 wels araswo
arasworad
worad
fiqsi
fiqsire
sirebu
rebuli
buli enobri
enobrivi
rivi faqti
faqti ki ar dazus
dazustda
zustda (oniani 1989: 198),
aramed auslautSi warmodgenili -
bgeris aramdgradma bunebam ganapiroba Sesabamisi formis mravaljeradi Semowmeba mTqmelebTan, raTa
naCvenebi yofiliyo, ori SesaZlo variantidan (JeR
JeR
JeR)
JeR/JeR
JeR romels
hqonda Tanamedrove cocxal metyvelebaSi damkvidrebis tendencia.
did enaTmecniers, romelic sul imaze ocnebobda _ netav
SeiZlebodes samecniero mivlinebebisa da eqspediciebis mowyoba
cocxal metyvelebaze samuSaod ara weliwadSi erT Tves, aramed _
TerTmetso, swored rom ar SeeSleboda lingvistur monacemTa fiqsireba. pirov
pirovne
rovneba
neba,
ba vinc mowa
mowafe
wafee
feebisgan
bisgan mkacrad
mkacrad moi
moiTxovda
Txovda umwer
umwerlo
werlobo
lobo
enaTa
enaTa gamowvlil
gamowvlilviT
sofel-so
Seswavlas
radga
Zalze
wvlilviT,
viT sofel
fel sofel
sofel Seswav
swavlas (rad
radganac
ganac es Zalze
saSur
Tavis
saSur saqmed
saqmed miaC
miaCnda
aCnda!)
nda
Tavis gamokvle
gamokvleveb
kvlevebSi
vebSi saa
saanali
nalizo
lizo masa
masalas
salas
hai
haiharad
harad ar Sei
Seitanda
tanda.
da
aqve SevniSnavT, rom v. Tofurias naSromSi `brunebis sistemisaTvis svanurSi sxva qarTvelur enaTa brunebasTan SedarebiT~
(1944 w.) ganxilulia mxolod JeR forma. igive mdgomareobaa
g. maWavarianis mier 1950 wels Caweril laSxur teqstebSic (inaxeba
104

arnold Ciqobavas saxelobis enaTmecnierebis institutis qarTvelur

enaTa ganyofilebis arqivSi). vfiqrobT, rom laSxur-lentexurSi,
sazogadod, ufro adre daikarga auslautis -
(maT Soris JeR
JeR
fuZeSic), vidre zemosvanur dialeqtebSi.
`iberiul-kavkasiuri enaTmecnierebis~ XXI da XXIII tomebSi
gamoqveynebuli fereidnuli teqstebis Zalze mcire (13 gv.) leqsikonis mixedviT Tu vimsjelebT, Z grafema dadasturebulia ocze
met SemTxvevaSi, amaTgan yvelaze xSirad leqsemaSi `Zma~ (ga
gaZab
gaZabva
Zabva _
qslis Zafebis gabma saqsov dazgaze; Zive
Zivebis
vebis gorveba _ gogonebis
TamaSi, mama
Zroxa
xa1, biZas
mamaZaR
maZaRli
ZaRli _ salanZRavia, Zro
biZas biWi
biWi _ biZaSvili
vaJi, axanZa
axanZali
Zali _ patarZali, Zmis deda
dedaka
dakaci
kaci _ rZali, mina
minaZRa
naZRa _ vin,
raZRa
raZRa _ ra, daZmav
daZmavdi
ZmavdiTo
diTo _ daZmobildiTo), xolo misi dezafrikatizebuli varianti _ z spiranti gvxvdeba mxolod orjer (za
zali
zali
`rZali~, ze `rZe~).
albaT, sparsulis garkveuli gavlenis bralia isic, rom Z/z
z
fonemebi erTmaneTs kanonzomierad (spirantizaciis gziT) ki ar
enacvleba, aramed isini TiTqmis 400 wlis win dedasamSoblodan
sparseTSi gadakargul qarTvelebs SeiZleba erTmaneTSic ki aerioT:
Tais saZRo
saZRo
ZRoarsa
arsaye
saye gadaRa da TamaSoba waago (ike, XXIII: 183, 3),
Sdr. Zv. q. sazRva
sazRvari
zRvari/sa
ri sazRu
sazRua
zRuari,
ri ax. q. sazRva
sazRvari
zRvari.
ri
Tumca saanalizo leqsemaSi Z SeiZleba sxvaganac dadasturdes.
ase magaliTad:
`sa
sazR
sazRu
zRuari ars sityva mokle sacnaur myofeli saqmisa wina
mdebarisa, arsebobisa mswrafl gare Semcveli, Zalsa gulis xmis
myofisasa; xolo sazRva
sazRvari
zRvari gansa
gansaZRu
saZRure
ZRureba
rebasa
basaca
saca dahniSnavs da sazRvris
sazRvris
dadebasa da dasasrulsa, viTar igi sazRvrad
sazRvrad adgilisa sxvaTa adgili da ricx, romel sazRvar
sazRvar yos vinme~ (saba).
qarTvelologTa (v. Tofuria, g. rogava, g. maWavariani, z. sarjvelaZe, h. fenrixi,...) Soris aRiarebul kidev erT fonemaTSesatyvisobas
1

arc zroxa iyo moulodneli (Sdr. Zv. q. da Tanamedrove kaxuri dia-

leqtis zroxa/Zroxa
zroxa Zroxa `Zroxa, saqoneli~). zemoaWarulSic, moxucTa metyvelebaSi, yvelgan zroxa gvaqvs da ara Zroxa,
Zroxa profesor S. futkaraZis cnobiT.

105

Tu gadavxedavT, aRmoCndeba, rom iqac yofila aucilebeli qarTuli

enis samxruli dialeqtebis CvenebaTa gaTvaliswineba. esaa Zv. q., xevs.,
qiz. Cxib-v-a
`xlarTva, grZneba~ da svanuri li-Sxb
Sxb-i
Cxib
Sxb (zs., lSx.) <
li-Sxeb
Sxeb-i
Sxeb (lnt) `kerva~, romelSic megrul-lazuri monacemebi arasdros yofila gaTvaliswinebuli, Tumca iqac CxCx kompleqsi ivaraudeboda amosavlad, oRond lazurisa da svanurisTvis kiTxvis niSnis qveS
(maWavariani 1965: 85). Tu `grZneulebis~ semantikidan amovalT,
maSin SeiZleboda gagveTvaliswinebina megruli zmnuri formebi da
nazmnari saxelebi: Cxib-un-s
(`Tvalavs~), ma-Cxib
Cxib-al-i
(`gamTvalavi~),
Cxib
Cxib
go-Cxib
Cxib-ir-i
(`gaTvaluli~), Sdr. Zv. q. Cxib-av-s
(`aTvalierebs,
Cxib
Cxib
ukvirdeba, sinjavs~).
vfiqrobT, fereidnuli dialeqtis moxmoba met sinaTles mohfens zemoaRniSnul fonemaTSesatyvisobas:
Ca-cxib
cxib-v-a
(`qalqitis Cartyma qslis qsovis dros~);
cxib
`oTxi yaliCa (`xaliCa~) maq, Zalian kargebia... erTi dana guWirav, erTi savarcxeli guWirav, erTic makrateli. eqiT amoiRefT,
emas omovaTrev demasac movhkrenWav, qirqitic (`irmis an jixvis rqi1
sagan gakeTebuli saqsovi xelsawyo) goq, `Ca-v-cxeb
cxeb-av-T~
(ike 1985:
cxeb

209, 220).
fereidnuli

dialeqtis

monacemTa

gaTvaliswineba,

albaT,

gadagvasinjinebs qarT. Cx _ zan. Cx _ svan. Sx fonemaTSesatyvisobas

da saerToqarTveluri fuZeenisTvis savaraudo arqetipsac. Sesabamisad,
Suasibilanturi rigidan amosvliT Canaweric gansxavebuli iqneba:
fuZeena *c
c1xeb-/*c
xeb c1xib-,
xib qarT. cxeb-/cxib
cxeb cxib-,
Cxeb Cxib-,
cxib zan. Cxeb-/Cxib
Cxib svan.
Sxeb-/
Sxeb Sxib<*Cx
Sxib Cxeb
Cxeb-/Cxib
eb CxibCxib Zvel qarTulSi, xevsurulsa da qiziyurSi
SemorCenili Cxeb-/Cxib
Cxeb CxibCxib Ziri qarTul-zanuri erTianobis epoqis kuTvnileba Cans.
samwuxarod, miuxedavad imisa, rom metad saintereso gamokvlevebia Catarebuli, dRemde monografiulad ar gvaqvs Seswavlili
arc samcxur-javaxuri da arc fereidnuli leqsika, rac Zalze aRaribebs qarTvelologias.
1

cxadia, Tu `CavcxebT
CavcxebT~
CavcxebT (= CavartyamT)
CavartyamT ar igulisxmeba, magram cxeb-/
cxeb

cxibcxib Ziris am mniSvnelobas Zvel qarTulSi jerjerobiT ver mivakvlieT.

106

SemTxveviTi ar iyo, rom jer kidev 1927 wels werda arnold

Ciqobava: `ucxo tomTa Soris moqceuli, qarTul kiloebs mowyvetili da maTTan urTierTobas moklebuli, samwerlobo qarTulis zegavlenisagan sruliad ganTavisuflebuli fereidnuli principulad
unikums warmoadgens qarTul kiloTa Soris. misi saxeoba aris Sedegi cocxal Tqmaze moxdenilis eqsperimentisa: saSualeba gveZleva
mis mixedviT gaviTvaliswinoT, ra saxes miiRebs qarTuli metyveleba
garkveuls ucxo enobriv wreSi moqceuli, rogor gaiSleba misi imanenti yofis damaxasiaTebeli tendenciebi da rogor imoqmedebs masze
ucxo enobrivi garemo~ (Ciqobava 1927: 199).
svanurad

ka

ewodeba

`fiqal

qvas~,

xolo

megrulad

`kldes~. qarTuli enis javaxur metyvelebaSi `karkali~ aris `qvaRorRi~. aSkaraa, rom kar-kal
kar kal-i
kar
kal fuZegaorkecebuli kompozitia, kar(disimilaciiT kal-)
kal komponentisgan Semdgari. swored es Ziri unda
yofiliyo svanurSic, sadac igi marto mravlobiT ricxvSia daculi
dRes: krl<*ka
i (bz.), kral (lSx.), karr (bq.) _ `fiqali
krl ka-ar
ka ar-al
ar al-e
al e/i
qvebi~. igive Ziri monawileobs derivaciul formebSic (le-kkr-e bz.,
lSx., le-kar
kar-e
kr-a
ker-a
kar bq. `safiqale adgili~, l-kr
kr bz., lSx., l-ker
ker bq.
`fiqaliani sxveni~).
SesaZloa imerxeul da gurul kar-ie,
agreTve megrul o-kar
kar-ie
kar
kar
1
. megrulis a (da
(`saqaTme~) leqsemebSic davinaxoT igive kar-Ziri
kar

ara o) gaxmovaneba miuTiTebs imaze, rom Zirica da warmoebis wesic

(Sdr. guruli sa-kar
sa kar-ie
kar ie)
ie nasexebia qarTuli enidan. sayuradReboa,
rom sulxan-saba orbelianis `sityvis konaSi~ gvxvdeba samcxur-javaxur dialeqtSi dadasturebuli kompozitis analogiuri leqsemebi:
kar-kal
(`didi qvavnari~) da kar-kar
(`wyltu klde~). amaskar kal-i
kal
kar kar-i
kar
Tanave, Tu gurul karCxal
karCxalCxal (`kldovani mTa~) da karwax
karwaxwax (`didi
aRmarTi~) fuZeebs SevupirispirebT erTmaneTs, albaT, moxerxdeba
maTi segmentaciac kar-Cxal
kar CxalCxal da kar-wax
kar waxwax elementebad, sadac kar-,
kar
rogorc Cans, `qvas~ aRniSnavs.
i. maisuraZes mesxur dialeqtSi dadasturebuli aqvs `karknali~ (`qvebis grova, qvayrili~), romelic igivea, rac Cven mier gaana1

gansxvavebuli etimologiisaTvis ix. m. Cuxua (2000-2003: 118).

107

lizebuli javaxuri da sabaseuli kar-kal

oRond sonorCarTuli.
kar kal-i,
kal
inlautSi ns CarTvac damaxasiaTebelia yvela qarTveluri enisTvis.
megrulSi rom amosavali arqiforma darCeniliyo, maSin kanonzomieri

fonemaTSesatyvisobis

wesebis

mixedviT

unda

gvqonoda

*kor
kor-,
kor magram, rakiRa ka gvaqvs, unda vivaraudoT, rom auslautis
cveTa gacilebiT adre unda momxdariyo, vidre a>o
o xmovanTgadaweva,
saxelTa (garda ricxviTebisa) absolutur boloSi ki qarTul -aa
xmovans megrul-lazurSi regularulad Seesatyviseba -aa.
javaxur da qiziyur leqsikonebSi gvxvdeba goxgox Ziris Semcveli
zmnuri Tu saxeluri erTeulebi:
mo-gox
gox-v-a
(`mwife da mkvaxe xilis erTad mokrefa ganurCevgox
lad~), mo-gox
gox-il-i,
mo-u-gox
gox-i-a-T,..
Sdr. svanuri (Coluruli) gux
gox
gox
(`umwifari magari xili~), Tu aq `mkvaxe~-s dasavlurqarTuli variantis (`kuxe~) gamJRerebul formasTan ar gvaqvs saqme, rac svanuri
enisTvis bunebrivi procesia.
javaxursa da kaxur dialeqtebSi `acdenis, gacdenis, samuSaosgan Tavis aridebis, saqmeze gulis ayris~ mniSvnelobiT ixmareba
mo-qed
qed-ur-eb-a
zmnis rogorc piriani, ise upiro formebi. svanuri
qed
enis yvela dialeqtSi gamoiyeneba imave Ziris naumlautari qdqd Ziri
rogorc reducirebuli, ise arareducirebuli saxiT:
javax. `cota xan karqaT imuSava, mere mo-i-qed
qed-ur-a
da gamoiqca~
qed
(beriZe 1981: 91).
svan. (bz.) dSd findxi li-qd
qd-en-i
li Sgir, ado npl
qd
li-qd
qd-en-i-s
mmd xoWir! _ daTvisTvis tyviis (`fin
findix
acdenaa
qd
findix-i{s}~)
dix
sircxvili, Torem Citi{s} acdenas ara uWirs-ra!
(lnt.) limSai li-qd
qd-n-e
nom jmTqa! _ samuSaos gacdena nu
qd
gCvevia!
Sdr. Coluruli li-qqd-ur-l (`saqmisTvis Tavis arideba~)
(Tof., qald. 2000: 453).
imerxeulSi S. futkaraZes (1993: 414) dadasturebuli aqvs
vnebiTi gvaris mimReobis erTi forma: esaa ga-Zun
Zun-ZR
(`dasveZun ZR-l-il-i
ZR
108

lebuli~), xolo guriaSi Cveulebrivia masdari da-Zan

Zan-Z
Zan ZR-v-a (`erTianad dasveleba~), romelic spirantizebul variantsac (da-zunzR
zunzR-v-a)
zunzR
gvaZlevs xolme. igive xdeba dRes imerxeulSic (ga-zun
zun-zR
`dazun zR-l-il-i
zR
svelebuli~).

es

monacemebi

SeiZleba

davukavSiroT

qvemosvanuri

mimReobisa (m-ZR
ZR-ir
`sveli~) da masdaris (moqm. gv. li-ZR
ZR-r-e
`dasveZR
ZR
leba~, vneb. gv. li-ZR
ZR-ir
`sveleba~) Zirs (Sdr. agreTve, mesx. Zan-ZaR
ZaR-i,
ZR
ZaR
qarTl. Zan-Zax
Zax-i
Zax `wvima da didi talaxi, Wyapi~), oRond im gansxvavebiT, rom svanurSi mas derivaciuli struqtura aqvs, qarTulSi ki _
kompoziciuri (ZR
ZR < ZaR).
ZaR
aqamde Cven vicodiT imerul-gurul-aWaruli Rar-Ral
Rar Ral-i/Rar
Ral RarRar
Ril-i
Ril (`xmamaRali laparaki~) da leCxumuri ragad
ragad-i
gad (`qalebis laparaki~); orive maTgans vukavSirebdiT svanur gr-gl
gr gl-a
gl a (bz.), gar-gl
gar gl-a
gl a
(lSx.), gar-gal
(bq.) `laparaki~. axla ki am
gar gal-a
gal a (lnt.) da ragd-s
ragd
leqsemebs

daemata

imerxeuli

gir-gil
gir gil-ob-a
gil

(`dawolamdi

erTaT

v-gir
gir-gil
gir gil-of
gil of-T
of T~), romelic `tkbil saubars~ aRniSnavs da, rac ufro
mniSvnelovania, masSi daculia ara megrulsa Tu qarTuli enis dasavlur kiloebSi gavrcelebul leqsemaTa Tavkiduri Tanxmovani, aramed
swored svanur enasTan identuri anlauti, vfiqrobT, SedarebiT ufro
arqauli g- (Sdr. megruli Rar-Ral
Rar Ral-i
Ral da m. Cuxuas gansxvavebuli etimologia _ 2000-2003: 265).
imerxeul dialeqtSi `pirutyvis mkbenaris~ mniSvnelobiT Segvxvda gijR-ib-a-,
romelic Zalian hgavs svanur garjR{n
gijR
garjR n} (lxm., Cbx.),
g{r
jR (qs.), Rajg (bq.), Rjg (bz.) `tkipa~-s aRmniSvnel sityvas.
g r}jR
S. futkaraZes (futkaraZe 1993: 417) masTan Sesadareblad mohyavs
`sityvis konaSi~ dadasturebuli erT-erTi mniSvneloba kirCx-ib-isa
kirCx
(`muwuki mWameli~).
saanalizo Zirs SesaZloa ukavSirdebodes sulxan-sabas leqsikonSive mocemuli jR-ib-a
(`tkipasaviT tili~), romelic dRes gurul dijR
aleqtSi gvxvdeba `tkipas~, `mkbenaris~ mniSvnelobiT. igi `tkipas
msgavsi mweria~ niko da daviT CubinaSvilebis leqsikonebSi, xolo
qarTuli enis ganmartebiT leqsikonSi `boqvenis mkbenaricaa~ da
`tkipas~ sinonimic.
109

mosalodnelia, rom qvemosvanuri grjR miRebuli iyos Zveli

qarTuli grZR-ab-isagan
(`zRarbi~), Sdr., agreTve, balsqvemouri
grZR
grdR-b
(`baRlinjo~), erTi mxriv, da garjR-n
rdR
garjR (`tkipa~), meore mxriv.
es ukanaskneli gamoyenebuli iyo anTroponimis (garj
garjR
u-el
el-a
garjR-u
el a) fuZedac samegreloSi 1628-1639 Sedgenili dokumentis mixedviT (garjRuela gabunia Tavis saxlikacebTan erTad levan dadianma Seswira xonis
taZars _ pirTa anotirebuli leqsikoni, 1991: 587).
Zvel qarTulSi qara
qarax
raxsi `erTgvar sawyaos~ aRniSnavda. sulxansaba orbelianisTvis is `didi yanwia~. igive mniSvneloba aqvs mas
svanuri enis balszemoursa (qrxs
qrxs)
qeraxs
qrxs da laSxur (qe
qeraxs)
raxs dialeqtebSi.
vaJa-fSavelas mixedviT, `qa
qaras
qarasxa
rasxa stviris mTavari nawilia rqisa, romelic
odnav mokakvulia da bolosken msxvildeba~, xolo imerxeul dialeqtSi qara
qara
ras-i aris `didi rqa, frCxili~.
Tavis droze (1938 w.) arn. Ciqobavam erTmaneTs Seudara qarTuli RrZ-il-i
da lazuri Rinjg-il-i/Renjg
Renjg-il-i,
xolo g. klimovma
RrZ
Rinjg
Renjg
qarTul-zanuri

erTianobis

xanisaTvis

aRadgina

*Rrj
RrjRrj

arqetipi

( 1964: 207), rac problematurad miiCnies h. fenrixma da

z. sarjvelaZem (fenrixi-sarjvelaZe 2000: 522). im droisTvis arc
svanuri (Coluruli) Rjil (`RrZili~) iyo cnobili da arc imerxeuli
RZil-i/Rjil
es ukanaskneli forma qarTuli enis dasavlur diaRZil Rjil-i.
Rjil
leqtebSic (leCxumuri, imeruli, guruli) dasturdeba. rac Seexeba
imerxeulis variantebs, isini ar warmoadgenen erTi da imave mosaxleobis
metyvelebas: sisina varianti inegolis (bursis vilaieTi) regionisTvisaa damaxasiaTebeli, xolo SiSina _ qalaq adafazarisa. orive
muhajirTa qarTulia, magram, vfiqrobT, sisina afrikatis Semcveli
leqsema aRmosavleT saqarTvelodan TurqeTSi iZulebiT gadasaxlebulTa STamomavlebisTvisaa damaxasiaTebeli, xolo SiSina varianti _
dasavleT saqarTvelodan iq moxvedrilTa memkvidreebis metyvelebis
nimuSia. amgvari ram xom Cveulebrivi movlenaa interferencirebuli
enebisa Tu dialeqtebisTvis!
rac Seexeba svanurs, Tu RjilRjil fuZe dasavluri qarTulidan
araa ColurulSi Sesuli, is gamogvadgeboda qarT. Z _ zan. j _
svan. j fonemaTSesatyvisobis sailustraciod da maSin Sesabamisi ma110

sala unda ganvixiloT qarTveluri fuZeenis (da ara mxolod qarTul-zanuri erTianobis, rogorc dRemde iyo) doneze. sagulisxmoa,
rom Zvel qarTulSi gvaqvs grZ-il-i/
gZ-il-i.
g/R
R monacvleoba ucxo
grZ
gZ
araa qarTveluri enebisTvis (ga
gaga
gagania
gania _ gur. RaRa
RaRadu
Raduri
duri `didi cecxli~;
svan. (lnt.) garga
gargala
gala _ gur., imer., aWar. RarRa
RarRali
Rali `laparaki~;
javax. glerZa
glerZa _ qarTl. RvlerZa
RvlerZa `mcenaris saxeoba~; gizgi
gizgiza
giza _
leCx. RizRi
RizRiza
zRiza,
za qiz. goWi
goWika
Wikana
kana||Ro
na RoWi
RoWika
Wikana
kana `titlikana bavSvi~...).
specialur literaturaSi `Ciyvis~ aRmniSvnel svanur sityvasTan
yuy/y
yuy yiy
yiy
iy dakavSirebulia imave mniSvnelobis qiziyuri yiyv-i
yiyv da
`CinCaxvis~ semantikis mqone fSauri leqsema (Cuxua 2000-2003: 281). es
Ziri dasturdeba qarTuli enis samxrul dialeqtebSic (imerxeulSi,
aWarulSi) da ara marto aq (ix. imeruli, raWuli, xevsuruli leqsikonebi).
z. sarjvelaZes qarTuli niCv-i
niCv (`drunCi, tuCi~) Sepirispirebuli aqvs megrul niCqvniCniCqv fuZesTan (`uSno saxe~) da *niC
niC arqetipi
aRdgenili aqvs qarTul-zanuri erTianobis donisTvis (Sardschweladze
1985: 24). mas rom svanuri enis monacemebic (bz., lSx. niC,
niC bq.,
lnt. ninC `pirisaxe; drunCi, dingi~) gaeTvaliswinebina, TavisTavad
cxadia, arqetipi aRdgeboda saerToqarTvelur doneze. garda amisa,
imerxeul da gurul dialeqtebSi dasturdeba iseTive asimilirebuli varianti (CiCv
CiCv-ir-i
_ sqeli bage, tuCi, laSi; cxenis qveda tuCi),
CiCv
rogoric

`sityvis

konaSia~

mocemuli

ramdenadme

gansxvavebuli

semantikiT (`spilos xorTumi~). sulxan-saba amosaval formazec

miuTiTebs, esaa niCv-r-i,
xolo d. CubinaSvilis `qarTul-rusul
niCv
leqsikonSi~ gvxvdeba niCv-ir-i
(Sdr. Zv. q., qiziy. niC-ur-i
`nesto,
niCv
niC
xorTumi~, imer. niCb-i
niCb
`dingi Rorisa~, niCv-i
niCv
`cxviri, dingi~,
leCx./imer. niCqv-i
niCqv `uSno saxe~,...). qarTuli enis ganmartebiT leqsikonSi `CiCvir~-s ori mniSvneloba aqvs: 1. cxenisa da misTanaTa qveda
tuCi; 2. grZeli bibiloseburi wanazardi indauris niskartze.
sainteresoa, rom qarTuli enis javaxursa da raWul dialeqtebSi wkv-r-el-v-a
`ymawvilis mier Tavisi sacolis (an qalisgan
wkv
saqmros) yuradRebiT daTvalierebas, naxvas~ niSnavs (beriZe 1981: 95):
sarZlos wkv-r-el-am-d-en
(kobaxiZe 1987: 128), svanuri enis Coluwkv
111

rul metyvelebaSi ki `wvrilTvaleba~-s aRsaniSnavad wk-ir-a-

ixmawk
reba, sadac sisina kompleqsis arseboba am metyvelebis raWulTan
gansakuTrebuli siaxloviT SeiZleba aixsnas an `Tvalebis wkv-er-v-a~-s
wkv
ukavSirdebodes, romlis Ziri yvela qarTvelur enaSi sisina Tanxmovans Seicavs (Sdr. megruli wk-ur-u-a
`Tvalebis daxuWva~, wk-ur-il-i
wk
wk
`TvaldaxuWuli < qarT. Tval-da-wk
wk-ur-ul-i~).
wk
maSasadame, qarTuli enis dasavlur Tu samxrul dialeqtebsa
(ZiriTadad!) da svanurSi gavrcelebuli SiSina WyWy kompleqsis
Semcveli Ziri (`TvalTvalis mniSvnelobiT~) unda Seesatyvisebodes
dRevandel javaxursa da raWulSi SemorCenil imave semantikis sisina
wkwk kompleqsian Zirs (momavalma kvleva-Ziebam SesaZloa qarTulis
sxva dialeqtebSic da megrul-lazurSic daadasturos Sesabamisi
monacemebi).
javaxur, imerxeul, aWarul, imerul da gurul dialeqtebSi
sakmaod gavrcelebulia Wy-er
Wy erer fuZe `daJinebuli cqeris, gabeduli
yurebis~ mniSvnelobiT:
imerx: magan qalebze uSnod Wy-er
Wy er-a
er a icis (futkaraZe 1993: 665).
svaneTSi `brutian, elam, bec~ adamians Wy-i-rs
uwodeben.
Wy
javaxur metyvelebaSi fSans
fSan ori mniSvneloba aqvs:
1. mindvri
mindvria
ndvriani adgi
adgili
gili kldis ZirSi, sadac ramdenime adgilas
wyaro gamodis (martirosovi 1984: 247);
2. kldeebidan gamosuli patara wyaro
wyaroe
roebi,
bi romlebic balaxiTaa
dafaruli (beriZe 1981: 132).
`qarTuli enis ganmartebiT leqsikonSic~ am sityvis ori mniSvnelobaa miTiTebuli, oRond cotaodeni semantikur-niuansuri gadaxrebiT:
fSa/fSa
fSa fSani
fSani `mdinaris piras gamomdinare wyaro an mdinaris
patara Senakadia~, xolo zog adgilas fSani
fSani `xis fesvebidan axalamoyril mcenares, nergs~ aRniSnavs.
es leqsema saqarTvelos bevr kuTxeSi ixmareba, dadasturebulia
`sityvis konaSic~. svanuri enis balsqvemoursa (fSal
fSal)
fSal da laSxur
(fSa
fSala
fSala
la) dialeqtebSic mas ori mniSvneloba aqvs (1. ylorti, morCi;
norCi; 2. svia), amasTanave, sxva sonoria warmodgenili da rogorc for112

miT, ise SinaarsiT, Zalian axlos dgas imeruli dialeqtis monacemTan: fSala
fSala _ svia (xviara balaxovani mcenare, izrdeba Releebis
piras, mis norC ylortebs mxlad xmaroben _ gaCeCilaZe 1976: 138).
imerxeul dialeqtSi `xbo
xbo~-s
aRsaniSnavad gamoiyeneba xob-o
xbo
xob
(||
b-o), romlis Ziriseuli o mravlobiT ricxvSi xan warmodgenilia da
xan _ ara.
`xob
xob-i
eb-i
xob i-eb
eb efeija (Turq. epeyce _ Zalian) gazdilan~ (futkaraZe
1993: 675), Sdr. `xb
xb-i
xb i-eb-i (< xob-o
xob o-eb-i) WalaSi iyvnen~ (iqve).
es Ziri ara mxolod Tanxmovnebis, aramed xmovnebis mxrivac
problematuria qarTvelur enebSi, lazurisgan momdinare imerxeuli
monacemi ki aZlierebs svanuri xab-n-a
(zs.), Rab-n-a
(lSx.), Rb-en-a
xab
Rab
Rb
(lnt.) formaTa mixedviT saerToqarTvelurisTvis savaraudo arqiformaSi -aa- (da ara -e
e-1) xmovnis aRdgenis SesaZleblobas, raRa
Tqma unda, Tu xob-o
xob o Turquli sinharmonizmiT gamowveuli monacemebi ar aris. specialur literaturaSi (Cuxua 2000-2003: 262) es
Zirebi erTmaneTTanaa dakavSirebuli, oRond sailustracio masalaSi
gamotovebulia: svanuri xab-n-a
(`mozveri~), megruli xafa
xab
xafa (`doli~,
Sdr. xaf-a-s
`xboebis mogebis droze~ _ gaxaria 2005: 142, qajaia
xaf
2009: 589), qab-ul-a
(`mozrdili xbo~), Zveli qarTuli b-ov-r-ed-i
qab
(`xboiani~), b-o-S-er-i (`bo rCeuli, gina xis axali ylorti~ _ saba),
dialeqturi xb-o-jor-i
(javax. `xboebisa da virebis jogi~||xb
xb-o
_
xb
xb
sofeli xizabavra), b-e-eb-i (mox. `xbo{r}ebi), b-o-de-da-furi (qiziy.
`xboiani furi~), b-o-sa-suq-a (xevs. `saTibi balaxi~), xb-o-Sub-l-a
xb
(raW., leCx., imer., qarTl., `cercvela~, xf-o-
(gur. `xbo~)...
xf
arn. Ciqobavas TvalsazrisiT (Ciqobava 1938: 198), qarTul Ram-eSi
Ram
-e
e sufiqsuri warmomavlobisaa megrul-Wanuri monacemebis mixedviT
(Wan. Rom-an||Rom
Rom-a
`guSin~, Rom-an-er-i
`guSindeli~, megr. Rum-a
Rom
Rom
Rom
Rum
`wuxel~, Rum-an-er-i
`wuxandeli~). mogvianebiT m. Cuxuam am Zirs Zalze
um
sainteresod daukavSira svanuri li-Rm
Rm-n-e
`drois micema, dalodeba~
Rm
(Cuxua 2000-2003: 262), axla ki Sesabamis masalebs Cven vumatebT
imerxeul mo-Ram
Ram-eb-asac
(`cxovrebis uqmad gatareba~):
Ram
1

Sdr. m. Cuxuas Tvalsazrisi (2000-2003: 262).

113

Cven ise mu-a-Ram

Ram-e-T,
gabukva{n} (`gabutva~) ar viciT (faRava,
Ram
cincaZe 2007: 293,301).
baTumis SoTa rusTavelis saxelobis saxelmwifo universitetis samxreT-dasavleT saqarTvelos samecniero-kvleviTi centris
TanamSromlebma 2005 wels imerxevSi daafiqsires leqsema WoW-e
WoW
`Zunwis mniSvnelobiT~. Tu vivaraudebT, rom am SemTxvevaSic SesaZloa lazuris gavleniT miRebul monacemTan gvqondes saqme, maSin
qarTul enaSi unda daviwyoT sisina afrikatis Zieba. da marTlac,
aseTi unda iyos `wuw
wuw-ur-aq~fuZeSi warmodgenili w; Sdr. leCx.
wuw
wuw-un-aq-i
(`Zunwi~) da qiziy. wur-ik-a
(`Zalian Zunwi~). `wuwuraqis~
wuw
wur
paralelurad qarTlur da qiziyur dialeqtebSi o gaxmovanebiani
fuZec ixmareba (wow
wow-on-aq-i)
imerxeulis msgavsad. rac Seexeba svanurs,
wow
aq sirTuleebi gvaqvs Zireul TanxmovnebTan dakavSirebiT _ mosalodneli SiSinas nacvlad sisinaa: winwk (Col.), wunw (lSx.).
gaTxovil qals javaxeTSi `nawvevi~ ewodeba, romelic, vfiqrobT,
unda ukavSirdebodes qarTul, svanur da megrul-lazur enebSi
dRemde dacul masdariseul formaTa wu-/wv
wu wvwv Zirs (Zv. q. wu-ev-a
wu
`mowodeba, iZuleba, miwveva, waqezeba, ax. q. mi-wv
wv-ev-a
`mipatiJeba, dawv
patiJeba~; megr. gi-mo-wv
wv-i-eb-a
`mowveva, mopatiJeba~; svan. li-w
w-l-e
wv
w
`gaTxoveba~). qarTuli enis fSaur dialeqtSi na-w
w-ev-i (< na-wv
wv-ev-i)
wv
`mowveuls, mopatiJebuls~ niSnavs, xolo balsqvemo svaneTSi (sofeli laxamula) Caweril erT-erT andazaSi [nwen
nwen i nSdeb ldildi
bziS gar eser li _ `naTxovari da nasesxebi mxolod erTi-ori
dRis sakmarisi ariso~ _ daviTiani 1973: 113)], n-w
w-en- < bq.n-w
w-en-
w
(delabializacia

Cveulebrivi

movlenaa

laxamulur

kilokavSi)]

semantikas

gadmoscems,

`naTxovaria~ (< `Se-na-wev

wev-ar-i~?).
wev
svanur

enaSi

`miwveva-mipatiJebis~

agreTve: li-wh
wh-i
ws-i,
wc-i
w-en-i
(lSx.), li-wi
wi-i
wh (zs.), li-ws
ws li-wc
wc (bq.), li-w
w
wi
(lnt.),

magram,

rogorc

specialuri

literaturidanaa

cnobili

( 1960: 155, Fhnrich 1998: 94), is momdinareobs -wes

weswes Ziridan,
romlisTvisac `daZaxebis, moxmobis~ mniSvneloba ufro unda iyos
114

amosavali (Sdr. Zv. q. u-wes

wes-s
`dapatiwes `uZaxis, uxmobs~, megr. wis-af-a
wis
Jeba~), vidre `mowvevisa~.
jerjerobiT problematuria i xmovnis sigrZis sakiTxi svanurSi
`gaTxovebis~ aRmniSvneli zmnis piriansa Tu upiro formebSi, ise ki
aSkaraa, rom -l
l(<-i
l)
ev da megruli -i
i (<-iv
iv)
l i+-l
l qarTuli -ev
iv sufiqsTa
morfonologiuri Sesatyvisia.
Cven gvaqvs mcdeloba li-wl
wl-es
dakavSirebisa svanur wl
wl
(`patarZali; dedofali~) da qarTul wulwul (`axalSobili; vaJi; mamakaci~) ZirebTan. am konteqstSi upriani iqneboda yma-wvil
wvil-is
moxmowvil
bac, magram igi araTu Zvel qarTul teqstebSi, aramed `sityvis konaSic~ ki araa dadasturebuli, radganac SedarebiT gvian Seqmnili
kompoziti Cans. da, rac mTavaria, svanuri liwile da wil
wil formaTa wulwul Ziridan momdinareobis varauds albaT ramdenadme mainc
uSlis xels is faqti, rom Tanamedrove uumlauto dialeqtebSi arsad araa daculi amosavali -u
u- xmovani! rogorc zemo, ise qvemosvanurSi es ori leqsema erTnairadaa (swored -i
ii kompleqsiT)
warmodgenili, rac semantikuradac SesaZloa `patarZlis~ aRmniSvnel javaxur na-wv
wv-evs
ukavSirdeba [Sdr. WuS _ vaJiSvili, romewv
lic mxolod laSxuri formaa, sxvagan ki umlautizebuli WiS
WiS
gvxvdeba qarTuli wulwul Ziris Sesatyvisad, magram qarTuli l : svanuri S Sesatyvisobis gverdiT imave ZirTan na-W
Wl-S (`urvadi~)
leqsemis dakavSireba ramdenadme problematuri Cans, radganac, miuxedavad imisa, rom sxvadasxva poziciasTan gvaqvs saqme (erTi mxriv,
auslautTan, xolo, meore mxriv, inlautTan), mainc erTsa da imave
ZirSi xan l/S
S da xanac l/l
l Sesatyvisobis daSveba, rbilad rom
vTqvaT, uxerxulia].
qarTuli enis samxrul dialeqtebs danarCen qarTvelur enebTan saerTo aqvT fraze
frazeo
zeologiac
giac.
ac ase magaliTad:
java
javaxur
vaxurSi
xurSi `sufris aReba~ gamoixateba ara magidis alagebiT
Tu risame moklebiT, aramed sintagmiT `suf
sufris
sufris amate
amateba
teba~,
ba Sdr. svasvanuri
nuri `tabgi Ji li-d
li dwy-e
wy e (tabakis da-wy
da wy-ob
wy ob-a
ob a da ara `alageba~), Ji
li-nW
e (`agroveba, mateba~ da ara `kleba~). qvemosvanurSi qarli nWr
nWr-e
115

Tulidan SedarebiT gvian Sesuli leqsemebic gvaqvs: li-l-g

g-a-e
(lSx.) < li-la-g
g--e (lnt.) `alageba~.
javaxeTSi `erT Tav yvels~ qalla
qalla hqvia, romelic mogvagonebs
jer kidev Zveli qarTuli teqstebidan (`kirioni~) cnobil kompozits qala
(`dos SeWamandi~); Sdr. qala
`dos konColi~
qala-do
la
qala-joS-i
la
(saba 1949: 701), dResac dadasturebuli romaa qarTlur, aWarul,
imerxeul da fereidnul dialeqtebSi. svaneTSi `erT wvela yvels~
ewodeba qi
qi da, vfiqrobT, rom is `WurWlis aRmniSvnel arabul1
Turqul qila
ki ar unda ukavSirdebodes, rogorc es speciaqila~s
la

lur literaturaSia (Cuxua 2000-2003: 254) aRniSnuli, aramed

qarTuli enis samxrul dialeqtebSi dacul qala
auslautis
qalas.
la
xmovnis mokvecisa da Riamarcvliani struqturebis daxurulmarcvlianad gardaqmnis tendencia svanurSi aRiarebuli faqtia specialistTa mier. ase rom, fonetikur movlenaTa ganviTarebis uwinaresoba-Semdgomadobis procesi SesaZloa Semdegnairad warmovadginoT,
Tu l > fonemaTSesatyvisobasac gaviTvaliswinebT:
qarT. qala
i > q > qe
qala > svan. qal > qa
qa+i
qe > qi
arc qalla
qalla unda iyos sakuTriv qarTuli sityva (Sdr. sparsuli
kala
kalaqu
laqu
qu), magram, rogorc Cans, qarTvelur enaTa diferenciaciamdeli
(e. i. uZvelesi) epoqisaa.
1984 wels hainc fenrixma erTmaneTs Seupirispira svanuri kol
(`ganavali~), imeruli kel-a
kel (`nakeli, nexvi~) da qiziyur-fSaur-TuSuri kel-a
kel (`mweri~) _ es ukanaskneli `sityvis konaSicaa~ daculi
`mweris~ aRmniSvneli simbolos miTiTebiT, oRond ganmartebis gareSe.
iqve gvxvdeba kel-ic
(`nexvi~). am masalas Cven vumatebT leCxumur
kel
kel-as
(`nakeli~), aWarulsa da imerxeul da-kel
kel-v-as
(`grovad
kel
kel
dayrili nakelis datkepna sawvavad gamoyenebis mizniT~) da, rac
mTavaria, javaxur kil-s
kil (`qaTmis ganavali TeTrad~ _ martirosovi
1984: 236), romelsac zemosvanurad kin-kul
kin kul hqvia. `Txisa da cxvris
ganavlis~ aRsaniSnavad laSxur dialeqtSi kur-kul
kur kul ixmareba, xolo
Colurul metyvelebaSi _ misi naumlautari kur-kil
kur kil,
kil lentexurSi
1

Colurul metyvelebaSi qilas

qila swored qarTulidan Sesuli qil-
qil

aRniSnavs (liparteliani 1994: 285), sadac ar momxdara l > procesi.

116

ki kir-kol
kir kol.
kol maSasadame, rogorc sailustracio masalidan Cans, ar
aris savaldebulo, rom am ZirSi qarTulSic davuSvaT umlautis
(kel
kelkol-)
kel < *kol
kol arseboba (sarjvelaZe 1985: 197-199), radganac masSi
TiTqmis yvela xmovani (e
e _ i _ o _ u) enacvleba erTmaneTs
qarTvelur enebSi (Sdr. agreTve kel-i
kel `kambeCT skore~ _ saba).
qarTvelologiaSi karga xania (Ma 1913: 10) aRiarebulia Zv.
qarT. Txev-l-a
(`Tevzaoba~), m-Txev
Txev-l-ar-i
(`moTevzave~) da sa-Txev
Txev-el-i
Txev
Txev
Txev
(`bade~) leqsemaTa kavSiri svanur li-Tx
Tx-l-i
(`Zebna~), me-Tx
Tx--r
Tx
Tx
(`monadire~) da la-Tx
Tx--r
(`sanadiro~) fuZeebTan. am monacemebiTx
dan ar Cans, rom saanalizo TxevTxev Ziri dResac ixmareba qarTulis
javaxur metyvelebaSi dadasturebuli me-sa-n-Txev
Txev-l-e
(`mebaduri~)
Txev
formis saxiT.
aWarulSi, mesxur-javaxurSi, imerxeulSi da sxva (ZiriTadad,
mTis) dialeqtebSi gvxvdeba metad saintereso kompoziti, romelic
mTlianadaa Sesuli svanur enaSi. esaa xer-tal
xer tal-i
tal (aWar., mesx.-javax.,
imerx., qarTl., TuS., xevs.) < xel-tar
xel tar-i
tar (`Zafis dasaZaxavi TiTistari, kvirisTavi); zogan igi warmodgenilia fonemiT. svanurSi ara
mxolod arsebiTi saxelia saanalizo leqsema, aramed zmnac (rogorc
piriani, ise upiro): el-tr
l
tr-i
el tr (`xelsaqme~), m-
l-tr
tr (`feiqari,
mqsoveli~), zs. li-l
l-tr
l-tr
l tr-i/li-l
tr
l tr-e
tr (1. `rTva~; 2. `rTva-qsova,
xelsaqme~), a-l
l-t
l tr-i (1. `rTavs~; 2. `rTavs da qsovs, xelsaqmobas
eweva~). svanuris yvela dialeqtSi daculia amosavali, umetaTeziso
formebi da arqauli Tanxmovani, xolo qarTuli enis dialeqtebSi
zogi amosaval variants uCvenebs, zogi ki _ SedarebiT axals.
xC-ol
xC olol fuZe sxvadasxva mniSvnelobisaa qarTuli enis dialeqtebSi: imerulsa da leCxumurSi igi `kvamls~ niSnavs (da xrC-ol
xrC ol-v
ol v-aas
ukavSirdeba), aWarulSi _ `wnelis rgolebiT asxmul jaWvs, romelsac pirutyvis bagaze dasabmelad iyenebdnen~, xolo javaxurSi _
`wnels~. guriaSi `Citis badis saqsov xelsawyos~ ewodeba Cx-ar
Cx ar-i
ar i,
xolo Tavad `saqsov Cxirs~ _ Cx-aS
Cx aS-i
aS i / Cx-aJ
Cx aJ-i
aJ i; imereTSi `wvril
Cxirs~ Cx-ik
Cx ik-i
ik i hqvia, `gamxmari wnelisagan gakeTebul cocxs~ ki Cx-ok
Cx oks
ok
uwodeben guriaSi. xuTive leqsema Zalian hgavs zanuri struqturis
fuZes (Sdr. o-nn-Cx
Cx-ak
Cx ak-al
ak al-e
al e `Txilis sabertyi joxi~).
117

aSkaraa, rom ZirSi yvelgan CxCx kompleqsia an metaTezisis

Sedegi xC-;
Sx-er
(`poba, skdoma~) SeiZleba iyos qarTuli
xC svanuri li-Sx
Sx
Cx-er
Cx er/Cx
er Cx-ir
Cx ir Ziris spirantizebuli saxe. mosalodnelia, rom li-Cx
li Cx-in
Cx in-e
in e
(`gaCxirva, garWoba~) imave CxCx Ziris Semcveli masdaria.
amave harmoniuli kompleqsis sisina variantic (cx
cx-)
cx gvxvdeba
yvela qarTvelur enaSi: Zvel qarTulSi `sarTavi mowyobilobis
joxi~ aris cx-em
i, cx-em
cx em-l
em l-i
cx em-l
em l-aa ki gurul dialeqtSi `rcxila~-a. javaxeTSi cx-em
i aris `qselSi narTis gasayreli xe~, xolo TuSeTSi
cx em-l
em l-i
`windisa da xelTaTmnis saqsov rkinis Cxirebs~ cx-em
eb-i
cx em-l
em l-eb
eb i hqvia
(mx. r. cx-em
i). `fiCxis~ aRsaniSnavad megrulSi cx-v
ek ixmareba,
cx em-l
em l-i
cx v-ek
xolo lazurSi _ cx-ik
cx-ik
cx ik.
ik svanurSi cx-ek
cx ek (bz., qs.)/cx
cx ik (zs.) `tyes~
aRniSnavs. igive Ziri Cans Coluruli metyvelebis cx-p
cx p-ert
p ert (`wvrili wneli~), cx-nt
l (`wvrili gamxmari Stoebi~) formebSi da
cx nt-r
nt r-l
zemosvanur cx-ir
(`xiwvi, xiWvi~) fuZeSi. cx-ek
el-a
cx
cx ek-n
ek n-el
el a toponimia
(gauqmebuli soflis saxelwodebaa) samcxeSi (beriZe grigoli 1981:
148; beriZe merabi 2011: 43-47).1
maSasadame, `wne
wnelis
wnelis > joxis
joxis > Cxiris
Cxiris > tyis~
tyis aRsaniSnavad
qarTvelur enebSi gamoiyeneba erTi da imave harmoniuli kompleqsis
rogorc sisina (cx
cx-),
Cx-)
cx ise SiSina (Cx
Cx variantebi qarTulSic, megrulSic,
lazurSic da svanurSic, rac erTgva
erTgvarad
Tgvarad arRvevs
arRvevs kompa
kompara
parati
rativis
tivistu
vistuli
tuli
qarTve
qarTvelo
Tvelolo
lologi
logiis
giis Ziri
ZiriTad
riTad princi
principebs
cipebs.
pebs
roca samxrulqarTulis yvela publikacia da velze mopovebuli masala damuSavdeba komparativistikis TvalsazrisiT (risTvisac
dRemde specialistebs yuradReba ar miuqceviaT), cxadia, ufro meti
fonemaTSesatyvisoba gamovlindeba qarTvelur enebSi an dazustdeba
dRemde arsebuli fonotaqtikuri wesebi...
Cven gavagrZelebT muSaobas am mimarTulebiT...

merab beriZe ar iziarebs cxeknela

cxeknelas grigol beriZiseul (1988: 149)

etimologias saanalizo leqsemis `cxen~-Tan dakavSirebis Sesaxeb da Tavad

gvTavazobs sxvagvar gaazrebas: cxeknela <*cixe
cixe-sknel
cixe sknel-a
sknel a (`e. i. cixis mxare~ _
2011: 46-47).

118

Georgian southern dialects from

comparativistic viewpoint
Summary

The paper deals with the fact, that today the data of Georgian southern
dialects is not taken into account in comparativistic Kartvelology. Some new
etymological connections are given for illustration and it is assumed, that when all
publications of south Georgian are processed from the comparativistic standpoint
(on what specialists have not focused their attention) more phoneme
correspondences will be revealed in the Kartvelian languages and phonotactic rules
existing till today will be defined.
On the contrary of the views expressed in the special literature (N. Beridze,
M. Beridze), the paper represents the standpoint, that Javakhian zaG-ar-i
"a hungry,
zaG
roaming, gun-dog") is not initial for ZaG
ZaG-l-i "dog" lexeme. Spirantization is
characteristic of this root even in Svan (jeG
jeG)
jeG but it is a reflection of a following
stage of differentiation of the ancient Kartvelian languages (ZZ > J > j),
j but a
voiced anlaut of the southern dialects is of later phenomenon that seems to be the
influence result of the Oriental languages (Turkish, Persian, Arabian).
The paper represents the new etymologies, which are based on the material
obtained in the South-West and South-East speech of Georgian. They are:
Fereidanian Ca-cxib
cxib-va
("striking of a knitting tool"), Javakhian (and Kiziqian) mocxib
gox-va
("gathering of ripe and unripe fruit together"), Javakhian (and Kakhian) mogox
qed-ur-eb-a ("avoiding, missing"), Imerkhevian ga-ZunZG
ZunZG-l-il-i > ga-zunzG
zunzG-l-il-i
qed
ZunZG
zunzG
("very wetted"), Javakhian kar
kar-kal
kal-i ("stone and rubble"), Imerkhevian gir
gir-gil
gil-ob-a
kal
gil
("warm conversation"), giJG
giJG-ib-a- ("a beast's biter"), Imerkhevian (and Gurian)
CiCv
wkv-r-el-v-a
CiC
v-ir-i ("a thick lip, animal's lip"), Javakhian (and Rachian) wkv
("attentive examine of a fiance by a fiancee"), Javakhian, Ajarian, Imerkhevian (and
Gurian, Imerian) yK-er-a
("insistent watching"), Javakhian fSan-i
yK
fSan ("a field, springs
covered with grass"), na-wv
wv-ev-i ("a married woman"), Ajarian, Imerkhevian,
wv
Fereidanian (and Kartlian) qal
("buttermilk food"), Javakhian kil
qala-do / qala-Jo
qala
("hen's white excrement"), me-sa-n-Txev
Txev-l-e ("fisherman"), Meskhian-Javakhian,
Txev
Imerkhevian (and Kartlian, Tushian, Khevsurian) xer
xer-tal-i ("hand-spinning
spindle"), xC
xC-ol-i ("a tying rope pleated with a cane rings" Ajarian, wneli "cane,
osier" Javakhian), cxek
cxek-n-el-a ("cancelled name of a village in Samtskhe")...

119

kvlav Sua
Suasibi
sibilan
bilantu
lanturi
turi afri
afrika
rikatis
katis refleq
refleqse
leqsebi
sebisa
bisaTvis
saTvis
qarTve
qarTvelur
Tvelur enebSi
enebSi
Zveli qarTuli mce (`WaRara~) Ziris etimologiuri analizi
araerT mkvlevars (a. greni, n. mari, arn. Ciqobava, v. Tofuria,
g. rogava, s. JRenti, T. gamyreliZe, g. maWavariani, g. klimovi, z. sarjvelaZe, h. fenrixi) Cautarebia;
oan-,
mc
e (klimovi 1964: 267) da *mmc
e
gamoyofilia *mc
mc1-oan
oan *m
mc1-e
c1-e
(gamyreliZe 1968: 11) arqetipebi, amasTanave, pirveli maTgani mxolod qarTul-zanuri erTianobis xanas asaxavs, xolo meore saerToqarTveluri fuZeenis dones Seesabameba. maT upirispirdeba *c
c1
arqetipi (sarjvelaZe, fenrixi 2000: 723), romelic gamoricxavs svanuri enis monacems m-e
e-CC-i
i (`moxuci~). am ukanasknelTan Sedarebulia
lazuri u-mC
mC-an
mC an-e
an e (`ufrosi~) da gamotanilia daskvna, rom megrulsa
da qarTul enebSi Sesatyvisi Ziri ar Canso; Sesabamisad aRdgenilia
*mec
mec1- arqetipi (sarjvelaZe 2000: 327);
Cven vfiqrobT, rom svanuri meCi
meCi ar unda davaciloT qarTul
m-c
c-e
e (`TeTri~), rC-in
rC-in
e (`sibec e, megrul C-e
rC in-u
in u (`moxuci~); o-rC
rC in-u
in u-e
re~), u-CC-aa (`Savi araTeTri~)... da lazur qC-e
qC e || xC-e
xC e || Cq-e
Cq e
(`TeTri~), qC-in
qC in-i
in i || xC-in
xC in-i
in i (`dedaberi~), u-CC-aa (`Savi, mwuxare~) ||
u-S
S-aa (trapizonul metyvelebaSi _ h. aWariani, n. mari) monacemebs.
saerToqarTvelur *mmc
c1e formas, T. gamyreliZis azriT, svanurSi ganviTarebis Semdegi gza unda gaevlo: *-Ce
Ce > *Ce
Ce > *me
meCe
meCe+i
Ce i
*me
meCe
meCe
meCe+
Ce > meCi
meCi.
Ci vfiqrobT, gardamavali *me
meCe+
Ce safexuris varaudi
ar aris aucilebeli, radganac araerTi magaliTia svanurSi saxelobiTi brunvisa an atributivTa -i
i mawarmoeblis Semonaxvisa wina poziciaSi mdebare fuZiseuli Tu sufiqsiseuli elementis dakargvis
xarjze (Sdr. nagzi
nagzi < nagza
nagza+i
gza i `kvireuli~, nrhi < narha
narha+i
rha i `sinaTle~...). mosalodneli spirantizacia (CC > S) ar ganxorcielda marcvlovan sonantTan mezoblobis gamo (Sdr. svanuri x-o
o-S
S-aa `didi,
ufrosi~ > ma-xS
u-c
c-e
e-ss-i
i, megrul-lazuri
ma xS-i
xS i _ n. mari, qarTuli x-u
u-{nn}CaS
CaS-i
CaS i);
120

*meCe
meCeSi
savaraudo *
fonema, romelic dResacaa daculi svanur
meCe
asg (zs., laSx.) / ask (lnt.) _ `WaRara~ da asgr (bz.), asgr
(bq.), asgr (lSx.), askr (lnt.) _ `WaRara, WaRarosani~ leqsemaTa
ZirSi, garkveul siZneleebs qmnis _ TiTqos unda migveRo e xmovnis
kompensatoruli sigrZe, magram, amgvari fonologiuri movlena svanuri
enis ganviTarebis SedarebiT gviandel dones asaxavs (al. oniani,
b. gigineiSvili), xolo *
Tanxmovani savaraudo *meCe
meCe arqetipSi
presvanurSive unda Cavardniliyo (T. gamyreliZe),
*
fonemis dakargvisaTvis, vfiqrobT, xeli unda Seewyo im
faqtsac, rom C bgeraTmimdevroba SedarebiT iSviaTad unda yofiliyo realizebuli svanurSi. Tanamedrove cocxal metyvelebaSi,
Zveli svanuri simRerebisa Tu andazebis enaSi da e. w. gaqvavebul
saqcevebSi (wyevla-locvis formulebi, idiomaturi gamoTqmebi...),
v. Tofurias da m. qaldanis `svanuri leqsikonis~ mixedviT, sul
ramdenime ZirSi Tu dasturdeba aRniSnuli fonemaTmimdevroba:
li-C
r
li C-e
C e `cveTa~, li-C
li C-o
C o-i
o i `{gamo}keTeba, {gamo}janmrTeleba, l-C
l C-i
C i-r
`sakvesi~, n-C
n C-ol
C ol `kangaclili kanafi~; amasTanave, li-C
li C-o
C o-i
o iSi es
Ziriseuli TanxmovanTkompleqsi sruliad moulodnelia, radganac
Sesabamisi masdari Tu zmnis piriani formebi nawarmoebia zedsarTavi
saxelis erT-erTi xarisxis gaqvavebuli formisagan (xx-o
o-CC-aa `kargi~),
sadac faringaluri fonema saerTod ar figurirebs.

Again on reflexes of a midsibilant

affricate in the Kartvelian languages
Summary

An etymological analysis of old Georgian mce ("grey hair") root was

carried out by many scholars (A. Gren, N. Marr, Arn. Chikobava, V. Topuria,
G. Rogava, S. Zhgenti, T. Gamkrelidze, G. Machavariani, G. Klimov,
Z. Sarjveladze, H. Fhnrich).
The archetypes *mc
mc- (Klimov 1964: 267) and *mc
c- (Gamkrelidze
1968: 11) are distinguished. The first one reflects only the epoch of Kartvelian-Zan
121

unity and the second one is relevant with a level of Common Kartvelian parentlanguage. They are opposed by *c
c archetype (Sarjveladze, Fhnrich 2000: 723),
that deducts Svan data m-ee-CC-ii ("old-man"). The latter is compared with Laz
u-mC
mC-an
mC an-e
an e ("elder") and a conclusion is made: there is no corresponding root in
Megrelian and in Georgian; accordingly a *mec
mec arche-type is reconstructed
(Sarjveladze 2000: 327).
I believe, that Svan meCi should not be issolated from Georgian m-c
c-e,
c
Megrelian C-ee ("white"), rC-in
rC in-u
u
("old-man");
o
-rC
C
-in
in-u
u
-e
e
("old
age"),
u
-C
C
-a
a
("black

in
in
not white")... and Laz qC-e
qC e // xC-e
xC e // Cq-e
Cq e ("white"), qC-in
qC in-i
in i // rC-in
rC in-i
in i ("old woman"),
u-CC-aa ("black, mournful") // u-SS-aa (in Trapson speech H. Acharian, N. Marr) data.
According to T. Gamkrelidze, Common Kartvelian *mc
c form in Svan
should have passed a following developing way: *-Ce
Ce > *Ce
Ce > *me
me-C
me Ce+ > meCi.
meCi I
think, there is no need to suppose a transitive *meCe
meCe+
meCe stage as in Svan there are
many examples of preserving of nominative case and lossing of -i formant of
attributives at the expensive of a root and suffix element in front position (cf.: nagzi
< nagza+i "weekly", nrhi < narha+i "light"...). An expected spirantization (CC > S)
has not taken place due to a syllabic sonants in neighbourhood (cf.: Svan x-o
o-SS-aa
("big, elder") > ma-xS
u-cc-ee-ss-ii, Megrelian-Laz u-{n
n}CaS
CaS-i
ma xS-i
xS i N. Marr, Georgian x-u
CaS i);
In *meCe
meCe a supposed phoneme *
, that is preserved even today in the roots
of Svan asg (US, Lashkh.) / ask (Lent.) "grey hair" and asgr (UB.), asgr
(LB.), asgr (Lashkh.), askr (Lent.) "grey hair, having grey hair" lexemes
makes certain difficulties as if there should have occured a compensatory length
of e vowel. But such phonological phenomenon reflects a later developing level of
Svan (Al. Oniani, B. Gigineishvili), and *
consonant should have appeared in
*meCe
meCe archetype in pre-Svan (T. Gamkrelidze).
I believe, that lossing of *
phoneme should be caused by the fact, that C
sound-order should be rarely realized in Svan. According to V. Topuria and
M. Kaldani's "Svan dictionary" in the modern alive speech, in the language of old
Svan songs and proverbs and in so called fossilized phraseological expressions
(formulas of cursing and blessing, idiomatic expressions...), a mentioned phonemeorder is attested only in some roots: li-C
C-e
C "wearing out", li-C
li C-o
C o-i
o i "recovering",
l-C
r "pouch for flint and steel" n-C
l C-i
C i-r
n C-ol
C ol "skinned cannabis". In addition, in
li-C
C-o
o-ii this root consonant complex is absolately unexpected as a relevant
li
C
o
masdar and personal forms of a verb are formed from one of fossilized forms of one
degree of an adjective (x
x-o
o-CC-aa "good"), in which a pharyngeal phoneme does not
occur at all.

122

pirve
pirvelad
velad da meo
meoreul
reul fone
fonemaT
nemaTSe
maTSesa
Sesatyvi
satyviso
tyvisoba
sobaTa
baTa
urTi
urTier
TierTmi
erTmimar
TmimarTe
marTebi
Tebisa
bisaTvis
saTvis qarTve
qarTvelur
Tvelur enebSi
enebSi
qarT. w : zan. W : svan. *W
W > h > * fonemaTSesatyvisoba dRemde
garkveuli problematurobiT gamoirCeva, radganac, jer erTi, sxvadasxva
mkvlevarTan (n. mari, v. Tofuria, g. rogava, T. gamyreliZe, g. maWavariani
g. klimovi, h. fenrixi, m. Cuxua) sxvadasxva arqifonema (*w
w, *w
w1 an t)
ivaraudeba amosavalSi da, meorec, _ svanuri enisTvis mxolod
meoreul, gardamaval safexurTa (hh > ) amsaxveli masalaa daZebnili.
rakiRa Tavdapirveli W fonemis Semcveli monacemebi svanurSi ver
dadasturda,

saanalizo

Sesatyvisoba

specialur

literaturaSi

saeWvod iqna miCneuli (sarjvelaZe, fenrixi 2000: 20).

ukanasknel xanebSi am Sesatyvisobaze gansakuTrebuli yuradReba
gaamaxvila m. Cuxuam, romelmac araerTi axali magaliTi moiSvelia mis
gasamyareblad. Cveni TvalsazrisisTvis Zalze mniSvnelovnad migvaCnia
erTi svanur-qarTuli dapirispireba (Cuxua 2000-2003: 424):
bq. herdel
herdel,
del qs. erdel
erdel (`erTgvari mxali, grZelReroiani, momJavo~): qarT. werTxal
werTxal-i
Txal || warTxal
warTxal-i
Txal (`xaqoli, erTgvari mcenare~).
sayuradReboa, rom es monacemi arsen onians balszemouri dialeqtisTvisac aqvs dasaxelebuli, oRond -aa- gaxmovanebiT (har
hardli
hardli _
kala, mulaxi, Sdr. hardel
hardel _ beCo). v. Tofuriasa da m. qaldanis
`svanur leqsikonSi~ oxSivaris (an papanaqebis) mniSvnelobiT gvxvdeba hardal
hardal bz., ardal
ardal lSx., ard
rdl lnt., romelic SesaZloa daukavSirdes hardel
hardel,
del hardli
hardli leqsemebs (am mcenares, roca misi saRebavad gamoyeneba surT, maRal temperaturaze xarSaven). Tu Cveni
varaudi sworia, maSin m. Cuxuaseuli transformacia h zs. > qs.,
romelic ewinaaRmdegeba svanuri fonotaqtikis wesebs, moxsnili
iqneba, zs. h > qs. ki sruliad bunebrivi movlenaa.
sagulisxmoa, rom dasaxelebuli mcenaris saxelwodeba Tanamedrove qarTuli enis mTis dialeqtebSi Seicavs rogorc sisina,
ise SiSina afrikatebs:
123

xevs. warTx-al
warTx al-i
al i || werTx-al
werTx al-i
al i || werTx-al
werTx al-a
al a, mox. werTx-al
werTx al-i
al i ||
WerTx-al
WerTx al-i
al i, mTiul. WerTx-al
WerTx al-i
al i, WerTx-el
WerTx el-a
el a, Sdr. saliteraturo
qarTulis warTx-al
warTx al-i
al i (Roiygonum alpinum: mravalwlovani balaxi matitelasebrTa ojaxisa _ aqvs TeTri yvavilebis mtevnebiT daboloebuli totebi; Rero da foTlebi yviTel saRebavad ixmareba) da
TuSuri wyal-warTx
wyal warTx-al
warTx al-a
al a (`wiTeli walika~).
rogorc vxedavT, araTu sxvadasxva, aramed erTsa da imave (mag.
moxeur) dialeqtSic ki erTsa da imave semantikas gadmoscemen w || W
variantebi.
maSasadame, aqamde qarT. w : zan. W : svan. *W
W > h > fonemaTSesatyvisobis amsaxvel masalaSi svanurisTvis arsad Canda amosavali
W fonema, xolo werTxal
werTxal-/war
Txal warTxal
warTxal-:
Txal herdel
herdel/har
del hardel
hardel SepirispirebaSi carielia zanuris adgili, romlis Sesavsebad, vfiqrobT, gamogvadgeba qarTuli enis mTis dialeqtebSi dadasturebuli SiSina W
afrikatis Semcveli monacemebi, miT ufro, rom mox., xevs. werTxal
werTxal-:
Txal
*zan. WerTxel
WerTxel || WerTxal
WerTxal sruliad bunebrivi kanonzomierebis
gamoxatulebaa gaxmovanebis TvalsazrisiTac.
mTis kiloebSi SiSina sibilantebis gamovlena ar unda iyos
moulodneli, Tu gaviTvaliswinebT Zveli qarTulisa da Tanamedrove qarTvelur enaTa dialeqtebis paralelur monacemebs:
Zv. q. me-yurw
yurw-um-e
|| me-yurW
yurW-um-e
`myvinTavi~
yurw
yurW
TuS. da-wux
wux-v-a,
Zv. q. da-wux
wux-v-a
|| da-xuW
xuW-v-a
< *da-Wux
Wux-v-a
wux
wux
xuW
Wux
Zv. q. si-Cxin
Cxin-t
Cxin t-e, Sdr. cxim-i
cxim
mesx. wir-an-i
`Wer
Wer-am-i~
wir
Wer
gur., im. zap-un-i,
qarTl. Jap-un-i/Jap
Jap-a-Jup
zap
Jap
Jap Jup-i
Jup
(Sdr. gur., im. JaJ-un-i)
`cema~
JaJ
wveT-eb-a,
gur. WyvarT-un-i
wveT
WyvarT
susx-v-a,
gur., im. SuSx-v-a
susx
SuSx
zarna
zarnaSo
naSo,
So gur. Jarna
JarnaJo
naJo
aW.

ZiZgv-a,
gur. jijgv-i
ZiZgv
jijgv

mesx. zorzal
JrJol-a
zorzal-i,
zal
JrJol
qarT. jixv-i,
megr. Zixv-i,
magram: laz. jixv-i
jixv
Zixv
jixv
124

svan. l-fincx
fincx-l--e
(lxm.)/l-mnCx
nCx-l-a-e
fincx
nCx
(bz.) `{d}amsxvreuli~
zs. lSx. Cxir / lxm. cxir `Cxiri, xiwvi/xiWvi~
vfiqrobT, zemoaRniSnuli siWrele saerToqarTveluri fuZeenis diferenciaciamdeli viTarebis amsaxveli unda iyos Zvel qarTulsa da aRmosavleT saqarTvelos mTis dialeqtebSi. rac Seexeba
gurulis, imerulis, aWarulis, mesxurisa da misTanaTa SiSina sibilantebs sisinebis nacvlad an paralelurad, aq, albaT, mTavari
wvlili mainc zanur enas ekuTvnis, Tumca zogierT SemTxvevaSi arc
sinqroniuli asimilaciaa gamoricxuli sakuTriv qarTul dialeqtebSi.
yvelaze rTulad gvesaxeba viTareba maSin, rodesac erTsa da
imave dialeqtSia warmodgenili erTi da imave Zirebis sisina da
SiSina variantebi:
gur. Zirki
Zirki,
ki erTi mxriv, da jirki
jirki,
ki meore mxriv
gur. zrinva
zrinva,
va erTi mxriv, da Jrinva
Jrinva,
va meore mxriv
imer. zun
zundrva,
drva erTi mxriv, da jundvra
jundvra (`Zlieri dartyma~),
meore mxriv
gur., imerx. wewki
wewkila
kila,
la erTi mxriv, da gur. WeWki
WeWkila
kila,
la meore
mxriv (Sdr. imer. jejgi
jejgila
gila)
la
gur., imer. cxune
cxuneba
neba,
ba erTi mxriv, da Sxune
Sxuneba
neba,
ba meore mxriv
qiziy. ybaca
ybaca,
ca erTi mxriv, da ybaCua
ybaCua,
Cua meore mxriv
mox. incva
incva,
cva erTi mxriv, da inCi
inCi,
Ci meore mxriv
bz. likce
kecva
erTi mxriv, da likCe
likce (`SeWra~, Sdr. qarT. `kec
kecva~),
va
likCe
(`mowyveta~), meore mxriv
lSx. qirca
qirca kir (`moSavo, aqerclili kiri~), erTi mxriv, da
qerC (`qercli~), meore mxriv
qarT. lasxiS
lasxiSvi
xiSvili
vili,
li erTi mxriv, da laSxi
laSxi,
xi meore mxriv...
aseT SemTxvevebSi, albaT, verc eqspresiulobaze gavamaxvilebT
yuradRebas da verc asimilaciur procesze. ufro marTebuli iqneboda Cveni TvalTaxedva migvemarTa kilokauri sxvaobebisken.
erTi Zalze mniSvnelovani problema Cndeba rogorc qarTvelologTa, ise kavkasiologTa winaSe: cnobilia, rom, Tu preqarTve125

lur sibilantTa sami rigis Teoriidan (g. maWavariani, T. gamyreliZe) amovalT, istoriuli winasibilantebi *ZZ, *c
c, *w
w, *z
z, *ss yvela
qarTvelur enaSi imave fonemaTa saxiT gvevlinebian, Suasibilantebi
*ZZ1, *c
c1, *w
w1, *z
z1, *ss1 qarTulSi gvaZleven sisina ekvivalentebs,
zanursa da svanurSi ki _ ukanasibilantebs; rac Seexeba istoriul
*jj, *CC, *W
W, *J
J (abaSia 2003: 5; Sengelia 2006: 13-25), *S
S fonemebs,
qarTulSi isini warmogvidgebian isev ukanasibilantTa saxiT, xolo
zanur-svanurSi garkveul bgeraTkompleqsTa (ukanasibilantebs + velaruli xSulebi) SemcvelobiT.
balszemourad `wnelis, maTraxis, Soltisa Tu misTanaTa dartyma~ gamoixateba li-sxp
sxp-i
masdariT, xolo balsqvemour diasxp
leqtSi mas li-Sxp
Sxp-i
Sxp Seesabameba. igive viTarebaa qarTulSic: saliteraturo enaSi aRniSnul semantikas gadmoscems masdari sxap-un-i,
sxap
xolo Sxap-un-is
erT-erTi mniSvneloba aris `tylaSuni~-c. imerulSxap
sa da gurul dialeqtebSi ki gvxvdeba sxip-eb-a;
wkep-l-as
gurulSi
sxip
wkep
Seesabameba Sxef-el-a,
fSaurSi _ Sxep-l-a.
Sxef
Sxep
ra vuyoT qarTuli enis sisina da SiSina spirantebis Semcvel
Zirebs? _ cal-calke SevudaroT svanur dialeqtebs, Tu rogor
moviqceT?!
aseTi masala araerTia! es problema exeba kavkasiur enebsac.
winaaRmdegoba ver moixsneba verc maSin, Tu sibilantTa mxolod
ori rigidan amovalT. xSir SemTxvevaSi, albaT, winareqarTveluri
enis sxvadasxva savaraudo dialeqturi monacemebic unda gaviTvaliswinoT.
arc maSin wydeba iolad problema, roca aRmosavlur qarTulSi, gansakuTrebiT ki mTis dialeqtebSi, mosalodneli sisina fonemis nacvlad SiSina gvaqvs:
mTiul. jonji
jonji || jenji
jenji || jinji
jinji (`ZonZi~);
fS., mTiul.-gud., qarTl., mesx. daWoW
daWoWva
WoWva,
va Sdr. gur. dawun
dawunwyva
wunwyva
(`wylis misxma, dasveleba~);
mox. Skami
Skami (`skami~);
qiz. jujua
jujua (`ZuZuka~)...
126

TiTqos gasaocaria, magram TuSursa da fSaur dialeqtebSi

SeiZleba Segvxvdes naTesaobiTi brunvis morfemis SiSina variantic
ki leqsemaSi kuSta
kuStavi
tavi,
vi kviSta
kviStavi
tavi,
vi Sdr. mTiul. kvirtavi (`kviristavi~).
specialur

literaturaSi (Fhnrich 1991: 17)

svanuri

lili-

cincre (`fleTa, creca~) dakavSirebulia qarTul cincvla

cincvlasTan,
cvla
Cven ki vfiqrobT, rom gacilebiT advilia misi Sesatyvisobis daSveba imerul, gurul da mesxur dialeqtebSi dadasturebul CinCCinC
ZirTan (Cin
CinCva
CinCva _ `creca, ZenZva~), rogorc fonematur-struqturuli, ise semantikuri TvalsazrisiT. Cveulebriv, leCxumuri Zirebi
imeoreben xolme svanurs, magram am SemTxvevaSi misi Cveneba (CimC
CimC-v-a
CimC
`daCrCilva~) qarTuli enis dialeqtTa SiSina variantebs asaxavs da,
bunebrivia, svanur CimC-
CimC
(`CrCili~)s ufro ukavSirdeba, vidre saliteraturo qarTulis CrC-ils.
CrC
mosalodneli sisinas nacvlad SiSina fonemis arseboba xSirad
SesaZloa aixsnas poziciur-kombinatoruli wesebis mixedviT qarTvelur enebSi, magram ara yovelTvis! sagulisxmoa, rom, rogorc specialistebi aRniSnaven, mTis kavkasiur enaTa umravlesoba (33-dan
daaxloebiT 20) e. w. `sisina jgufisaa~, qarTvelur enaTa Soris ki
sxvagvari ganawilebaa: Tu akad. n. maris terminologias moviSveliebT, e. w. `SiSina jgufis~ enebi metia, vidre `sisina jgufisa~ _
dRemde arsebuli komparativistuli gamokvlevebis mixedviT.
samwuxarod, cxovelTa, frinvelTa da mcenareTa amsaxveli
leqsika Zalze mwirad aris warmodgenili qarTvelologiur leqsikonebSi. Tu sagangebod SeviswavliT am TvalsazrisiT mTian samegrelos, SesaZloa aq aRmoCndes kidec xaqo
warTxa
aRmniSvnexaqoli
qoli (war
warTxali
Txali)s
li
li leqsema (W
W afrikatis Semcveli).
specialuri

dakvirvebebis

(xoWolava

2000:

418)

mixedviT,

`qrTuli enis kilour monacemebSi sakmaod xelSesaxebia zanizmebi

mcenareTa saxelwodebebSi. ivaraudeba, rom megruli warmomavlobis
sityvebi metwilad substratulia... araerTi saxelwodebis etimologia (aseve motivaciis safuZveli) gamWvirvale xdeba mxolod
zanur monacemTa gaTvaliswinebiT. amasTanave, dasturdeba iseTi
127

SemTxvevebic, rodesac esa Tu is zanuri warmoSobis saxelwodeba

ar Cans arc megrulSi da arc lazurSi, magram daculia qarTuli
enis romelime dialeqtSi~.
Zvel saqarTveloSi CrdiloeT kavkasiis erT-erT regions uwodebdnen WarT-al
(Sdr. sof. WarT-al-i
axmetisa da duSeTis
WarT al-{eT
al eT}-s
eT
WarT
raionebSi, agreTve Wart-al-i
xaragaulis raionSi). raki Cveni gansaWart
xilveli balaxi Tu mcenare, rogorc Cans, mxolod mTaSi xarobs,
mosalodnelia, rom am toponimSic iyos asaxuli misi saxelwodeba
(< *warTx
warTx-l
eT-i
warTx l-eT
eT i?). am TvalsazrisiT Zalze sainteresoa svaneTisa
da raWa-leCxumis qedis mwvervalTa masivis saxelwodeba WuTxa
WuTxaro
Txaro
(qarTulad) an WiTxri (svanurad), romelic specialur literaturaSi (oniani 1998: 4) dakavSirebulia wuTxal
wuTxalTan
(mniSvnelobis miTxal
uTiTeblad). WiTxri SesaZloa warTx-al
ZirTa svanur
warTx al/wuTx
al wuTx-al
wuTx alis
al
pirvelad (SiSina mkveTri afrikatis Semcvel) Sesatyvisad warmovidginoT (r
r sonoris inlautSi dakargva Cveulebrivi movlenaa qarTvelur enebSi). maSasadame, Cveni varaudis Sedegi aseT saxes iRebs:
qarT. werTx-/warTx
TxwerTx warTx-/wu
warTx wu{r
wu r}Tx
Tx : zan. WarT{x
WarT x} > WerTxWerTx (qarTul
mTis kiloebSi dadasturebuli): svan. *WarTx
WarTxWerTxWerTWarTx > *WerTx
WerTx > *WerT
WerT >
herdWerTxWirTxerd (zog dialeqtSi) an *WerTx
WerTx > *WirTx
WirTx > WiTxWiTx (sxva kiloebSi).
e > i procesisaTvis svanuri enis dialeqtebSi Sdr.: zs.
nebga da lSx. nibga,
nibga lnt. nigo
nigoba
goba.
ba
raki amosavali fonemaTSesatyvisobiT warmodgenil monacemebSi zanuri da svanuri erTmaneTs daemTxva, amitomac am ukanasknelma
rig dialeqtebSi gaiCina meoreuli (hh Tanxmovnis Semcveli) Sesatyvisoba, xolo qvemosvanurSi, romelSic, albaT arc arasdros
yofila xorxismieri fSvinvieri bgera, garkveuli fonetikuri procesebis (e
e > i, r sonoris dakargva) Sedegad miviReT zanurisgan
gansxvavebuli Ziri, oRond pirveladi W (qarTuli w fonemis Sesatyvisi) ar Secvlila (WiTx
WiTx-).
WiTx
e. i. Cvenma hipoTezebma qarT. w: zan. W: svan. W > h > SesatyvisobaSi qarT. warTx-al
fuZeSi warmodgenili Ziris carieli
warTx
adgilic Seavses zanurSi, xolo svanurSi W afrikats `varskvlavi~
128

moxsnes _ marTalia, Zalze rTuli gardaqmnebiT, magram, vfiqrobT,

mainc mivakvlieT meoreul SesatyvisobaTa amosaval dadasturebul
viTarebas svanurSi.
sul axlaxan Cveni yuradReba miiqcia m. Cuxuas erTma metad
saintereso,

Tumca

sakmaod

problematurma

dakavSirebam

(Cuxua

2004: 118-119). esaa:

qarTuli (zemoaWar.) wabl-a
`TeTri jiSis gogra~;
wabl a-
zanuri (Wan.) Wab-u
Wab u `TeTri fiTri~.
svanuri (Cubex.) Wb-{r
r} `TeTri fiTri~
sirTule Cndeba Ziriseul xmovanTan dakavSirebiT zanurSi iseve,
rogorc qarT. wam-al
wam al-i:
al zan. (Wan.) Wam-i
Wam i SepirispirebaTa SemTxvevaSi _
mosalodneli -o
o- xmovnis nacvlad gvaqvs -aa-; amitomac sruliad bunebrivia, rom m. Cuxua svams Zalze seriozul kiTxvas: `ratom ar moxda
a o gardaqmna?! iqneb saerToqarTvelur enaSi amosavali vokali
iyo e da ara a?~ sakiTxi Semdeg kvleva-Ziebas saWiroebso _ gaxazavs
gamokvlevis avtori da piro
pirobi
robiTad
biTad (xazi Cvenia _ i. C.) aRadgens
*web
web-l
web l- arqetips.
sagulisxmoa, rom qarTuli enis gurul dialeqtSi (romelic
Zalian axlos dgas aWarulTan), imerulsa da leCxumur kiloebSi
dadasturebul leqsemas xok-er
xok er-a
er a (`sqelkaniani gogra~) Seesabameba
web-ar
web ar-i
ar i (mayaSvili 1961: 315), romelSic daculia swored qarTvelur enaTa monacemebis amosavali -e
e- xmovani. garda amisa, misi -ar
arar
segmenti, romelic sufiqsi Cans, SesabamisobaSi modis svanuri enis
balsqvemouri dialeqtis Cubexeuri kilokavis Wb-r
Wb r formasTan. ase
rom webweb Ziri aRsadgeni aRar iqneba da m. Cuxuas saanalizo dakavSireba Cadgeba pirvelad fonemaTSesatyvisobaTa qarT. w : zan. W :
svan. W rigSi.
rac Seexeba n. mariseul (qarT. wab-l-i
: zan. Wub-ur-i
: svan.
wab
Wub
heb 1914: 3-4) an v. Tofuriasa (Tofuria 1979: 191) da arn.
Ciqobavas (qarT. bal-i
e-b
b / he-b
bal : zan. bul-i
bul : svan. h-e
he b _ Ciqobava
1938: 122) dakavSirebebs, aq SesaZloa vimsjeloT meoreuli fonemaTSesatyvisobis Sesaxeb, romelic saer
saerTo
erToqar
ToqarTve
qarTvelu
Tveluri
luri enis ganvi
ganviviTare
Tarebis
rebis Seda
Sedare
darebiT
rebiT gvian
gviande
andeli
deli peri
perio
riodisTvis
disTvis unda
unda yofi
yofili
filiyo
liyo dada129

maxa
maxasi
xasia
siaTebe
Tebeli
beli.
li imdenad rTuli aRmoCnda saqmis viTareba, rom 1995
wels germaniaSi (germanul enaze) da 2000 wels saqarTveloSi (qarTul enaze) gamocemul h. fenrixisa da z. sarjvelaZis `qarTvelur
enaTa etimologiur leqsikonSi~ balbal ZirTan svanuri ekvivalenti
araa naCvenebi da aRniSnulia, rom igi nasesxebia jer kidev qarTulzanuri erTianobis doneze. miuxedavad amisa, 2002 wels gamoqveynebul naSromSi "Kartwelische Wortschatzstudien", h. fenrixi kvlav ubrundeba svanur hebs,
heb ukavSirebs mas zemoxsenebul lazur WabWab (`TeTri
fiTri~) Zirs da saerToqarTvelur doneze aRadgens tebeb arqimorfemas, sadac anlautSi lateraluri fonema ivaraudeba.
amri
amrigad
rigad,
gad didi sifrTxile da Zalze skrupulozuri struqturul-semantikuri rekonstruqciebia saWiro pirvelad da meoreul
fonemaTSesatyvisobaTa urTierTmimarTebebis kvlevisas. Tu gaviziarebT specialur literaturaSi (suxiSvili 1985: 134) gamoTqmul
mosazrebas Zveli qarTuli m-rw
rw-em
Wem
rw em-i
em (`umcrosi~) da svanuri me-Wem
(`mimdevari~) leqsemebis ZirTa dakavSirebis Sesaxeb, maSin saqme gveqneba pirvelad fonemaTSesatyvisobaasTan, xolo, Tu Zvel qarTul
monacemebs sxva segmentaciiT warmovadgenT (m-rw
rw-em-i,
u-m-rw
rw-em-e-)
rw
rw
da maT SevupirispirebT svanur ma-hr
hr-n-e
<*ma-rh
rh-en-e
(`umcrosi~)
hr
rh
leqsemas, maSin ukve unda vimsjeloT meoreul fonemaTSesatyvisobaze.

Toward the interrelation of primary and secondary

phonemes correspondences in the Kartvelian
languages
Summary

Georg. w: Zan y: Svan *yy > h > phonemes correspondence still stands out
by problematic nature, as firstly, different researches (N. Marr, V. Topuria,
G. Rogava, T. Gamkrelidze, G. Machavariani, G. Klimov, H. Fhnrich,
M. Chukhua) suppose different archi-phonemes (*ww* ww or t)
t in origin and
secondary for Svan only the material reflecting a secondary, transitive stage
130

(h
h > ) has been obtained. Since the data containing primary y phoneme has not
been attested in Svan an analytical correspondence was considered to be doubtful in
special literature (Z. Sarjveladze).
Recently on this correspondence was focused special attention by
M. Chukhua who brought many examples in order to confirm it. For my standpoint
I consider to be noteworthy one Svan-Georgian opposition:
LB herdel,
herdel LS erdel ("kind of edible greens, with a long stalk, slightly sour"):
Georg. werTxa
werTxal-ii / warTxa
warTxal-ii ("alpine knotweed, a kind of plant).
It is noteworthy, that Arsen Oniani brought these data even for Upper Bal
dialect, but with -a vowel (hardl
dli
dl Kala, Mulakhi, cf.: hardel Becho). In
V. Topuria and M. Kaldani's "Svan dictionary" hardal (UB), ardal (Lashkh), ardal
(Lent.) occur with the meaning of "heat haze" (scorching heat") and which could be
connected with hardel / hardli lexemes (when this plant is needed for paint it is
boiled on high temperature). If my supposition is right then M. Chukhua's
transformation h US > LS that opposes Svan phonotactic rules will be cancelled.
US h > LS is a natural phenomenon.
It is noteworthy, that the name of the mentioned plant includes whistling as
well as hushing affricates in the mountain dialects of modern Georgian:
Khevs. warTxal-i
warTxal i // werTaxl-i
rTaxl i // werTxal-a
werTxal a, Mokh. werTxal-i
werTxal i // yerTxal-i
yerTxal i; Mtiul.
yerTxal-ii, yerTxel
yerTxel-aa cf.: literary Georgian warTxal
warTxal-ii (Polygonum alpinum: perennial
yerTxal
knot-grass of Polygonaceae family with branches ending with bunches of white
flowers: its stalk and leafs are used as yellow paint).
As it is seen, w // y variants express the same semantics not only in different
dialects but even in same (e. g. Mokhevian) ones.
Thus, till now for Svan an initial y phoneme was not observed in the material
reflecting Georg. w: Zan y: Svan. *yy > h > phonemes correspondence and in
werTxal-/warTxal
warTxal-: herdel
herdel/hardel
werTxal
warTxal
hardel opposition a place for Zan is empty for filling of
which, I think is suitable the data containing a hushing y affricate that was attested
in the mountain dialects of Georgian, especially Mokh., Khevs. werTxal
werTxal-: *Zan
yerTxel / yerTxal demonstrate natural regularity even from voicing standpoint.
Manifesting of hushing sibilants in the mountain dialects should not be
unexpected if we take into account parallel data of old Georgian and the dialects of
the modern Kartvelian languages:
I consider, that abovementioned diversity should reflect pre-differentiate
period of Common Kartvelian parent language in old Georgian and in the mountain
dialects of East Georgia. As regard hushing sibilants instead of or in parallel with
whistling ones in Gurian, Imeretian, Ajarian, Meskhurian and so on in this case a
131

main contribution still belongs to Zvan, though in some cases neither synchronic
assimilation is excluded in prop. Georgian dialects.
Unfortunately, the vocabulary reflecting animals, birds and plants is poor in
the Kartvelological dictionaries. If mountain ous Samegrelo is especially studied
from this view, it is possible that a lexeme (containing y affricate) expressing xaqoli
(warTxali
warTxali)
warTxali would occur.
In old Georgia one of regions of the North Caucasus was called yarT-al
yarT al-{eT
al eT}
eT
(cf.: village yarT-al
yarT al-i
al i in Dusheti region). As it is seen since an analytical plant or
grass grows only in mountain, it is expected that its name (< *warTx
warTx-l
eT-i
warTx l-eT
eT i?) would
be reflected in this toponym.
From this view, the name of massif of peaks of ridge of Svaneti and RachaLechkhumi yuTxaro (in Georgian) or wuTxal (in Svan) is noteworthy and is linked
with wuTxal (without pointing of meaning) in the special literature (Al. Oniani);
yiTxari could be considered to be a Svan primary correspondence (containing a
hushing affricate) of warTx/al
warTx al/wuTx
al wuTx-al
wuTx roots (lossing of r sonor in inlaut is a natural
phenomenon in the Kartvelian languages). Thus, a result of my supposition is thus:
Georg. werTx-/warTx
TxwerTx warTx-/wu
warTx wu{r
wu r}Tx
Tx : Zan yarT{x
yarT x} > yerTxyerTx (attested in the mount.
dialects of Georgian) : Svan *yarTx
yarTxyerTxyerTyarTx > *yerTx
yerTx > *yerT
yerT > herdherd (in some dialects) or
*yerTx
yerTx- > *yirTx
yirTxyerTx
yirTx > yitxyitx (in other sub-dialects). For e > i process in Svan dialects cf.:
US nebga and Lashk. nibga
nibga, Lent. nigoba
nigoba.
As in the data represented origin phonemes correspondence Zan and Svan
coincided to each other, due to it in some Svan dialects a secondary correspondence
(containing of h consonant) appeared and in Lower Svan in which a laryngeal
aspirated sound is possible it has never occurred, as a result of certain phonetic
processes (e > i, losing of a r sonor) there occurred a root different from Zan, but
primary y (correspondence of Georgian w phoneme) was not changed (yiTx
yiTx-).
yiTx
Thus, my hypothesis on Georg. w: Zan y: Svan y > h > correspondence in
Zan even filled an empty place of a root represented in Georg. warTx
warTx-al
al stem, as for
in Svan an "asterisk" was moved from y affricate though through complicated
transformations, but, I think, an origin attested situation of secondary correspondences
has been researched in Svan.

132

fone
Sesa
satyvi
fonem
nematur Se
satyviso
tyvisoba
sobaTa
baTa dama
damate
matebi
tebiTi
biTi sai
sailustra
lustracio
tracio
mona
monace
naceme
cemebi
mebi qarTve
qarTvelur
Tvelur enebSi
enebSi
Tavis droze eTnonimi somex
da megruli gvari Somax
somex-i
mex
Somax-ia
max
baqar gigineiSvilma erTmaneTs daukavSira, rac fonemaTSesatyvisobaTa kanonebidan amosvliT, ZiriTadad, damajerebelia (gigineiSvili
1975). Tu gavixsenebT imasac, rom svanuris laSxur dialeqtSi dadasturebulia Samax
(`metad Savgvremani~ _ dondua 2001: 330)
Samax-ia-
max
forma, maSin es fuZe yvela qarTvelur enaSi kanonzomieri SesatyvisebiT iqneba warmodgenili. svanuris mixedviT qarTulSic -aaxmovani aRdgeba (Sdr. svamex
lelT Runias metyvelebaSi ilia
svamex-i
mex
WavWavaZis `mgzavris werilebidan~), romlis fonematuri anareklia
megruli o). Tu araratis Zveli saxelwodebidan (`masis mTa~) amovalT,
maSinac -aa- xmovania savaraudo (*so
so-mas
so-mes
so mas-x
mas x > *so
so mes-x
mes x > somex
somex-i
mex _
n. mari an *mas
mas-x
sam-x
somx-x
mas x > *sam
sam x > *somx
somx x _ futkaraZe 2005: 156).
karga xnis win arli TayaiSvilma gamoTqva Zalze frTxili varaudi qva leqsemis fonologiuri dakavSirebis Sesaxeb imave semantikis svanur sityvasTan (bz., lnt. bC,
bC lSx. beC):
beC
*ba
baqav
baC > *baC
baC > bC,
baqav > *baC
bC rac Znelad sarwmunoa (TayaiSvili
1966: 243-250).
bC fuZis arqetipad ivaraudeba *be
beCa
bCa > bC _ v. TobeCa (> *bCa
furia, m. qaldni), Sdr. naT. br. bCS < *bC
bC-S
bCaiS
bC S < *bCa
bCaiS `qv-is~,
amitomac mas ver daukavSirdeba zemo svaneTis erT-erTi soflis
(be
beCo
beCo > beCi)
beCi saxelwodeba. miT ufro, rom leqsema beCo
beCo dRes Tavad
svanurSi gamoiyeneba `daTvis bunagis~ mniSvnelobiT: lSx. sga Rri
lelunTad deSd miCa larda beCoTsa
beCoTsa < beCo
beCo-Te
Co Te-isa
Te isa (sv. proz.
t., IV, 1979: 12, 21) _ `Sedis sazamTrod daTvi Tavis samyof bunagSi~.
arsebiTad imave semantikisaa qarTuli enis leCxumursa da imerul
dialeqtebSi dadasturebuli beCo
beCoc:
Co
a) daTvis bunagi gamoqvabulSi (m. alaviZe, m. Ciqovani);
b) Tevzisa da kibos sabudebeli Rru adgili mdinareSi (v. beriZe).
133

ver gaviziarebT simon yauxCiSvilis mier toponim baTom

gabaTomis
Tom
azrebas `kldovan, qvian qalaqad~, mis orsegmentovan fuZed daSlas
da pirveli komponentis (baT
baT-)
baT dakavSirebas svanur bCTan.
bC

Additional illustrative data of phonematic

correspondences in the Kartvelian languages
Summary

At some time Bakur Gigineishvili connected an ethnonym somex-i

somex i and
Megrelian Somax-ia
to each other that according to the laws of phonemes
Somax
correspondence is mainly, convincing (Gigineishvili 1975). If we remember, that in
the Lashkhian dialect of Svan a form Samax-ia
Samax ia-
ia ("too swarthy" Dondua 2001:
330) is attested then this stem will be represented with regular correspondence in all
Kartvelian languages.
A long time ago Arli Taqaishvili expressed a coutious supposition on
phonological connection of a qva lexeme with a Svan word of the same semantics
(UB., Lent. bC
bC, Lashkh. beC
beC).
*baqav
baqav > *baC
baC > *baC
baC > bC is not extremely trustworthy.
*beCa
beCa /(> *bCa
bCa > bC V. Topuria, M. Kaldani) is supposed to be an archetype of bC stem, cf.: gen. case bCS < *bC
bC-S
bC
S < *bCaiS
bCaiS "of a stone", owing to
this the name of one village of Upper Svan (beCo
beCo > beCi)
beCi can not be connected
with it. Moreover, in Svan the lexeme beCo is used with the meaning of "a bear's
den": Lashkh.: sga Gri lelunTad deSd miCa larda beCoTsa < beCo
beCo-Te
Te-isa
Te
isa
(Sv. prose, v. IV, 19..., 12: 21) "In winter a bear enters its den".
Basically beCo attested in the Lechkhumian and Imerian dialects of Georgian
is also of same semantics:
a) a bear's den in a cave (M. Alavidze, M. Chikovani);
b) a cavity dwelling place for a fish and crab (V. Beridze).
I can not share Simon Qaukhchishvili's interpretation on a toponym batom
as "a rocky, stony town", its decompositing into two-segmented stem and
connecting of the first component (bat-) with Svan b.

134

Tanxmo
Tanxmovan
xmovanTa
vanTa har
harmoni
moniu
niuli kompleq
kompleqsis
pleqsis amosa
amosava
savali
vali
viTa
viTare
Tarebi
rebisa
bisaTvis
saTvis qarTve
qarTvelur
Tvelur enebSi
enebSi
harmoniuli kompleqsebi warmoadgenen qarTvelur enaTa fonologiuri sistemis maxasiaTebel specifikur elementebs, amitomac
isini, Cveulebriv, stabilurobiT gamoirCevian qarTulSi, svanurSi,
megrulsa Tu lazurSi, Tumca monawileoben fonemaTSesatyvisobebSic garkveuli variaciebiT; savaraudoa, rom kompleqs
kompleqsTa
pleqsTa kompo
komponen
ponennentebs Soris
Soris qarTve
qarTvelur
Tvelur fuZe
fuZee
ZeenaSi
naSi raRac
raRac xmova
xmovanic
vanic yofi
yofili
filiyo
liyo.
yo
amjerad ganvixilavT fxfx kompleqss da Cveni debulebis sailustraciod moviyvanT Sesabamis magaliTebs qarTuli da svanuri enebidan:
a) qarTuli enis fSaursa da xevsurul dialeqtebSi gvxvdeba
-fxr
fxrfxr (`Ria~), ga-fxr
fxr-ev-eb-a
(`gaRefxr Ziris Semcveli leqsemebi: fxr-e
fxr
ba~), romlebic hainc fenrixma daukavSira svanur fxr-a,
li-fxer
fxer,
fxr
fxer
li-fxr
fxr-e
fxr (`Tvalis gaxela~) fuZeebs (Fhnrich 2002: 33; 2007: 452).
b) Cven vfiqrobT, rom rogorc qarTul, ise svanur leqsemaTa
-fx
fxfx

Ziri

SeiZleba

davukavSiroT

qarT.

da-fax
fax-ul-eb-a,
fax

imer.

fax-ur-i,
da-fax
fax-ur-eb-a
fuZeebsac. vvaraudobT, rom svanuri leqsefax
fax
ma Tavis droze `Tvals~ aRniSnavda (Sdr. Tanamedrove fxule
fxule
`TiTi~). ase rom, fx-ul
fax-ul
fax-ul
<*fax
fax-ul
i
fx ul-e
ul e <*fax
fax ul-e
ul e <*fax
fax ul-e
ul e-
fax ul-e
ul e-i
<*fax
fax-ul
i. imave procesebs vgulisxmobT uSguluri fx-ol
fax ul-a
ul a-i
fx ol-e
ol es
SemTxvevaSic. am ZirSi rom -aa- xmovania sagulvebeli, kargad Cans
laSxuri fox (`TiTi~) variantidan, romelic *fax
faxfax Zirisgan unda
momdinareobdes anlautis labialur fonemasTan kontaqtis Sedegad.
sayuradReboa lentexuri fx-il
fx il-e
il ec, romelSic u xmovnis umlauti
(-i
i-)
e xmovans, rac svanuri enis am dialeqtisi gamouwvevia meoreul -e
Tvis sruliadac araa ucxo movlena: *fax
fax-ul
i > *fax
fax-ul
i >
fax ul-a
ul a-i
fax ul-e
ul e-i
*fax
fax-ul
> *fax
fax-ul
fax ul-e
ul e-
fax ul-e
ul e > fx-ul
fx ul-e
ul e > lnt. fx-il
fx il-e
il e (Sdr. futkaraZe
2005: 294).
g) merab Cuxua svan.ur fxras
mxel-/
fxra ukavSirebs qarTul -mxel
mxel
-mxil
mxilmxel-s,
a-mxil
mxil-a,
ma-mxil
mxil-eb-el-i,
sa-mxil
mxil-i)
mxil fuZeebs (Sdr. a-mxel
mxel
mxil
mxil
mxil
da miaCnia, rom amosavalia sonori l (Cuxua 2000-2003: 246).
135

Towards the initial picture of harmonic complex

of consonants in the Kartvelian languages
Summary

Harmonic complexes are specific elements characteristic of a phonological

system of the Kartvelian languages. Owing to it they usually are distinguished by
stability in Georgian, Svan, Megrelian and Laz, though they take part in phonemes
correspondences in certain variations. It is assumed, that there should have been a
vowel among complex components in a Kartvelian parent language.
At present I will discuss fxfx complex and bring relevant examples from
Georgian and Svan in order to illustrate my proposition:
a) In the Pshavian and Khevsurian dialects of Georgian there occur the
lexemes containing -fxr
fxrfxr-ev-eb-a
"to open". Heinz
fxr root: fxr-e
fxr "open", ga-fxr
fxr
Fhnrich connected these lexemes with Svan stems fxr
fxr-a, li-fxer
fxer, li-fxr
fxr-e
fxer
fxr
"opening an eye".
b) I believe, that a -fx
fxfx root of Georgian as well as Svan lexemes could be
linked with Georg. da-fax
fax-ul-eba, Imer. fax
fax-ur-I , da-fax
fax-ur-eb-a, (Ushg.) stems.
fax
fax
I suppose, that at some time Svan lexeme denoted "an eye" (cf.: modern *TiTi
TiTi
"finger"). Thus, fx
fx-ul
ul-ee < *fax
fax-ul
ul-ee < *fax
fax-ul
ul-ee- < *fax
fax-ul
ul-ee-ii < *pax
ax-ul
ul-aa-ii.
ul
fax
ul
fax
ul
fax
ul
ax
ul
I suppose the same processes in Ushgulian fx
fx-ol
ol-ee. The fact that in this root aol
vowel is supposed is clearly seen from Lashkhian pox- "finger" variant and that
should have been originated from *fax
faxfax root. Lentekhian fx-il
fx il-e
il e is also
noteworthy in which an umlaut of a u- vowel (-i
i-) was caused by a secondary -e
i
vowel that is not unfamiliar for this dialect of Svan: *fax
fax-ul
ul-aa-ii > *fax
fax-ul
ul-ee-ii >
fax
ul
fax
ul
*fax
fax-ul
ul-ee- > *fax
fax-ul
ul-ee > *fx
fx-ul
ul-ee > Lent. fx
fx-il
il-ee.
fax
ul
fax
ul
fx
ul
il
c) Mr. M. Chukhua connects Svan fxra with Georgian -mxel
mxel-/-mxil
mxil- stem
mxel
mxil
(cf.: -a-mxel
mxel-s,
mxil-a,
mxil-eb-el-i,
sa-mxil
mxil-i)
mxel a-mxil
mxil ma-mxil
mxil
mxil and considers, that a sonor
phoneme is initial (Chukhua 2000-2003: 246).

136

Ziris
Ziris seman
semanti
mantiku
tikuri
kuri vari
varia
riacie
ciebi qarTve
qarTvelur
Tvelur enebSi
enebSi
`sxvadasxva jgufis enaTa istoriul-SedarebiTi Seswavlisas
amosavali enobrivi struqturebis Sinagani Tu SedarebiTi rekonstruqciis TvalsazrisiT, imTaviTve arsebiTi yuradReba mieqca sityvis
pirveladi fuZis (resp. Ziris) agebulebis, misi genezisis formalur
da semantikur safuZvlebs... xSirad is, rac monaTesave enebis monacemebiT perspeqtivis saxiT ikveTeba, sruliad advilad ikiTxeba
retrospeqtuli TvalsazrisiTac~ (arabuli 20001: 309, 319).
Tanamedrove qarTvelur enebSi degg- Ziri polisedeg > dgdg > -g
miurobiT gamoirCeva. amjerad Cveni yuradReba miiqcia misma samma
mniSvnelobam (`dgoma; ageba~ da `dabrmaveba~), romelTagan mesame
alegoriuli xasiaTisa Cans.
pirveli semantikuri maxasiaTebeli Tavis droze gaanalizes:
mose janaSvilma, gerhardt deetersma, arnold Ciqobavam da giorgi
klimovma, xolo hainc fenrixma da zurab sarjvelaZem deg-/dg
deg dgdg Ziri
am mniSvnelobiT ivaraudes mxolod qarTul-zanur enaTa erTianobis epoqisaTvis (fenrixi-sarjvelaZe, 1990: 98-99). mogvianebiT zurab
sarjvelaZem calke warmoadgina am Ziris mesame niuansi (`dabrmaveba~),
daukavSira is `qrobis~ aRmniSvnel svanur li-deg
deg (vneb. gv.), li-dg
dg-e
dg
(moqm.gv.) masdarebsa Tu maTgan momdinare pirian formebs da dasva
sakiTxi ori omonimuri deg-/dg
deg dgdg Ziris urTierTmimarTebis Sesaxeb
(sarjvelaZe, 1999), magram Semdeg amaze msjeloba aRar gaugrZelebia.
giorgi klimovisTvis li-gem
gem (`a-g
g-eb-a, aSeneba~) momdinareobs
preqarTveluri *dgem
dgem:
dgem dgm arqiformisagan, romelic imTaviTve niSnavda `dgoma's~ (Sdr. megruli dg-um-a
`dadgma~, lazuri do-dg
dg-in-u
`dadg
dg
dgoma~; `gaCereba~, svanuri li-gn
gn-e
gen-e
gn < lnt. li-gen
gen `dgoma, gaCereba~).
vfiqrobT, rom -om
om,
um,
em,
en,
in qarTul-zanur-svanurSi
om -um
um -em
em -en
en -in
iseTi sufiqsebia, romlebic saerToqarTvelur enaSive unda arsebuliyo, xolo degg- variantebi odiTganve unda gvqonoda.
deg > dgdg > -g
137

maT Soris iseTive mimarTeba SeiZleba warmovidginoT, rogoric

qarTuli a-dg
dg-il
la-g
dg il-/a
il a-la
la g- fuZeebis (amgvari distribuciisaTvis ix.
i. yifSiZe, v. Tofuria, i. qavTaraZe, h. fogti, m. beriZe) SemTxvevaSi;
Sdr. gur., imer., leCx., megr. a-r{d
d}g
g-il-i, zemosvan., lnt. -dg
dg-il,
dg
qvemosvan. a-dg
dg-il|a-rg
rg-il
`adgili~, lnt. -rg
rg-il
`salocavi adgidg
rg
rg
li~, uSg. a-rg
rg-i-s,
zs., lnt. -g
g-i-s `Sin~, Col. u-rg
rg-il
a-g
g-i-s `uadrg
rg
1
gilo adgilas~, bz. -rg
rg-l-iS-r/g
gSr
< *dg
dgSr
< *-dg
dg-i-iS-r
rg
g
dg
dg

< *-dg
dg-il-iS-r
< *-dg
dg-il-iS-ar-e
`saxleulni, Sinaurebi, ojaxis
dg
dg
wevrebi~ < qarT. `a-dg
dg-il-is-an-i~;
uSg. na-i-rg
rg-il-,
lSx. n-rg
rg-il
dg
rg
rg
`Sinauri < `na-a-dg
dg-il-ev-i
(cxoveli an frinveli)~, bq. la-n-g
g/na- n-g
g
dg
`deduleTi~ (< `sa-de-do adgili~, Sdr. zs. nana
g-i
i
nana ~deda, bebia~ + -g
`adgili~). rogorc specialuri literaturidanaa cnobili, Zvel
qarTul werilobiT Zeglebsa da Tanamedrove qarTvelur enebSi sonorTa inlautSi CarTva Cveulebrivi movlenaa, ase rom, -r
r- Tavdapirvelad zemoaRniSnul monacemebSi, albaT, arc unda yofiliyo.
egebis d/r
r monacvleobasTanac gvaqvs saqme?! _ Sdr. qarT.
sa-dg
dg-is-i
_ svan. (Col.) sa-rg
rg-is.
es fuZeebi Tavis droze qarTuldg
rg
megrul monacemebze dayrdnobiT (sa-dg
dg-is-i_o-dg
dg-iS-i)
erTmaneTs
dg
dg
Seupirispira aleqsandre cagarelma (1880: 11), xolo giorgi klimovma
qarTul-zanuri erTianobis xanisTvis aRadgina *(s)a-dg
dg-is
dg 1 arqetipi
(1964: 168; 1998: 173) da misi Ziri daukavSira deg-/dg
am SesaZdeg dg-'s.
dg
leblobas ar uaryofen hainc fenrixi da zurab sarjvelaZe, Tumca
Sesabamisi

leqsemebi

mainc

calke

statiebadaa

gamoyofili

maT

`qarTvelur enaTa etimologiur leqsikonSi~ (2000: 166-168).

1

mosalodneli iyo gSr (Sdr. uSg. -rg

rg-i
rg i `Sin~), Tu, rasakvirvelia,

Cveni morfonologiuri analizi sworia, magram gi fuZis anlauti arasodes

Seicavs grZel xmovans, garda eliziuri SemTxvevebisa (am mxriv Zalze sagulisxmoa
akaki SaniZis mier 1921 wels mestiaSi gakeTebuli SeniSvna: labg gis/
gis
labg'
ganis iotaciiT. srulad iqneboda: labga gis
labg'gis gamoiTqmis: labggis
labggis (g
(`svanuri prozauli teqstebi, I, 1939: 449). maincdamainc iotacia ratomaa
xazgasmuli, ramdenadme gaugebaria, radganac la-bg
g-i
i-s
s (`samagr adgilas~)
la bg-a
bg a -g
sintagmis Serwyma sruliad bunebrivad mogvcemda umlautian xmovans inlautSi.

138

Zvel qarTulSi g-eb-a masdars Svidi mniSvneloba aqvs, maT Sorisaa da-dg
dg-m-ac.
`Ramis gasaTev adgils~ balszemourad l-g
g-n-a
dg
(`sa-dg
dg-om-i~)
ewodeba, romelsac balsqvemour dialeqtSi la-s-dg
dg-om
dg
dg
(`sa-sa-dg
dg-om-e~)
Seesabameba. Colurul kilokavSi `sa-dg
dg-am-i~
aris
dg
dg
sa-dg
dg-m-el-i~_
le-g
em.
sa dg-m
dg m,
m xolo `sa-dg
dg
le g-em
em `zRurblis~ aRsaniSnavad
gamoyenebulia la-g
g-i
i (`sa
sa-dg
dg-il
la g--g
sa dg-am
dg am-i
am i a-dg
dg il-i
il i~).
mxolod svanur enaSi ar dasturdeba degg- safexudeg > dgdg > -g
rebi (Sdr. Zveli qarTuli sa-g-ar-i _ `brZolis adgili~, romelic,
SesaZloa, momdinareobdes mimReobisagan sa-dg
dg-ar-i,
Tu aq amosavlad
dg
ar ivaraudeba sa-ng
ng-ar-i
an sa-gr
gr-ob-a
_ `brZola, Rvawli~). dggng
gr
dg > -g
dadasturebulia lazuris aTinur kilokavSic (Ciqobava 1938: 268).
sagulisxmoa, rom megrulSi gvxvdeba rogorc dg-in-a,
ise g-er-in-a
dg
(`dg
dg-om-a~).
dg
vfiqrobT, -dg
dgdg Ziri unda ivaraudebodes Colurul formaSi
a-da-dg
dg-m-il-e
(`abinavebs~, Sdr. Zv. q. a-dg
dg-om-ili
`amdgari~, dg-omdg
dg
dg
il-i `fexmZime~ da qarTuli dialeqturi varianti `a-dg
dg-om-il-eb-s~).
dg
iseTi STabeWdilebaa, rom `dgomis, gaCerebis, qrobis, kvdomis, agebisa Tu aSenebis~ semantikas saerToqarTvelur enaSi gadmoscemda
sxvadasxva sufiqsiT garTulebuli rogorc degg- Ziri,
deg > dg-,
dg ise -g
romelTagan

qronologiurad,

albaT,

pirveli

uswrebda

meores

(Sdr. agreTve afxazuri aglara

aglara `dgoma~).
da-dg
dg-om-a
da da-dg
dg-r-om-a
Zvel teqstebSi erTmaneTis paraledg
dg
lurad

gamoiyeneba

identuri

semantikiT

(`gaCereba,

dabanakeba,

Sewyveta, gaZleba, dabrmaveba~). `dadgroma~ r sonoris metaTezisis

variantebsac warmogvidgens: `da
dadrgo
dadrgomad
drgomad,
mad dadrgo
dadrgomi
drgomili
mili,
li daad
daadrga
adrga,
rga
davad
SesaZloa,
davadrgeT
vadrgeT,
rgeT daad
daadrges
adrges,
rges dava
davader
vadergiT
dergiT,
giT daa
daadergiT
dergiT,
giT daa
daaderg~...
derg
es igive r iyos, romelic qarTuli enis gurul, imerul, leCxumur
dialeqtebSi (ar
ardg
ar{d
gili
rgil)
ardgi
dgili),
li megrulsa (ar
ar d}gi
gili)
li da svanurSia (rgil
rgil
dadasturebuli.
rom svanuri ligne
en-e
ligne (< lnt. li-g
li g-en
en e) `adgoma, {da}dgoma~ da
ligem
ligem `{a}Seneba, ageba; dadgma~ istoriulad mxolod sufiqsebiT
gansxvavebuli erTidaigive -g
g- (< dg-)
dg Ziria, kargad Cans balszemou139

ri da lentexuri dialeqtebis sintagmebidan (Te-s x--g

g-n-e < lnt.
x--g
g-en
en-e,
erTi mxriv, da Te-s x--g
g-em
em,
en
em meore mxriv _ `Tvals
adgams~).
yuradRebas iqcevs svanuri l-g
g (`dgas~), l-g
g-n
n-{d
n d-aa} (`idga~)
formebi, sadac piriseul prefiqssa da Zirs Soris warmodgenili ,
SesaZloa iyos dgdg ZirSi anlautis Tanxmovnis dakargvis Sedegad miRebuli sakompensacio sigrZis asaxva. mosalodnelia, vinmes gauCndes
eWvi misi anaptiqsurobis Sesaxebac1, magram sulac ar iyo aucilebeli amgvari fonemis sigrZe. a-g
g-ss/la
la-g
g an x-
-g
g-nn-i
i (`WeSmarit
la g-aa-ss x--g
gzas adgas~ an `edgomeba~) swored imaze miuTiTbs, rom a da e xmovnebis sigrZe a+, e+ kompleqsisgan momdinareobs.
axla, rac Seexeba e. w. pirvelad masdariseul bq., qs. deg-a,
deg
bz. dg-a
dg a (`qroba, davseba, gaRatakeba~, Sdr. li-deg
li deg,
deg li-dg
li dg-e
dg e) da
dag-ar
dag ar,
ar dag-r
dag r-aa (`sikvdili~, Sdr. li-dg
li dg-r
dg r-i
r i < li-dag
li dag-r
dag r-i
r i `kvdoma~)
formaTa urTierTmimarTebebs: vfiqrobT, rom aqac erTsadaimave
ZirTan gvaqvs saqme; dagra
deg-ar
dagra,
gra albaT, miviReT degdeg Zirisagan (*deg
deg ar-a
ar a >
*dag
dag-ar
e+aa > +aa > aa)
dag ar-a
ar a > dag-r
dag r-aa) e. w. velaruli umlautis (e
aa
safuZvelze (qaldani 1969). yovelive amas, Tavis mxriv, exmianeba
Zvel qarTul enaSi dadasturebuli da-dg
om-il
da-deg
da dg-r
dg r-om
om il-i
il i < *da
da deg-er
deg erer
om-il
om il-i
il i (`damdgari, dayenebuli, gaCerebuli, Sewyvetili), Sdr.
da-v
dg-er
dg-er
da v-aa-dg
dg er,
er da-a
da a-dg
dg er,
er ...
ukanasknel xanebSi

saanalizo

Zirma mkvlevarTa yuradReba

kidev erTxel miipyro. warmodgenilia metad saintereso msjeloba,

magram Cven mainc ver gaviziarebT, svanuri rgi leqsemis megruli
ardgi
ardgili
dgili'
li'dan ganviTarebulobis (gordeziani 1985: 99) varauds, verc
dgdg Ziris -zg
zgli zg-e
zg (Sdr. svan. li-zg
zg e `saxloba~ _ Cuxua 2000-2003: 103)
an arsebobis aRmniSvnel -g
g- (Sdr. Zv. q. h-g
g-i
i-e
e-ss)2 ZirebTan dakavSirebas
(Tofuria 1942: 150; arabuli 2001: 238-239; beriZe 2005: 235),
radganac qarTvelur enaTa dRemde dadgenili kanonzomieri fone1

Sdr. svanur fuZedrekad zmnebSi (deg

deg-n-i
`qreba~, sed-n-i
`rCeba~, ...)
deg
sed

Ziriseuli xmovanTkompleqsis anaptiqsuri xmovniT gaTiSviT axsnis SesaZlebloba

(deg
deg-n
i < lnt. deg-en
d g-en
en-i
deg n-i
deg en-i
en i < *d
en i: gamyreliZe, maWavariani 1965: 212).

140

maTSesatyvisobebis sistema, svanuri fonotaqtikisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli wesebi da semantikuri wiaRsvlebi ar iZleva amis SesaZleblobas. marTalia, Zvel qarTulSi dg-om
dg om-a
om a `arsebobasac~ aRniSnavs,
xolo dg-m
dg m-aa `qona-yolasac~, magram, ZiriTadad, metaforuli xasiaTis
frazebsa da idiomatur gamoTqmebSi.
dgg- gadasvlebi svanur enaSi ar dasturdeba. garda
dg > zgzg > -g
amisa, gaugebaria, ratom unda momdinareobdes zisyzisy gisygisy formisagan
(romelsac, albaT, aRdgenis niSanic unda hqonoda!)?! fonetikurad
gacilebiT advili warmosadgenia is qronologiuri safexurebi,
romlebic

dRemde

cnobili

iyo

specialur

literaturaSi:

*grwyil
grwyilgirwyil
jisygrwyil > *gir
girwyilwyil > *jisy
jisy > zisy `rwyili~ (maWavariani 1965: 65).
Tavis droze -g
g- Zirs xedavdnen varlam Tofuria da vukol
beriZe araerT qarTulsa da svanur sityvaSi: a-g
g-eb
eb-s
g-eb
eb-s
eb s, mi-a
mi a-g
eb s,
da-a
da a-g
g-eb
eb-s
an-i
sa g-an
an-i
ga g-nn-eb
eb-a
mi g-nn-eb
eb-a
Se g-nn-eb
eb-a
ga g-eb
eb-a
eb s, g-an
an i, sa-g
an i, ga-g
eb a, mi-g
eb a, Se-g
eb a, ga-g
eb a;
-g
g-i `adgili, saxli~, iSgn-
g `sxvagan~, Ci-
g `yvelgan~, i-mm-ss-g
g-iS
iS
iSgn -g
Ci -g
`sadauri~, e-CC-g
g-iS
iS `iqauri~ (beriZe 1940: 381-388; Tofuri 1942,
147-151).
amrigad, degg- Ziris variaciebi saerToqarTveluri
deg > dgdg > -g
donis kuTvnilebaa,

sxvadasxva fonetikuri

procesis moqmedebis

Sedegad miRebuli; misi nair-nairi semantikuri niuansebic (`dgoma,

dayeneba, gaCereba, Sewyveta, kvdoma, dabrmaveba, Caqroba, ageba, aSeneba~)
imTaviTve unda arsebuliyo.
sarToqarTveluri *deg
deg-er
deg er,
er romelic Zvel qarTulSi dg-er
dg er
formiTaa warmodgenili, svanur -aa sufiqsian abstraqtul saxelSi
(resp. pirvelad masdarSi) aucileblad mogvcemda dagra
dagra'
gra's (Sdr. zs.,
lSx. dagar
dagar `sikvdili~).
maSasadame, amosavalia degdeg Ziri, romelic SesaZloa garTuldes -om
om (qarT. dg-om
deg-om
er-om
om-a
degdg om-a
om a <*deg
deg om-a
om a), -er
er om (qarT. dg-r
dg r-om
om a < *deg
deg
r-om
om-a
deg-er
em (svan. li-g
m <*li
li-dg
li-deg
om a < *deg
deg er-om
er om-a
om a), -em
li g-m
li dg-em
dg em < *li
li deg-em
deg em),
em
-en
en (zemosvan., lSx. li-g
e < lnt. li-gen
li-dg
lili g-nn-e
li gen-e
gen e <*li
li dg-en
dg en-e
en e <*li
li
deg-en
deg en-e
en e);

-er
er

(svan.

dag-r
dag r-aa

<*dag
dag-ar
deg-ar
dag ar-a
ar a <*deg
deg ar-a
ar a

<*deg
deg-er
deg er-a
er a)

sufiqsebiT.
141

Semantic variations of the root

in the Kartvelian languages
Summary

The variations of roots deg- > dg- > g belong to the Common Kartvelian
level. These alternations are the result of different phonetic processes. Various
semantic forms of these variations such us : to stand , to stop , to die, to put out, to
build should have existed from the beginning. Common Georgian *deg-er which in
Old Georgian is represented in the form dger, would inevitably give dagra (comp.
dagar) in Svan abstract nouns with suffix -a on the basis of the rule of velar umlaut.
In the modern Kartvelian languages deg-/dg- roots are distinguished by polysemantic features. At present my attention was focused on two meanings ("rising,
constructing" and "turning blind") of which the second seems to be allegoric.
The first semantic nuance in Georgian-Zan has already been analyzed by:
Mose Janashvili, Gerhard Deeters, Arnold Chikobava and Giorgi Klimov. Heinz
Fhnrich and Zurab Sarjveladze supposed deg-/dg- root with this meaning only for
unity epoch of the Georgian-Zan languages. Later (1999) Zurab Sarjveladze
represented the second nuance of this root separately ("turning blind"), he
connected it with Svan li-deg (Passive voice), li-dg-e (Active voice) masdars and
with the forms originated from them denoting "disappearing" and put a question on
interrelation of two omonymic *deg-/dg- roots, but he did not continue discussion
on it.
For Giorgi Klimov, li-gem ("a-g-eb-a" "constructing", "building") is
originated from pre-Kartvelian *dgem: dgm archi-form, that means dg-om-a
"standing" (cf.: Megrelian dg-um-a, "putting"; Laz do-dg-in-u "standing, stopping";
Svan li-g-ne < Lent. li-g-en-e "standing, stopping").
I believe, that -om, -um, -em, -en, -in in Georgian-Zan-Svan are such
suffixes which should have existed in Common Kartvelian language and dg- > -gvariants should have occurred since then (in other case for compensatory of a lost
consonant in Svan there should have been a long vowel). Between them should
have been such relation like between Georgian a-dg-il-/a-la-g- stems (for such
distribution see I. Qipshidze, V. Topuria, I. Kavtaradze, H. Vogt, M. Beridze): cf.:
Gur., Imer., Lechkh., Megr. ar{d}gil-i, LS ar-gil "a place", Lent. rgil. "praying
place", Ushg. argi-s, UB, Lent. gi "at home", Chol. u-rg-il a-g-i-s "inappropriate
place", UB rg-l-i-r/-g--r, Lashkh. a-rg-l--ar/a-g-i-ar "family members <
a-dg-il-is-an-i; Ushg. na-i-rg-il-
, Lashkh. n-rg-il domestic < na-a-dg-il-ev-i
142

(animal or bird); in UB "an overnight place" is called l-g-n-a ("sa-dg-om-i"

"dwelling place"). In LB dialect it is corresponded by l-a-s-dg-om ("sa-sa-dg-om-e",
"dwelling place").
As it is well known from the special literature in old Georgian written texts
and in modern Kartvelian languages occurring of r in inlaut is natural. Thus, firstly
r should have not occurred in abovementioned data.
Recently an analytical root again focused researchers' attention. A very
noteworthy discussion is represented, but I can not share the supposition on
originating of a Svan rgi lexeme from Megrelian argil-i (R. Gordeziani), either
the connecting of dg- root with -zg- (cf. Svan li-zg-e "family members") and with
-g- denoting "existing" (cf. Old Georg. h-g-i-e-s) roots (V. Topuria, A. Arabuli,
M. Beridze) as a system of natural phonemes correspondences of the Kartvelian
languages established up today, the rules characteristic of Svan phono-tactics and
semantic researches can not give such opportunity.

143

wul-/
wul WuSWuS ZirTa
ZirTa urTi
urTier
TierTmi
erTmimar
TmimarTe
marTebi
Tebisa
bisaTvis
saTvis
qarTve
qarTvelur
Tvelur enebSi
enebSi
Tavis droze (1999 w.) Cven vexebodiT wulwul > wil da WuS >
WS ZirTa arsebobis relatiuri qronologiis sakiTxebs qarTvelur sazogado saxelebSi, axla ki yuradRebas mivaqcevT imave Zirebidan nawarmoeb anTroponimebs.
pirvelive teqstSi, romelic Cven kodoris (resp. dalis) xeobaSi CaviwereT, laparakia cnobil monadiresa da saxelganTqmul moWidaveze baTalbi wulu
wuluki
lukiZe
kiZeze
Zeze,
ze visac rva ena (svanuri, qarTuli, megruli, afxazuri, yaraCauli, rusuli, berZnuli, somxuri) scodnia.
dRes am gvaris warmomadgenlebi qvemo aJaraSi cxovroben da moicaven xuT Sto-gvars, romelTagan sami filiaciuri sistema emyareba
nagenetivar warmoebas (xu
xuxu
Sr < oman
xuxu-Sr
xu Sr < xuxu
xuxu-Sa
xu Sa-er
Sa er,
er oman
omana-Sr
omanaSa-er
Sa er,
er Cgi-Sr
Cgi Sr < Cgi-Sa
Cgi Sa-er
Sa er),
er xolo ori _ mravlobiTi ricxvis saxelobiTi brunvis formas (baTlbi
baTlbi-r
baTlbi r,
r jS-ild
jS ild-r
ild r).
r
nacvlad wulukiZisa, romelic sakmaod gavrcelebulia saqarTveloSi, gansakuTrebiT ki _ imereTsa da aWaraSi (2272 suli), svaneTSi mosalodneli iyo wulu
wuluki
lukia
kiani;
ni gvaqvs kidec _ 65 adamianidan
28 cxovrobs mestiis raionSi (ZiriTadad, sofel farSi), xolo danarCenebi _ leCxumSi, Tbilissa da zugdidSi.
saocaria, magram faqtia, rom wulwul Ziridan nawarmoebi arc
erTi svanuri gvari ar gvxvdeba Zvel warwerebsa Tu istoriul dokumentebSi, saojaxo-sagvareulo mosaxseneblebSi, e. w. sulTa matianeebsa Tu garkveul sigel-gujrebSi. samagierod, XIII saukuneSi kninobiTobis -il
il sufiqsis Semcveli gvaria dadasturebuli _ esaa
WuS-il
WuS il-ian
il ian-i
ian i (ingoroyva 1941: 129), romelic qarTuli, svanuri da
megruli gvarebisa (wul
wul-a
Ze,
Ze,
wul a-Ze
Ze wul-uk
wul uk-i
uk i-Ze
Ze wul-uk
wul uk-ian
uk ian-i
ian i, wul-uk
wul uk-ia
uk ia ||
wul-ik
i-skir
skir-i
ia,
wul-a
ia)
wul ik-ia
ik ia,
ia wul-e
wul e-i
skir i, wul-a
wul a-ia
ia iSviaTad r-wul
wul a-ia
ia da toponimebis (wul
wul-iS
wul-u
wul iS-i
iS i `mTa CrdiloeT samegreloSi~, na-r
na r-wul
wul u `vake-ferdobebi arjaniebis samosaxlosTan~) konteqstSi unda ganvixiloT. `me144

sxeTSi dRes nawisqvilars hqvia wul-uk

T wisqvili, xolo Walas _
wul uk-a
uk a-T
Wul-uk
T Wala. 1944 wlamde sofel tatanisSi cxovrobdnen wulWul uk-a
uk a-T
wul
uk-i
Ze-eb
Sv-il
uk i-Ze
Ze eb-i
eb i da Wul-uk
Wul uk-a
uk a-Sv
Sv il-eb
il eb-i
eb i. am gvaris xalxi dRevandel mesxeTSi aRaraa, magram toponimiam maTi kvali Semogvinaxa _ sagvareulo
saxelebi wul-uk
an-i
an-i
wul uk-a
uk a-an
an i da Wul-uk
Wul uk-a
uk a-an
an i naTesaobiTi brunvis formiT
SemogvrCa~ (beriZe 2010: 183).
laSxeTSi, sofel CixareSSi, oqon-dabiSis eklesiis erT warweraSi (XVII s.), dasaxelebulia TeTrua laSxiSvilis qali, romelic
Tavis SvilTan _ qaixosro wulukiZesTan erTad moxseniebulia nikorwmindis taZris XVII saukunis mxedrul warweraSic (silogava
1988: 659), xolo vinme merab wulukiZes uSgulis `dedamRvTisas~
eklesiisTvis (igulisxmeba lamaria _ i. C.) Seuwiravs vercxlis
sura (TayaiSvili 1937: 147). rogorc Cans, orive wulukiZe dediT
qvemo svanebi iyvnen.
besarion niJaraZis `qarTul-svanur-rusul leqsikonsa~ da egnate gablianis `Zvelsa da axal svaneTSi~, romlebSic saukunenaxevris winandeli svanurisa da svaneTis monacemebia warmodgenili,
wulu
wul-k
in)
wuluki
lukia
kiani SekumSuli formiTaa (wul
wul k-in
in dadasturebuli, xolo
qarTulsa da megrulSi -u
u- xmovani reduqcias ar ganicdis, amitomac
wulwul Zirisagan nawarmoeb gvarebSi is yvelgan daculia.
wul-a
ia pirvelad
wul a-ia

dadasturebulia

1621

wels

Sedgenil

`sacaiSlo gamosavlis davTarSi~ (cxadaia 2000: 100), anu daaxloebiT

im dros, roca merab wulukiZem lamarias ZRveni miarTva, xolo levan
dadianis veziris paata wulukiZis gvari gvxvdeba italiel misionerTa
werilSi 1655 wels Zulochia da Zulachia formiT (janaSia1959: 19).
bunebrivia, rom oficialuri qarTuli gvarebi ar aris im
epoqisa, rodesac saerToqarTvelurma enam diferenciaciis procesi
ganicada da, ZiriTadad, fonemaTSesatyvisobaTa kanonzomieri sistemis safuZvelze warmoiSva monaTesave (qarTuli, svanuri, zanuri)
enebi, magram Cven vmsjelobT iseT monacemebze, romlebic eyrdnobian
sazogado

saxelTagan

momdinare

kninobiTis

sufiqsebis

Semcvel

sakuTar saxelebs.
145

specialuri literaturis (g. rogava, g. klimovi, T. gamyreliZe, g. maWavariani, h. fenrixi, z. sarjvelaZe) mixedviT, qarTuli
wulwul ZirisTvis svanur enaSi, bgeraTSesatyvisobis wesebis dacviT,
ori monacemia gaTvaliswinebuli _ WuS `vaJi~ da *Wul
Wul-.
Wul es ukanaskneli warmodgenilia derivaciuli leqsemis (na
na-Wl
S `urvadi~ <
na Wl-a
Wl a-S
*na
na-wul
na wul-is
wul is-i
is i) reducirebuli komponentis saxiT. araerTi mkvlevris
azriT, svanuri fuZis auslautSi -S
S saerToqarTveluri *-l
l fonemis Sesatyvisia. rac Seexeba mesxeTis onomastikaSi dRemde SemorCenili toponimisa (Wul
Wul-uk
T Wala) Tu anTroponimis (Wul
Wul-uk
SvWul uk-a
uk a-T
Wul uk-a
uk a-Sv
Sv
il-eb
Wul-uk
an-i
il eb-i
eb i/Wul
Wul uk-a
uk a-an
an i) WulWul Zirs, masSi odindeli svanuri (an sulac megrul-lazuri) dasaxlebis kvali unda Candes.
Tu svanur wil (< wul)
wul _ `patarZali, dedofali~ Zirsac
gaviTvaliswinebT, maSin, albaT, gadasinjva dasWirdeba g. klimovisa
da h. fenrixis mier saerToqarTveluri fuZeenis donisTvis navaraudev arqetipebs (*w
w1uz _ 1964: 252 da *w
w1ul
ul _ Fhnrich
1998, 22-23). amave azrisaa r. abaSiac (abaSia 2001, 8).
Zveli qarTulis sxvadasxva konteqstSi wulwul gamoiyeneba rogorc konkretuli, ise zogadi mniSvnelobiT `yrma, vaJi~; _ Sdr.
wul-ebr
is-wul
wul ebr-iv
ebr iv-i
iv i _ `mamri~, Z-is
is wul-i
wul i _ SviliSvili, Zm-is
Zm is-wul
is wul-i
wul i _
ZmisSvili, d-is
is-wul
fl-is
is wul-i
wul i _ disSvili, u-fl
fl is-wul
is wul-i
wul i _ aznaurTa Svili, ded-is
ded is d-is
d is-wul
is wul-i
wul i _ deidaSvili, qal--wul
qal wul-i
wul i _ qaliSvili,
gauTxovari qali, deda
deda-wul
da wul-i
wul i _ ojaxi, jalaboba, deda-Svili: amasTanave, igi SesaZloa kninobiTis formiTac Segvxvdes (Zm
Zm-is
Zm is-wul
is wul-ak
wul ak-i
ak i).
sulxan-saba orbelianisTvis wul-i
wul i mxolod
mxolod vaJia
vaJia;
Jia albaT amitomaa (da iqneb sxva mizeziTac), rom `sityvis konaSi~ Semdegi gaazreba gvxvdeba: qal-wul
qal wul-i
wul i _ vaJi ubiwo, qal-wul
qal wul-a
wul a _ qali ubiwo,
Zm-is
is-wul
e-wul
wul-i
Zm is-wul
is wul-i
wul i _ Zmis vaJi, d-is
is wul-i
wul i _ dis vaJi, se-f
se f-e
wul i _ didebulT vaJi (Tumc `deda-wul-i~ sabasTvisac `saxlis jalabobas~
aRniSnavs).
qarTuli enis ganmartebiT leqsikonSi wul-i
wul i rTul leqsemaTa
meore komponentia: deda
fl-is
deda-wul
da wul-ian
wul ian-ad
ian ad _ `colSvilianad~, u-fl
fl isis
wul-i
wul i _ `mefis Svili, batoniSvili~, wul-is
wul is-wul
is wul-i
wul i _ `SviliSvi146

li~, qal-wul
is-wul
qal wul-i
wul i _ `gauTxovari, ubiwo qali~, d-is
is wul-i
wul i, Zm-is
Zm isis
wul-i
wul i,

biZ-a
Zm-is
biZ a-Zm
Zm is-wul
is wul-i
wul i,

mazl-is
mazl is-wul
is wul-i
wul i,

mul-is
mul is-wul
is wul-i
wul i...

garda

se-f
se f-e
e-wul
wul-isa
wul isa,
isa yvela kompozitSi saanalizo Ziri mxolod zogadi
(`Svili~) mniSvnelobiTaa gamoyenebuli (Sdr. agreTve moxeuri qal-wu
qal wu-a
wu a
< *qal
qal-wul
qal wul-a
wul a `qalaCuna; meqalTane~).
qarTul enaSi yuradRebas iqcevs -wvil
wvil elementis Semcveli
kompoziti yma-wvil
yma wvil-i
wvil i: 1. bavSvi; 2. axalgazrda (vaJi, qali); 3. vaJi,
Wabuki; vfiqrobT, am leqsemis meore mniSvneloba unda iyos asaxuli
svanur wil
wilSi `patarZali~ (oliver uordropisTvis cwil `sacolea~ _ Wardrop 1911), orive erTad ki unda ukavSirdebodes qarTul qor-wil
qor wil
wils (<* qor-is
qor is-wvil
is wvil-i
wvil i? etimologiurad `saxl-is-Sv-il-i~,
Sdr. Zv. q. qal-saxl
qal saxl-is
li wl-e
saxl is-i
is i `qaliSvili~) da svanur li-wl
wl es [`gaTxoveba~, etimologiurad `ga-wul
wul-eb-a~;
`gaSvileba?~ Sdr. Zv. q.
wul
qal-wul
wil-i
_ sZlis (Zis colis)
qal wul-eb
wul eb-a
eb a `SeuuRlebloba~, qor-wil
wil
moyvana _ saba].
niko maris `Wanuri enis gramatikaSi~ ganumartavad dadasturebuli wulu
wulu bere
bere~
re ( 1910: 130) ivane javaxiSvilis azriT,
`qalwulis~ msgavsi sityvaa da `patara Svils~ unda niSnavdes
(javaxiSvili 1937: 209), Sdr. arqabuli wul-u
kiT-i
ul
kiT (`neki~, e. i.
`patara TiTi~ _ Ciqobava 1942: 61), magram mogvianebiT wul-u
wul
leila nadareiSvilma daukavSira Zvel qarTul wul-il-i
(`wvrili~)
wul
da si-wl
wl-o
(`simcire~) leqsemebSi warmodgenil Zirs (nadareiSvili
wl
1978: 145).
Zvel qarTulSi wvilwvil Ziri ar Cans, xolo `vefxistyaosanSi~
`ymawvili~ da `ymaSvili~ erTmaneTis sinonimebia. rac Seexeba xevsurul dialeqts, iq inversiuli rigi gvaqvs da Tanac amosavali -u
uxmovnis Semcveli; esaa wul-yma
romelic mxolod `vaJiwul yma (|| wul-i),
wul
Svils~ aRniSnavs (WinWarauli 2005), Sdr. qvemosvanuri wil-asuS
wil asuS
(lSx.) _ `wulasuli~;. istoriul tao-klarjeTSi ki wul-i
wul i `Svilia~ _ Zec, asulic (futkaraZe 1993: 658).
yuradRebas iqcevs qarTuli mTis dialeqtebis wilwil varianti,
romlis amosavali unda iyos wvilwvil forma:
147

moxeuri wil-ob
wil ob-a
ob a `Camomavloba~, mTiuluri wil-ian
wil ian-ob
ian ob-a
ob a `Sviliereba~, Sdr. xevsuruli wul-ian
wul ian-ob
ian ob-a
ob a `vaJiSvilianoba~.
fSaur-xevsuruli wil-bo
e-ul
ul-i
e-ul
ul-i
wil bolo
bolo-da
lo da-l
da l-e
ul i / wil-bed
wil bed-da
bed da-l
da l-e
ul i
`umemkvidrod darCenili~.
moxeuri wi-wil
< *wil
wil-wil
< *wvil
wvil-wvil
< *wul
wulwi wil-a
wil a-
wil wil-a
wil a-
wvil wvil-a
wvil a-
wul
wul-a
`memkvidre~, Sdr. leCxumuri wi-wil
wul a-
wi wil-i
wil i `norCi sanerge mcenare~.
aqve SeiZleba gagvaxsendes Zveli qarTuli mo-wil
mo wil-v
wil v-aac (`nayofis mokrefa~), romelic, arnold Ciqobavas TvalsazrisiT, megrulWanurSic imave wilwil ZiriTaa warmodgenili (Ciqobava 1938: 395), da
megruli toponimi na-r
wul-u
na-wil
na r-wul
wul u/na
na wil-u
wil u (vake-ferdobebis saxelwod.).
balszemouri dialeqtis latalur kilokavSi gvaqvs wil (< wil < wul)
wul
da d-wl
d wl-n
wl n < d-wl
d wl-n
wl n `gaTxovda~.
sagulisxmoa, rom dRes svanuri enis yvela dialeqtSi `patarZlis,
dedoflis~ aRsaniSnavad gvaqvs wil,
wil mosalodneli uumlauto
wul arc saxelSi gvaqvs da arc zmnaSi laSxurSi. besarion niJaraZis
erT statiaSi (`oTxi dRe md. enguris, cxeniswylis da rionis saTaveebSi~), romelSic aRwerilia avtoris mogzauroba uSgulidan quTaisamde, laSxeTSi, RveSgmaris xeobaSi, dasaxelebulia mTa wul-i
wul ila-sgr
la sgr-a
sgr a `wulis sajdomi~, romelic, balszemoeli mixeil CarTolanis ganmartebiT, `wulis, sarZlos dasajdoms~ niSnavs da paralelurad umlautiani formiTac (wil
wil-i
la-sgr
wil i-la
la sgr-a
sgr a) ixmareba (niJaraZe 1964: 22, 229). maSasadame, 1885 wlisTvis uSgulur metyvelebaSi
(da, raRa Tqma unda, laSxurSic) `patarZlis~ aRmniSvneli leqsema
uumlauto iyo.
`vaJis~ aRsaniSnavad zemosvanursa da lentexur dialeqtebSi
umlautiani (meoreuli) WiS forma gamoiyeneba, laSxurSi ki Sesabamisad _ amosavali WuS,
WiS)
WuS xolo uordrops wi (WiS
WiS arqaul monacemad miaCnia `siZis~ mniSvnelobiT (Wardrop 1911). Colurul
WuSge
WuSgezal
gezal
zals sxva kiloebSi Wyintge
Wyintgezal
tgezal an ubralod Wyint (`biWi~)
cvlis (Sdr. aWaruli `biWiSvili~). mimarTvisas laSxeTSi dResac
gansakuTrebuli siyvaruliT warmoTqvamen leqsemas WuS-e
WuS e `Cemo
batono, Cemo Zvirfaso, Cemo sayvarelo~.
148

ver gaviziarebT specialur literaturaSi gamoTqmul mosazrebas WiS da wvil formaTa *W

W-e
e-iS
iS da *w
w-ev
ev-il
ev il fuZeTagan
momdinareobis Sesaxeb (Cuxua 2000-2003: 326), radganac orsave
SemTxvevaSi amosavalia uumlauto (WuS
WuS < wul)Ziri.
wul
maSa
maSasa
Sasada
sadame
dame,
me ikveTeba ori centraluri xazi:
1. saanalizo Ziri `Svilis~ aRsaniSnavad gvxvdeba w (qarTuli) _
W (svanuri, megruli) SesatyvisobiT, romlisTvisac amosavalia sisin-SiSina afrikati *w
w1;
2. w, romelic yvela qarTvelur enaSia warmodgenili, Tavdapirvelad mxolod erTi konkretuli mniSvnelobiT (`patara~ _ Sdr.
lazuri wul-e
wul e) gamoiyeneboda da momdinareobda sisina sibilantisagan.
vfiqrobT, orive fonemaTSesatyvisoba uZvelesia da momdinareobs preqarTveluri enidan, xolo wvilwvil > wilwil SedarebiT gviandeli gardaqmnebia, delabializaciiT ganpirobebuli yvela qarTvelur
enaSi. rogorc Cans, w- Tanxmovniani varianti ufro gavrcelda da
albaT amitom miviReT svaneTSi gvar-saxeli wul-k
in SedarebiT
wul k-in
adrindeli WuS-il
WuS il-ian
il ian-i
ian is nacvlad.
igive viTareba unda yofiliyo samegreloSic, sadac qalis saxelad gamoyenebulia wu-ia
wu ia,
ia romelic wul-ia
wul ia
iasgan unda momdinareobdes da, albaT, ukavSirdeba lazur wul-u
wul u `patara~, megrul
wu-kal
e `pawia qvabi~ da megrul-lazur wi-e
wu kal-i
kal i/e
wi e `biWi~ leqsemebs.
imavdroulad guriasa da samegreloSi gvxvdeba fuZegaorkecebuli
Wu-Wul
Wul-Wul
Wu Wul-ia
Wul ia < *Wul
Wul Wul-ia
Wul ia variantic da, rac ufro mniSvnelovania,
igive saxeli ixmareba xevSi kacisTvisac. istoriul dokumentebSi
ukve

XV

saukunidanaa

dadasturebuli

aRniSnuli

anTroponimi

dasavleT saqarTveloSi. Wul-ia

Wul ia qarelSi kacis Tikunia, romelic
sakuTar saxeladaa warmodgenili xevsureTSi Wul-o
Wul o formis saxiT.
samegreloSi imave ZirSi SesaZloa sxva sonoric Segvxvdes; magaliTad, qalis saxelad gvxvdeba rogorc Wur-ia
Wur ia (Sdr. iqve kacis saxeli Wul-ia
Wul ia),
ia ise Wur-a
Wur a da Wur-o
Wur o (Sdr. toponimi na-Wil
na Wil-u
Wil u / na-Wir
na Wir-u
Wir u).
149

sagulisxmoa isic, rom W Tanxmovnis Semcveli Ziric (iseve,

rogorc w Tanxmovniani qarTuli enis mTis dialeqtebSi) SeiZleba
lazurSi warmodgenili iyos delabializebuli saxiT _ sofel
sarfSi Wil-il
Wul-il-i)
kacis saxelia.
Wil il-i
il i (*Wul
Wul
vfiqrobT, rom Wil-a
va
ia
Wil a-va
vasa da Wil-a
Wil a-ia
iaSi aucilebeli araa
qarTuli `Waobis mcenaris~ an megruli `wengos~ saxelwodebis gaazreba, rogorc es specialur literaturaSia (cxadaia 2000: 163)
miTiTebuli. aqac, iseve, rogorc w Tanxmovnis Semcvel ZirebTan
danarCen qarTvelur enebSi, SesaZloa amosavali wul > wil Ziris
delabializebuli Wil (< wil < wil)
wil varianti warmovidginoT.
qarTuli enis qiziyursa da ingilour dialeqtebSi `celqi
bavSvis~ aRsaniSnavad Wul-uk
Wul uk-i
uk i gamoiyeneba. TiTqos erTgvarad moulodnelia aRmosavlur dialeqtebSi SiSina afrikatis gamovlena,
magram aq mxolod erTeul faqtTan rodi gvaqvs saqme! msgavsi
SemTxvevebi erT sistemaSi unda gaerTiandes da ise gadawydes
qarTulSi dadasturebul SiSina sibilantTa sakiTxi umwerlobo
qarTvelur enaTa Sesabamis sisina TanxmovnebTan mimarTebiT, miT
ufro, rom gvxvdeba meore ukiduresobac _ lazur-megrul-svanurSive SeiniSneba SiSina da sisina fonemaTa monacvleoba: l a z u r i
Wani
Waniwya
niwyari
wyari / Weni
Weniwya
niwyari
wyari / weni
weniwya
niwyari
wyari (`Waniswyali~), Warxa
Warxa / warxa
warxa
(`Carxi~), Wuka
Wukani
kani | wuka
wukali
kali `didi qvabi~, Wupu
Wuputa
puta | wupu
wuputa
puta/i
ta i `pawia~...
m e g r u l i Wuma
Wuma / wuma
wuma `wvima~...

s v a n u r i liSxpi
liSxpi / lisxpi
lisxpi

`Soltis dartyma~ (CantlaZe 2004-2005: 186-192).

150

On interrelation of wul-/yuS
wul yuS roots
in the Kartvelian languages
Summary

The paper deals with two sound correspondences in the Kartvelian languages:
Pre-Kartvelian *ww > Georgian w, Megrelian-Laz w, Svan w
Pre-Kartvelian *ww1> Georgian w, Megrelian-Laz y, Svan y
According to special literature (G. Rogava, G. Klimov, T. Gamkrelidze,
G. Machavariani, H. Fhnrich, Z. Sarjveladze) for Georgian wulwul root in Svan
according to phonemes correspondence rule two data are considered: tuStuS (son) and
yul-. The latter is represented in the form of a reduced component of a derivative
yul
lexeme (na-yl
yl-aS "marriage pladge" <*na-wul
wul-is-i). According to many researchers
yl
wul
an auslaut -SS of a Svan root is a correspondence of Pre- Common Kartvelian *-l
phoneme.
If we take into account a Svan root wvlwul)
wvl < (wul
wul "bride, queen") then the
archetypes assumed for Common Kartvelian parent language's level by G. Klimov
(*ww1uz) and H. Fhnrich (*ww1u'z-) should be reconsidered.
It is expected that old Georgian qal-wul
wul-eb-a
("not to get married",
wul
"maidenhood"), qor-wil
wil-i "wedding" (<*qor-is-wvil
wvil-i i. e. "relative (of family'), Laz
wil
wvil
wul-e "little, small" and Svan li-wil
wil- "getting married (woman only)", ga-wul
wul-eb-a
wil
wul
"adopting") should be originated from same data etymologically.
Not one Svan surnames derived from a wulwul root does not occur in old
manuscripts and historical documents. But in the 13th c. wuS
wuS-il-ian-i is confirmed
that should be a correspondece of -wwul- root represented in the modern GeorgianSvan and Megrelian anthroponymia (wul
wul-a-Ze, wul
wul-uk-i-Ze, wul
wul-uk-ian-i, wul
wul-uk-ia,
wul
wul-ik-i-a, wul
wul-e-iskir-i, wul
wul-a-ia...) and toponymy, (wul
wul-i-S-i, na-r-wul
wul-i "mountain",
wul
wul
wul
plain in Samgrelo). As in the sphere of Zan-Svan vocabulary -yy- can not be
confirmed today, consequently analogous data leave impression of borrowing from
Georgian so far.

151

saer
saerTo
erToqar
ToqarTve
qarTvelu
Tveluri
luri *m S
formis
ue formis
refleq
refleqse
leqsebi
sebi svanur
svanurSi
nurSi
saukunenaxevris istoria aqvs qarTuli Sev-/Sv
Sev SvSv (`Soba~) Ziris
ekvivalentTa Ziebas danarCen qarTvelur enebSi. georg rozenidan
(Rozen 1847: 408) moyolebuli Sesabamisi sakiTxebi ukvleviaT: aleqsandre cagarels, niko mars, gerhardt deeterss, arnold Ciqobavas,
Tamaz gamyreliZes, givi maWavarians, avTandil arabuls, ekaterine osiZes, giorgi klimovs, mikolas palmaitiss,1 zurab sarjvelaZes, hainc
fenrixs...
dReisaTvis

struqturul-komparativistuli

qarTvelologia

(fenrixi-sarjvelaZe 2000: 548-549; Fhnrich 2007: 526-527) Semdeg

Sepirispirebas iZleva:
qarTuli Sev-/Sv
Sev Sv-/S
Sv S-

(v.Sev, Sv-a, Sv-il-i, S-ob-a, na-S-ob-i,

pir-m-S-o...);

megruli squ-/sq
squ sqsq

[squ-al-a

`kvercxis

dadeba~,

qo-sq-u

`kvercxi dado~, ma-squ-al-i `kvercxis

mdebeli

qaTami~,

na-squ

`dadebuli~,

sq-l-ed-i `cocxali arseba, Sobili~,

squ-a

`Svili~,

na-squ-u

`naSvilebi~,

sq-i `vaJi (saqeburi)~...];

Wanuri squ-/sqv
squ sqv-/sq
sqv sqsq

[qo-ge-squ-am-s `debs kvercxs~, qo-do-sq-u

`kvercxi

dado~,

do-sqv-a-s

`dados

(kvercxi~), sq-ir-i `Svili~...].

svanuri sg

[m-sg-e `Ze~, sg-e- `Svili~, li-m-sg--||

li-m-sg-a- `vaJiSvilis SeZena~...].

palmaitisis azriT, qarTul Sv-il

Sv il da Wanur sk-ir
sk ir fuZeebSi warmodge-

nili Zirebi SeiZleba ukavSirdebodes indoevropul *seu(H)s (`Soba~) da

baltur-goTur-arianul snuss (`vaJi~ Gudjedjani, Palmaitis 1986: 103).

152

`qarTulsa da zanurSi dasturdeba gardamavali SeSe fuZisagan nawarmoebi ori participialuri forma _ sufiqsuri (qarT.
Sv-il
Sv il-i
sq ir-i
sqv-ir
megr. sq (sq
sq-ir
da prefiqsil _ Wan. sq-ir
ir *sqv
sqv ir-i,
ir
sq ir-i)
ir
sufiqsuri (qarT. pir-mm-So
So,
squ-a
So megr. squ-a
squ a *mm-squ
squ a). svanurSi mxolod prefiqs-sufiqsuri warmoeba SemogvrCa, romelic ufro arqauli Cans: *mm-Sv
Sv-e
sg-e
~ (gamyreliZe 1959: 60).
Sv e -mm-sg
sg e || sg-e
sg e-
Tamaz gamyreliZisa da givi maWavarianis Tvalsazrisis (gamyreliZe, maWavariani 1965: 13) mixedviT, `Svi
Svili
saerToqarTveluri
Svili~-s
li
saxelwodeba unda yofiliyo *mmS-e
S
S e. nazmnar atributivTa sufiqsuri warmoebis gavrcelebam qarTulsa da zanurSi warmoSva *S
S-il
S il
sityva, xolo svanurSi *mm- S-e
S es semantikuri veli SeizRuda ucnobi
etimologiis axali sityvis (ge
gezal
gezal)
zal SemosvliT. ukanasknelma daimkvidra zogadad `Svilis~ mniSvneloba, arqaulma saerToqarTveluri
warmomavlobis msge,
msge sge sityvam ki mniSvnelobis daviwroebis
Sedegad `vaJiSvilis~ semantika SeiZina.
es rom asea, aSkarad Cans kavkasiis mefisnacvlis mTavari sammarTvelos mier 1864 wels gamocemul " "-Si gamoqveynebuli teqstebidan Tu saleqsikono masalebidan, sadac qarTul
`Zes~ da rusul -s yvelgan svanuri `ge
gezal
gezal~
zal Seesabameba. isic sagulisxmoa, rom `mSobiarobis~ aRmniSvneli sityva svanurSi RaJ
Ziridanaa nawarmoebi (li
li-R
l `vaJianoba~). saerTod ki unda iTli RJ-l
qvas, rom dResac Zis,
Zis memkvid
memkvidris
mkvidris,
ris vaJiS
vaJiSvi
JiSvilis
vilis (da agreTve, Tu kninobiTis formiTaa _ sge/ld
sge ld _ warmodgenili, mamro
mamrobi
robiTi
biTi sqesis
sqesis
SviliS
SviliSvi
liSvilis
vilis,
lis mozar
mozardis
zardis)
dis semantikis gadmomcemi leqsemis sixSire
gacilebiT naklebia, vidre sityvisa gezal
gezal (lxm. geza
geza
za), romelsac
zogjer viwro, konkretuli (`vaJiSvilis~) mniSvnelobiTac xmaroben
(Gudjejani, Palmaitis 1986: 26-27, 33).
sge da msge formaTa Tavdapirveli semantika unda iyos
SemorCenili svanur andazebSi:
sgeiS
sgeiS mowoxiS dina i naRJur mg eser lkTilr li _
`Svi
Svilis
Svilis monatrulisaTvis qaliSvili da vaJi orive amSenebeliao~
(`sa-keT
keT-il-o
aris~).
keT
153

mezgem, oS eser msge xwesenes, ejSeld dbo lqim _

`ojaxma, ramdeni Svilic
Svilic eyolos, imdeni yana (daba) SeiZinoso~
(daviTiani 1973: 132, 88).
rasakvirvelia, dina
dinage
nagezal
gezal (|| bz. gezal
gezal-dna
zal dna `qaliSvili~) da
naR
naRJurge
Jurgezal
gezal,
zal Wyi
Wyintgezal
tgezal (|| bz. gezal
gezal-Wyint
zal Wyint)
Wyint `vaJiSvili~ SedarebiT gviandeli kompozitebia.
rac Seexeba svanuri enis dialeqtebs, sgei/sge
sgei sge{
sge } mxolod balszemoursa da laSxurSi gvxvdeba, xolo msge/em
msge emsge
emsge _ balsqvemourSi.
uSguluri sgh forma Seesabameba am kilokavisaTvis damaxasiaTebel
cnobil fonologiur gardaqmnebs (e
e > a, > h).1 sge balszemour
kiloSi `Zis, vaJiSvilis~ aRmniSvnelia, xolo `memkvidres, STamomavals~ sxva, zmnuri Zirisagan nawarmoebi mimReoba (es
es-
sed-e
es-
es -mm-sed
sed e/es
es -mmsed-a
sed-e
sed a, e-mm-sed
sed e, Sdr. li-sed
li sed `darCena, datoveba~) gadmoscems.
mozard saqonels svaneTSi sgd hqvia (lsbrale sg
sgds mfia
eser xesgari _ `dasawylebul mozards
mozards mkbenari daesevao~; prillisgS sg
sgd naad eser li _ `aprilis nama
namati
mati nanatriao~, daviTiani 1973: 64, 14), Tumca iSviaTad igive leqsema SesaZloa gamoyenebul iqnes adamianis mimarTac (mezga sg
sgd eser xcmune _ `ojaxs
STamo
STamomav
momavlo
mavloba
loba zrdiso~, iqve: gv. 88).
dRemde specialur literaturaSi Cvens saanalizo masalasTan
dakavSirebiT ganixilavdnen: bq. msge/em
msge emsge
emsge,
sge bz., lSx. sgei/sge
sgei sge{
sge }, bz.
limsg || limsga
limsga
sga (`vaJiSvilis SeZena~), bq. lmsge/lmsga
lmsge lmsga
lmsga (`vaJiSvil{eb}iani~) formebs, xolo bq. n-mm-sg
sg-i
sg i (`memkvidre~), sg
sgd
(`mozardi, namati saqoneli~ _ Cveulebriv) da uSg. sgh (`Ze, vaJiSvili, memkvidre~) msjelobis sagani ar yofila; amitomac, bunebrivia, gaCnda garkveuli koreqtirebis aucilebloba.
upirveles yovlisa, yuradRebas mivaqcevT mimReobaTa warmoebas svanurSi, sadac aqtiuri (da zogjer pasiuri) formebisaTvis
gamoyenebulia m-prefiqsi sxvadasxva gaxmovanebiT (Tofuria 1967:
88-89, 213-215, 220-221); Ciqobava 1942: 79, 125; SaniZe 1972: 422, 585;
1

Tumca arc ise advilia mocemul konkretul SemTxvevaSi h-s warmomav-

lobis garkveva.

154

arabuli

2001:

176-186)

mo-yvelgan
mo

meoreulia,

mas

SeiZleba

Seenacvlos m-,
m me-,
me albaT imitom, rom o- tembriani sruli safexuri
ar

aris

damaxasiaTebeli

arc

erTi

qarTveluri

afiqsisaTvis

(gamyreliZe, maWavariani 1965: 322) bevr SemTxvevaSi -o

o- xmovani
fonetikur niadagzea miRebuli (osiZe 1957: 190). ase rom, analogiur
viTarebaSi Tanamedrove svanuris arc erT dialeqtSi ar dasturdeba Semdegi konsonanturi jgufebi: mb, mg, md, mz, mT, mk, ml, mm, mn,
mp, mJ, mr, ms, mt, m, mf, mq, mR, mS, mC, mc, mZ, mw, mW, mx, m, mj, mh _
aRniSnul Tanxmovnebs Soris yovelTvisaa esa Tu is xmovani (iqve: 189),
maT Soris -c,1 romelic TanxmovanTgamyari fonemis rols asrulebs (Sdr. qarTuli m-Wed
Wed-el
Wed el-i
el i, megruli Wkad-u
Wkad u || Wkad-
Wkad , svanuri
m-Skid
m Skid).
Skid amitomac mosalodneli iyo, rom saerToqarTvelur *mm- S-e
S e
formas svanurSi (Tamaz gamyreliZis wesis mixedviT, romelic
fonemis mezoblobaSi SiSina xSulTanxmovniani kompleqsis sisinad
qcevas gulisxmobs _ gamyreliZe 1959: 28) moeca *m
m-Sg
m-sg
m Sg-e
Sg e > *m
m sg-e
sg e >
*m
m-sg
m sg-e
sg e, e. i. anlautSi moqceul msg kompleqss gasubstantivebul
*msge
msge formaSi ki ar daerTo proTetuli xmovani, rogorc es
specialur literaturaSia (iqve: 59) naCvenebi, aramed Seiqmna svanuri moqmedebiTi (zogjer vnebiTi) gvaris mimReobisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli bgeraTmimdevroba. maS, rogorRa miviReT msge?
msge vfiqrobT,
amis gasaRebs gvaZlevs balsqvemouri nmsgi:
msgi
bajus suru xola nmsgi
msgir oTsad _ bajus metad cudi memkvidreebi darCa.
zs., lSx. nama
zv-el
namaz
maz (Sdr. xevsuruli na-m
na m-zv
zv el-i
el i,2 WinWarauli
1960: 232) _ `namakebi, xbonayoli, xbomonagebi, naSiernayoli Zroxa~.
aqedan amosvliT nmsgi memkvidres ki ar aRniSnavda, albaT, aramed
adamians, visac memkvidre eyola an hyavda _ mimReobis ormagi prefiqsacia swored am mniSvnelobaze miuTiTebs.

1
2

m ar gvxvdeba, radganac, rogorc Cans, mu <*m

m.
m
aslan lipartelians ColurulisTvis miTiTebuli aqvs namazeli

(liparteliani 1994: 235. Sdr. lnt. na-l

ma-z
al).
na l-ma
ma z-al
al

155

ll morfemiani namyo drois mimReobac gvaqvs dRes svanurSi _

esaa zs. l-m
sg-e
sg-
(Sdr. masdari li-m
sg-
sg-
)
l m-sg
sg e, l-m
l m-sg
sg -
li m-sg
sg || li-m
li m-sg
sg -
`vaJiSvilebiani~ Cven vfiqrobT, rom lmsge formaSic iseTive
semantikuri gadaazrianeba moxda, rogorc nmsgi
msgis SemTxvevaSi. gasubstantivebis gamo, rogorc Cans, m- prefiqsis funqcia daiCrdila, risTvisac xeli unda Seewyo anlautSi amosavali [*mm ] sonantis
gaumarcvloebas (*mm -sq-e
sq-e
sq-e
sq e > *mm-sq
sq e > *sq
sq e > sge)
sge _ m #C poziciaSi xom Tavkiduri marcvlovani elementis, morfologiurad Rirebuli erTeulis gaumarcvloebisa da mokvecis procesi istoriul qarTvelur enebSi metad damaxasiaTebeli unda yofiliyo (gamyreliZe,
maWavariani 1965: 126; gudava 1979: 82-88). swored balsqvemour
kilokavSi,

sadac

ixmareba

msge/em
msge emsge
emsge

(nnmsgis
msgi

paralelurad

`memkvidris~ mniSvnelobiT), SeiniSneba anlautis m-s dakargva ara

mxolod TanxmovanTa (qaldani 1955: 187), aramed xmovnis wina poziciaSic

(maT

Soris

aramorfologiur

elementTanac:

uryam

||

muryam `koSki~ _ svan. proz. t., II, 1957: 337, 342).

zemoaRniSnulis gamo, vfiqrobT, saWiro gaxda mimReobis axali
mawarmoebeli, fonematurad araidenturi, ramac gamoiwvia garkveuli cvlileba Tavdapirvel *msge
msge formaSi da miviReT lmsge
(< *l
l-m
l m-sg
m sg-e
sg e) `vaJiSvil{eb}iani, vaJiSvil{eb}SeZenili~. anlautSi,
fonemis wina poziciaSi, l > > procesi SeniSnulia maqsime
qaldanis (qaldani 1979: 214-215; 1962: 204) mier: qarTuli lurji
lurji >
svanuri *lrJi
lrJi > rJi bz., lnt. > rJi zsv. `mwvane~; l-n
Txer
l n-Txer
bq. > Txer
Txer > Txer bz. `gameCxerebuli, gaTxelebuli~. lzer >
ezer > ezer beC. `kargi~...).
lmsge (`vaJiSvilebiani~) da msge (`vaJiSvili~) TandaTanobiT
ara

mxolod

formobrivad,

aramed

semantikuradac

daSordnen

erTmaneTs, sxvagvarad garTuldeboda -an

anla
anlau
lautia
tiani mimReobis axsna,
radganac aseTi
aseTi mimRe
mimReo
mReoba svanur
svanurSi
nurSi ar arse
arsebobs
sebobs.
bobs SeiZleboda msge
formis

asaxsnelad

ufro

martivi

(metaTezisis)

gzac

agverCia

(*msge
msge > msge),
msge magram arc aseTi procesia svanurisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli.
156

balsqvemouri nmsgi da msge (<*l

l-m
l m-sg
m sg-e
sg e) `memkvidre~ leqsemebis

struqturul-semantikur

paralelad

SeiZleba

gamogvadges

n-gzel
gzel-i
gzel i, romelsac dRemde daucavs orive (rogorc amosavali, ise
meoreuli) mniSvneloba:
1. a zural ejzu ngzel{i
gzel i} li, ere cxircl gar sid _ `es
qali imdenjeraa namSo
Svilna
rom Cxiris tolaRaa
namSobi
mSobia
biarevi
revi (`Svil
Svilnayo
nayoli
yoli~),
li
darCenili.
2. si i isgi ngzeli
gzeli mgo xoCamd xrid! _ Sen da Seni Svilebi (da ara `na
naSvi
Svili
Svilo
naSvile
Svilebi
lebi~
bi an `Svi
Svilia
lianoba
noba~
ba || `Svi
Sviloba
loba~)
ba yvela kargad yofiliyaviT!
specialuri literaturidan cnobilia, rom ` fonema svanur
enaSi meoreulia, miRebuli sxva xmovnebis reduqciis Sedegad. Zalze cotaa iseTi faqtebi, sadac gvqondes da igi romelime xmovnis
reduqciis gziT miRebulad ar iTvlebodes... TanxmovanTgasayari
bgerac, metwilad m, n, r, l sonantebTan mezoblobaSia gvxvdeba
(qaldani 1955: 140, 177-178; nikolaiSvili 1984: 5-85). varlam Tofurias azriT, svanur enaSi ar SeimCneva TanxmovanTa Tavmoyra anlautSi. amis Tavidan asacileblad Tanxmovnebs Soris Caismis an
sityvas dasawyisSi emateba a-/e
e- xmovnebi Tu haha marcvali (Tofuria
1967: 78). Cvens SemTxvevaSi *msge
msge formaSi -- fonemas romelime
xmovnidan momdinareobis aranairi safuZveli ar uCans, radganac
amosavali m- _ -e
e afiqsiani mimReoba Zalze arqaulia (jer kidev samwerlo tradiciis dawyebamde) Zveli qarTulisaTvis (Deeters 1930:
231; Tofuria 1967: 213-221; osiZe 1958: 5; ardoteli 1996: 38-39;
arabuli 2001: 176-186; 315-316). aRniSnul cirkumfiqss zustad Seesatyviseba svanuri me (, 1964: 123-124), sadac Tanm _ -e
xmovanTgamyari (anaptiqsuri) bgeraa.
rac Seexeba bq. emsge
emsge formas, mosalodnelia, rom igi marcvlovani sonantis realizaciaa, rodesac ganviTarebul xmovans, Cveulebriv, momdevno marcvlis tembri ganapirobebda (gamyreliZemaWavariani 1965: 349), oRond isic unda SevniSnoT, rom Tanamedrove
svanuri dialeqtebisa Tu kilokavebisaTvis sxva SemTxvevebSicaa (ara
mxolod sonantTa mezoblobaSi _ guledani 1995: 17-20) damaxasia157

Tebeli fonemis monacvleoba nebismier xmovanTan (qaldani 1954: 18;

1958: 211-212; 1959: 226-227; 1962: 203-204).
Tavis droze akaki SaniZe aRniSnavda: `arsad ar aris areuli
erTmaneTSi sxvadasxva epoqisa da sxvadasxva kilos qoneba, rogorc
mimReobiTs formebSi~ (SaniZe 1953: 588). es gamonaTqvami miT ufro
exeba svanurs, Tu gaviTvaliswinebT imas, rom masSi gacilebiT metia
ormagprefiqsiani warmoeba mimReoba-masdarisa an derivaciuli saxelisa,
vidre

qarTul

enaSi

(Sdr.

na-m
wv-i
na m-wv
wv i

||

na-wv
na wv-av
wv av-i
av i...).

umravles

SemTxvevaSi infiqsad qceuli prefiqsis mimReoburi mniSvneloba

daCrdilulia da amitomac erTvis formas axali prefiqsi (fonologiurad xan identuri, xanac gansxvavebuli). amasTanave, ormag da
calmagprefiqsian mimReobaTa (agreTve masdarTa Tu derivaciul
saxelTa) Sepirispireba metad saintereso suraTs (Tofuria 1967:
231, qaldani 1954: 183-186) gviCvenebs semantikuri TvalsazrisiT:
wyvilTa komponentebs Soris an absoluturi identifikaciaa mniSvnelobis mxriv an mxolod niuansur sxvaobasTan gvaqvs saqme (CantlaZe
1981: 23-25);
la-sgr
sg/ur
la sgr-a
sgr a || la-l
la l-sg
sg ur-a
ur a (zs., lSx.), la-skra
la skra || la-l
la lskur-a
skur a (lnt.) `sajdomi~ (skami); la-zg
la zg-a
zg a (zs., lSx.) `samosaxlo~,
Sdr. la-l
zig-a
zig-a
la l-zig
zig a (zs., lSx.) la-l
la l-zig
zig a (uSg., lnt.) `sasaxle~,
le-zeb
zor (bz.)
le zeb || le-le
le le-zeb
le zeb (bz.) `saWmeli~, na-zor
na zor || na-n
na n-zor
na-na
na na-zor
na zor (lnt.) `nakrebi~...
imdenad iCrdileba Tavdapirveli prefiqsis funqcia, rom zogjer is saerTod gamqralia an mxolod erT romelsame dialeqtSia
Semonaxuli:
bq. la-wx
wx || sa-m
wx `saWiro ram~, zs. l-mS
la wx-a
wx a, bz. la-m
la m-wx
sa m-wx
l mS,
mS
lSx. l-maS
am
l maS,
maS lnt. l-l
l l-am
amS `Zlieri~, `Ronieri~, zs., lSx. na-ma
na mama
z{
}, lnt. na-l
ma-zal
na l-ma
ma zal `naSiernayoli pirutyvi~, bz. na-mTu
na mTu-
mTu r <
*na
na-ma
na-aT
Tna ma-aTu
ma aTu-r
aTu r,
r bq. n-Tal
n Tal-r
Tal r,
r lSx. naT-ar
T ar < *na
na aT-ar
aT ar,
ar lnt. n-T
T
r `ganayofi~, zs., lSx. na-bg
bg-i
na bg-i
bg i || na-m
na m-bg
bg i `simagre~...
aseT SemTxvevaSi mimReobisa Tu masdaris prefiqsebSi xandaxan
l-/nn- monacvleobac SeiniSneba: bz. la-m
pr / bq. na-m
pr `frinvela m-pr
na m-pr
li~; zs. li-l
Cl / lSx. li-n
Cal `didmarxva~...
li l-Cl
li n-Cal
158

Zu den Reflexen der gesamtgeorgischen ue

Form im Swanischen
Resmee

Die Suche nach den qvivalenten des georgischen Stammes ev/v ("Weihnachten") in anderen kartvelischen Sprachen zhlt schon ein halbes Jahrhundert.
Seit G. Rosen beschftigten sich mit diesem Problem A. Zagareli, N. Marr, G. Deeters, Arn. Tchikobawa, T. Gamkrelidse, G. Matshawariani, E. Osidse, G. Klimow,
M. Palmaitis, S. Sardshweladse, H. Fhnrich.
Im untersuchten Stoff sind bis heute die dialektischen Formen des Niederbalischen Mundartes des Swanischen nicht untersucht worden: nmsgi ("der Erbe",
"der Geborene"), sgd ("der Junge", "der Zuwachs"-gewhnlich Rindvieh) und a
uschgulisch sgh ("der Sohn", "der Erbe"). Deshalb besteht die Notwendigkeit der
gewissen Korrektur.
Der Ausgangspunkt ist auch fr uns der gesamtgeorgische -
-u-e, der im
Swanischen nach dem bekannten Regel von T. Gamkrelidse *m-gwe- > m-sg-e
Lexem geben wrde. Dem msg-Komplex im Anlaut wird also der prothetische Vokal nicht in der substantivierten Form *msge zugefgt, wie es in der Fachliteratur angegeben ist (T. Gamkrelidse), sondern es entsteht die fr das Swanische charakteristische Lautreihe m++Vokal (ausser w). In solcher Position ist eine andere
Situation unmglich.
Is Stamm, der von der Silbenvariante des Sonanten hervorgeht *m-sg-e,
wurde die Funktion des m-Prfixes als des bildenden Elements des Partizips
allmhlich verdunkelt. Deshalb wurde vom verbalen Stamm noch einmal das
Partizip mit I-Morphem mit derselben Bedeutung paralell zur Form n-m-sg-i
(<*na-m-sg-e-i) gebildet, dessen Struktur folgenden Bedeutungen entspricht: "der
einen Sohn bekommen hat", "die einen Sohn geboren hat" oder "das Erbe", aber
nmsgi bedeutet auch "der Erbe". Dieselbe Situation sollten wir in der Form mit
I-Prfix haben: *l-m-sg-e > l-m-sg-e ("der einen Sohn bekommen hat, die einen
Sohn geboren hat") > -m-sg-e ("der Sohn", "der Erbe").
Sgh ist das Ergebnis der fr die uschgulische Mundart (und nicht nur fr
sie) spezifische phonologische nderungen; dafr mu oberbalische sge-i/sge-{j}
("der Sohn", "der Erbe") sein, dessen Form im Lachamulischen sgd: sge+w >
sgw (vrgl > NB. lmsge || lmsgw" der einen Sohn bekommen hat") > sg >
sg + id > sgd.
159

jur-/
jur jir-/
jir jrjr Ziri
Ziri qarTve
qarTvelur
Tvelur enebSi
enebSi
specialur literaturaSi (Cuxua 2000-2003: 183) `sisvelisa~
da `wKalobis~ aGmniSvneli svanuri -jir
jir/-jr
jir jrjr Ziri dakavSirebulia
qarTuli enis fSauri dialeqtis leqsemasTan zala
zala (`Kvelis Sesanaxi mariliani, mlaSe wKali; waTxi~), magram is ar dasturdeba Zvel
qarTul werilobiT ZeglebSi, rac arTulebs mis CaTvlas saerToqarTveluri donis monacemad.
sulxan-saba orbelianisTvis zala
zala igive walaa
walaa (`Saravi, viTa
wKali~), romelic gvxvdeba rogorc Zvel qarTulSi, ise Tanamedrove qarTul dialeqtebsa da svanurSi `gawKalebuli Cirqis~ mniSvnelobiT. aqve SeiZleboda gagvxseneboda leqsema mo-wal
wal-va'c
(`dasaZmawal
ravi mxaleulis cxel wKalSi moTuTqva~). am Ziris ugulebelKofa,
vfiqrobT, uxerxulia maSin, roca `sisvelis, siTxis~ aGmniSvnel
sitKvaTa etimologiaze vmsJelobT. wal nasesxebi unda iKos svanur
enaSi Zveli qarTulidanve (gansxvavebuli TvalsazrisisaTvis ix.
Fhnrich 1991: 17) da gamoiKeneba mxolod lentexur dialeqtSi. aqac
da svanuris danarCen kiloebSic ufro gavrcelebulia imave mniSvnelobis Tr/Tr
Tr Tr/Tr
Tr Tr.
Tr
Cveni azriT, saanalizo ZirTa Sepirispirebisas aucilebeli ar
aris, amovideT Tanxmovnis maincadamainc sisina variantidan, radganac
Kvela qarTvelur enaSi `sisvelisa~ Tu raime `siTxis~ aGmniSvnel
leqsemebSi swored j fonema figurirebs, ZiriTadad, sonor bgeraTa
da uZveles sufiqsTa garemocvaSi:
qarTuli
nij-i
niji
nij (Zv. q.) `cvari, sisvele~; `ni
niji aris cvaris umciresi nawili~ (saba); Sdr. jin-jl
jon-v-a,
m-jon
jon-av-i,
ga-jon
jon-il-i,
na-jon
jon-i,
jin jl-v-a,
jl
jon
jon
jon
jon
na-jur
jur-i,
jvan-i
(Zv. q.). `wvimis saxeoba~,
jur
jvan (qarTl.) `najuri~, jGm-ut-i
jGm
jGv-ik-i
(gur.) `wvimiani amindi~, jin-jGl
jGv
jin jGl-i
jGl (saba) `wvrili Tqori~,
jan-q-i
jan
(imerx.), jvan-q-i
jvan
(gur.) `cvari, nami, wveTi~, jo-q-o
jo
(gur.)
`wKalwKala Gvino~, jan-t-i
(saba) `mcire ram sisuele~, ja-tK-i
jan
ja
(saba) `wKliani Tovli~, jal-t-am-i
(gur.) `TovlyKapi~, jaj-un-i
jal
jaj
160

(Tu *Jan
Jan-Jun
_ qiziK. `sxma wvimisa, sma Gvinisa~, jgl-eT-i
jgl
(imer.,
Jan Jun-i?
Jun
gur.),

j-eT-q-i

(leCx.)

`kokispiruli

wvima~,

jv-av-i
jv

(gur.)

`nami, cvari~, jv-ip-in-i

(leCx.) `sisvele~, Sdr. imer. jv-ep-o
`siTxis
jv
jv
qafi; ofli~, jvrin-t-i
(TuS.), jrin-t-i
(mTiul., qiziK.) `wveTi~,
jvrin
jrin
jiT-q-i
`wvrili wvima~, jm-or-i
(ray.) `Tqori~, mo-jr
jr-ob-a
(gur.)
jiT
jm
jr
`Kvelis amoKvanis Semdeg darCenili siTxis _ svelis wamoduGeba da
Tavze moKenebuli xayosebri masis gawurva~, jon-t-or-o
(gur.) `sveli
jon
SeSa~, jrin-v-a
(fS.) `CuxCuxi, rakraki~, jn-t-a-
(ingil.) `surdo~,
jrin
jn
ju-jG
(imer.) `uxeirod recxva~...
ju jG-o
jG (qiziK.) `wKlulis nadeni~, ju-jG
ju jG-n-a
jG
megruli
jver-i
jvar-u-a

jver `sveli, wKliani~ (Sdr. .gur./imer. jver-o),

jver
jvar
jvar-jval
jvar-jval
`sveldeba~...
jvar jval-i
jval `wveTeba, wKlis sxma~, megr. i-jvar
jvar jval-u-{n}
jval
vfiqrobT, rom saerToqarTveluri enis doneze unda aGvadginoT *jur
jurjur-i
`nawveTi, wveT-wveTad gamodenili~;
jur Ziri (Sdr. na-jur
jur
gur. jur-i
jur `saaraKe masala _ roca wKals daamateben, itKvian: juri
juri
mivecio~; qiziK. jur-i
jur `wveTi~, ayar. jur-i
jur `mkvaxe KurZnis wveni~),
saidanac svanur enaSi umlautis Sedegad warmoqmnili delabializaciis procesiTa da reduqciis (Tofuria 1931: 155-156; 1979: 167)
gziT (*jur
jur+i
> *jr
jr > *jir
jir > jir > jr)
jur
jr miviGebdiT Tanamedrove metKvelebaSi dadasturebul leqsemebs: m-jir
jir `sveli~, li-jr
jr-e
jr
(< lnt. l-jir
jir-e)
`sveleba~, na-m-jir
jir-i
jr-e
jir
jir `sisvele~, l-jr
jr (< lnt.
l-jir
jir-e)
`dasvelebuli~, bz. l-n-jir
jir,
jir `notio adgili;
jir
jir bq. l-m-jir
sawvimari

Gari~,

na-jr
jr-e
jr

(Col.

na-jir
jir-e)
jir

`odnav

sdis~,

ma-jr
jr

`mowKaleba~, li-j
j'r-e `wKalobis qmna~, na-l-jr
jr `nawKalobevi, Secodebuli~,

le-jr
jr-i
jr

(<

lnt.

le-jr
jr-i)
jr

m-jir
jir `SemwKalebeli, Semcodebeli~,

`sawKalobeli,
m-jr
jr-i
jr

(<

lnt.

sacodavi~;
m-jr
jr-i)
jr

`mowKale~,... _ rogorc vxedavT, sxvadasxva fonetikuri procesi

(-jir
jir-,
jr-,
jir erTi mxriv, da -jr
jr meore mxriv) safuZvelia erTi da imave
-jur
jurjur Ziris semantikuri diferencirebisa.
qarTvelur enebSi gamovlenili regularuli fonemaTSesatKvisobebis sistemidan amosvliT zanur-svanurSi mosalodneli iKo -jG
jGjG
kompleqsi, miTumetes, Tu SevudarebT erTmaneTs qarTuli enis
161

aGmosavlur da dasavlur dialeqtTa zog monacems: TuSur-fSaurqiziKuri jin-jl

erTi mxriv, da guruli jin-jGl
meore mxriv
jin jl-i,
jl
jin jGl-i,
jGl
(`wvrili wvima~); TuSuri jvrin-t-i,
mTiul-qiziKuri jrin-t-i,
erTi
jvrin
jrin
mxriv, da qarTluri jGin
jGin-t-i, meore mxriv (`wKlis wveTi~). sagulisxmoa, rom svanuri enis erT-erT dialeqtSi swored mTiulur-qiziKuri formaa Sesuli (Sdr. lSx. jrint `wveTi, Klupi~). iqve
gvaqvs -jG
jGjG kompleqsis Semcveli monacemic (lSx. jGer `TqeSi~). es
ukanaskneli leCxumur dialeqtSic gamoiKeneba `Zlieri wvimis~ aGsaniSnavad, rac svanuris (laSxuris) anareklia. logikurad sulac ar
iqneba gasakviri, rom saanalizo formebisaTvis (-jir
jir-,
jr-,
jGer-)
jir -jr
jr -jGer
jGer
sakuTriv svanurSi amosavlad vivaraudoT *-jGur
jGur-,
jGur romelSic TandaTanobiT daiSala bgeraTkompleqsi. leqsemebi, romlebic gadmogvcemen `sisvelisa~ da `wKaloba > Secodebis~ semantikas, SeiZleboda migveGo rogorc -jur
jur-,
jerjur ise -jer
jer Ziridan, Tu megrul masalasac
gaviTvaliswinebT. es ki imas niSnavs, rom saerToqarTveluri enis
donezeve am ZirSi unda davuSvaT -u
u/e
e- xmovanTmonacvleoba.
qarTvelur

enebSi

dGesac

SeiniSneba

bgeraTkompleqsebis

gamartivebis procesi:
guruli: jGvep-i
Gvep-i
Gvip-i
jGvep i > *Gvep
Gvep i > *Gvip
Gvip i > Kvip-i
Kvip i (`odnav wvimiani,
nisliani amindi~);
svanuri (bz.): li-jGam
li-jam
li jGam-ur
jGam ur-l
ur l > *li
li jam-ur
jam ur-l
ur l > li-jm
li jm-ur
jm ur-l
ur l
(`jGavili > aSliloba, areuloba~);
svanuri (bq., lnt.): bjGer (`Cvili, Krma~), imer.-gur.-leCx.
bjGarti
bjGarti > bGarti
bGarti,
ti ayar. bGaSti
bGaSti (`bartKi, bavSvi, Svili, ususuri~).
imerul-guruli: jgl-eT-i
> leCxumuri j-eT-q-i (`kokispiruli
jgl
wvima~); bjGil (Col.) _ mCute, unaKofo TavTavi, Sdr. bjir-i
bjir _
`ugulo fetvi da misTanani~ (saba);
ja-tK-i
ja
> jan-t-i
jan
`wKliani Tovli~ (saba)...
ase rom, sruliadac ar aris SeuZlebeli arqetipidan *jur
jur
migveGo zanuri jGur da svanuri jGur/jGer
jGur jGer/jGir
jGer jGir/jGr
jGir jGr fuZeebi.
xom ar SeiZleba vivaraudoT, rom somxuri Jur (`wKali~) saerToqarTveluri *-jur
jurjur Ziris gaafrikatebuli variantia? (es ise, sxvaTa
Soris!).
162

The roots jur-//jir-//jr- in the

Kartvelian languages
Summary

In the special literature (Chukhua 2000-2003: 183) the Svan -jjir-/-j

jrj root
denoting "wetness" and "benevolence" is connected with a lexeme of Pshavian
dialect of Georgian zala ("salted whey"), but it is not (so far) attested in old
Georgian written sources that complicates its consideration to be as Common
Kartvelian data.
During comparing the analytical roots it is not necessary to consider a
whistling variant of a sibilant consonant as in all Kartvelian languages in the
lexemes denoting "wetness" and any "liquid" occurs just j phoneme mainly in
surrounding of sonor sounds and old suffixes.
Georgian jur- ("drop, souce") of course would give the variant with jG
complex in the regional languages, of which in some lexemes a complex is still
preserved, in some ones it is simplified. Thus, on Common Kartvelian level a *jjurarchiform can be reconstructed without any problem.

163

kvlav wy-al
wy al,
al wy-ar
wy ar,
ar wy-er
wy er-,
er wy-ur
wy ur da lic/nic
lic nic
fuZe
fuZeTa
ZeTa urTi
urTier
Tiermi
ermimar
mimarTe
marTebi
Tebisa
bisaTvis
saTvis
qarTve
arTvelur
Tvelur enebSi
enebSi
qarTuli wy-al
wy al,
al wy-ar
wy ar,
ar wy-er
wy er,
er wy-ur
wy ur,
ur erTi mxriv, da svanuri
lic/nic
lic nic,
nic meore mxriv, sinonimur leqsemebSi gamoyenebuli semantemebia, romlebic formalurad sruliad gansxvavebuli segmentaciiT
xasiaTdebian.
svanuri lic SesaZloa ukavSirdebodes qarTul fuZegaorkecebul erTcnebian kompozits lic-lic
lic lic-i
lic (e. gabliani, a. liparteliani).
qarTuli enis ganmartebiTi leqsikonis mixedviT, `liclics~
ori mniSvneloba aqvs: a) wylis zedapiris neli moZraoba, rxeva;
b) cimcimi (liclicebs _ 1. piramde savsea siTxiT; 2. liclici gaaqvs).
qarTuli enis fSaursa da qarTlur dialeqtebSi lic-lic
lic lic-i
lic
`piramde siTxiT savse WurWelia~.
lic zogierT svanur gramatikul (gansakuTrebiT mr. r-isa da
Tandebulian) formaSi lc variantis saxiTac gvxvdeba, sadac e. w.
neitraluri xmovani inis nareduqciali Cans.
lic

araerTi

svanuri

sityvis

Semadgeneli

komponentia

(lilc
lilc
li-lic
r-e
lilcune
li-lic
n-e
lilcre < *li
li lic-e
lic e-r
r e, lilcu
cune < *li
li lic-e
lic e-n
n e `morwyva~,
la-lc
la lc-un
lc un-a
un a `sarwyavi~, l-lic
l lic `wyliani, wyalnarevi; aufuebeli~,
m-lc
e `wvimisgan TavSefareba~,
m lc-i
lc i `wylis mzidavi~, lSx. li-lc
li lc-
lc m -e
Col. li-nc
li nc-ul
la lc-i
nc ul-e
ul e `rZeSi puris an mWadis CafSvna~, la-lc
lc i lide
`Zroxis wyliani momyolis dabadeba~ < *`sa
sa-lic
sa lic-{lic
lic lic}-e
lic e-ss mo-d
mo d-om
d om-a
om a~.
ukanasknel SemTxvevaSi, miuxedavad imisa, rom semantikur rekonstruqciebs Tan axlavs xolme nebismieroba, anu abstraqtul cnebaTa aRdgena, vfiqrobT, daujerebeli araferia).
lic fuZis nariani varianti unda iyos komponenti zemosvanur
da

laSxur

dialeqtebSi

dadasturebuli

licnce
licnce

(`gapipineba,

WurWlis piramde gavseba siTxiT~) masdarisa, romelSic ZiriTadi

Cans mTel svanurSi (ufro xSirad ki laSxur dialeqtSi) gavrce164

lebuli nic forma. zemoaRniSnul masdarSi qronologiuri uwinaresoba-Semdgomadobis

TvalsazrisiT

sagulvebeli

fonematuri

gardaqmnebi Semdegnairad gvesaxeba: *li

li-lic
li-nic
li lic-lic
lic lic-e
lic e > *li
li nic-nic
nic nic-e
nic e >
*li
li-nic
li-nic
nc-e
nc-e
li nic-nc
nic nc-e
nc e > *li
li nic-
nic -nc
nc e an li-nc
li nc-i
nc i-nc
nc e > li-cnc
li cnc-e
cnc e (sonantTa
Tu sonorTa monacvleoba Cveulebrivi movlenaa qarTvelur enebSi,
miTumetes svanurSi).
balsqvemouri dialeqtis araerTi fonetikur-morfonologiuri
TaviseburebiT gamorCeul kilokavSi _ laxamulurSi siTxiT piramde
avsebul (gur. `gapipinebul~) WurWelze ityvian qa liylcne'
liylcne's,
romelic etimologiurad SesaZloa `yel-lic-lic-a~'s gulisxmobdes.
mosalodnelia *l
l-yel
l-yel
li-yel
n-
l yel-lic
yel lic-n
lic n-e
n e > *l
l yel-lc
yel lc-n
lc n-e
n e > *li
li yel-c
yel c-n
n >
li-yl
n-e
li yl-c
yl c-n
n e.
yvela

zemoaRniSnul

SemTxvevaSi

lic fuZe

qarTulidanaa

nasesxebi svanurSi (Sdr. agreTve hidronimi lic-eul

lic eul-a
eul a raWaSi),
sadac imave semantikis -wy
wywy kompleqsis Semcveli monacemic SeiZleba
Segvxvdes (Sdr. wyl-n
wyl-ian
wyl n _ 1. wminda, sufTa < `wyl
wyl ian-i
ian i~; 2. vercxli).
sagulisxmoa, rom am ZirTa gamoyenebis TvalsazrisiT araTu qarTuli,
aramed svanuri enis dialeqtebi an kilokavebic SeiZleba daupirispirdnen erTmaneTs: Sdr. bz. -l
l-wy
wy-e
l-wy
wy-n
wy e, zs. -l
wy n-e
n e (`awylianebs~),
erTi mxriv, da qs. a-lc
lc-e
pirvel
lc e (`awylianebs, rwyavs~), meore mxriv. pirvel
SemTxve
l- infiq
SemTxveva
mTxvevaSi
vaSi -l
infiqsia
fiqsia,
sia orma
ormagi
magi prefiq
prefiqsis
fiqsis redu
reduci
ducire
cirebu
rebuli
buli vari
varian
rianti
anti
(rac
rac Cveu
Cveulebri
lebrivi
rivi movle
movlenaa
vlenaa svanur
svanurSi
nurSi),
Si xolo
xolo meo
meore SemTxve
SemTxveva
mTxvevaSi
vaSi _
Ziri
Zirise
riseu
seuli elemen
elementi
menti.
ti
ukanasknel xanebSi specialur literaturaSi (giglemiani 2006: 18)
gamoiTqva

sruliad

originaluri

(Tumca,

samwuxarod,

mcdari)

Tvalsazrisi lic fuZis warmomavlobisa da segmentaciis Sesaxeb:

li-c
li-w
li-wy
li-wy
li c < *li
li w < *li
li wy < *li
li wy-al
wy al
lic fuZes niko maric anawevrebda da is ni-c
ni c variantidan
momdinared miaCnda, magram, jer erTi, masdariseul Tu abstraqtul
saxelTa lili prefiqss svanurSi arasdros enacvleba nini da, meorec,
svanuri wy kompleqsi, Cveulebriv, arc martivdeba da arc gadadis c
fonemaSi arc anlautSi, arc inlautsa da arc auslautSi.
165

vfiqrobT, rom svanur zmnebSi (da saxelzmnebSic) warmodgenili -wy

wywy Ziri momdinareobs saerToqarTveluri enidan da im e. w.
`identur~ fonemaTSesatyvisobaTa refleqsebs ganekuTvneba, romlebic yvela qarTvelur enaSi erTgvarad, wina rigis sibilantTa saxiT realizdebian (T. gamyreliZe, g. maWavariani, z. sarjvelaZe,
h. fenrixi). savaraudoa, rom harmoniuli kompleqsebi jer kidev qarTvelur enaTa erTianobis epoqisaTvis iyvnen Camoyalibebulni im saxiT,
romelsac dRes A da B sistemebs vuwodebT (quTelia 1986: 72-97).
`yvela es jgufi markirebulia saerToqarTveluri fonologiuri
sistemis TvalsazrisiT~ (maWavariani 1965: 82). miuxedavad imisa,
rom harmoniuli kompleqsebi kargadaa Seswavlili qarTvelologiaSi
(g. axvlediani, arn. Ciqobava, v. Tofuria, h. fogti, T. gamyreliZe,
g. maWavariani, n. quTelia, m. qurdiani, m. Cuxua), mainc svanuri
masala jer kidev araa saTanadod gaanalizebuli, rac, rasakvirvelia,
enaTmecnierTa mxolod ufrosi Taobis gasakeTebeli ar aris. am
mxriv Tavisi yuradReba unda gaamaxvilos axalgazrdobamac.

Again towards the interrelation of wK-al,

wK-ar,
wK
wK
wK-er-,
wK-ur
and lic/nic stems in the
wK
wK
Kartvelian languages
Summary

Georgian wK-al
wK al,
al wK-ar
wK ar,
ar wK-er
wK er,
er wK-ur
wK ur on the one hand and Svan lic/nic on the
other hand are the semantemes used in synonymic lexemes and are characterized by
different segmentation.
Svan lic could be connected with Georgian stem-doubled composite lic-lic-i
having only one conception (Gabliani 1925: 183; Liparteliani 1994: 195). In the
modern special literature (Giglemiani) this connection is represented incorrectly.
According to Georgian Explanatory Dictionary liclici has two meanings:
a) slow moving of a water's surface, waving; b) flickering (shimmers 1. smth is
full of liquid; 2. smth is brimming over).
166

In the Pshavian and Kartlian dialects of Georgian lic-lic-i denotes "smth full
of liquid".
In some Svan grammatical (especially in plular and prepositional) forms lic
occurs in the form of lc variant in which so called neutral vowel seems to be
reduced by i.
lic is a consisting component of many Svan words (lilcre < *li-lic-e-r-e,
lilcune <* li-lic-e-ne "watering", la-lc-un-a "to be watered", l-lic "mixed/diluted
with water, non risen", m-lc-i "a water-carrier", Lashkh. li-lc-'m-e "sheltering from
rain", Chol. li-nc-ul-e "crumbling of bread or maize-bread in milk", la-lc-i liqde
"borning of watery placenta of a cow" <*sa-lic-{lic}-e-s mo-qd-om-a" (in the latter
case, even though semanic reconstructions are accompanied by consciousness i. e.
reconstruction of abstract conceptons, there is nothing untrustworthy).
It is noteworthy, that in Low Svan "a shelter from rain" is called la-lc-m
and in Upper Svan lasm (UB)/lasim, lasm (LB). Thus, dialects are connected to
each other by desaffrication process (c > s).
A variant with n of lic stem could be an initial in masdar licnce ("filling to
the brim, filling of a dish with liquid") confirmed in the Upper Svan and Lashkhian
dialects for what an initial seems to be a nic form spread in whole Svan (mostly in
Lashkhian dialect). In abovementioned masdar the assumed phonematic changes
according to chronologicl interior-posterior standpoint are pictured as thus:
*li-lic-lic-e > *li-nic-nic-e > *li-nic-nic-e > *li-nc--nc-e and li-nc-i-nc-e > li-cnc-e
(alternation of sonants and sonors is natural in the Kartvelian languages, especially
in Svan).
In Lakhamulian subdialect of Low Bal dialect that is distinguished by many
phonetical and morphonological peculiarities they say ka wiK
Klcne about "a dish
full of liquid" (Gur. gapipinebuli "full to the brim") that etymologically could mean
Kel-lic-lic-a. It is expected: *l-K
Kel-lic-n-e > *l-K
Kel-lc-n-e >*li-K
Kel-c-n- >
*li-K
Kl-c-n-e.
In all abovementioned examples lic stem borrowed from Georgian
(cf.: hydronym lic-eul-a in Racha) in which data containing -wK
wKwK complex of the
same semantics could occur (cf.: Kwl-n
Kwl n 1. clean, pure < wKl-ian
wKl ian-i
ian i; 2. silver). It is
noteworthy that from the standpoint of using of these stems not only Georgian
dialects but Svan dialects and sub-dialects could oppose to each other: cf.: UB
-ll-wK
wK-e
wK-n-e
"makes smth watery", on the one hand and LS. a-lc
lc-e
wK e, US -ll-wK
wK
lc e
"makes smth. watery, waters" on the other hand. In the first case -l is infix, a
reduced variant of double prefix (that is natural in Svan), in the second one it
is a root element.
167

Recently in the special literature (L. Giglemiani...) original (but unfortunately wrong) view on origin and segmentation of lic stem was expressed: li-c <
*li-ww <*li-wK
wK <*li-wK
wK-al.
wK
Even Niko Marr dismembered lic stem and considered it to be originated
from ni-c variant. But firstly, li- prefix of masdar and abstract nouns is never
alternated by ni- in Svan; secondly, usually Svan wK complex neither is simplified
nor transformed into c phoneme in anlaut as well as auslaut.
I believe, that -wK
wKwK root represented in Svan verbs (and deverbative nouns) is
originated from Common Kartvelian language and belongs to so called "identic"
phonemes correspondence reflexes which in all Kartvelian languages are realized
similarly in the form of front sibilants (T. Gamkrelidze, G. Machavariani,
Z. Sarjveladze, H. Fhnrich). It is assumed, that by the epoch of the Kartvelian
languages unity the harmonic complexes have been formed in the form that is called
A and B systems today (N. Kutelia 1986: 72-97). "All these groups are marked
from the viewpoint of Common Kartvelian phonological system" (Machavariani
1965: 82).
Even though harmonic complexes are investigated well in kartvelology
(G. Akhvlediani, Arn. Chikobava, V. Topuria, H. Vogt, T. Gamkrelidze, G. Machavariani,
N. Kutelia, M. Chukhua), still Svan material is not relevantly analysed, that should
be carried out not only by elder generation of linguists young ones should focuse
their attention on this issue as well.

168

Zir-fu
Zir fuZe
fuZeTa
ZeTa anla
anlaut
lautSi
utSi cveTis
cveTis tenden
tendenci
dencie
ciebi
qarTve
qarTvelur
Tvelur eneb
enebSi
yvela aglutinaciur Tu fleqsiur enaSi arsebobs buneb
bunebri
nebrivi
rivi,
vi
SezRu
SezRudu
zRuduli
duli da akrZa
akrZalu
rZaluli
luli bgeraT
bgeraTmim
raTmimdev
mimdevro
devroba
robani
bani.
ni miuxedavad imisa,
rom qarTulisTvis sruliad Cveulebrivi movlenaa TanxmovanTa Tavmoyra anlautSi, mainc zogierT SemTxvevaSi ena cdilobs, airidos
garkveuli kompleqsebi. am TvalsazrisiT umwerlobo qarTvelur
enebSi ufro meti gasaqania, vidre saliteraturoSi.
SeiniSneba sami tendencia:
1. rTuli kompleqsis gamartiveba erT-erTi komponentis dakargvis gziT;
2. xmovanTa (i
i, a, u, ) CarTva Tanxmovnebs Soris;
3. bgeraTgadasma.
am mxriv saintereso suraTi gviCvena leqsema `brtyelis~ analizma: qarTuli: brty-el-i
brty
(|| Zv. q. tyrp-el-i),
tyrp
si-brty
brty-e,
ga-brty
brtybrty
brty
el-eb-a, a-brty
brty-el-eb-s,
... megruli: birtyparty-ia
brty
birty (`brtyeli~), la-party
party
(`mobrtyelo, wabrtyelo~), party-i
party || perty-i
perty lebia (Wyinti, nedli
Robios marcvali, brtyeli formisa), la-barty
barty-ua
(`gabrtyeleba, wabarty
brtyeleba~), la-bart
barty
(lSx.), tyfbarty-an-s (`abrtyelebs~): svanuri: ty-el
ty
tyf
r-i (bq.) `brtyeli~, bz. li-pty
pty-n-e,
bq. li-tyf
tyf-n-e
(`gabrtyeleba~),
pty
tyf
a-pty
pty-n-e
Col (`abrtyelebs~; `patara gogo kverebs cudad acxobs~).
pty
brtybrty Ziri yvela qarTvelur enaSi gvxvdeba rogorc saxelebSi, ise
zmnebSi (Sdr. Cuxua 2000-2003: 179, romlis mixedviTac `svanurSi saxeluri fuZe ar Cans~).
vfiqrobT, brtybrty Ziris mdgradobas xels uwyobs masSi sonoris arseboba (Sdr. prty-el-i,
ty
Tumca pty-el-ic
pty
gvxvdeba, oRond
SedarebiT iSviaTad. analogiisTvis mogvyavs Zv. q. brpeni
brpeni da sabaseuli
prpeni
prpeni _ `tyvia~).
saanalizo ZirSi svanurSi sonori fonema arsad gvaqvs, amitomac bunebrivia, rom mkveTri Tanxmovnebi gamoiyeneba (li-pty
pty-n-e),
pty
romlebic kidev ufro martivdeba saxelur ZirebSi: ty-el,
tyf-r-i,
ty
tyf
169

tf-Su,
tf-xel
(`brtyeli~), sadac bolo ori leqsema kompozitutf
tf
ri warmomavlobisa Cans, xolo -f
f-, albaT, saerToqarTveluri Ziris
mJReri anlautis metaTezisirebuli yru variantia.
sagulisxmoa, rom svanursa da qarTuli enis ingilour dialeqtSi erTi da igive monacemi (ty
ty-el)
gvaqvs.
ty
TanxmovanTmimdevrobis

daZlevis

TvalsazrisiT

sainteresoa

balsqvemouri prit da Coluruli prit-a

(`farTo Txeli foToli,
prit
yuri an tuCi~) da zemosvanur-laSxuri pit (`Txeli mWadi an puri,
kveri~), agreTve, qarTuli enis dasavluri dialeqtebisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli porty-ial-i,
imeruli pot-ial-i
(`xetiali, ugzoukvlod
porty
pot
siaruli~) da Coluruli pit-pit
pit pit (`uazro siaruli qalisa~).
saliteraturo qarTulis bery
ery-en-as (`veluri msxlis jiSi;
isxams mwklarte nayofs; ixmareba msxlis saZired~ _ Prus salicifolia),
romelic, albaT, *berty
berty-en-asagan
momdinareobs, kaxur dialeqtSi
berty
Seesabameba pty-en-a.
misi warmomavloba Zalian gamWvirvale Cans:
pty
*brty
brty-en-a
> *b
bertK
bety
> *b
bty-en-a
> pty-en-a
Cveubrty
rtK-en-a > *be
bety-en-a
ty
ty
pty
lebrivi ambavia:
Zv. q. tyrp-el-i
< prty-el-i
< brty-el-i,
svan. (Col.) a-typ
typ-n-e
tyrp
prty
brty
typ
< a-pty
pty-ne
(zs.) < *a-bty
bty-ne
<*a-brty
brty-n-e.
pty
bty
brty
qarTlSi ufuar, svel, gamouSuSebel coms an nedl, Wyint
rasme uwodeben tintyls,
xolo guriaSi Txeli comis mozelis
tintyl
dros

gogonebs

ekiTxebian:

`ras

i-tity
tity-n-eb-iT-o?~
tity

(Sdr.

svan.

a-trty
trty-e
trty `Txlad zels fqvils~). vfiqrobT, aRniSnuli monacemi
fuZegaorkecebul kompozits warmoadgens da isic `brtyel~ leqsemis brtybrty Zirs unda ukavSirdebodes, romelSic rTuli TanxmovanTmimdevrobis dasaZlevad gamoyenebul iqna -i
i- xmovani (svanurSi anaptiqsuri ):
zemosvanuri dialeqtebi erTmaneTs upirispirdebian metaTezisirebuli ZiriT da anlautis konsonantTa mJReroba-siyruiT:
bz.: li-pty
pty-n-e
< li-bty
bty-n-e
<*li-brty
brty-n-e;
pty
bty
brty
bq. li-tyf
tyf-n-e
< li-tyb
tyb-n-e
< li-bty
bty-n-e
< *li-brty
brty-n-e
tyf
tyb
bty
brty
(`{ga}brtyeleba~).
170

rac Seexeba laSxurs, aq saanalizo semantikis Sesabamisi masdari iwarmoeba kidev ufro gamartivebuli Ziridan:
li-n-ty
ty-el-e
<*li-n-brty
brty-el-e
(`gabrtyeleba~).
ty
brty
ormagprefiqsiani warmoeba ucxo araa svanuri enisTvis. am
mxriv arc masdaruli formebia gamonaklisi (li
li-n
zor-e
li n-zor
zor `Segroveba,
Sekreba, Tavmoyra~; li-n
gr-e
Txl-l
li n-gr
gr e `kvercxis deba~, li-n
li n-Txl
Txl l `gafrTxileba~, li-n
Cr-e
c `sicili~, Sdr. bz.,
li n-Cr
Cr e `{da}Zaxva~, lnt. li-n
li n-c
lSx. lc,
lc bq. lac / lic da a. S.).
analogiur kompleqsTa Semcvel ZirebTan dakavSirebiT specialur
literaturaSi ori urTierTgamomricxveli Tvalsazrisi arsebobs.
1. amosavalia saerToqarTveluri *r
r sonanti (gamyreliZe, maWavariani 1965: 94-95; Klimov 1998: 19), romelic iZleva sxvadasxva xmovniT
refleqss qarTvelur enebSi;
2.

rTuli

TanxmovanTkompleqsi

imTaviTve

unda

yofiliyo

fuZeenaSi, xolo zanuris a/i

i proTetul xmovnebad unda CaiTvalos
(Cuxua 2000-2003: 179).
varaudis doneze orive Tvalsazrisi dasaSvebia, gaaCnia, vis
rogor warmoudgenia fuZeenis fonemaTa sistema (xmovani _ sonanti _
Tanxmovani Tu xmovani _ naxevarxmovani _ Tanxmovani). Cven vfiqrobT, rom gacilebiT martivi iqneba suraTi, Tu rTul kompleqsTa
Semcvel ZirebSi dRemde arsebul xmovnebs anaptiqsurad CavTvliT
(gansakuTrebiT s SemTxvevaSi) yvela qarTvelur (damwerlobis
mqone Tu udamwerlobo) enaSi (da ara mxolod zanurSi, rogorc es
specialur literaturaSia SeniSnuli).
SesaZloa `brtyel~ leqsemis semantikac da formac ukavSirdebodes da-berty
berty-eb-a
(`daxeTqeba, danarcxeba~)s Zirsac, razedac svaberty
nuri enis dialeqtebi aSkarad miuTiTeben: bz., lSx. xaptyre <
*xx-aa-pty
pty-e
r-e
ty-i
pty e-r
r e da kidev ufro gamartivebuli bq. x-an-ty
ty i (`akravs~);
Colurul

leqsikonSi

xaptyre

asea

ganmartebuli:

`Txladaa

dagdebuli an akruli~, anu `gabrtyelebulia, brtylad agdia,

brtylad akravs~.
171

e. i. *brty
brty-eb-a
> berty-eb-a
> bety-eb-a
> pety-eb-a
glotabrty
berty
bety
pety
lizebul Tanxmovniani varianti mxolod svanurSi ki ar gvaqvs, aramed qarTuli enis dasavlur dialeqtebSic (da-a-pe
pe{r
ty-a, Sdr.
pe r}t
aRmosavlurqarTuli da-a-bRert
bRert-a
`bRotva,
bRert da xevsuruli bRat-eb-a
bRat
bRotiali; bRauWiT cocva aRmarTze~, fSauri barty-an-i).
barty
amave

ZirTan

SeiZleba

davakavSiroT

barty-i
barty i,

bRart-i
bRart i,

bJRart-i
bJRart i (imer., lCx.).
maSasadame,

amosavali

brtybrty

Ziri

gamartivebis

tendencias

amJRavnebs yvela qarTvelur enaSi, magram saliteraturo qarTulSi

variantTa raodenoba mainc ufro SezRudulia, vidre zanur-svanurSi.
Cveni varaudis mixedviT, oTxTanxmovniani (resp. samTanxmovniani, radganac erT-erTi komponenti harmoniuli kompleqsia) Ziri garkveuli
fonologiuri gardaqmnebis Sedegad SeiZleba davides sam, or da
calTanxmovnian monacemamde da es monacemi, rogorc wesi, mkveTri t
fonemaa (Sdr. `gurjistanis vilaieTis did davTarSi~ moxseniebuli javaxuri toponimebi prt-en
pt-en
frt-en
prt en-a
en a/pt
pt en-a
en a/frt
frt en-a
en a, romlebic z. WiWinaZiseuli
bert-en
bert en-a
en a leqsemis fonetikur variantebs warmoadgenen _ jiqia 1958:
244-252, 311; qamadaZe 2007: 25).
specialur literaturaSi svanuri pit (`kveri~, uSg. lukmapuri~) dakavSirebulia svanurisave leqsemasTan furT-in-a
qarTul
furT
faTfaT Ziridan amosvliT da miCneulia, rom misi zanuri varianti
furTfurT (<* foT-)
foT Semonaxulia svanurSi (Cuxua 2000-2003: 178).
vfiqrobT, rom zanuri Ziri saZebaria, radganac furTfurT saerToqarTveluri Cans; furT-un-a
qarTuli enis iseT arqaul dialeqtSi
furT
ixmareba, rogoricaa imerxeuli (`qariSxali~), xolo igive Ziri `gamvleli wvimis~ aRsaniSnavad gurulSic gamoiyeneba (furTx
furTx-i
furTx i). svanur
enaSi lifurTne (< *li-furT
furT-i-n-e),
furTna (< *furT
furT-i-n-a)
furT
furT
`areulobaa~ (`sxvadasxva nivTierebis erTmaneTSi aRreva~), xolo,
balszemour-laSxuri

dialeqtebis

CvenebaTa

mixedviT,

furTi
furTina
Tina

`erTgvari guliani puria~. es saxelwodebac swored imitom hqvia,

rom masSi SigTavsia areuli.
172

maSasadame, yvela zemoaRniSnul qarTulsa da svanur ZirSi

xazgasmulia raRac sagnebis, nivTierebebisa Tu movlenebis erTmaneTSi aRreva. ase rom, furTfurT sxva semantikis gadmomcemia, xolo
pit _ sxvisa. am ukanasknelis formaTa ganviTareba drosa da sivrceSi uwinaresoba-Semdgomadobis TvalsazrisiT Semdegnairad gvesaxeba:
a) saerToqarTv. *brty
brty-el
brty-u
birty-
bity-
brty el > svan. *brty
brty u > *birty
birty > *bity
bity >
*pity
pity-
pity > pit (`brtyeli kveri~); SeiZleboda pt variantic.
pity > *pity
b) saerToqarTveluri *brty
brty-el
brty-u
brity-
brty el > svan. *brty
brty u > *b
rity >
*brit
brit-
brit > prit+
(`farTo Txeli foToli~); SeiZleboda
brit > *brit
prit -
prt--c.
prt
erTi kia _ b > p > f Sesabamis poziciebSi sxva leqsemebTanac
dasturdeba: but-but
but but-i
but > put-un
put un-i
un (`CurCuli, fuCuni~), fuT-fuT
fuT fuT-i
fuT i
(`mravali wvrili WiaRuis erT adgilas moZraoba da erTmaneTSi
areva~ _ gadataniT iTqmis adamianebsa da cxovelebzedac).

Reducing tendencies roots and stems in anlaut

in the Kartvelian languages
Summary

In all aglutinative and inflexional languages there are natural, limited and forbidden sound orders. In spite of the fact that for Georgian collecting of consonants in
anlaut is natural still in some cases a language tries to avoid certain complexes.
From this standpoint in unwritten Kartvelian languages there are more range than in literary ones.
Three tendencies are noticeable:
1. simplifying of a compound complex through losing of one component;
2. adding of vowels (i, a, u, ) between consonants;
3. sound-changing.
In this point a noteworthy picture showed an analyze of a lexeme brtK-el
brtK el
"flat, even" in the Kartvelian languages four-consonante root of which manifests
simplifying and as a result of certain phonological changes it should go down to
three-two-single-consonante (and containing an harmonic complex) root. As a rule
it is a t phoneme (cf.: Ingiloian and Svan tK-el
tK-i
tK el "flat, even", Upper Bal x-an-tK
tK
"surrounds", Upper Svan, Lashkhian pit thin "loaf of bread or a maize-bread") and
not aspirated t, as it is represented in the special literature (Chukhua 2000-2003: 178).
173

pirve
pirveli
veli etimo
etimolo
mologi
logiu
giuri gamokvle
gamokvleva
kvleva Colu
Coluru
luruli
ruli
leqsi
leqsikis
sikis Sesa
Sesaxeb
saxeb
cnobilia, rom svanur enaSi tradiciulad oTx dialeqts
gamoyofen: balszemours, balsqvemours (zemosvanuri), laSxursa da
lentexurs (qvemosvanuri), magram mas Semdeg, rac daibeWda aleqsandre
onianis monografia `svanuri ena~, romelic germanulad Targmna da
2005 wels ienaSi gamoaqveyna hainc fenrixma, Cvenma ucxoelma kolegam
ramdenadme Secvala Tavisi damokidebuleba sakmaod rTuli problemisadmi. amas daemata isic, rom cota xniT adre (2003 w.) ienis
fridrix Sileris universitetma germanul enaze gamosca hainc
fenrixTan TanaavtorobiT Seqmnili Cveni wigni "TscholurswanischDeutsches Verbenverzeichnis". imave wels Tavis monografiaSi "Kleine
Schriften" SesaniSnavma qarTvelologma Seitana sakmaod mokle, magram
bevrismTqmeli statia "Einige tscholurswanische Ergnzungen des kartwelischen
Wortschatzes" (`ramdenime Colurulsvanuri damateba qarTvelur enaTa
leqsikaSi~), sadac aRniSnulia: `Coluruli aqamde ar ganixileboda
damoukidebel dialeqtad: zemoColuruli miakuTvnes laSxur kilos,
xolo qvemoColuruli _ lentexurs. aleqsandre onianis mtkicebiT,
es mosazreba uaryofil unda iqnes da Coluruli danarCeni oTxis
msgavsad calke dialeqtad unda ganixilebodes. am Tvalsazrisis
gaTvaliswinebiT misi leqsikac imsaxurebs yuradRebas, romlis gansaxorcieleblad pirveli mcdeloba iyo Colurulsvanuri zmnebis
erTi nawilisa da misi ZiriTadi gramatikuli formebis CamonaTvalis
(Tschantladze, Fhnrich 2003) Seqmna. am axaldamuSavebuli masalis gamoyenebas mivyavarT qarTvelur enaTa leqsikis analizis srulyofisaken~.
2007 wels gamocemuli fundamenturi leqsikonis ("Kartwelisches Etymologisches Wrterbuch") Sesaval nawilSi svanuri ena xuTi dialeqtiTaa
warmodgenili (ix. gv. 6), Tumca calkeul etimologiebze msjelobisas
hainc fenrixi, ZiriTadad, tradiciuli (oTxi) dialeqtebis masalebs
mimarTavs.
174

1998 wels aleqsandre onianma kategoriulad ganacxada: `fo

fofonolo
nologi
logiu
giuri,
ri grama
gramati
matiku
tikuli
kuli,
li leqsi
leqsiku
sikuri
kuri da into
intona
tonaci
naciu
ciuri Tavi
Tavise
visebu
sebuburebe
rebebiT
bebiT Colu
Coluru
luruli
ruli iseve
iseve gansxvav
gansxvavde
sxvavdeba
deba svanu
svanuris
nuris yvela
yvela sxva dia
dialeqti
leqtisa
tisagan
sagan,
gan rogorc
rogorc TiTo
TiToe
Toeuli maTga
maTgani
gani erTma
erTmane
TmaneTi
neTisa
Tisagan
sagan.
gan es ki,
vfiqrobT, sakmarisi safuZvelia imisTvis, rom Coluruli damoukidebel dialeqtur erTeulad miviCnioT~-o (gv. 8). miuxedavad amisa,
is mkvlevrebs sifrTxilisaken mouwodebda: `sva
svanu
svanuri
nuri enis dia
dialeqtleqtTa Soris
gansa
sazRvri
Soris Colu
Coluru
lurulis
rulis adgi
adgilis
gilis sabo
saboloo
boloo gan
sazRvrisa
zRvrisaTvis
saTvis auci
aucicilebe
lebelia
lia
misi
mi
si
speci
spe
cia
a
luri
lu
ri
Seswav
Se
swavla
la~
(xazi
Cvenia
_
i
.
C
.).
be
ci
swavla
2003 wlis gamokvlevaSi da 2007 wlis leqsikonSi hainc fenrixis
mier gaanalizebuli masalidan zogi mxolod Colurul metyvelebas
asaxavs, Tumca gvxvdeba iseTi leqsikac, romelic svanuris sxva dialeqtebSic gamoiyeneba da, maSasadame, danarCen qarTvelur enebSic.
hainc fenrixma erTmaneTs Seudara qarTuli beTqbeTq (`Zlierad
cema~), megruli baTqbaTq (`Zlierad da Seuwyvetliv cema~)1 da svanuri
beTqbeTq (`cema~) Zirebi da saerToqarTveluri donisTvis aRadgina
*beTq
beTqbeTq arqetipi jer kidev 1985 wels (ix. fenrixis dasax. naSr.: 26),
magram Semdeg igi am masalas umatebs Colurul li-baTq
baTq-i/li-bTq
bTq-i
baTq
bTq
(`dartyma gaSlili xeliT~)s, laSxur li-beTq
beTq (afeTqeba, gaskdoma~)s da miaCnia `namdvil svanur Sesatyvisebad~. Tu adre (fenrixisarjvelaZe

2000:

102)

svanur

ekvivalentad

mkvlevari

Tvlida

beTq-(/bTq
beTq-e
bTq-e
beTq bTqbTq (la-x-beTq
beTq `daartya~, li-bTq
bTq `dartyma~) monacems, axla is garkveul eWvs gamoTqvams li-beTq
li-bTq
li beTq-e
beTq e/li
li bTq-e
bTq e formaTa svanurobis gamo, radganac auslautis -
- Tanxmovnis arseboba
gvibiZgebs iqiTken, rom isini ufro qarTuli enidan nasesxebad
CavTvaloT, vidre sakuTriv svanurado (fenrixi 2003: 39; 2007: 56).
SevniSnavT, rom svanur zmnaSi -av
av Temis niSnis arseboba marTlac
miuTiTebs imaze, rom Sesabamisi fuZe mTlianadaa nasesxebi qarTulidan, radganac amgvari Temis niSani sakuTriv svanuris gramatikul
sistemas ar axasiaTebs (magaliTad: lSx. li-bag
li bag-a
bag a-i
a i, Sdr. qarTluri
a-mo
mo-bag
mo bag-v
bag v-aa `saqonlis bagis amowmenda narCenTagan~).
1

amave Zirs ukavSirebs avtori svanur anTroponimsac beTq-il, sadac

-il kninobiTobis aRmniSvneli sufiqsia (Fhnrich 1985: 26; 2003: 39; 2007: 57).

175

vfiqrobT, rom saanalizo ZirSi amosavali xmovnis sakiTxi arc

ise advili gadasawyvetia, radganac ara mxolod megrulSi dasturdeba
-aa- (romelic qarTuli -e
e- xmovnis kanonzomieri da regularuli
Sesatyvisia), aramed Tavad qarTulsa da svanur enebSic: qarT. baTq-i,
baTq
baTq-a-buTq
(`Tofis, zarbaznisa da misTanaTa gasrolis xma),
baTq buTq-i~
buTq
Col. li-baTq
baTq-i
baTq (`gaSlili xelis rbil saganze dartyma~), baTq-un-e
baTq
(`fexebis bakuniT dadis~), Tumca isic mosalodnelia, rom baTq-i
baTq /
baTq-un-i
da faTq-an
baTq
faTq an-i
an i / faTq-un
faTq un-i
un i (gur./imer. `srola, xmauri; cematyepa, rtymeva~) fonetikuradac iyvnen erTmaneTTan dakavSirebulni
asimilaciis safuZvelze (baTq
baTq-un
baTq un-i
un i > faTq-un
faTq un-i
un i).
Zveli qarTulidan momdinare bertyberty da megrul bartybarty (`bertyva~) Zirebi Tavis droze erTmaneTs daukavSira hainc fenrixma
(fenrixi 1985: 26), rogorc kanonzomieri Sesatyvisebi, magram maSin
misTvis jer kidev cnobili ar iyo Sesabamisi svanuri monacemi da
amitomac, sruliad bunebrivia, rom *berty
bertyberty arqetipi aRdga qarTul-zanuri erTianobis doneze. varlam Tofurias da maqsime qaldanis `svanuri leqsikonis~ gamoqveynebis (2000 w.) Semdeg ucxoelma
qarTvelologma Sesadareblad moixmo balsqvemouri li-pty
li pty-n
pty n-e
n e,
romelic am dialeqtSi `pentva~-s niSnavs, qvemosvanurSi ki `gabrtyeleba~-s. misi azriT, svanurma formam sufiqsaciis Sedegad dakarga fuZiseuli xmovani, ris safuZvelzec warmoqmnili Tanxmovnebis jgufidan (brty
brty-)
brty amovarda sonori da Ziris danarCeni nawili
asimilaciis Sedegad abruptiul TanxmovanTa jgufiT (pty
pty-)
pty Seicvala
(fenrixi 2002: 8; 2003: 38-39). mogvianebiT hainc fenrixma am masalas
daamata Coluruli li-bnty
nty-e
li bnty-e
bnty e || li-b
li bnty
nty e (`daCurCna, gaTelva,
gacexva~) Cveni koleqtiuri naSromidan `Colurulsvanur-germanuli
zmnebis aRwera~ (CantlaZe, fenrixi 2003: 17). balszemour dialeqtSic
libntye gvaqvs, kbilismieri t Tanxmovnis wina poziciaSi disimilaciis Sedegad miviReT n, romelic amosavali sonorisgan (r
r)
momdinareobs.
maSasadame, hainc fenrixisa da zurab sarjvelaZis `qarTvelur
enaTa etimologiuri leqsikonis~ arc erT gamocemaSi (qarTul Tu
176

germanul enebze) bertyberty Ziri ar iyo aRdgenili saerToqarTveluri

fuZeenis doneze Sesabamisi svanuri masalebis mouZieblobis gamo.
rac Seexeba Ziriseul xmovanTa sigrZes, hainc fenrixi xazgasmiT aRniSnavs: qarTve
qarTvelur
Tvelur enebSi
enebSi grZel xmovan
xmovanTa
vanTa rekon
rekonstruq
konstruqci
struqcias
ciasasTan dakav
dakavSi
kavSire
Sirebul
rebul sakiTxs
sakiTxs aq ar Seve
Sevexe
vexebi
xebiTo
biTo.
To es gancxadeba ar aris
moulodneli, radganac specialistebisTvis cnobilia misi damokidebuleba am problemisadmi. gansxvavebiT sxva qarTvelologTagan
(Tamaz

gamyreliZe,

givi

maWavariani,

aleqsandre

oniani,

zurab

sarjvelaZe,...) hainc
hainc fenri
fenrixi
rixi xmovan
xmovanTa
vanTa sigrZes
sigrZes saer
saerTo
erToqar
ToqarTve
qarTvel
Tvelur
done
doneze
neze ar aRadgens
aRadgens.
gens am mxriv yuradsaRebia erTi adgili `qarTvelur enaTa etimologiuri leqsikonis~ 1990 wliseuli gamocemidan:
`zogierT problemas, romlebic dResac araa garkveuli, ganzrax
avuareT gverdi... sabolood araa gadawyvetili gviandel saerToqarTvelur fuZeenaSi grZel xmovanTa arsebobis sakiTxi. miuxedavad
imisa, rom am naSromSi Cven ar vasxvavebT gviandeli saerToqarTveluris doneze grZel da moklexmovnian variantebs, srulebiT ar
gamoiricxeba

maTi

arsebobis

SesaZlebloba~

(fenrixi-sarjvelaZe

1990: 22); imave wignis momdevno (2000 w.) gamocemaSi ki aRniSnulia:

`aseTi naSromi gonivruli kompromisebis gareSe ar SeiZleba Seiqmnas, rac, bunebrivia, avtorebs Soris calkeul sakiTxebze azrTa
sxvadasxvaobas gulisxmobs (fenrixi-sarjvelaZe 2000: 32)~. aq, vfiqrobT, upirveles yovlisa, xmovanTa sigrZis problemis araerTgvarovani gaazreba ivaraudeba.
brtybrty Ziri specialur literaturaSi (Sengelia 2001: 112;
Cuxua 2000-2003: 179) ramdenadme sxvagvaradaa gaanalizebuli, sadac
amosavalia saxeluri (da ara zmnuri) monacemi: qarT. bty-el-i,
bty
Zv.
q. prty-el-i,
a-brty
brty-el-eb-s,
si-brty
brty-e;
zan. (megr.) birty-a
prty
brty
brty
birty (`brtyeli~), la-paty
paty-ia
(`brtyeli~). merab Cuxuas azriT, svanuri zmnuri
paty
pty-nformalurad axlos dgas qarTulis glotalizebul alopty
morfebTan, xolo zanurSi a/i
i xmovani proTetulia. kargi iqneboda,
saanalizo Sepirispirebis avtors mxedvelobidan ar gamorCenoda
Zveli qarTuli tyrpeltyrpel varianti.
177

vfiqrobT, brtybrty Ziris izolirebul ganxilvaze ufro damajerebelia misi hainc fenrixiseuli gaazreba da berty-Tan
dakavSireberty
ba. amave monacems gulisxmobs amosavlad vaJa Sengeliac megruli
bartybarty || > partyparty (Sdr. la-barty
la barty-ia
barty ia || > la-party
la party-ia
party ia `brtyeli,
mobrtyo~) ZirisTvis (Sengelia 2001: 112-113).
"Kleine Schriften"-is avtoris yuradRebas iqcevs arnold Ciqobavas
(1938: 158) da gerhardt deetersis (1926: 82) erTi dakavSireba.
esaa qarTuli berwk-/brwy
na-perwk
berwk brwybrwy (na
na perwk-al
perwk al-i
al i, brwy-in
brwy in-v
in v-aa), megruli rwkrwk
(rwk
rwk-i
na/rwk
rwk-in
wkno-pi
wk-al
rwk i-na
na rwk-in
rwk in-u
in u-aa/rwk
rwk in-ap
in ap-i
ap i) da lazuri pi{n
pi n}wk
wk (no
no pi{n
pi n}wk
wk al-e
al e).
giorgi klimovma (1964: 50) svanur na-berwy
(`naperwkali~) gamona berwySi
berwy
vlenili berwy-is
mixedviT SesaZleblad miiCnia, rom saanalizo
berwy
monacemi aRdgeniliyo saerToqarTveluri donisTvis, magram hainc
fenrixma da zurab sarjvelaZem misi qarTulidan nasesxoba ivaraudes da qarTvelur enaTa etimologiuri leqsikonis yvela gamocemaSi *berwy
berwy-/brwy
berwy brwybrwy arqetipi aRdgenilia mxolod qarTul-zanuri erTianobis epoqisTvis, oRond gaugebari iyo, ratom miaCndaT berwy
svanurSi izolirebul leqsemad? (fenrixi, sarjvelaZe 2000: 106),
miT ufro, rom uSgulur kilokavSi besarion niJaraZes dadasturebuli hqonda ara naberwy
naberwy an berwy,
berwy aramed nabrwyal1 (niJaraZe
2007: 157), Sdr. Zv. q. naber
naberwya
berwyali
wyali / naper
naperwka
perwkali
wkali.
li maSasadame, WeSmaritebasTan axlos idga hainc fenrixisa da zurab sarjvelaZis varaudi
imis Sesaxeb, rom svanuri berwy nasesxebi unda yofiliyo qarTulidan manam, sanam igi gardaiqmneboda perwkad
perwk
(fenrixi, sarjvelaZe:
iqve). hainc fenrixi 2003 _ 2007 wlebSi kvlav ubrundeba am Zirs,
sailustracio

masalebs

umatebs

Colurul

li-b
brWy-al-es
rWy

(`brwyinva~) da fuZeenis doneze SesaZleblad miiCnevs wy-/wk

wy wkwk dubleturi bgeraTkompleqsis arsebobasac (mosalodnelia, li-brWy
brWy-al-i
brWy
nasesxebic iyos, Sdr. qarTuli brWyv-ial-i
an onomatopoeturi
brWyv
leqsikis specifikiT Sepirobebuli monacemi).
1

qarTvelur

enaTa

etimologiuri

leqsikonebis

avtorebisTvis

es

leqsema ucnobi iyo, radganac, rogorc zemoTac aRvniSneT, besarion niJaraZis

naSromi TiTqmis saukunis dagvianebiT gamoqveynda.

178

nabrwyel
nabrwyel (bz.), nabrwy (bq.), naprwkel (lnt.) svanur enaSi
sxva mniSvnelobiTac ixmareba _ esaa `STamomavloba, Camomavali~,
romelic aseve nasesxebi Cans qarTulidan, oRond sxva sityvidan
(albaT na-barty
na bartyidan).
barty
balszemoursa da qvemosvanur dialeqtebSi `naperwkals~ wkm
ewodeba. sagulisxmoa, rom es Ziri svanuris araerT kiloSi SiSina
(m-Wkm
Wkm)
Wkm formiTac gvxvdeba rogorc imave, ise msgavsi mniSvnelobiT
(`naperwkali~, `cicinaTela~, `cecxli~ _ monadiris enaze). zanursvanuri WkWk > wk procesi sainteresodaa axsnili specialur
literaturaSi (Cuxua 2000-2003: 381), rac, samwuxarod, ar aris
gaTvaliswinebuli hainc fenrixis arc erT im naSromSi, romlebzedac
vmsjelobT.
yuradsaRebia, rom `naperwkali~ mxolod XI-XII saukuneTa ZeglebSi gvxvdeba, magram es leqsema adrec rom unda yofiliyo qarTvelur
samyaroSi,

amaze

guruli

perwk-al-i
perwk

(`naperwkali~),

pwk-in-v-a
pwk

(`brwyinva~), prwk-ald-i
(`mzis pirveli sxivi~), imeruli na-pwk
pwk-iel-i
prwk
pwk
da leCxumuri na-pwk
pwk-ial-i
(`naperwkali~), pwk-ial-i
(`brwyinva~)
pwk
pwk
miuTiTeben.
hainc fenrixi erTmaneTs ukavSirebs Colurul li-gz
li gz-e
gz e (`burRva,
Cxvleta~) da qarTul da-gaz
da gaz-v
gaz v-aa zmnaTa gaz-/gz
gaz gzgz Zirs; gansxvavebuli
semantikis gamo, misi azriT, qarTuli enidan sesxeba gamoricxulia.
balszemour dialeqtSi am fuZes sruliad sxva mniSvneloba (`nadiris
mokvla~) aqvs. ara gvgonia, Zalian didi semantikuri sxvaoba iyos
qarTul da Colurul monacemebs Soris: Sdr. da-gaz
da gaz-av
gaz av-s
av s (`dakawravs,
dafxaWnis brWyalebiT an wvetiani sagniT~), erTi mxriv, da li-gz
li gz-e
i}
gz e{nn-i
(`Casoba kbilisa,...~), gaz-a
gaz a (`dasoba~), meore mxriv; Tumca qarTuli
gaz-a
gaz a, gaz-i
gaz i (`brWyalebi~), gaz-eb
gaz eb-i
eb i (`wvivebi~) specialur literaturaSi
sxvagvari etimologiisaa (Cuxua 2000-2003: 76).
saanalizo

naSromSi

warmodgenilia

balszemour-Coluruli

zmna li-dyr
li dyr-e
dyr e (`gaskdoma, gafantva~), romelic Sepirispirebulia
aleqsandre Rlontis `qarTul kilo-TqmaTa sityvis konaSi~ dadasturebul

qarTluri

dialeqtisTvis

damaxasiaTebel

formasTan

ga-dRr
ga dRr-en
dRr en-a
en a (`uSnod gaganiereba metismeti simsuqnisagan~).
179

zemoimerul da Colurul (mo

mo-xup
mo xup-v
xup v-aa `badis akrefa mebaduris
mier~ _ li-xp
li xp-e
xp e `mogroveba, Tavmoyra, SequCeba~) monacemTa mixedviT,
hainc fenrixi saerToqarTveluri fuZeenis doneze aRadgens -xup
xupxup
Zirs, oRond unda SevniSnoT, rom es zmna svanuri enis yvela dialeqtSia gavrcelebuli. albaT, saliteraturo qarTulis mo-xuf
mo xuf-v
xuf v-aa
leqsemac imave Ziris gafSvinvierebis Sedegadaa miRebuli (Sdr. raWuli
mo-xux
mo xux-v
xux v-aa `mogroveba, SequCeba~)...
amrigad, Cven mier ganxiluli masala aSkarad miuTiTebs imaze,
Tu raoden skrupulozuria germaneli kolegis, profesor hainc
fenrixis meTodi qarTvelologiis problemebze msjelobisas. is
sxvadasxva

naSromSi

araerTxel

ubrundeba

adre

gaanalizebul

Zirebs yoveli axali faqtis aRmoCenisas, rac mas Zalian uwyobs

xels ufro zusti daskvnebis gakeTebaSi _ warmatebebi ki efuZneba
germanuli komparativistuli skolis didebul tradiciebs.

()

, , ,
: , ( ),
( ), ,
" ",
(2005 .),
. , 2003

"Tscholurswanisch-Deutsches Verbenverzeichis".
"Kleine Schriften" ,
"Einige tscholurswanische Ergnzungen des kartwelischen
Wortschatzes", : "
:
,
180

; ,

. ;

.
". "Kartwelisches Etymologisches Wrterbuch
(Leiden-Boston, 2007)" 5
.
1998 : "
, ,
,
, ,
". ,
" " : " ,
, ".
,
.
,
.
: beTqbeTq betk- (""),
bertyberty bertq (""; ""), berwk-/brwk
berwk brwkbrwk berck/brck ("";
""), gazgaz gaz ("", ""), dRir-/dRr
dRir dRr dir/dr (",
"), xupxup xup ("").
. , , ;
.
, ()

(.)
(.) .

181

sisi
SiSi
Sina
sisina
sina da Si
Sina sibi
sibilant
bilantTa
lantTa proble
problema
lema
qarTve
qarTvelur
Tvelur enebSi
enebSi
qarTvelur enebSi fonemaTSesatyvisobani vlindeba xmovnebsa
da sibilantebSi, agreTve T, l,
l r TanxmovnebTan. gadaxvevebi spontanur, regularul kanonzomierebaTagan TiTqmis
TiTqmis yovel
yovelTvis
velTvis ixsneba
kombinatoruli cvlilebebiT.
preqarTvelur

enaSi

istoriulad

ivaraudeba

TanxmovanTa

winasibilanturi (si
sisi
sisi
SiSi
sisina
sina),
na Suasibilanturi (si
sisin
sin-Si
SiSina
Sina,
na Sdr. afxazuri enis fonotaqtika) da ukanasibilanturi (Si
SiSi
SiSina
Sina)
na rigebi, romelTagan pirveli maTgani identur refleqsebs iZleoda fonemaTSesatyvisobis doneze, meore _ ukanasibilanturi rigis ekvivalentebs
warmoadgenda, xolo mesame _ ukanasibilantur da velarul TanxmovanTa kompleqsebs (g. maWavariani). zogjer mimdinareobda gasisinebis
(zanuri Sg > svanuri sg)
sg procesic, oRond mxolod bilabiali
sonantis wina poziciaSi (T. gamyreliZe, g. kartozia).
mona
monaTe
naTesa
Tesave
save enaTa
enaTa dife
diferen
ferenci
rencia
ciacia dia
dialeqte
leqtebis
tebis done
doneze
neze iwyeba
iwyeba.
ba
bgeraTa cvlilebebis pirveli safexuri, ramac Semdeg regularuli
Sesatyvisobani mogvca, qarTvelur enaTa istoriul kiloebSi unda
veZioT.
amgvari potencia sxvadasxva dialeqtSi sxvadasxva dros erTsa
da imave Sedegs iZleva. amitomac qarTveluri enebis kanon
kanonzo
nonzomi
zomier
mier fofonemaT
arse
sebo
nemaTSe
maTSesa
Sesatyvi
satyviso
tyvisoba
sobaTa
baTa analo
analoge
logebi
gebi dResac
dResac ar
seboben
boben Tana
Tanamed
namedro
medrove
rove dia
dialeqteb
regu
gula
leqtebSi
tebSi,
Si Tumca
Tumca maT spora
sporadu
raduli
duli (da ara re
gularu
laruli
ruli)
li) xasi
xasia
siaTi
aqvT ... xSirad is, rac kiloebSi substituciis, anu auxsneli bgeraTcvlilebis nimuSad ganimarteba, zedmi
zedmiwev
miwevniT
wevniT emsgav
emsgavse
sgavseba
seba imas, rasac
qarTvelur enaTa doneze bgeraTSesatyvisobad ganixilaven (jorbenaZe
1995: 50-56, 90-93).
xandaxan mosalodneli sisina spirantisa Tu afrikatis nacvlad
qarTvelur enaTa dialeqtebSi SeiZleba SiSinac Segvxvdes an _ piriqiT:
xC-ol
xC olol fuZe sxvadasxva mniSvnelobisaa qarTuli enis dialeqtebSi: imerulsa da leCxumurSi igi `kvamls~ niSnavs (da xrC-ol
xrC ol-v
ol v-aas
182

ukavSirdeba), aWarulSi _ `wnelis rgolebiT asxmul sabmels~, xolo javaxurSi _ `wnels~. guriaSi `Citis badis saqsov xelsawyos~
ewodeba Cx-ar
Cx ar-i
ar i, Tavad `saqsov Cxirs~ ki _ Cx-aS
Cx aS-i
aS i / Cx-aJ
Cx aJ-i
aJ i; imereTSi `wvril Cxirs~ Cx-ik
Cx ik-i
ik i hqvia, xolo `gamxmari wnelisagan gakeTebul cocxs~ Cx-ok
Cx oks
ok uwodeben guriaSi. xuTive leqsema Zalian hgavs
zanuri struqturis fuZes (Sdr. o-nn-Cx
Cx-ak
Cx ak-al
ak al-e
al e `Txilis sabertyi
joxi~).
aSkaraa, rom ZirSi yvelgan CxCx kompleqsia an metaTezisis Sedegi xC-;
Sx-er
(`poba, skdoma~) SeiZleba iyos qarTuli
xC svanuri li-Sx
Sx
Cx-er
Cx er/Cx
er Cx-ir
Cx ir Ziris spirantizebuli saxe. mosalodnelia, rom li-Cx
li Cx-in
Cx in-e
in e
(`gaCxirva, garWoba~) imave CxCx Ziris Semcveli masdaria.
harmoniuli kompleqsis sisina variantic (cx
cx-)
cx gvxvdeba yvela
qarTvelur enaSi: Zvel qarTulSi `sarTavi mowyobilobis joxi~
aris cx-em
i, cx-em
cx em-l
em l-i
cx em-l
em l-aa ki gurul dialeqtSi `rcxila~-a. javaxeTSi
cx-em
i aris `qselSi narTis gasayreli xe~, xolo TuSeTSi `wincx em-l
em l-i
disa da xelTaTmanis saqsov rkinis Cxirebs~ cx-em
eb-i
cx em-l
em l-eb
eb i hqvia
(mx. r. cx-em
i). `fiCxis~ aRsaniSnavad megrulSi cx-v
ek ixmareba,
cx em-l
em l-i
cx v-ek
lazurSi ki _ cx-ik
cxik (bz.) `tyes~
cx ik.
ik svanurSi cxek (zs., qs.)/cxik
aRniSnavs. igive Ziri Cans Coluruli metyvelebis cx-
ert (`wvrili
cx p-ert
wneli~), cx-n
r-l
l (`wvrili gamxmari Stoebi~) formebSi da zemosvacx nt
nt-r
nur cx-ir
el-a
cx ir (`xiwvi, xiWvi~) fuZeSi. cx-ek
cx ek-n
ek n-el
el a toponimia (gauqmebuli
soflis saxelwodeba) samcxeSi (beriZe 2005: 148).
maSasadame, `wnelis > joxis > Cxiris > tyis~ aRsaniSnavad qarTvelur enebSi gamoiyeneba erTi da imave harmoniuli kompleqsis
rogorc

sisina

(cx
cx-),
cx

ise

SiSina

(Cx
Cx-)
Cx

variantebi

qarTulSic,

megrulSic, lazurSic da svanurSic, rac erTgva

erTgvarad
Tgvarad arRvevs
arRvevs komkompara
parati
rativis
tivistu
vistuli
tuli qarTve
qarTvelo
Tvelolo
lologi
logiis
giis Ziri
ZiriTad
riTad princi
principebs
cipebs.
pebs amitomac
saWiroa meTodebis gamkacreba, Torem, antuan meies Tqmisa ar iyos,
`axali etimologia Zalian bevria, magram maTi umravlesoba im rigisaa, rom maTSi SeuZ
SeuZle
uZlebe
lebelia
belia aRmoa
aRmoaCino
Cino raime, mtkice
mtkicebu
cebule
bulebis
lebis
sawyi
sawyisic
wyisic ki ( 1954: 9)~. es exeba ukanasknel xanebSi gamocemul
zog qarTvelologiur leqsikonsac.
183

arc isaa mosawoni, rom gadavaWarboT sisin-SiSina fonemaTa

arsisa da pozitiur mimarTebaTa SefasebaSi; vTqvaT, ase: `saqarTveloSi yvela TaobaSi ibadebian bavSvebi, romelTa klasifikacia dasaSvebia sibilantTa `gasisinebis~ an `gaSiSinebis~ niSniT... Tanac
TaobaTa monacvleobiT xan `gasisinebis~ tendenciaa dominanturi da
xan `gaSiSinebisa~ (qurdiani 2007: 226).
specialuri literaturidan cnobilia, rom qarTvelur enaTa
Soris SiSina sibilanturi rigis fonemebis martivi, uZvelesi saxe
Semogvinaxa qarTulma, xolo masTan SedarebiT meoreuli, Sq-/Sg
Sq Sg-,
Sg
jg-/Zg
jg ZgZg bgeraTkompleqsebis Semcveli monacemebi dadasturebulia zanursa da svanurSi (gansxvavebuli poziciisTvis Sdr. Schmidt 1962);
am ukanasknelSi ki spirantizaciis safuZvelze, -
sonantis wina poziciaSi, vRebulobT sgsg variants, Tamaz gamyreliZis mier SeniSnuli metad mniSvnelovani kombinatoruli kanonzomierebis mixedviT
(gamyreliZe 1959). es wesi gatarebulia leqsemaTa umravlesobaSi,
magram, rogorc cnobilia, lingvisturi kanonzomierebani, Cveulebriv, absolutur xasiaTs ar atareben. amgvar kanonzomierebebs yovelTvis gansazRvravs dro da enobriv sistemaSi gavrcelebis areali. maTze Semaferxeblad moqmedeben sxvadasxva eqstralingvisturi
faqtorebi. garkveuli fonetikuri kanoni ver moicavs sistemaSi arsebul mTel masalas, riTac aixsneba misi relatiuri xasiaTi. amitom
enobri
enobrivi
rivi kanon
kanonzo
nonzomi
zomie
mierebis
rebis xaris
xarisxi
risxi gani
ganisa
nisazRvre
sazRvreba
zRvreba misi
misi ganxor
ganxorci
xorcie
cielebis
lebis
alba
albaTo
baTobiT
TobiT.
biT
erTi SexedviT, TiTqos arRveven sibilantTa Sesatyvisobebs
qarTuli jag
ar-i,
megruli Zagv
ar-i
qarTuli f-r
rjag-ar
ar
Zagv-ar
ar (gur. Zag-ar
Zag ar-i);
ar
Cx-il
cx-a
megruli
Cx il-i
il i, Wanuri bu-cx
bu cx-a
cx a, megr. bi-r
bi r-cx
cx a; qarTuli Wip-i,
Wip
Wip-i,
Sdr. agreTve sisin-SiSina fonemaTa monacvleoba
Wip lazuri wip-a...
wip
erTi enis farglebSi an mis sxvadasxva dialeqtur arealSi:
Zv. q. da-s
S-va
i (saba); xiwv
i || xiWv
i;
da s-va
s va || da-S
S va;
va sxam-i
sxam || Sxam
Sxam-i
xiwv-i
xiWv-i
isxar
isxar-i
qar iSxal
xar i (`Cqari wvima, adre momdarebeli~ _ saba) / qar-iS
iSxal-i
xal i;
laz. wut-a
svan. kot-l
wut || Wut-a,
Wut
kot l || kow-l
kow l || koW-l
koW l (`patara,
pawia~); Zv. q. sj-ul
SC-ul
sj ul-i
ul i / Sj-ul
Sj ul-i
ul i /SC
SC ul-i
ul i / rC-ul
rC ul-i
ul i (`kanoni, sasjeli;
184

moZRvreba); Zv. q. sxam-ean

sxam ean-i
ean i / ax. q. Sxam-ian
Sxam ian-i
ian i, Zv. q. me-yurw
me yurw-um
yurw um-e
um e ||
me-yurW
me yurW-um
yurW um-e
um e (`myvinTavi~); Zv. q. sxiv-il
sxiv il-i
il i / ax. q. SiSx-in
SiSx in-i
in i (qiz.
Sxip-Sxip
Sxip Sxip-i
Sxip i); Zv. q. WuR-el
WuR el-i
el i / ax. q. wyv-il
wyv il-i
il i (Zvel qarTulSi wyvili
wyvili
`barZayebsac~ niSnavs da `luwsac~); qiz. wia
kok
ola / Wia
kok
on-aa;
wia-ko
kok-o
Wia-ko
kok-o
mox. a-wia
wia-wia
wia wia (`aforiaqeba, awiokeba~) / TuS. aW-i
aW i / baW-ia
baW ia-i
ia i (`davidaraba, oromtriali~); mTiul. bew-uk
bew uk-a
uk a (`Salis qsovis saxeoba~) / Zv.
q., qiz., leCx. beW-v
beW v-aa (`qsovilis Tavis momagreba~); xevs. birwkn-il
birwkn il-i
il i
(`frCx
frCx-il
frCx il-i
il i~); qarTl. ga-da
ga da-xres
da xres-il
xres il-i
il i / fS. ga-da
ga da-xreS
da xreS-il
xreS il-i
il i (`gadaxexili~); qiz., xevs. da-risx
da risx-v
risx v-aa / fS. da-riSx
da riSx-v
riSx v-nn-aa (`dawyevla~); Zv.
q., TuS. da-wux
_ Zv. q. da-Wux
(`Tvalis daxuWva~); mesx.
da wux-v
wux v-aa-
da Wux-v
Wux v-aa-
zorz-al
JrJ-o
iS (`is~ _ albaT, lazuris gavlezorz al-i
al i (`JrJ
JrJ ol-aa~); aWar. -iS
niT); i-S
S-Te
Te/i
S-te
te (`ise, imgvarad~); leCx. kanw-rax
Te i-S
kanw rax-eb
rax eb-i
eb i (`maGali
wvivebi~) / gur. imer. kanW
i (`fexi~), kaW
kanW-i
kaW-aa- (`mrudefexebiani~); raW.,
imer. kepraw
i (`mkvaxe, Zlier cxare tyemali~);
kepraw-i
raw i / aWar. kepra
kepraW
raW-i
imer. kvirZl-i
kviJr
i~ <*kvijr
kvijr-i
kvirZl i, qiz. kvirwl-i
kvirwl i (`kviJ
kviJr-i
kvijr i); qarTl., qiz.
kvniw-i
kvnit
i _ natexi Saqrisa an
kvniw i, fS. kvrinw-a
kvrinw a- / leCx. kvniW-i
kvniW i (`kvni
kvnit-i
marilisa~); leCx. kopW-ial
mo-kopw
kopW ial-i
ial i (`mo
mo kopw-ial
kopw ial-eb
ial eb-a
eb a~); qiz. krincx-v
krincx v-aa ||
krinCx-v
krinCx v-aa (`gakilva, gaWorva~); kax. kums-i
kums i / qiz. kumS-i
kumS i (`vazis erTerTi jiSi~); mTiul. la-J
la-zRan
la JRand
Rand-aar-aa (`la
la zRand
zRand-aar-aa~); gur. mo-kanw
mo kanw-v
kanw v-aa(`naxevrad moxarSva~) / raW., leCx. mo-kanW
mo kanW-v
kanW v-aa (`Rvinis cotaTi SeZmareba~); imer. o-cx
cxan
Cxam-ur
cxan-ur
an ur-i
ur i / leCx. o-Cxam
Cxam ur-i
ur i (`vazis jiSi~); aRmos.
dialeqt. paw-u
paw u-aa || paW-ua
paW ua (`mokle cxvirbrtyeli~); imer. gur.
porw-ial
porw ial-i
ial i

porW-ial
porW ial-i
ial i

(`Camokidebuli

qanaoba,

svla~);

gur.

JranJ-n
zlaz-v
zvav-i
JranJ n-aa (`zlaz
zlaz v-nn-aa~); imerx. JRvav-i
JRvav i / gur. Svav-i
Svav i (`zvav
zvav i~);
qarTl./mesx. JRmartl-i
zRmartl-i
JRmartl i (`z
Rmartl i~); fS. ustar
ustar-i
tar i / fS., xevs.,
qarTl. uStar
farcx-v
uStar-i
tar i (`brma~); leCx. farCx-v
farCx v-aa (`f
arcx v-aa~), Sdr. svan.
(lSx.) frcx,
frcx lnt. fan
fancx (`Tivisa da namjis marxilze dasadebi
xelsawyo, lasti~), farCx (`ufoTlo, nedli, wvrili Sto~) / gur.
forCx-i
forCx i (`jRebiani Sto xisa, moWrili da foTlebCamoclili, kitris
lerwis samagri~), romelic imerul dialeqtSi focxs
focx aRniSnavs,
kaxurSi ki _ farcxs
farcx / Sdr. qiziy. forcx-i
forcx i; es ukanaskneli qarTlsa da raWaSi foCxfoCx ZiriTaa warmodgenili da niSnavs rogorc
185

`farcxs~, ise `focxs~ (qarTvelur enaTa dialeqtebSi SeniSnuli semantikuri gadawevebi meoreuli Cans); gur. qaWv
i (`qac
qacv
i~); fS. RaSqaWv-i
qacv-i
RaS
RaS
i (`RaJ
RaJ-Ra
i~); imer. Sx-u
eb-aa || cx-u
eb-aa (`wnelis, maTraxisa
RaS-i
RaJ RaJ
RaJ-i
Sx un-e
cx un-e
da misTanaTa mortyma~); mTiul-gudam. Ciba
Ciba / qiziy. ciba
ciba (`patara
ZaRli~); fS-imer. cend
i (`moWrili xis gamxmari Ziri~) / leCx.
cend-aar-i
Cend
i; gur. Zab-un
Cend-aar-i
Zab un-i
un i || jab-un
jab un-i
un i (`susti, jabani, mSiSara~); leCx.
Zegv-i
Zegv i (`gauvali ekliani Cirgvi~), top. aRm. saq-Si Zegv-i
Zegv i / qarTl.,
qiz., imer., fS. jag-i
jagjag i (`dabali ekliani Cirgvi~); gur. Zig-ra
Zig ra (`jag
jag
rcx-i
imer. Zib-Zi
jib-li
o~); gur. Zirk-i
jirk
i, kunrcx ila~);
la
Zib Zib
Zib-aa (`jib
jib lib
lib-o
Zirk i (`jir
jirk-i
Zi~); ingil. wek
Cek
il-aa / imer. WeWk
il-aa (`wvriwek-aa (`Ce
Cek-aa~); gur. wewk
wewk-i
WeWk-i
li RerRili~); leCx. wikar
i (`abzinda~) / Sdr. Wikar
i (`tanwikart
kart-i
Wikart
kart-i
sacmlis erTgvari Sesakvreli~ _ qegli); fS. winwk
i (`naperwkawinwk-l
wk l-i
li~), gur., imer. leCx., fS. CinCx
CinCx-al
Cx al-i
al (`naperwklebiani muguzali~);
mesx. wira
i (`We
Wera
i~); mesx. wmaxe
mWaxe
gur. wum-i
wiran
ran-i
Weram
ram-i
wmaxe (`mWa
mWaxe~);
xe
wum i (`yurZnis
mtevani~), Wum-ut
Wum ut-a
ut a (`vazis adgilobrivi jiSi~), gur. Wur-mamul-i
Wur
(`mamul-deduli~, SesaZloa Wur wulisgan
modiodes!), leCx. Wy-e
wul
Wy en-aa
(`wy
wy-e
xari
wy en-aa~); qarTl., qiz., imer. xarvez
xarvez-i
vez i (xa
xarioz
rioz-i
oz i) / mesx., qarTl.
xarvej
i (`uxnavad darCenili adgili~); imer. gur. xicxarvej-i
vej i > xarve
xarveJ
veJ-i
xic
in-i
viw-i
viW-i
in i / xiC-in
xiC in-i
in i (`Ritini~); qarTl. xoro-viw
viw || xoro-viW
viW (`sapyari,
mona~); mTiul. janj-i
ZonZ
i~) / imer., gur. jenj-i
ZenZ
i~) da a. S.
janj i (`Zon
ZonZ-i
jenj i (`Zen
ZenZ-i
w/W
W(t
t) TanxmovanTmonacvleoba, Cveulebriv, eqspresiul ZirebSia

gamoyenebuli

da sityvis

ZiriTad

leqsikur

mniSvnelobaze

gavlenas ar axdens, Tumca iSviaTad esecaa SesaZlebeli (ix. avTandil arabulis vrceli msjeloba morfo
morfono
rfonolo
nologi
logiur
giur alter
alterna
ternaci
nacias
ciasTan
asTan
dakavSirebiT _ 2001: 321):
imer. ylurw
v-aa || ylunW
v-aa, gur. ylunw
v-aa, ylinw
va (`sasmeylurw-v
ylunW-v
ylunw-v
ylinw-va
lis erTbaSad daleva~); imer. Row-ial
Row ial-i
ial i, Ranw-al
Ranw al-i
al i (`wanwali, wowiali, CanCali~) || RanW-al
RanW al-i
al i (`Wriali, WriWini~), raW. RoW-ial
RoW ial-i
ial i
(`erT adgilas triali~), magram amas ver vityviT Z / j fonemebze.
ase magaliTad: qiziyuri Rrj-il
Rrj il-i
il i (`balaxis TavTavi, pureulis TavTavis msgavsi~) SesaZloa ukavSirdebodes RrZ-il
Sdr. imeruli
RrZ ils,
il
Rj-al
Rj al-av
al av-s
av s (`kreWs kbilebs~), Rj-il
Rj il-i
il i `RrZili~ (guruli), `eSvi _
186

didi saReWi kbili~ (leCxumuri) da Rjna `uSnod Wama xilisa~ (aWaruli), agreTve RirZg-n
RirZg n-aa `blagvi daniT uxeirod risame Wra~ (imeruli)
da Rirjg-n
RirR-n
Rirjg n-aa/RirR
RirR n-aa `RrRna, kbena, uSnod Wra an Wama~ (guruli).
w/W
W/jj TanxmovanTmonacvleoba zogjer gamoyenebulia garkveuli
odenobis gamosaxatavadac; magaliTad: gurulSi wewk
il-aa || WeWk
il-aa
wewk-i
WeWk-i
da imerulSi WeWk
il-aa aris `wvrili RerRili~, xolo `msxvil RerWeWk-i
Rils~ imereTSi jejg
il-aas eZaxian (Sdr. analogiuri movlenebi svajejg-i
nurSi). SesaZloa igive mimarTeba iyos imerul zundvra
zundvra/jun
dvra jundvra
jundvras
dvra
Soris (`Ronivrad cema, dartyma~).
qarTvelologiaSi sruliad samarTlianadaa gaziarebuli arnold
Ciqobavas mier jer kidev 1954 wels gamoTqmuli fundamenturi
Tvalsazrisi imis Sesaxeb, rom isto
istori
toriu
riulad damow
damowme
mowmebu
mebuli
buli Tanxmo
TanxmoxmovanTSe
qarTve
Tvelur
vanTSesa
TSesatyvi
satyviso
tyvisoba
soba qar
Tve
lur enebSi
enebSi xmovan
xmovanTga
vanTgada
Tgadawe
daweva
wevaze
vaze ufro
ufro
adrin
rindel
ad
rindel epoqa
epoqaSi
qaSi momxda
momxdari
mxdari bgeraT
bgeraTcvli
raTcvlile
cvlilebis
lebis anarekls
anarekls warmoad
warmoadadgens (Ciqobava 1954: 11-14).
`is zanuri da svanuri formebi, romelTaTvisac saerToa sisina kompleqsebi (Sq
Sq-v
Sk-
, Sg-u
Sq v-/S
Sg u- sg-
sg , jg-
jg - Zg-
Zg sg-
sg ) qarTuli SiSina spirantebisa da afrikatebis Sesatyvisad, ganxilul
unda iqnes rogorc Sedegi zanur-svanuri arealisTvis damaxasiaTebeli saerTo fonetikuri tendenciisa _ sisina xSulTanxmovnian
kompleqsTa Camoyalibebisa Sesatyvisi SiSina kompleqsebisagan momdevno v/
fonemis gavleniT. es fonetikuri procesi, romelic
zanur-svanur arealSi warmoiSva, gagrZelda Semdgom (damoukideblad zanurisa) svanur enaSi, ris Sedegadac aq calkeul formebSi
zanurisagan gansxvavebuli sisina kompleqsebi Camoyalibda. es proce
procesi
cesi
svanur
svanurSi
nurSi ufro
ufro regu
regula
gularu
larulad
rulad aris gata
gatare
tarebu
rebuli
buli (gamyreliZe 1959: 36).
am kategoriuli gancxadebis Semdeg miT ufro moulodnelia
svanurSi banZ (da ara *banZg
banZg an > *bansg
bansg)
bansg formis arseboba!
raSia saqme?! _
zemoT ganxilul paralelur formaTagan zogi
zogier
gierTi
erTi maTga
maTgani
gani
Seda
Sedare
darebiT
rebiT gvian
gviande
andeli
deli epo
epoqisa
qisa unda
unda iyos,
iyos sxvadas
sxvadasxv
dasxva
xva kombi
kombina
binato
natoru
toruruli wesis
Cveu
wesis (Cve
Cveulebriv
lebriv,
riv asimi
asimila
milaci
laciis
ciis)
is moqme
moqmede
qmedebis
debis Sede
Sedeg
degad miRe
miRebu
Rebubuli,
li zogic
zogic eqspre
eqspresi
spresiu
siuli xasi
xasia
siaTisa
Tisa Cans.
Cans amitomac amgvari fonetiku187

ri cvlilebebi ver arRveven im kanonzomier SefardebaTa sqemas,

romelic damaxasiaTebeli unda yofiliyo preqarTveluri enis ganviTarebis gviandeli safxurisTvis damoukidebel (svanur, qarTul
da zanur) enebad misi daSlis wina periodSi, Tumca, Tu bevri
gadaxveva dagrovda saerTo wesidan (gansakuTrebiT ki SiSina spirant-afrikatTa Semcveli Zirebi qarTuli enis aRmosavlur dialeqtebSi), maSin, TavisTavad cxadia, komparativistul qarTvelologias
araerTi Tavsatexi gauCndeba. sailustraciod davasaxelebT revaz
abaSias mier erTmaneTTan dakavSirebul qarTul banjv-l
i (`xSiri
banjv l-i
Tma~, `avi balani~ _ saba) da megrul bonjg-or
bonjg ors
or (`banjgvliani~).
qarTuli enis ganmartebiTi leqsikonis mixedviT, banjgv-l
i aris
banjgv l-i
`msxvili, xSiri da grZeli balani ZaRlisa, daTvisa~ an `xSiri Tma
adamianis tanze~. sagulisxmoa, rom Tanamedrove svanuris yvela dialeqtSi `grZelbewva banjgvlian adamiansa Tu pirutyvs~ banZ (zs.,
lnt.), banZa
banZa (lSx.) hqvia, magram es forma ar Seupirispirebia revaz abaSias Sesabamisi SiSina afrikatis Semcveli monacemisTvis da
es arc unda gagvikvirdes! saqme isaa, rom Zvel qarTul teqstebSi
arc banjgvl-i
banjgvl i gvxvdeba

da

arc

misi

sisina

varianti

(vTqvaT,

*banZgvl
banZgvl-i
banZgvl i!), magram sulxan-sabam icis banjvl-i
banjvl (`avi balani~). Tu
aqedan amovalT da preqarTvelurisTvisac davuSvebT banjvlbanjvl fuZes,
maSin svanurSi, -
s wina poziciaSi, momxdara gasisinebis procesi,
oRond misi gamomwvevi fonema dakargula, e. i.: banZ-
banj-
banZ < *banj
banj <
*ban
banju
banju-
ju < qarT. banjv-l
banjv l-i.1
igive situaciaa sisin-SiSina TanxmovanTa urTierTmimarTebis
TvalsazrisiT svanuri enis dialeqtebSic: fCx (zs.) / fcx (bq.) /
faCx (lSx.) _ `namsxvrevi, nafSveni~. Sdr. fCxd/fcxd
fCxd fcxd ligne
ligne
(zs.) _ `danamceceba, dafSvna~ (raki idiomatur gamoTqmaSic gvxvdeba
cx/Cx
cx Cx kompleqsTa monacvleoba, es imas niSnavs, rom fSvinvierobis
mixedviT asimilaciasTan ki ar gvaqvs saqme, aramed Zvel procesTan _
sisin-SiSina TanxmovanTa aRrevasTan dialeqtTa an kilokavTa mixedviT).
1

s dakargvis Sesaxeb svanurSi ix. Cveni. "

" ( ,
, , 1976: 441-449) da `qarTvelologiuri Ziebani~, I, Tbilisi, 1998: 6-39).

188

jerjerobiT gviWirs saboloo daskvnis gamotana qarTvelur

enaTa sisina da SiSina sibilantebTan dakavSirebuli problemebis
Taobaze. vfiqrobT, rom am kardinalur sakiTxs arc ise advilad
moevleba qarTvelologiaSi, Tumca CaRrmavebuli kvleva-Zieba da
axali masalebi momavalSi bevr rames mohfenen naTels.

Problem of whistling and hushing

sibilants in the Kartvelian languages
Summary

Differentiation of kindred languages begins on a dialectal level. The first stage of sound changing that then gave regular correspondences should be researched
in historical sub-dialects of the Kartvelian languages. Such potency in different dialects has same result in different time. Owing to this analogies of regular phonemes
correspondence of the Kartvelian languages exist in the modern dialects even today
though they have sporadic (and not regular) character. Frequently the fact that is defined as a model of substitution or unexplained sound-changing in sub-dialects
exactly resambles the fact that is discussed as a sound correspondence on the Kartvelian languages level.
Deviations from regular regularities are explained by combinatory
changes. The paper represents whistling as well as hushing variants of same root
from different dialects of Georgian, Svan and Zan (also from different sub-dialects
of same dialect) of which some are result of assimilation and some seem to belong
to different epochs, some are of expressive character and belong to onomatopoetic
vocabulary or they similar to morphonology alternation. Accordingly it is clear that
the quality of linguistic regularities is defined by probability of its implementing.
Historically confirmed consonants correspondence in the Kartvelian languages is the reflection of sounds correspondence that took place in early epoch than
vowels-moving (Chikobava 1954: 11-14). And still the cases of inter-alternation of
whistling and hushing phonemes exist even up today not only in the Kartvelian languages but in any dialect as well and explanation of what is not always easy it needs to be analyzed as transparency is less expected on a surface.

189

gasva
gasvanu
svanure
nurebu
rebuli
buli qarTu
qarTuli
Tuli Zire
Zirebi
rebi
cnobilia, rom qarTulidan svanur enaSi araerTi Ziria nasesxebi; amasTanave, saxeluri ufro bevria, vidre zmnuri. leqsemaTa
nawili qarTuli gramatikuli inventariTaa Sesuli, zogi ki gasvanurebulia. am mxriv Cvens gansakuTrebul yuradRebas iqceven svaneTis qarTul enaze Sesrulebuli istoriuli dokumentebi (vTqvaT,
`matiane suaneTisa krebisa~), sadac qarTul sityvebSi svanuri
morfologiuri inventaric ki Segvxvdeba (`sulsa mis dia
diasaxliSs
saxliSs
yazmaqvas Seundos RmerTman~, -iS
iS naTesaobiTi brunvis niSania _
`svaneTis istoriis furclebi~ 2011: 186).
kackac Ziri qarTvelur enebSi regularuli fonemaTSesatyvisebiTaa warmodgenili (qarTuli kac-,
kac zanuri koC-,
koC svanuri WS),
WS rac,
raRa Tqma unda, praenis diferencirebis maxasiaTeblad gvevlineba
da arqauli sistemis amsaxvelia.
qronologiurad ufro axali donis monacemi unda iyos qarTuli kackac Ziri iseT svanur leqsemebSi, rogoricaa: uSguluri
u-kc
kc-r
-s
kc r-
s

*u
u-kac
kac-ur
kac ur-a
ur a-s
a s,

balsqvemouri

u-kac
kac-r
-d
kac r-
d

*u
u-kac
kac-ur
kc-ir
kc-i
kac ur-a
ur a-d
a d `ukacravad~, Coluruli u-kc
kc ir u-kc
kc i-r
i r
u-kc
kc-r
kac
ur+i
kc r u-ka
kac-ur
ur i `ukacrieli~ da zemosvanuri sa-k
sa krcx ||
sa-kcx
sa kcx,
kcx laSxuri sa-kacx
sa kacx,
kacx lentexuri sa-kc
sa kc `sakace, jalambari~,
balsqvemouri m-i
i-ss-karcx
karcx-a
i-sa
sa-karcx
karcx a-xx *mm-i
sa karcx-a
karcx a-xx `sakaciT wamiRon~,
balszemouri le-s
kcx-i
le-sa
le s-kcx
kcx i *le
le sa-kcx
sa kcx-i
kcx `sasakace~.
ameJi ukcrs xi _ amaze ukacra
ukacrav
ravad xar (bz., 82: 6);
isgacaxn ukacrd _ SenTan ukacra
ukacravad
ravad [var] (bq., 5: 9);
sakr
sakrcxS xi lesgi _ saka
sakaciT
kaciT xar wasaRebi (bz.);
fusda sakacxS
sakacxS esRax _ batoni saka
sakaciT
kaciT miaqvT (sv. poez.,
bz., 104: 17-18);
sakcx qorT eser eshil _ cxeda
cxedari
dari Sin miiCqariso (daviTiani
1973: 130, 8). (bq.);
ldgar sakacxS
sakacxS anidx _ micvalebuli saka
sakaciT
kaciT moasvenes (lSx.);
SiSt ansyex sakc _ swrafad gaakeTes saka
sakace
kace (lnt.);
gegi adsak
adsakcxex
sakcxex _ gegi saka
sakaciT
kaciT wai
waiRes (bz.);
190

laclad miSga Ji miskar

miskarcxax
skarcxax _ Cemma tolebma saka
sakaciT
kaciT wami
wamiRon
miRon
(sv. poez., bq., 288: 47);
leskcxid medlxi! _ sasa
sasaka
sakaced
kaced gamxdariyav! (bz. wyevlaa).
sailustracio masalidan Cans, rom qarTuli kackac Ziri gvxvdeba
svanuris oTxsave dialeqtSi, rogorc Zveli xalxuri simRerebisa
Tu andaza-gamocanebis enaSi, ise Tanamedrove cocxal metyvelebaSi,
qarTul organul an aRweriT formaTa Sesabamisad nasaxelarsa Tu
nazmnar warmoebaSi.
sakc || sakrcx || sakcx leqsemebi sainteresoa rogorc struqturuli, ise semantikuri TvalsazrisiT. erTi SexedviT, aq TiTqos
TanxmovanTa ganviTarebasTan gvaqvs saqme svanurSi, rac, gansakuTrebiT ukanaenismierTa SemTxvevaSi, saenaTmecniero literaturis mixedviT, svanuri fonologiuri sistemis specifikur movlenad iTvleba
(Tofuria 1979: 268); Sdr.: zemosvanuri xelwifx
xelwifx || xelwif
xelwif `xelmwife~,
zemosvanuri sakcx,
sakcx laSxuri sakacx
sakacx,
kacx lentexuri sakc `sakace~,
laxamuluri eskcx (qarTuli vac-ka
vac kac
i, megruli oCo-ko
oCo koC
i).
kac-i
koC-i
Cven migvaCnia, rom sonori ganviTarebuli unda iyos ara svanurSi,
aramed qarTulSive, radgan pirvel SemTxvevaSi, sxva qarTvelur enebTan SedarebiT, Cqamieri Tanxmovnebis win r ufro iSviaTad dasturdeba (JRenti 1960: 47); Sdr. Col. u-kircx
kircx-al
`utifari~ da qarTuli
kircx
u-kicx
kicx-av-i,
ga-kicx
kicx-v-a;
samagierod, Zvel qarTulSi ucxo araa inlautSi
kicx
kicx
sonorTa, maT Soris r-s, CarTvis SemTxvevebi (ZiZiSvili 1960: 118-119;
sarjvelaZe 1984: 347), rac gamowveulia winamavali xmovnis rekursiisa da momdevno xSulis eqskursiis Sexvedris momentebiT (JRenti
1949: 185). qarTulidan gadayolili r CanarTi svanurSi SeiZleba
daikargos kidec (laSxuri saka
sakacxul
kacxul || sakar
sakarcxul
karcxul).
cxul
vfiqrobT, rom amosavalSi unda gvqonoda *sa
sa-kac
sa kac-ur
kac ur-i
ur i,1 romlisganac miviReT *sa
sa-karc
sa karc-ul
karc ul-i
ul i, xolo Semdeg ukanaenismieri fonemis ganviTarebiT Zvel qarTulSive sa-karcx
sa karcx-ul
karcx ul-i
ul i, romelic mxolod
mcireodeni semantikuri niuansiTRa Tu gansxvavdeba sakac
sakacisagan.
kac
1

Cveni aGdgenili forma daemTxva egnate gablianis wignze darTul

mcire leqsikonSi warmodgenili svanuri sak

qarTul Targmans
sakrcx
rcxil'is
il
`skami (sakacuri
sakacuri)~
sakacuri _ (gabliani 1925: 188).

191

rac Seexeba Tavad Zv. q. saka

aq aranairi bgera
sakaci
kaci || saka
sakace
kaces,
ce
ar ganviTarebula qarTulSi arc inlautSi da arc auslautSi,
xolo zemosvanursa da laSxur dialeqtebSi mxolod ukanaenismieri
Tanxmovania ganviTarebuli auslautSi (sakcx
sakcx),
sakcx romelsac paralelurad inlautSi CarTuli sonoric SeiZleba hqondes, oRond
marto balszemoursa da balsqvemourSi (sakrcx
sakrcx);
sakrcx lentexur kiloSi
palataluri xmovnis gauCinarebam Ziriseuli xmovnis umlauti gamoiwvia, magram qarTul enobriv samyarosTan ufro axlo kontaqtma,
albaT, ganapiroba is faqti, rom auslautSi -xx aRar ganviTarda
(sakc
sakc).
sakc
e. i. erTi da imave Ziris ori varianti imTaviTve gvqonda Zvel
qarTulSi _ martivi (kac
kac-)
karcx-).
qrokac da CanarTTanxmovnianebi (karcx
karcx
nologiuri uwinaresoba-Semdgomadobis TvalsazrisiT pirveli maTgani, romlisganac sae konfiqsiT iwarmoa `sakacis~ aRmniSvneli
sa _ -e
sityva, albaT, win uswrebs saur konfiqsiT warmoqmnil meore
sa _ -ur
leqsemas. Tavdapirvelad SesaZloa erTmaneTs upirispirdebodnen
wyvilis komponentebi (sa
saka
sa-ka
ur-i
sa-karc
sakace
kace _ *sa
sa kac
kac-ur
ur i *sa
sa karc-ul
karc ul-i
ul i
sa-karcx
sa karcx-ul
karcx ul-i
ul i)

mcireodeni

semantikuri

niuansebiT

(sa
saka
sakace
kace

`kacisTvis daniSnuli sawoli~, sakar

sakarcxu
karcxuli
cxuli _ `kacisTvis daniSvnuli dasajdomi, romlis sawolad gamoyenebac SeiZleba~).
sayuradReboa, rom kac-r
iel-i
kac r-iel
iel i Zvel qarTulSi dasaxlebul,
adamians SeCveul adgils aRniSnavs (sarjvelaZe 2001: 104), Sdr.
ukacri
u-kac
kac-ur
kac-ur
kac-r
ul-i
ukacrie
rieli *u
kac ur-iel
ur iel-i
iel i || u-kac
kac ur-i
ur i || u-kac
kac r-ul
ul i `dausaxlebeli, mosaxleobisgan daclili (abulaZe 1973: 98) da sa-ka
sa kac
kacr-av
av-i
av i `saqcielmarTebuli~ (sulxan-saba orbeliani 1949: 292). aq,
raRa Tqma unda, -r
r- infiqsiseuli elementia (da ara inlautSi ganviTarebuli).
yovelive zemoTqmulis mixedviT, qarTuli sakar
sakarcxu
karcxuli
cxuli,
li romelic ukve XI-XIII saukuneTa werilobiT ZeglebSi dasturdeba, da
svanuri sakarcxil
sakarcxil || sakrcxil (bz.), sakur
sakurcxil
kurcxil (uSg.),1 skarcxil (lnt.), sakar
sakarcxul
karcxul (lSx.), SesaZloa, davukavSiroT qarTul sa-ka
es rogorc struqturulad, ise semantikuradac:
sa kac
kac-e
1

192

forma dadasturebuli aqvs v. bardaveliZes (1939: 215);

muqTer sakarcxilJn
sakarcxilJn xosgurx _ Turme qurdi sakar
sakarcxul
karcxulcxulze uziT (bz., 26: 22);
maxSr sakarcxlrJn
sakarcxlrJn isgrlx _ ojaxis ufrosebi (`maxvSebi~) sakar
sakarcxu
karcxuleb
cxulebze
lebze sxdebodnen (qrest., bz., 29: 19);
sakar
sakarcxuls
karcxuls maCnm agis agmdax _ sauf
saufro
ufroso
roso skams saukeTeso
adgilas dgamdnen (lSx.).
uSgulur sakur
sakurcxil
kurcxil da balszemour sakrcxil formaTa
urTierTmimarTeba SeiZleba ase warmovidginoT: qarTuli sakar
sakarkarcxul+i
cxul i (saxelobiTi brunvis morfema) svanuri sakarcxl
sakarcxl
sakarcxil
sakarcxil sakurcxil
sakurcxil sakur
sakurcxil
kurcxil (erTi mxriv, uSguluri)
da sakrcxil (meore mxriv, bzalszemouri).
vfiqrobT, analogiuri semantikuri niuansebis gamomxatvelia
Zveli qarTuli cxeda
cxedari
dari (Sdr. bq. sakcx
sakcx), romelsac aqvs rogorc
`loginis, sawolis, taxtis~, ise `sakacis~ mniSvnelobac (`moiRes
igi cxedriTa~). sagulisxmoa, rom cxeda
cxedari
dari da saka
sakace
kace SeiZleba erTsa da imave konteqstSic ki Segvxvdes (`dasdgmides cxedrebiTa da
sakacebiTa~ (abulaZe 1973: 521). sawolis mniSvnelobiT Zvel qarTulSi dadasturebulia mcxeda
(sarjvelaZe 2001: 263 _ mmcxedari
daric
ri
TiTqos moulodnelia ra jgufis saxelSi).
qsnis xeobis qarTlur metyvelebaSi cxedari kubo
kubos
bo aRniSnavs
(somxiSvili 1968: 80), xolo rusTveliseuli `kubo~ savar
savarZe
varZeli
Zeli
(`xis skami, keTil Wrelebuli dasadgmeli~ _ saba), Casaj
Casajdo
sajdomi
domi sawo
sawoli
woli
an taxtre
taxtreva
trevania
vania (`mdidrulad morTuli gadaxuruli satarebeli
didebulTa da mandilosanTaTvis, cxenebSebmuli~ _ qegli).
sulxan-saba orbelianis ganmartebis mixedviT, cxeda
cxedari
dari `SiSvelia sagebelTagan~, sare
sarece
receli
celi `dagebulia da gardagebuli~, xolo
saka
sakace
sakarcxuls
mcire
kace `mkudris wasaRebia~. rac Seexeba sakar
karcxuls,
cxuls is `mci
mcire
skamlo
skamlogi
loginia
ginia~
nia an `saxlis ufrosisa Tu moxucis dasajdomi moxaratebuli savarZeli~ (qegli).
raRaa skamlo
skamlogi
logini
gini?
ni _ qarTuli enis imerul, gurul da raWul dialeqtebSi esaa mTliani xisgan gamoWrili grZeli farTo
skami
skami,
mi romel
romelsac
melsac cal an orive mxares aqvs xis muTaqa, mas sawo
sawola
wolaladac xmaroben~ Rlonti 1984: 496; ZiZiguri 1954: 214).
193

rom saka
sakace
kace da sakar
sakarcxu
karcxuli
cxuli amosavalSi erTsa da imave kackac
Zirs gulisxmobs, amaze ara mxolod Sesabamisi svanuri leqsemebi miuTiTeben, aramed raWulSi dadasturebuli skam-s
kace
skam s-ka
kacec
ce (`keriasTan
dadgmuli sapatio savarZeli ufrosisaTvis~ _ ZiZiguri 1954: 214) <
*skam
skam-sa
skam sa-kac
sa kac-e
kac e.
rac Seexeba nasaxelar zmnur Tu nazmnar saxelTa warmoebas
svanurSi, qarTul enaSive gamovlenil CanarT Tanxmovnebs Soris -r
rmxolod erTxel dadasturda (bq. miskar
miskarcxax
skarcxax _ `sakaciT wamiRon~),
xolo -xx, rogorc auslautSi ganviTarebuli ukanaenismieri Tanxmovani da svanuri fonologiuri sistemis specifikuri maxasiaTebeli,
yovelTvis daculia (bz. adsak
adsakcxex
sakcxex _ `sakaciT waiRes~, amsak
amsakcxed
sakcxed _
`sakaciT wamiReT~, leskcxid _ `sasakaced~...).

Svanized Georgian roots

Summary

The paper deals with a Svan lexeme sa-k

kc-e / sa-k
krcx / sa-k
kcx
("stretcher; corse") that is connected with a derivative entry sa-k
kac-e originated
from Georgian kac- ("k
kaci" "man") root. Svan sa-k
karcx-wil ("a chair for a family
head") is also connected with it. Including of a sonor in inlaut is natural in the
Kartvelian languages (cf.: Georgian u-k
kicx-av-i Cholorian u-k
kircx-al "rude"), that
is caused by encounting moments of a off-gliding of a preceding vowel and ongliding of a following plosive.
Occuring of a -x consonant in auslaut of Svan words (cf.: Georgian
xel-mwwip-e Svan qel-wwip-x, Georgian vac-k
kac-i "forest ogre" Lakhamian
wes-k
kc-x...) is also natural.

194

leqse
xarJ-~is
leqsema
sema `xarJ
xarJ is seman
semanti
mantiki
tikisa
kisaTvis
saTvis
qarTve
qarTvelur
Tvelur enebSi
enebSi
qarTuli enis ganmartebiTi leqsikonis mixedviT, arabuli
warmomavlobis xarJxarJ fuZes xuTi mniSvneloba aqvs:
1. gasavali, danaxarJi;
2. minarevi, nakmazi;
3. sasmel-saymeli, sanovage;
4. qelexi (`rigi~);
5. gadasaxadi.
igi gvxvdeba nair-nair kompozitTa (xarJ
xarJ-borJi/xarJ
xarJ-barJi/xar
xarJ
ixarJ
xarJ
xarJ-i
barJi `xarJi, gasavali~; xarJ-gadasaxadi
_ `xarJi da gadasaxadi~;
xarJ
xarJ-TaGricxva
`momavali xarJebisa da Semosavlis savaraudo gamoanxarJ
gariSeba~,...) da zmnur formaTa (da
dai
daixarJe
xarJeba
Jeba _ 1. `moixmareba rameze
fuli, sanovage, Sroma~,...; 2. xarJs gaswevs; Sdr. fSauri ixarJve
ixarJvebo
Jvebodes
bodes
`kvdebodes~) Semadgenel nawilad.
svanur enaSi xrJ `sasmel-saymlis an fulis gasavalia~, xolo
misgan nawarmoebi abstraqtuli saxeli xarJ-ob
xarJ ob (bz.; qs.), xrJ-ob
xrJ ob
(bq.) `purobisa Tu sadiloba-vaxSmobis an micvalebulis xarJis
(`rigis~) aGmniSvneli.
mkvlevar nino xarCilavas azriT, qarTul feodalur sazogadeobaSi samurzaKanoel glexTa sxvadasxva uflebrivi kategoria
(fi
fio
fioSi,
Si

delma
delmaxo
maxore
xore,
re

moJa
moJala
Jalabe
labe,
be

moi
moinale
nale,
le

SinaKma
SinaKma)
naKma

qorwinebisas

garkveul gadasaxads gaiGebda xolme, romelsac xarJ-i

xarJ ewodeboda.
fioSic (`navardi, Tavisufali moZraoba~) _ iuridiulad Tumca
Tavisufali, magram ekonomikurad mainc mebatoneze damokidebuli
glexi _ valdebuli iKo misTvis erTi Zroxa an aTi `rubli~ gadaexada qaliSvilis gaTxovebis SemTxvevaSi. eTnografiuli da saarqivo
dokumentebidan Cans, rom maGali socialuri wrec (ji
jinos
jinoskua
noskua)
kua ixdida xarJs, romelic mxolod saqonlisa an fulis gadasaxads ar
gulisxmobda. aseTi iKo, magaliTad, mixeil SarvaSiZis mier niko
195

dadianisadmi gamogzavnili xarJi, romelic moicavda: cxenebs, Tofebs, dambaCebsa da saaTs, rac safuZvels gvaZlevs, vifiqroT, rom
SarvaSiZeTa

saTavado,

romelic

bzifis

teritoriaSi

Sedioda,

samegrelos ubralo moxarke ki ara, uSualod am samTavroSi Semavali erTeuli iKo (xarCilava 2011: 274-265).
xom ar SeiZleba vivaraudoT, rom xarJxarJ da xarkxark istoriulad
erTidaigive fuZea, auslautis TanxmovanSi palatalizaciis procesis
moqmedebis mixedviT gardaqmnili? miTumetes, Tu gaviTvaliswinebT
sabaseul ganmartebas: xarki
xarki _ `sameufeo xarJi~ (Sdr. xarJi
xarJi _
`warsagebeli~, xarJva
xarJva _ `wargeba~). fonetikur gardaqmnaTa safexurebis uwinaresoba-Semdgomadoba ase warmogvidgenia:
xark-i
xark i > *xary
xary-i
xarJ i
xary i > xarJ-i
(e. i. saxelobiTi brunvis formantiseulma palatalurma -i
i
xmovanma mogvca palatalurobisken gadaxrili -y
y- Tanxmovani, romelic Semdeg gamjGerda imave xmovnis wina poziciaSi).

Towards the semantics of the lexeme xarJ

in the Kartvelian languages
Summary

According to Georgian Explanatory Dictionary the stem of the Arabian

origin xarJxarJ has five meanings: 1. expenses, spent; 2. admiture, chaff; 3. food, drink,
groceries; 4. funeral wake (on burial day); 5. tax, fee. It occurs as a consisting part
of different composits (xarJ
xarJxarJ / borJi / xarJxarJ barJi / xarJ-i
xarJ barJi xarJi "expenses";
xarJ-gadasaxadi
xarJ gadasaxadi "expenses and fee"; xarJ-T-aGricxva
xarJ aGricxva "to calculate supposed
expenses and income") and verbal forms (daixarJeba
daixarJeba 1. using of money for smth,
food groceries, labour"...; 2. incuring expense; cf.: Pshavian ixarJvebodes "to die").
In Svan xrJ is the expenses of money and of food and drink and an abstract
name xarJ
xarJ-ob
xrJ-ob
ob (UB., LS), xrJ
ob (LB) derived from it denotes "the expenses form
feasting, dinner, supper, for deseased".
196

According to researcher Nino Kharchilava, in Georgian feudal society

different lawful category of the Samurzaqanian peasants (pioshi, delmakhore,
mojalabe, moinale, shinaqma) payed a certain fee in wedding that was called
xarJ-i.
Pioshi ("running, moving freely") a peasant judicially free but
xarJ
economicaly depended on a lord, was obliged to pay him one cow or ten "rubles"
for getting marriage his daughter. As ethnographic and archieve documents show,
even a high social circle (jinoskua
jinoskua)
jinoskua paid the expense that did not mean only cattle
or money fee. Such was e. g.: the expenses sent by Mikheil Sharvashidze to Niko
Dadiani. It included: horses, guns, pistols and a clock. This fact gives us ground to
consider, that the Sharvashidzes' princely that was included in the Bzip territory,
was not only a simple tax-payer of Samegrelo, but it directly entered in this
principality (Kharchilava 2011: 274-265).
Can it be supposed, that historically xarJ and xarkxark are the same stems
changed as a result of palatalization process in an auslaut consonant? Moreover if
we take into accont Saba's explanation: xarki "royal expenses" (cf.: xarJi "to be
spent", xarJva "spending" (money). I submit the first and following phonetic
changing stages as thus:
xar
xar
xar-ii > *xar
xar-ii > xar
xar-ii
(i. e. formative palatal -i vowel of a nominative case gave a -yy consonant
deviated to palatality and which then became voiced in the front position of the
same vowel).

197

onomas
onomasti
mastik
tikur leqse
leqsema
semaTa
maTa anali
analizi
lizi diaq
diaqro
aqroni
roniul
niul WrilSi
WrilSi

a) a n T r o p o n i m i a
I
*suf
suf-el
suf el / sub-ar
sub ar fuZeTa urTierTmimarTebisaTvis
specialur literaturaSi araerTxel iyo mcdeloba erTi
cnobili svanuri Sto-gvaris xuritebis saxelwodebasTan (su
subar
subar-i)
bar
da TviT i-ber
ber fuZesTan dakavSirebisa (v. dondua, g. meliqiSvili,
T. mibCuani, a. liparteliani, r. blaixStaineri...). vfiqrobT, misi
etimologia gacilebiT iolad aixsneba TviT svanuri enis leqsikisa
da morfonologiis gaTvaliswinebiT.
saanalizo anTroponimis aRsaniSnavad saukunenaxevris winandel
svanurSi Semdegi leqsemebi gvxvdeba: suba
subari
bari,
ri asumba
asumbari
bari,
ri asumba
asumbani
bani,
ni
sube
subeli
belia
liani (ix. b. niJaraZis `qarTul-svanur-rusuli leqsikoni~).
qarTul enaze Sesrulebul svaneTis werilobiT ZeglebSi,
romlebSic araerTi svanuri sityva Tu gramatikuli forma gamoiyeneba (albaT imitom, rom saqarTvelos sxvadasxva kuTxis warmomadgenel mdivan-mwignobrebs Soris svanebic iyvnen), subsub Ziri arc erTxel ar Segvxvedria arc epigrafikaSi, arc istoriul dokumentebSi, arc sulTa matianeebsa Tu sagvareulo mosaxseneblebSi. bunebrivia, es viTareba garkveul eWvebs aRZravs subarebTan an iberebTan
misi SesaZlo dakavSirebis Sesaxeb.
vfiqrobT, rom gansaxilveli gvari unda momdinareobdes suf >
sif Zirisgan (Sdr. margiani 2000: 95), romelic svanuri enis yvela dialeqtSi dResac aRniSnavs `sasoflo moedans, xalxis TavSesayrel adgils, safixvnos~ da aqa-iq toponimadac gamoiyeneba.
XIV saukuneSi Sedgenil `ebudis evis sabuTSi~ (# 24), romelic
exeba am soflis mcxovrebTa paraskeobiT muSaobis sakiTxs, naTqva198

mia: `amisni mowameni arian: Tavad RmerTi, suTi

suTisa
Tisa (Secdomaa! _ Sdr.
agreTve supi
supisa
pisa,
sa TayaiSvili, 1937 _ orivegan unda yofiliyo sufi
sufisa
fisa)
sa
RmrTismSobeli, mowame lalverisa da sufi
sufisa
fisa (silogava 1986: 126)~.
es ki imas niSnavs, rom u xmovans umlauti SedarebiT gvian ganucdia, Torem bals qvemoT Sedgenil dokumentSi aucileblad gveqneboda
svif (Sdr. XVIII saukunis erT mosaxsenebelSi daculi `svi
svif
svifiS
iSis
wminda giorgi~, romelic v. silogavas monografiaze darTul saZiebelSi warmodgenilia, rogorc xelaxla nabrunebi nagenetivari saxeli (svif
svifSi
svif-iS
is).
svifSi < *svif
svif iS-iS
iS iS < svif-is
svif is-{a
is a}-is
is imaves ver vityodiT o
xmovanze [Sdr. XII saukunis nusxuri warwera uSgulis wminda mariamis
eklesiis

dasavleTis

kedlis

SigniT:

`wmindao

RmrTismSobelo,

Seiwyale miqael qvere

qverebis
rebisko
biskopo
koposi
posi~;
si agreTve, mestiis (sof. lexTagis)
RvTismSoblis eklesiis mSeneblis mier XIV saukunis pirvel naxevarSi
Sesrulebuli freskis warwera `demetre CarT
CarT-l
CarTve
rTvela
velani
lani~
ni < *CarT
CarT l-ian
l ian,
ian
Sdr. Tanamedrove svanuri CarToln
CarToln].
rToln
XIII saukunis Zegli `matiane suaneTisa krebisa~ asaxelebs
vinme `iovane suf
sufels
el (da ara sif-el
sif el
els). `miuxedavad imisa, rom
masalobrivad SezRuduli varT, mainc SesaZleblad migvaCnia davaskvnaT: XIII saukunis svanuri enis enguris xeobis dialeqtebSi ukve
gvqonda rogorc wina, ise ukana mimarTulebis umlauti~ (qaldani,
1969: 139), Tumca `SedarebiT iSviaTobas warmoadgenda us umlautis
SemTxvevebi~ (iqve: 134-135).
CvenTvis saintereso saxelgvaruli sintagmebi (quCu suf-l
ean-i
suf l-ean
ean i,
yadu suf-l
ian-i
suf l-ian
ian i)gvxvdeba XVIII saukunis saojaxo mosaxseneblebSi.
erT-erT maTganSi (lazare sviflianis saxlis mosaxsenebelSi) gabatonebulia umlautiani forma, romelic warmodgenilia xuTjer
(mxolod erTxel gvaqvs uumlauto suf-l
iansuf l-ian
ian varianti), meore
SemTxvevaSi (CxumianTa saxlis mosaxsenebelSi) ki sapirispiro viTarebaa _ Cxum-ian
aqvea `quCu suf-l
ean-i
Cxum ian-i
ian i sWarbobs Cxvim-ian
Cxvim ians.
ian
suf l-ean
ean i~
(istoriulad Cxvimianebi da subelianebi erTad cxovrobdnen, asea
dResac); XVI saukunis or mosaxsenebelsa Tu `sulTa matianeSi~ dadasturebulia Cxom-ian
Cxom ian-i
ian ic (silogava 1986: 286-300).
199

maSasadame, umlauti, rogorc fonologiuri movlena, XVIII

saukuneSi sabolood jer kidev araa svanurSi Camoyalibebuli. yuradsaRebia, rom lazare sviflianis ojaxis mosaxsenebelSi, romelSic RmerTs evedrebian `ymaSvilis~ mocemas, dasaxelebulia ori
qalbatonic svif-l
i-fxe
fxe formiT (Sdr. qalTa aRmniSvneli -fxe
fxe,
svif l-i
fxe
-xe
xe sufiqsi gurulSi, aWarulSi, imerulsa da megrulSi).
vfiqrobT, rom Sto-gvarad Camoyalibebuli sub-a
i aris sabosub ar-i
lood gasvanurebuli leqsema suf-el
suf el-i
el i (Sdr. cag-ar
cag ar-el
ar el-i
el i `cagereli~,
opiz-ar
opiz ar-i
ar i `opizeli~...) or xmovans Soris warmodgenili fSvinvieri
fonemis gamJRerebiTa da sonorTa monacvleobiT, xolo sub-el
sub el-ian
el ian-i
ian i
oficialur gvarad iqna aRiarebuli, raki mas svanuri gvarebis mawarmoebeli -{i
i}an
an morfema daerTo. mosalodneli iyo sblia
sbliani,
ni radganac,
Cveni varaudiT, es gvari istoriulad dadasturebuli formidan
(*suf
suf-el
suf-el
suf l-ian
ian-i
suf el-ean
el ean-i
ean i > *suf
suf el-ian
el ian-i
ian i > suf-l
ian i) unda momdinareobdes,
magram, raki -e
e- xmovnis reduqcia ar ganxorcielda, amitom verc
naumlautari sbsb Ziri miviReT. esec rom ar iyos, sareduqcio poziciis
Sedegebi sxva anTroponimebSicaa asaxuli svanuri enis diaqroniuli
ganviTarebis rTul gzaze (Sdr. X-XI saukuneebSi dadasturebuli
gvaram
garam-l
ian-i
garam-ian
gvaram-el
ram el-ian
el ian-i
ian i > *garam
garam l-ian
ian i > *garam
garam ian-i
ian i > garm-ian
garm ian-i
ian i;
gi-ga
gi-ga
gi-ga
lem-ian
gi ga-lom
ga lom-ian
lom ian-i
ian i > *gi
gi ga-lem
ga lem-ian
lem ian-i
ian i > *gi
gi ga-lem
ga lem-ian
lem ian-i
ian i > gi-g
gi g-lem
lem ian-i
ian i;
XIV saukunidan cnobili mo-beCv
mu-beC
i >
mo beCv-ian
beCv ian-i
ian i an mu-be
mu beCu
beCu-an
Cu an-i
an i > *mu
mu beC-
beC n-i
*mmu-bC
bC-n
mi-bC
bC n-i
n i > *mi
mi bC-n
bC n-i
n i > mi-bC
mi bC-n
bC n-i
n i; XV saukuneSi dadasturebuli *ma
mareg
mareg
ian-i
mareg
marg-l
ian-i
mareg-el
reg el-ian
el ian-i
ian i > *ma
mareg-l
reg l-ian
ian i > *ma
mareg-ian
reg ian-i
ian i an *marg
marg l-ian
ian i >
marg-ian
marg ian-i
ian i).
svaneTSi gvaris mokle da grZeli formebic arsebobda da
arsebobs, rac qarTulad gaformebul gvarebsac exeba (Caqsn
Caqsn da
Carqsel
an,
Carqsel{i
rqsel i}an
an galfxn da gardafxa
gardafxaZe
fxaZe,
Ze daCqe
daCqelan
Cqelan da dadeS
dadeSqe
deSqeli
qelian
lian,
an
jafrn da jafa
jafari
fariZe
riZe,
Ze ardn da arda
ardanis
danisZe
nisZe,
Ze Cxikin,
Cxikin CxikaZe da
CxikiSili
CxikiSili,
Sili kirik-ian
kirik ian,
ian kirikes
kirikesZe
kesZe da kviri
kvirikaS
rikaSvi
kaSvili
vili,
li anCabn
anCabn da
anCa
amitom vfiqrobT, rom
anCaba
CabaZe
baZe,
Ze Toma
Tomani
manian
nian,
an Toma
TomaZe
maZe da TomaS
TomaSvi
maSvili
vili...)
li
sub-ar
sumb-an
sub ar/sumb
ar sumb-ar
sumb ar/a
ar a-sumb
sumb an/sub
an sub-el
sub el-ian
el ian anTroponimebSi ara mxolod filiaciuri safexurebia asaxuli, aramed svanuri gvaris mokle da grZeli
200

variantebis anareklic (anlautSi a/

opoziciisTvis Sdr. XV saukuneSi dadasturebuli u-xoj
xoj-el
an-i
xoj el-[i
el i]an
an i da Tanamedrove xoj-el
xoj el-n
el n).
n
Cveni varaudis dasturad SeiZleba gamogvadges `sulTa matianeSi~ warmodgenili sakuTari saxeli a-sib
sib-er
sib er-i
er i, romlisganac iwarmoeba a-sib
sib-er
sib er-ian
er ian-i
ian i. orive maTgani, albaT, ukavSirdeba besarion niJaraZiseul variantebs a-sumb
sumb-ar
sumb-an
sumb ar-i
ar i/aa-sumb
sumb an-i
an i, Tu vivaraudebT, rom
odesRac ureduqcio esac SeeZlo wina marcvlis xmovnis modifikacia misi artikulaciis momdevno marcvliseuli xmovnis artikulaciasTan miaxloebis gziT (Sdr. XII saukuneSi dadasturebuli qverqver
ebisko
ebiskopos
kopos-i
pos i < qor-epis
qor episko
episkopos
kopos-i
pos i da Tanamedrove lentexuri dialeqti an laxamuluri kilokavi, sadac amgvari ram dResac Cveulebrivi
movlenaa), maSin sub-ar
sumb-an
sub ar-i
ar i, a-sumb
a sumb-ar
sumb ar-i
ar i an a-sumb
sumb an-i
an i, sub-el
sub el-ian
el ian-i
ian i nawarmoebi iqneba uumlauto sufsuf Zirisagan labialur TanxmovanTa
ganviTarebiT, xolo a-sib
sib-er
sib-er
sib er-i
er i Tu a-sib
sib er-ian
er ian-i
ian i imave Ziris naumlautari (sif
sif-)
sib-er
sib-er
sif-er
sif variantidan (aa-sib
sib er-i
er i < *aa-sib
sib er-i
er i < *aa-sif
sif er-i
er i
< *aa-suf
suf-er
suf er-i
er i).
Tu Zvel qarTulSi dadasturebul m-tb
tb-ev
tb ev-ar
ev ar _ tb-el
tb el opozicias da Sesabamis svanur monacemebs (mm-aruS
aruS-ian
aruS ian-i
ian i _ ariS-is
ariS is-Ze
is Ze,
Ze
XII_XIII s.s., m-kax
kax-el
is-Ze
kax el-i
el i _ kax-ian
kax ian-i
ian i, XIII s.; m-ja
m jafar
jafar-a
far a-is
is Ze _ jafar
jafarfar
a-is
is-Ze
sav-ian
is Ze,
Ze XIV s.; m-sav
sav ian-i
ian i _ sav-ian
sav ian-i
ian i, XIV_XV s.s...) gaviTvaliswinebT, maSin subar
i an ma-sub
i formissubar/ni
bar ni SesaZloa m-sub
m sub-ar
sub ar/n
ar n-i
ma sub-ar
sub ar/n
ar n-i
ganac momdinareobdes da prefiqsiseuli Tanxmovani gadasmuli iyos
fuZeSi uSgulur monacemebSi.

II
*qald
qald-r
qard-r
qald r / *qard
qard r / qald-an
qald an fuZe
meore svanuri gvari, romelic araerTxel daakavSires saukuneTa miRma gadaSenebuli SuamdinareTis eTnosTa qveynebTan (qal
qalqaldea/xal
gaxlavT qalda
dea xalde
xalde),
de
qaldani
dani,
ni romelic gavrcelebulia rogorc
balszemo, ise balsqvemo svaneTSi. qaldanebi cxovroben, agreTve,
sofel zesxoSi _ laSxeTis ukidures CrdiloeTSi.
201

svaneTis istoriul dokumentebSi, qarTul enaze Sesrulebul

sagvareulo mosaxseneblebsa da sulTa matianeebSi, warmodgenili
oficialuri

gvaris

sufiqsebi

gansxvavebuladaa

dafiqsirebuli:

qald-ian
qald ian-i
ian i, qald-ean
qald ean-i
ean i, qald-an
qald an-i
an i (`svaneTis istoriis furclebi~,
2011: 115-180). fonetikuri gadasvlebi ean > ian > an cnobilia
qarTvelur enebSi.
raRa Tqma unda, am gvaris amosavali Ziri adamianis (kacis)
rqmevis saxels gulisxmobs da es dokumenturadacaa dadasturebuli. amgvar saxelebad gvxvdeba rogorc qaldi
qaldi,
di ise qeldi
qeldi,
di qaldia
qaldia
an qiel
qieldai
eldai.
dai sayuradReboa, rom `svanur palimfsestad~ wodebul
ktaSianTa

mosaxsenebelSi

(XVII_XVIII

s.s.)

biqel
biqeldin
qeldin

qalda
qaldan
dani

qalis saxeli da gvaria (silogava 1986: 292).

qarTvelur enaTa fonotaqtikidan gamomdinare mosalodnelia,
rom Ziriseuli sonori Tanxmovnebi monacvleobdnen; da es asecaa! _
ColurSi, Tekalis macxovris eklesiaSi, daculia XI_XII saukuneebSi

savaraudod

Sesrulebuli

warwera,

romelSic

vinme

qarda
qarda

RmerTs evedreba _ Semiwyaleo.

setis xevis (zemo svaneTi) sabuTebSi gvxvdeba dokumenti nasyidobis Sesaxeb, romlis mixedviTac XIV saukunis Sua xanebSi sargis
da farcman qarda
qardan
dan'ebs miuyidiaT yana setieli ivanesTvis. Zalze sayuradReboa maTi locva svanTa qarTulenovani metyvelebis gasaTvaliswinebladac: `yanai mogyide, aviRe Sengan fasi sruli, romliTa
Sevjerdi. RmerTman gibe
gibedi
bedine
dineros
neros mkuidrad, samamulod, Cemgan da yovlisa kacisagan uciloblad; ginda gahyide, gascvale, rai ginda uyavi,
viTa nasyidsa hmarTebs; aras Cemi guarisa kacman ar gisenos
gisenos~.
nos
maSasadame, anTroponimi qarda
qarda gvxvdeba XI saukunidan svaneTSi,
xolo qalda
qalda _ XIV saukunidan, amasTanave es fuZe, bunebrivia, jer
sakuTar saxelebadaa mocemuli istoriul ZeglebSi, mere ki _
gvarebad (Sdr. qarda
qarda-va
da va samegreloSi, xolo mestiis raionis sofel
nakraSi dRemde cxovrobda qarda
qarda gvarmi
gvarmia
ni romelic sul axlaxan
miani,
gardaicvala).
pavle ingoroyvas mier XIII saukunis II naxevrisad miCneul
ZeglSi `matiane suaneTisa krebisa~ qald-ia
i araerTxel gvxvdeba,
qald ian
ian-i
SedarebiT iSviaTia qald-ev
qald ev-an
ev an-i
an i > qald-ean
qald ean-i
ean i, xolo dRes gavrcelebuli qald-an
qald an-i
an i mxolod orjer dasturdeba (`svaneTis istoriis
202

furclebi~,

2011:

180),

isic

mogviano

(XV_XVIII

s.s.)

xanis

saojaxo-sagvareulo mosaxsenebelSi da ienaSis xevis erT sabuTSi

(XV s. I nax., iqve: 147). pirveli maTgania giorgi qaldani, xolo
meore _ ardaSelo qaldani.
garda amisa, imave ZeglSi gvxvdeba m-qa
qalod
qalod-ian
lod ian-i
ian i, ma-qa
ma qalod
qalod-an
lod an-i
an i,
m-qlod
qlod-an
qlod an-i
an i,

m-qlod
qlod-ian
qlod ian-i
ian i,

furclebi~,

2011:

125-165)

m-qald
qald-on
qald on-ian
on ian-i
ian i
variantebic,

(`svaneTis
romlebic,

istoriis
vfiqrobT,

dagvexmareba svaneTSi dRes sakmaod gavrcelebuli erT-erTi oficialuri gvaris etimologiis garkvevaSi:
ma-/m
ma m- da, albaT, m-/mu
m mumu prefiqsi (gaxmovanebiT Tu gauxmovaneblad) qarTvelur enebSi adamianis aRmniSvnel leqsemaTa maxasiaTebelia, romelic enis ganviTarebis sxvadasxva periodSi SeiZleba daikargos kidec (Sdr. `sulTa matianis~ mjafa
mjafari
faria
riani,
ni mjafa
mjafari
fariZe
riZe,
Ze mjafa
mjafafarasZe
rasZe,
Ze mula
mulata
latali
talia
liani,
ni mlata
mlatali
talia
liani,
ni mkaxe
mkaxeli
xeli da a. S.).
rac Seexeba Tavad Zirs, is unda ukavSirdebodes mamakacis sakuTar saxels qal,
qal romelic Semonaxulia nadirobis qalRmerTisagan _ dalisagan ganwiruli erT-erTi monadiris Temaze Seqmnil
simReraSi, da romelic 1936 wels Cawera meri gujejianma zemo svaneTis ulamazes da uZveles sofel xaldeSi, samwuxarod, dRes ukve
nasaxlarad qceul gapartaxebul teritoriaze (`svanuri poezia~,
1939: 302-305). imave saxels moviazrebT, agreTve, laSxeTSi, nasoflar lafuris maxloblad mdebare saxnav-saTesi adgilis aRmniSvnel
toponimSi qaladaS
qaladaS (svanuri prozauli teqstebi, IV, 1979: 192).
anTroponimiseuli Ziri qalod
qalod,
lod albaT, am sakuTari saxelis kninobiTi formaa (*qa
qala
qala
qala+ol
la olda
olda > *qa
qala+ld
la ld > qalld > qald).
qald
Tu sub-el
SemTxvevaSi oficialur gvarTa da
sub el-ian
el ian / sub-r
sub ris
r
Sto-gvaris aRmniSvnel saxelTa warmoeba upirispirdeba erTmaneTs, aq
es ukanaskneli (vTqvaT, qald-r
qald r an raRac amis msgavsi monacemi) aRar
gvaqvs, radganac qaldanr
qaldanr `qaldanebs~ niSnavs (da ara qal
qaldas STamomavlebs) da warmoadgens oficialuri gvaris Cveulebrivi mravlobiTi
ricxvis formas (da ara erTi da imave oficialuri gvaris filiaciur
dajgufebas. _ am sakiTxTan dakavSirebiT ix. CantlaZe 1998: 126-132).

203

Analysis of onomastic lexemes from diachronic perspective

a) anthroponymy

I
Towards the interrelation of *sup-el/sub-ar stems
Summary

The author researches two Svan surnames and represents their etymologies:
The author believes, that sub-ar would not connected with the root
sub-/swib (with umlaut!) denoting "dancing", as it is well known in the special
literature, but it should be a voiced variant of Georgian sop-el- and Svan sup/swip
("a people's gathering place in a village). It is confirmed by the fact that in
"Chronicles of souls" of the 13-14th cc. subar is not mentioned anywhere, but
anthroponyms: "sup-el-i, sup-l-ean-i / sup-l-ian-i occur many times in the family
reports confirmed in Svaneti church meetings.

II
Towards the stem *kald-r/*kar-r/kald-an
Summary

An anthroponym kalda in kald-n has been used in Svan since the 14th c,
and karda since the 11th c (Karda Gvarmiani had been living in v. Nakra of
Mestia region up today). The latter then became a basis for a Megrelian surname
Kard-a-v-a.
Kald-ian-i often occurs in "Chronicles of souls", but Kaldn < *kald-a-an /
*kald-e-an widely spread today occurs rarely and only in the later period, is
confirmed in family-clan reports of the 15-18th cc.
Of course, in Kaldan I do not mean either kaldea or xalde as some consider
so, but a Svan prop. name kal--e the diminutive form of which would be kald <
*kal-a + old > kald.

204

be{
be{n}d- / be{
be{l}d- Ziri
Ziri anTro
anTropo
Troponi
ponimeb
nimebSi
mebSi
bedbed Ziri da misi fonetikuri varianti bendbend araerT qarTul
anTroponimul leqsemaTa dasayrdenia. sonantTa ganviTareba inlautSi Cveulebrivi movlenaa Zvel qarTul teqstebsa da qarTvelur
enebSi. rac Seexeba -nn- Tanxmovans, is winaenismierTa wina poziciaSi
asimilaciurad viTardeba (sarjvelaZe 1984: 344-346). Cveni saanalizo Ziri swored amgvari TanxmovniT Tavdeba, amitomac miviCnieT
bendfonetikur variantad.
bend bed-is
bed
amjerad SevexebiT svaneTis qarTul enaze Sesrulebul werilobiT ZeglebSi dadasturebul or gvars _ bendi
bendia
diani (romelic
dRes oficialurad funqcionirebs rogorc bendi
bendia
dianiSvi
niSvili
vili)
li da ben
bendeli
delia
liani.
ni es ukanaskneli mxolod erTxel gvxvdeba `sulTa matianeSi~
sintagmaSi uSegi
uSegi bende
bendeli
delia
liani (ingoroyva 1941: 48). rac Seexeba pirvel maTgans, is ramdenimejer dasturdeba XV_XVI saukuneTa sxvadasxva saxis istoriulsa Tu iuridiul dokumentebSi araerTi variantiT, Tanac xan sakuTar saxeladaa gamoyenebuli, xanac _ gvarad:
bend-an
bend an vaxTagiani / vaxTangani, bend-ian
bend ian-i
ian i vaxda{n}giani, bend-e
bend e
vaxTagani (silogava 1986: 117-118, 191-192).
gvxvdeba agreTve bende
bende amrolvani (sofel muJalSi Cvabianis
macxovris eklesiis aSenebisa da moweris ktitori _ silogava 1988: 489),
bunde
bunde cxumiani (iqve: 491) < bend-e
bend e, bende
bende gabildiani (`svaneTis
istoriis furclebi~, 2011: 165) da a. S.
aSkaraa, rom bendel kninobend bedbed Ziris erT-erTi variantia, -el
biTobis aRmniSvneli sufiqsia (Sdr. bed-uk
Ze,
Ze,
bed uk-a
uk a-Ze
Ze bend-uq
bend uq-i
uq i-Ze
Ze bedbed
in-ei
ian _ krebiTobis, simravlis, warmomavlobain ei-Sv
ei Sv-il
Sv il-i
il i), xolo -ian
Camomavlobis maCvenebeli, romelic sabolood Camoyalibda rogorc
anTroformanti svanuri oficialuri gvarebisa (janaSia 1959: 45).
bend-e
bend e forma, rogorc Cans, saxelobiTi brunvis erT-erTi mawarmoeblis (-e
e) darTviT miRebuli monacemia (Sdr. Zveli svanuri
simRerebis analogiuri masala: dal-e
dal e `dali~, Tamar
Tamar-e
mar e `Tamari~, soso205

zar-e
zar e `sozari~, aTandil
aTandil-e
dil e `avTandili~, bimur
bimurzol
murzol-e
zol e `bimurzola~, yifi
yifian
fian-e
an e `yifiani~, naeri
naerian-e
an e `naveriani~, iose
ioseli
selian
lian-e
an e `ioseliani~ da a. S. _ CantlaZe 1973: 269-270).
uSuxianTa (Sdr. Tanamedrove uSxn)
uSxn saxlis mosaxsenebelSi
gvxvdeba gavrcobili micemiTi brunvis forma b(e
e)ld
ld-an
ld an-a
an a-ss-aa (silogava
1986: 301). vfiqrobT, esec bedbed Ziris erT-erTi variantia bend'Tan
bend
erTad. Zveli qarTuli Zeglebidan CvenTvis cnobili ar aris n/l
l TanxmovanTa monacvleoba, magram ara mxolod n/l
l, aramed n/l
l/r
r sonorTa
substitucia

aSkarad

SeiniSneba

svaneTis

werilobiT

ZeglebSi:

lipart
lipart-ian
part ian-i
ian i / nipart
nipart-ian
part ian-i
ian i / nipart
nipart-ol
part ol-ian
ol ian-i
ian i / ripart
ripart-ian
part ian-i
ian i (Sdr.
Tanamedrove oficialuri gvari lipart
lipart-el
part el-ian
el ian-i
ian i).
`sulTa matianeSi~ benid
benid-an
nid an joxiani (Sdr. dRevandeli joxn,
joxn
joxa
moxseniebuli (ingoroyva 1941: 51). vfiqrobT, rom aq an
joxaZe
xaZe)'caa
Ze
Secdomaa (unda yofiliyo bend-an
bend an),
an an qarTul anbanSi arasworadaa
asaxuli -nd
ndnd TanxmovanTa gamyari fonema, svanuri anaptiqsuri
xmovani.
erTi da imave bedbed Ziris sxvadasxvagvarad warmoqmnil kninobiT
formaTa dapirispirebac gvxvdeba svaneTis werilobiT ZeglebSi:
XIV saukunis pirveli naxevris erT istoriul, `setielebis
mier jafariZeebisadmi daweril~ dokumentSi sxvebTan erTad `damxdurad~ moxseniebulia babilo{v}ani1 bed-ia
bed ia-i
ia i (silogava 1986: 170-198).
metad sayuradReboa `mefo-zegenelTa da yifianTa erTobis sabuTi~,
romlis Sedgenis `Tavsdebad~ jer RmerTia dasaxelebuli, mere ki
bed-il
bed il-a
il a `am{o}niani kacTagan~.
maSasadame, bendi
bendia
dianiSvi
niSvili
vili da bende
bendeli
delia
liani Tavis droze, albaT,
erTi da imave semantemidan momdinare gvari iyo, romlis amosavali Ziri unda yofiliyo sazogado saxelis (bed
bed-i)
fonetikurad saxecvlibed
li monacemi (bend
bend-i)
rogorc moferebiT-alersobiTi (bend
bend-el
bend
bend el-ian-i),
el
ise arakninobiTi (bend
bend-ian-i-Sv-il-i,
Sdr. bed-ian-i-Ze,
bed-o-Sv-il-i...)
bend
bed
bed
semantikiT.
1

es dokumenti sxva mxrivacaa saintereso: rogorc Cans, Tanamedrove

Colureli babluanebi XIV saukuneSi mestiaSi cxovrobdnen.

206

arc bendbend da arc beldbeld Zvel qarTul teqstebsa da svanurSi

jer-jerobiT dadasturebuli ar aris. rac Seexeba bedbed Zirs, rogorc
Cans, is svaneTSi adre mamakacis saxeladac yofila gamoyenebuli, razedac miuTiTebs 1938 wels Cawerili erTi Zveli saxumaro simRera
saydu
saydural
ydural lilga
lilgaca
gacalia
calia kafd (`sayvedurebi xumrobis saxiT~):
yorlcyane
Sa _ `kardaketili bedilusanebi~ (svayorlcyane bed-il
bed il-u
il u-Sa
nuri poezia, 1939: 206).
qarTul TargmanSi ajobebda yofiliyo bed-un
i, radgabed un-a
un a-ss-aa-nn-i
nac -il
il kninobiTis sufiqsia, -u
u _ mravlobiTobisa, xolo -Sa
Sa Stogvarze (bed
bed-un
bed un-a
un a's STamomavlebze, Sdr. qarTuli enis guruli dialeqtis bed-un
bed un-ia
un ia)
ia miuTiTebs. aslan lipartelianis cnobiT (liparteliani 1994: 66), mukbanianTa Sto bedilSr
bedilSr dRes ColurSi,
sofel WvelierSi, cxovrobs da aqaur uZveles mkvidr mosaxleobad
iTvleba.
saqarTvelos mecnierebaTa akademiis arnold Ciqobavas saxelobis enaTmecnierebis institutis onomastikis problemuri kvlevis
laboratoriaSi Zalze Zvirfasi masala moipoveba bed-/bend
bed bendbend Ziris
Semcveli oficialuri gvarebis, Sto-gvarebisa Tu e. w. Tikunebis
Sesaxeb, samwuxarod, jer-jerobiT mxolod baraTebze amowerili.
raki stambur publikaciebTan dakavSirebiT ukanasknel xanebSi araerTi finansuri siZnele SeiniSneba, egebis kompiuterulad mainc
damuSavdes saqarTveloSi (da mis farglebs gareTac) gavrcelebul
qarTul gvarTa sia, rac yvela dainteresebul pirs (aramxolod
enaTmecniers)

miscemda

SesaZleblobas

Sesabamisi

eleqtronuli

gamocemis gamoyenebisa.
Cven gavecaniT zemoaRniSnul masalebs da gairkva, rom bedbed ZirSi
n's CarTvis varaudi mxolod lingvistis hipoTetur safuZvels ki ar
emyareba, aramed _ istoriul Zeglebsa da dialeqtur masalebSi
dadasturebul myar monacemebs:
`saqarTvelos ekonomiuri istoriis Zeglebis~ mixedviT (I, gv. 166),
sofel tabaxmelaSi gavrcelebulia gvari bed-ian
Svil-i
bed ian-a
ian a-Svil
Svil i (e. i.
bend-ian
i-Sv
Sv-il
bend ian-a
ian a/i
Sv il-i
il i's unnaro varianti), romelic unda momdinareobdes
207

istoriul sigel-gujrebSi dadasturebuli bed-ian

Sv-il
bed ian-a
ian a-ss-Sv
Sv il-i
il isagan
(1665, 1690, 1692 wlebi); Sdr., agreTve, zemoimeruli bed-ian
Ze,
bed ian-i
ian i/aa-Ze
Ze
bed-in
Sv-il
Sv-il
bed in-a
in a-Sv
Sv il-i
il i, bed-en
bed en-a
en a-Sv
Sv il-i
il i, bed-ia
bed ia-Sv
ia Sv-il
Sv il-i
il i... (ZoweniZe 1974:
618, 625).
iSviaTad bend-ian
Sv-il
bend ian-i
ian i/aa-Sv
Sv il-i
il i SeiZleba Segvxdes Semoklebuli
saxiTac, anu -ian
ian sufiqsis gareSec. vfiqrobT, bend-ia
bend ia-Sv
ia Sv-il
Sv il-i
il i asaxavs
saqarTvelos

mTisa

da

baris

mosaxleobis

diferencirebis

cdas;

maSasadame, *bend
bend-ia
bend ia forma kninobiTis semantikisa ki ar Cans, aramed
bend-ian
bend ianian fuZisgan momdinare. Tu gazeT `TrialeTSi~ odesRac gamoqveynebul cnobasac davujerebT, arsebobs n's metaTezisis Sedegad
miRebuli bedn-ia
bedn ia-Sv
ia Sv-il
Sv il-i
il i'c.
lentexis raionSi dRemde bendbend Ziris nagenetivari warmoeba
gamoiyeneba erT-erTi soflis saxelwodebad (bendS
bendS).
bendS
rac Seexeba be{l
d- Zirs, romelic bend-is
aSkarad sonorbe l}d
bend
Secvlili variantia, is jerjerobiT mxolod XV saukuneSi dadasturebul svanur sakuTar saxelSia (beld
beld-an
beld an-a
an a) warmodgenili. momavalma Ziebam SesaZloa beldbeld Zirs sxvaganac miakvlios...

The roots be{n}d-/be{l}d- in anthroponyms

Summary

The paper analyses the surnames Bendianishvili (with different variants) and
Bendeliani, also one of topoyms of Lentekhi region bend which are originated
from a root of Georgian common name (bed- "bedi" "fate") as a result of an
assimilative developing of n sonor in a front position of a dental-alveolar.
Bend-ian-i with many variants occurs for several times in historical and
juridical documents of the 15-16th cc it was sometime used as a proper name and
surname. In anthroponym Bend-e one of the ancient nominative case morpheme
(-e) should have been preserved. As regard Bend-el-ian- it is confirmed only once
in "Chonicles of souls" and it seems to be added later.
Beld-an-a is clearly a sonor-changed variant of a bend- root and as the
author concepts it is confirmed still in the 15th c.
208

kidev
fxe > -xe
xe,
fxe > -fx
fx sufiq
kidev erTxel
erTxel -fxe
xe -fxe
sufiqsi
fiqsisa
sisaTvis
saTvis
qarTve
qarTvelur
Tvelur onomas
onomasti
mastikon
tikonSi
konSi
saanalizo sufiqss, romelic qarTvelur anTroponimTa genderuli diferencirebisTvis gamoiKeneba dasavleT saqarTveloSi, araerTi
mkvlevari (n. mari, p. yaraia, i. KifSiZe, p. ingoroKva, s. JanaSia,
arn. Ciqobava, i. meSCaninovi, T. jordania, q. lomTaTiZe, S. ZiZiguri,
i. megreliZe, al. Glonti, i. zicari, z. yumburiZe, b. JorbenaZe, g. gasviani, r. TofCiSvili, p. cxadaia, n. mgelaZe, o. yurGulia, q. margiani,
c. bendeliani) Sexebia. sakiTxs ikvlevdnen rogorc enaTmecnierebi,
ise eTnologebi. iKo mcdeloba nair-nair etimologiaTa warmodgenisa da sxvadasxva (megruli, afxazuri, ubixuri, adiGuri, baskuri,
urartuli...) enis monacemebTan -{f
f}xe
xe sufiqsis materialuri dakavSirebisa.
parxlis taZris erT-erT warweraSi (X s.) dadasturebuli
formanti (e. TaKaiSvili) dGes maincdamainc produqtuli aGar
aris _ svanurSi nawilobriv ( 1938: 154) ki ara, aramed
saerTod aGar ixmareba qalis mamiseuli gvaris aGsaniSnavad, xolo
megrulSi, ZiriTadad, toponimebSia SemorCenili. Cven sagangebod
SevamowmeT kodoris (resp. dalis) xeobaSi Cawerili 800 gverdis
moculobis teqstebi, sadac arc erTxel ar Segvxvedria -fxe
fxe'ze
fxe
daboloebuli leqsema (arc saxeli, arc zmna an arasrulmniSvnelovani
sitKva). ver gaviziarebT `xelmwifis~ svanuri variantis n. mariseul
segmentaciasa da gaazrebas. elwif
elwif-e
wif e misTvis aris ",
", Jer erTi, arc erT dialeqtur leqsemaSi aq faringaluri
Tanxmovani aGarsad ixmareba, da meorec, xelwifx
xemwifx
xenxelwifx{e
wifx e}/xem
xemwifx{e
wifx e}/xen
xenwifx{e
d; mic. xelwifx
wifx e} (moTx. xelwifx
xelwifx{e
wifx e}-d
xelwifx{e
wifx e}-ss...) mxolod balsqvemourSi gvxvdeba (laxamuluri kilokavis gamoklebiT) da aqac xanis
gaCenas fonetikuri safuZveli aqvs (fSvinvier TanxmovanTa momdevno
poziciaa _ Sdr. bz. sakcx,
cx,
sakcx bq. sak{r
sak r}cx
cx lSx. sakac
sakac{x
kac x}, lnt. sakc
`sakace~). rac Seexeba auslautSi -e
e xmovnis gauCinarebas, es Cveu209

lebrivi movlenaa svanurSi. garda amisa, Kvela balsqvemour zGaparSi

`xelmwife~ mamakacia, (Sdr. agreTve bq. saxel
saxelwifx
xelwifx,
wifx sadac, raGa Tqma
unda, genderuli problema ver dadgeba)...
metad sainteresoa c. bendelianis dakvirveba qvemoimeruli
dialeqtis monacemebze, sadac -xe
xe sufiqsi, mcireodeni gamonaklisis
garda, ar erTvis leCxumidan, svaneTidan da adigenidan gadmosaxlebul qalTa gvarebs (bendeliani 1997: 35-39).
mkvlevarTa umravlesoba saanalizo sufiqsisTvis amosavlad
miiCnevs Zvel qarTul leqsemas mevali
mevali (`mona, msaxuri qali~);
sulxan-saba

orbelianis

azriT,

`mevali

Krmaa;
Krmaa

ese

ars

qali
qali

nasKidi,
nasKidi gina
gina naziT
naziTvi
ziTvi~.
vi me > mxe > fxe > xe Cveulebrivi fonetikuri procesebia qarTvelur enebSi. albaT am sitKvis semantikaa
ganmsazGvreli S. ZiZiguris (1954: 163) erTi dakvirvebisTvis: qarTuli enis dasavlur dialeqtebSi `saTanado sufiqsacia axasiaTebT
iseT gvarebs, romelTa warmomadgenlebi glexur fenas ganekuTvnebodnen; aznaurTa Tu TavadTa gvarebs es sufiqsi ar moudioda~.
Tu aqedan amovalT, maSin qalis svanur saxelTan daCqilfx
daCqilfx'Tan
kiCqilfx
Txvis niSniT warmodgenili gaazreba akaki SaniZisa (`dadiSqelianT
gombio~?) TiTqos erTi SexedviT sruliad damaJerebelia, oGond
`gombio~-Si svanuri fx (baKaKi~) ki ar unda davinaxoT, aramed fxe sufiqsisgan momdinare -fx
fx elementi (Sdr. leCxumur-ayaruli
gombio
gombio-go
bio gogo
gogo damci
damcire
mcirebiT
rebiT da ara guruli gombie
gombie _ `baKaKi~), sadac
swored auslautSi dakarguli -e
e iwvevs winamavali -aa- xmovnis
umlauts _ daCqilfx
daCqilfx;
Cqilfx amasTanave, igi zGapruli personajis saxeli
ki ar aris, rogorc es specialur literaturaSia (yumburiZe 1964:
175) aGniSnuli, aramed svaneTis istoriul dokumentebSi dadasturebuli daCq-il
fxe's
daCq il-a
il a-fxe
fxe Sekvecili varianti. ase rom, XIII-XVIII saukuneTa sagvareulo mosaxseneblebSi araerTxel warmodgenili `daCqelafxe~ Kvelgan romelime didi feodalis meuGle an svaneTis mTavris
asulia.

Tu

amasac

gaviTvaliswinebT,

maSin,

cxadia,

daCqilfx
daCqilfx

anTroponims ver gaviazrebT `dadeSqelianT msaxurad~ da verc -fxe

fxe >
-fx
fx sufiqsSi davinaxavT sazogadoebis socialuri diferencirebis
funqcias.
210

1866 wlis erT-erT dokumentSi (quTaisis saxelmwifo arqivi,

fondi

21,

saqme

#10254,

ff1-20)

13

wlis

gogonas

saxelad

r. TofCiSvilma daadastura dadiS

dadiSke
diSkelafx
kelafx,
lafx magram svanebma gauswores _ `da
daCqe
daCqelafx
Cqelafx undao~ (TofCiSvili 2008: 179-180). zemo svaneTis sam sagvareulo mosaxsenebelSi miTiTebulia gelaxsan dadiCqelianis meuGle, didebuli qalbatoni kaku dadiSqelafxe (daCq
daCq-el
daCq elel
a-fxe
fxe)
fxe aramamiseuli warmomavlobiT (silogava 1988: 519). Tumca es
gvari svanur istoriul dokumentebSi gvxvdeba nair-nairi (ureduqcio,
reducirebuli, mjGeri an Kru Tanxmovnis, spirantis, afrikatisa
Tu abruptivis Semcveli) variantebiT: dadiSgeliani, dadiSkeliani,
dadiSqeliani,

dadiCqeliani

(Sdr.

Tanamedrove

dadeSqeliani),

daCqelani, daCqeliani, daCqliani.

miuxedavad imisa, rom dGes svanur enaSi -fxe
fxe sufiqsi qalTa
warmomavlobis gvarebs aGar awarmoebs, vfiqrobT, iseTi formebi,
rogoricaa: bedifx
bedifx,
difx galdfx,
galdfx gulifx
gulifx/gilifx
lifx gilifx/ginifx
gilifx ginifx,
ginifx gernifx
gernifx,
nifx
daCqilfx
daCqilfx,
Cqilfx derzufx
derzufx,
zufx elda
eldarufx
darufx,
rufx sidifx
sidifx,
difx Jayifx
Jayifx/Ja
yifx JaJifx
JaJifx,
Jifx girglfx
girglfx,
lfx
qaldfx (ori ukanaskneli aSkarad girgvlianisa da qaldanis oJaxebis qalebi arian) da a. S., romlebic axlac gamoiKenebian svaneTSi
anTroponimebad, warmoadgenen istoriul dokumentebSi dadasturebuli -fxe
fxe sufiqsis Semcveli onomastikonis anarekls.
ufro metic! _ gardafxaZeTa oficialuri gvaris svanuri gaformeba glfxn kargad asaxavs istoriul viTarebas, sadac arc
`gardafxaZe~ gvxvdeba da arc `galfxani~, magram gvaqvs gadra
gadrafxe
drafxe,
fxe
romelic amosavali unda iKos `gardafxaZe/galfxanisTvis~: gadra
gadradra
fxe > *garda
garda-fxe
grd-fxe
gr-fxe
gl-fxe
garda fxe > *grd
grd fxe > *gr
gr fxe > *gl
gl fxe+an
fxe an (svanur
oficialur gvarTa morfema) > glfxn,
Ze (kaci),
glfxn Sdr. Jafr-i
Jafr i-Ze
Jafr-i
fxe (qali), Jafr-n
gadra
Jafr i-fxe
Jafr n (kacic, qalic); asevea, albaT, *ga
gadra-fx
dra fxfx
a-ZZe > garda-fx
Ze (kaci), gadra
garda fx-a
fx a-Ze
gadra-fxe
dra fxe (qali), gdrn (kacic, qalic).
qvemosvanuri glfxn'is
msgavsi Cans dGes mestiis onomastiglfxn
konSi dadasturebuli mfxn <*m
m-fxe
m fxe-an
fxe an (Sdr. qalis saxeli m,
m
knin. f. mil).
mil orive forma `tbeTis sulTa matianeSi~ (XII-XVII s.)
mamakacTa

aGsaniSnavad

gamoKenebuli

ormagsufiqsiani

warmoebis
211

[magaliTad, niko
nikola
kola-fxe
la fxe-Sv
fxe Sv-il
Sv il-i
il i (enuqiZe 1977; qamadaZe 1987; kukulaZe
1987); Sdr. agreTve laz. ket-i
fxe-Si
fxe-Si
fxe-Si
ket i-fxe
fxe Si,
Si wul-u
wul u-fxe
fxe Si,
Si quT-u
quT u-fxe
fxe Si;
Si
megr. korZ-a
ia < *korZ
korZ-a
xe-ian
ia]
an
korZ a-xx-ia
korZ a-xe
xe ian,
ian Sdr. korZ-a
korZ a-ia
ia analogiuria, -an
sufiqsi xom odesGac `Svilis~ aGmniSvneli sitKvis Sesabamisi unda
KofiliKo (a. SaniZe, J. oniani)! Sebrunebuli rigi (go
goSu
fxe,
goSu-an
Su an-i
an i-fxe
fxe
beuTm
fxe)
beuTm-an
uTm an-i
an i-fxe
fxe Zalze iSviaTia istoriul dokumentebSic ki (q. margiani),
im dros, rodesac megrulSi oficialur qarTul gvarebs swored
boloSi daerTvis -xe
xe sufiqsi (yavyavaZexe, wereTel{i}xe, iaSvil{i}xe...).
rogorc Cans, svanurSi auslautis cveTis procesi adreve daiwKo qalTa mamiseul gvarebSi: XVII-XVIII saukuneTa erT saoJaxo
mosaxsenebelSi gvxvdeba Sgvil-i
fx{e
Sgvil i-fx
fx e} (ilamaz dadeSqelianis meuGle)
da eldar
fx{e
eldar-u
dar u-fx
fx e} (devdarianis qali da sorTman dadeSqelianis
meuGle), rac svanuri fonotaqtikisTvis damaxasiaTebeli zogadi wesis _
Giamarcvlovani

struqturebis

daxurulmarcvlianebad

gardaqmnis

tendenciis (s. jGenti) gamoxatulebaa.

-fxe
fxe/-xe
fxe xe sufiqss, garda ZiriTadi (genderuli diferencirebis)
funqciisa, lazursa da qarTuli enis dasavlur dialeqtebSi SeZenili aqvs damatebiTi semantikuri niuansebi: gurulSi qalis kapasobisa da yirveulobis ( 1928, 1938; JorbenaZe 1989: 535),
xolo imerulSi enakvimatobis, gakilva-damcirebis, dacinvisa Tu
Zalze iSviaTad Seqebis (bendeliani 1997: 35-39) xazgasma, rac sxva
umwerlobo qarTvelur enebSi ar SegviniSnavs.
specialur literaturaSi ( 1936: 239; gasviani 1972: 115;
yurGulia 1992: 177) svan qalTa gvaris mawarmoeblad dasaxelebulia
-fxu
fxu sufiqsic, magram qarTul enaze Sesrulebul svaneTis istoriul
dokumentebSi es varianti sul xuTJeraa dadasturebuli da, albaT,
mosalodneli -e
e xmovnis winamaval bilabialur -u
u- fonemasTan
asimilaciis Sedegia an koreqturuli (an sxvagvaric _ vTqvaT, xelnawerisa da Sesabamisi publikaciis gansxvavebuli wakiTxva) Secdomaa
(ge
gelu
fxu,
gelua
luafxu,
fxu eldar
eldar{u
dar u}fxu
fxu Carku
Carkufxu
rkufxu;
fxu Sdr. iqve: gel-ua
gel ua-fxe
ua fxe,
fxe eldar
eldardar
fxe,
fxe).
fxe Cerak
Cerak-u
rak u-fxe
fxe
212

qarTvelur enaTa dialeqtebSi o. yurGulias mier SeniSnuli

-mxe
mxe sufiqsi ar Cans.
XIX saukuneSi 6 wlis gogonas saxelad -fxa
fxa sufiqsiani formacaa
(girg
girg-ul
fx-a
girg ul-a
ul a-fx
fx a) warmodgenili zemo svaneTSi (TofCiSvili1 2008: 180).
gasaTvaliswinebelia, rom Colurul metKvelebaSi fxa `Jilags~
aGniSnavs. SesaZloa mas rame kavSiri hqondes qarTul meval'Tan:
meval
(Sdr. 1938: 42; 1912: 35; Ciqobava 1942: 26):
mevalmeval > mxeval
mxevalval > *mxemxe > *mxamxa > *fxafxa > fxa.
fxa
es leqsema svaneTSi sxvagan aGar ixmareba am mniSvnelobiT,
magram, vfiqrobT, rom mulaxur, kalur da laSxur simGerebSi zogierTi gvaris sawKevar formulad warmodgenili sintagma iJmi
iJmi <
*iJ-em
iJ em-iS
em iS/iJi
iS iJi < iJ-iS
iJ iS fxa `gvelis fxas~ ki ar unda niSnavdes,
aramed _ `gvelis modgmas, JiSs, Jilags~. sainteresoa, rom abazur,
ubixur da adiGur enebSi igive fuZe (fx
fx{l
fx l}aa, fxa
fxa,
xa fxui)
fxui `qals~
aGniSnavs (Sdr. afxazuri a-fha
fha).
fha
pirnaTel eledanis saoJaxo mosaxsenebelSi (XV s.) Cven -fxa
fxa'c
fxa
davadastureT (silogava 1986: 288). Tu aq kalmismieri Secdoma ar
aris (iqve gvxvdeba Jafa
Jafari
farifxe
rifxe),
fxe maSin SesaZloa sazogadoebis genderulad madiferencirebeli sufiqsis amosavali swored -fxa
fxa iKos,
saxelobiTi brunvis arqaul -e
e morfemasTan asimilaciis wesiT
gardaqmnili, miT ufro, rom Tina
TinaTi
naTi asafxa
asafxa `svaneTis sulTa matianeSi~ Tina
TinaTe
naTe asia
asiani's
ni (Sdr. Tanamedrove oficialuri gvari ansi
ansia
siani)
ni

2008 wels am sakiTxze vmsJelobdiT arnold Ciqobavas saxelobis enaT-

mecnierebis institutis samecniero sesiaze, Tezisebic daibeyda, magram, rogorc

Cans, profesor roland TofCiSvils mxedvelobidan gamorCa Cveni moxseneba,
Torem Tavis statiaSi ar ganacxadebda: `ramdenadac CvenTvis cnobilia, svanur
metKvelebaSi gvarebTan dakavSirebiT -fxe
fxe (-xe
xe)
xe sufiqsi arc erT mkvlevars ar
daufiqsirebia,
fxe (-xe
xe)
daufiqsirebia Tumca qarTuli saistorio ZeglebiT irkveva, rom -fxe
xe
sufiqsi odesGac svanuri metKvelebisTvisac iKo damaxasiaTebeli (TofCiSvili
2008: 178). bunebrivia, rom Cvens naSromebSi erTi da igive masalaa gaanalizebuli, oGond sxvadasxva kuTxiT (Cemi moxsenebis Tezisebi gacilebiT adre
gamoqveKnda, vidre batoni rolandis statia, Tumca orive erTsa da imave wels!)

213

saxiTac gvxvdeba (`svaneTis istoriis furclebi~, 2011: 150), e. i.

*fxa
fxa+e
fx1 > fxe.
fxe
fxa e > *fx
Kovelive zemoaGniSnuli safuZvels gvaZlevs vifiqroT, rom
-xe
xe sufiqsi mxolod `uZveles zanTa enobrivi kuTvnileba ar Kofila~, winaaGmdeg specialur literaturaSi (e. TaKaiSvili, i. megreliZe, o. yurGulia,...) gamoTqmuli mosazrebisa. iKo Tu ara fxe >
xe saerToqarTvelur enaSi an SesaZlebelia Tu ara mevalmeval fuZis
segmentacia, amas damatebiTi kvleva-Zieba syirdeba.
ramdenime wlis win gamoqveKnda sruliad originaluri Tvalsazrisi

roland TofCiSvilisa (2008: 177-182), romelSic formaTa

uwinaresoba-Semdgomadobis qronologiuri gardaqmnebi Sebrunebuladaa warmodgenili (*fxev

fxev-al
fxev al-i
al i > mxev-al
mxev al-i
al i); fonetika-fonologia
rom ar gviSlides xels, eTnologiuri msJeloba metad sainteresoa.
ase magaliTad: 2004 wels XXIV respublikur dialeqtologiur sesiaze Cven mier wakiTxul moxsenebasa da profesor tariel futkaraZis monografiaSi (2005 w.) warmodgenil etimologiaTa safuZvelze avtori askvnis: `fx
fx saerToqarTvelur enaSi Tavdapirvelad
`mzis (cis)~ aGmniSvneli unda KofiliKo. Tu gaviTvaliswinebT im
garemoebasac, rom qarTvelebis uZvelesi mzis GvTaeba mdedrobiTi
sqesis arseba iKo da mzisa Tu cis kulti erTobliobaSi warmoidgineboda, `fxe~ kompleqsidan fxeva
mxeva
fxevali
vali's
li (mxe
mxeval
vali's) miGeba gamoricxuli ar unda iKos. arc isaa gamoricxuli, rom uZvelesi qarTveluri `fx~ leqsema (aGniSnuli gagebiT) edos safuZvlad saqarTvelos istoriul-eTnografiuli mxareebis fxov
safxov'isa da afxazeT
afxazeT'is
zeT
xelwodebebsac (TofCiSvili 2008: 182); magram Cven rom arc `mzeze~
gvimsJelia da arc `caze~?! _ Sdr. futkaraZe 2005: 294) _ salite1

svanuri fonotaqtikis mixedviT, sityvis auslautSi grZeli xmovani

dauSvebelia. `svanuri enis evoluciis garkveul etapze sityvis absolutur

boloSi warmodgenil xmovans midrekileba hqonda raodenobrivi klebisaken, e. i.
grZeli

xmovani

mokldeboda,

xolo

mokle

nuls

gvaZlevda...

Tanamedrove

svanurSi auslauti aris sigrZis mixedviT dapirispirebis neitralizaciis

pozicia,

romelSic

arqifonemis

warmomadgenlad

mokle xmovani~ (gigineiSvili 1973: 153).

214

gvevlineba

fonetikurad

raturo qarTuli da-fax

da fax-ul
eb-a
fx r-e
e (`Gia~), da
fax ul/r
ul r-eb
eb a, xevsuruli fx-r
svanuri fx-ul
fx ul-e
ul e (`TiTi~) an li-fx
li fx-er
fx er (`Tvalis gaxela~) mxolod
`Tualis~ semantikidan amosvliT ganvixileT da, rac mTavaria, maTi
Zirebi qalTa warmomavlobis aGmniSvnel -{f
f}xe
xe sufiqsTan ar dagvikavSirebia. agreTve lazur ma-fx
ma fx-a
fx a (`dari~) da svanur me-fx
me fx-e
fx e (`mowmendili, uGrublo zeca~) leqsemaTa semantikaSi arsebiTia `gamodareba, amindi~ da ara `ca~ an `mze~, Sdr. Zveli qarTuli ne-fx
fx-{u
v-aa
fx u}v
(`Kinva~), romelic, samwuxarod, gamorCaT rogorc qarTvel, ise ucxoel etimologistebs ( _ 1912, _ 1964, fenrixi/sarJvelaZe _ 1990, 2000) zanur-svanur -fx
fxfx Zirze msJelobisas.

Again on -pxe > -xe, -pxe > -px

suffix in Kartvelian onomastics
Summary

An analytical suffix that is used for gender differentiating of Kartvelian

anthroponyms in Western Georgia, since Acad. Niko Marr up today many Georgian
and foreign scholars have been investigating but none of them has not researched
Svan material especially.
Today in Svan the origin of a woman from any clan is not marked by special
suffix, but I think, the endings of old anthroponyms (daCqilfx
daCqilfx,
daCqilfx girglfx,
girglfx
galdfx,
galdfx bedifx,
bedifx gulifx // gilifx,
gilifx derzufx,
derzufx eldarufx,
eldarufx sidifx,
sidifx Jayifx...)
Jayifx point to
an analytical morpheme px- < - pxe.
Most of researchers connect a mentioned suffix to old Georgian lexeme
mqevali ("slave, a servant woman"), the semantic of which is close with the data of
Abaza, Ubykh and Adyge languages (px{l}a, pxui "woman"). In Cholorian
dialect of Svan pxa denotes "clan". Thus, I believe that they can be phonologically
connected to each other:
Georg. mqeval- > mx
xeval- > Svan. *mxew- > *mxaw- > * pxaw -> pxa. In
the Svan clan reports of the 15th c. there occurs -pxa (and -pxu as well!).

215

gurul
mat-at
gurul-aWa
rul aWaru
aWaruli
ruli mat-at
mat at-i
at i/mat
mat at-a
at a
da qarTve
qarTvelu
Tveluri
luri anTro
anTropo
Troponi
ponimia
nimia1
2000 wlis 8 agvistos gazeT `aWaraSi~ gamoqveynda
baTumis SoTa rusTavelis saxelobis saxelmwifo univ e r s i t e t i s p r o f e s o r i s a k a k i b e r i Z i s s t a t i a `m a t a t a,
e n a m a t a t a~, r o m e l S i c n a T q v a m i i y o:
`a s e i t y v i a n a W a r a S i a d a m i a n z e, b e v r s r o m l a p a r a k o b s ... m a t a t a a r a r i s e n a b i l w i, e n a m y r a l i, e n a W a r t a l a,
e n a t a n i a. i g i, u b r a l o d, u x v s i t y v i a n i a, u b o r o t o, u w y i n a r i; b e v r s q a d a g e b s, m a g r a m a r a m o m a b e z r e b l a d, a r c u g n u r a d. s a i n t e r e s o a, r o m `ma t a t a (e n a m a t a t a)~ a W a r a S i T i T q m i s y v e l g a n i x m a r e b a _ m T a S i c d a b a r S i c, s a q a r T v e los sxva kuTxeTa mosaxleobaSi ki es sityva ar mom i s m e n i a (xazi Cvenia _ i. C.); i s a r c m e z o b e l i x a l x e b i s
e n a S i C a n s d a a m d e n a d, C v e n e u l i a, m a g r a m s a i d a n m o m d i n a r e o b s?... e s s i t y v a q r i s t e s e r T - e r T i (m e c a m e t e) m o c i q u l i s, m a t a T a s, s a x e l T a n u n d a i y o s d a k a v S i r e b u l i. i g i
a W a r a S i p i r v e l s a u k u n e S i q r i s t i a n o b a s q a d a g e b d a d a,
a l b a T, b e v r i l a p a r a k i c u x d e b o d a a x a l i r e l i g i i s g a vrceleba-damkvidrebisaTvis. isic cnobilia, rom mataT a a W a r a S i a R e s r u l a d a s o f e l g o n i o S i a d a k r Z a l u l i,
x o l o m a t a t a Si C v e n m a m o s a x l e o b a m m i s i s a x e l i s a m u d a m o d S e m o i n a x a~ (TurmaniZe 2009: 336).
raki statiis avtori medicinis mecnierebaTa doqt o r i g a x l a v T, T a v i s T a v a d c x a d i a, r o m i s i T x o v d a, i q n e b s p e c i a l i s t e b i (e n a T m e c n i e r e b i , e T n o g r a f e b i,...) d a i n t e r e s e b u l i y v n e n a m s a k i T x i T o, m a g r a m m a s S e m d e g
C v e n m a q v e y a n a m a r a e r T i m Z i m e w e l i g a d a i t a n a d a, b u n e b r i v i a, `m a t a t a c~ y v e l a s m i a v i w y d a. a m i t o m T o r m e t i w l i s
mere Cven kvlav vubrundebiT saanalizo leqsemis etim o l o g i a s:
1

naSromi Sesrulebulia baTumis SoTa rusTavelis saxelobis saxelmwi-

fo universitetis emeritus-profesoris, medicinis mecnierebaTa doqtoris

a k a k i b e r i Z i s TanaavtorobiT.

216

mata
mataTia
taTia (ata) berZnuli sityvaa da, sulxan-saba orbelianis
mixedviT, `uflis farvas~ niSnavs; imavdroulad aWaruli `matatas~
semantikis misadageba qristes mociqulisTvis (Tundac iudas monacvlisTvis) TiTqos uxerxulicaa. albaT, auslautSi an intervokalur poziciaSi berZnuli sityvis fSvinvieri fonema aWarulSi
mkveTrad ver gadaiqceoda. rogorc Cans, qarTvelisTvis sakmaod Znelad warmosaTqmeli t TanxmovanTkompleqsis dasaZlevad moxmobil
iqna momdevno poziciaSi myofi xmovnis identuri monacemi da ase
miviReT qristes erT-erTi mociqulis qarTuli saxelwodeba mata
matataTa,
Ta romelic igivea, rac zepiri arawignuri gziT warmoqmnili
anTroponimi maTe
maTeos
Teos/z
os z-i, ana xaranaulis ganmartebiT. ase rom, amjerad semantikuradac da fonetikuradac gamovricxvT mata
mataTia
taTia/ma
Tia mata
matata
tata
leqsemaTa kavSirs, Tumca aqve SevniSnavT, rom dRes megrulsa da
qarTulis qobuleTur metyvelebaSi dadasturebuli mata
mataTia
taTia,
Tia romelic `xisZirian qoSsa~ Tu `flosts~ aRniSnavs, ramdenadme macdunebeli monacemicaa, rom semantika ar gviSlides xels (egebis aseTi
fexsacmeli hqonda qristes mociquls?!).
mata
mataTa
taTa/ma
Ta mata
mataTia
taTia's
Tia Sesaxeb mogvianebiT (2010: 223) msjelobs merab
beriZec: `wmida mociqulma, erT-erTma `TormetTaganma~, saeklesio
Tu saistorio tradiciiT, iqadaga saqarTveloSi, imogzaura andria
mociqulTan erTad da, zogi versiis mixedviT, aResrula kolxeTSi.
sofel udeSi (mesxeTi) ucxovria or maTa
vfiqrobT, maTi saxemaTaTa
TaTa's.
Ta
lis amosavali forma aris mata
mataTa
taTa.
Ta momdevno T-s gavleniT moxda
yru mkveTri bgeris gafSvinviereba~. orive profesori beriZe (erTi _
eqimi da meore enaTmecnieri) erTmaneTisagan damoukideblad erTsa
da imave amosavals (mociqulis sakuTar saxels) varaudobs [baTumSi
axlac aris wmida maTa
saxelobis
maTata
Tata mociqulis (da ara mata
mataTa
taTa's)
Ta
taZari].
gurul dialeqtSi matat
`motitine bavSvia~; igive leqsema
matat-i
tat
ozurgeTis raionSi qalis sakuTar saxelad aqvs miTiTebuli aleqsandre Rlonts (1967: 190), xolo mat-a
mat dResac hqvia erT baTumel
gogonas, romelsac moferebiT mat-at
eZaxian xolme. sofel
mat at-osac
at
mamaTSi doborjginiZeTa winapar qalbatons na-mat
na mat-i
mat ic ki rqmevia.
217

vfiqrobT, rom rogorc aWaruli, ise guruli monacemebi unda

momdinareobdes Zveli qarTuli mat-a
mat masdaridan, romelic `gadametebas, moWarbebas~ niSnavs.
aWaruli mata
mat-mat
matata
tata <*mat
mat mat-a
mat (`enatlikina, ybedi, laqlaqa~) da
guruli mat-at
mat-mat
mat at-i
at i <*mat
mat mat-i
mat i (`motitine bavSvi~) unda warmoadgendes fuZegaorkecebul erTcnebian kompozits. mat-a
mat Ziri dResac yvela qarTvelur enaSia warmodgenili: amasTanave, qarTulSi sazogado saxelebSi metmat-eb
met formis gverdiT (mat
mat eb-a
eb a, na-mat
na mat-i
mat i, sa-mat
sa mat-i
mat i, xevsuruli fur-T
u-mat
mat-e
met-e
fur T-u
mat e || u-met
met e,...), xolo zanur-svanurSi mxolod
anTroponimebSiRa SemogvrCa matmat (megruli: mat-i
mat i, mat-ia
mat ia,
ia mat-un
mat un-a
un a,
mat-oa
svanuri: mat
mat-ia
ia,
mat oa/mat
oa mat-ua
mat ua,
ua mat-at
mat at-ia
at ia,...
ia
ia 1 mar-mat
mar mat-a
mat a).2 mosalodnelia, rom amaT rigSi Cadges qarTuli sakuTari saxeli mart-ia
da
mart
gvarebi: mart-ia
Sv-il
mart ia-Sv
ia Sv-il
Sv il-i
il i, mart-a
mart a-Sv
Sv il-i
il i.
iakob axuaSvils mati
matiaS
tiaSvi
aSvili
vili da maTi
maTiaS
TiaSvi
aSvili
vili erTi da imave Ziridan momdinare gvarebi hgonia (axuaSvili 1994: 435), magram, vfiqrobT, rom intervokalur poziciaSi sonoris momdevnod mkveTri t
ar gafSvinvierdeboda (mosalodneli iyo Tanxmovnis gamJRereba,
Tumca arc es momxdara).
onomastikuri maTa
maTata
Tata gvxvdeba fSavSic, sofel gomewris erTerT cixeze (`yelyviTela~) amokveTil lapidarul warweraSi, romelic nusxaxucuri anbaniTaa warmodgenili da Sesrulebuli unda
iyos 1010-1014 wlebSi (gogolauri 1997).
paata cxadaia sagangebod gaxazavs: gvari matua
matua (da ara maTua
maTua)
Tua
gvxvdeba walenjixis raionSi. mato
mato Zvel qarTul mwerlobaSi, xolo
matu
matu / mantu
mantu,
tu matu
matuna
tuna Tanamedrove kolxeTSi gavrcelebuli saxelebia (cxadaia 2000: 109-110).
1

matia ZvelTaganve yofila gavrcelebuli mTel saqarTveloSi. erT-

erTi maTgani (matia birmaSvili) 1620 wlis 9 agvistos Sedgenili saxl-karis

nasyidobis wignis mowmea (pirTa anotirebuli leqsikoni 1991: 546).
2

Cveni sailustracio onomastikuri masalis gverdiT ganixilavs merab

beriZe grigol xanZTelis erT-erTi mowafis saxelsac, oRond matoi misTvis,

rogorc Cans, ar emorCileba segmentacias da -i
i xmovanfuZiani monacemia akaki
SaniZis msjelobidan amosvliT (beriZe 2010: 245-248).

218

`matata~-s amosavali *mat

mat-mat
mat mat-a
mat a daculi unda iyos XIV saukunis I
naxevris erT zemosvanur dokumentSi, romelSic duda da gio setielTa (e. i. mestielTa) dedas marma
marmata
mata hqvia (silogava 1986: 169). vfiqrobT, rom es anTroponimi igive fuZegaorkecebuli kompozitia
(<*mat
mat-r
mat-a
mat r-mat
mat a), oRond inlautSi sonorCarTuli (Cveulebrivi fonetikuri movlena qarTvelur enaTa dialeqtebSi), rac aWarul da
gurul sazogado saxelebSi gvaqvs (Sdr. 1578 erT-erT dokumentSi
dadasturebuli usonoro mesxuri anTroponimi mamata < *mat
mat-mat
mat mat-a
mat a _
pirTa anotirebuli leqsikoni 1991: 708). XI saukunis I naxevris
Zeglis mixedviT (`matiane suaneTisa krebisa~), sofel cxumaris krebas
`moegebnen da suli Seavedres~ Cologa mat-ian
mat ian-ma
ian ma da misma meuRlem.
maSasadame, matmat Ziri Zvel svanur gvarSicaa dadasturebuli istoriulad.
mosalodnelia, `matata~-s ukavSirdebodes sulxan-saba orbelianis, daviT CubinaSvilisa da aleqsi WinWaraulis leqsikonebSi fiqsirebuli leqsema mat-a
r-oc
oc-i
mat a-r
oc i (`uTqmelis wamTqmeli~, `aramkiTxe
moambe~, `enaWartala~), mat-r
oc-i
mat r-aa-oc
oc i (`celqi, daudegari~), sadac
inlautSi isev r sonoria CarTuli (Sdr. leCxumuri mat-a
oc-i
mat a-oc
oc i
`eSmakuna, mousvenari~). `ybedis, enatartalas, Worikanas~ ()
mniSvnelobiT

igi

gvxvdeba

besarion

niJaraZis

`qarTul-svanur-

rusul leqsikonSic~ svanuri pirtla

pirtlas
tla Sesabamisad.
sayuradReboa, rom sixSiris TvalsazrisiT Tanamedrove saliteraturo qarTulSi upiratesoba eniWeba metmet variants, oRond anTroponimebSi mainc Warbobs Zveli (mat
mat-)
mat saxeoba, metmet ki Zalze iSviaTia (samegreloSi, sofel banZaSi, kacis saxelad gamoyenebuli
met-ia
met ia guriaSi, sofel dablacixeSi, qals ewodeba).
Tu analogiisTvis mivmarTavT `vefxistyaosans~, aRmoCndeba, rom
sazogado saxelebsa da zmnebSi -mat
matmat Ziri mxolod 12-jer Segvxvdeba, xolo -met
metmet 115-jer, rac erTxel kidev adasturebs arnold
Ciqobavas debulebas imis Taobaze, rom genialuri SoTas qmnileba _
`mwver
mwverva
mwvervali
vali qarTu
qarTuli
Tuli poe
poeturi
turi Semoqme
Semoqmede
qmedebi
debisa
bisa,
sa sapa
sapati
patiod
tiod saxse
saxsene
xsenenebeli
beli msoflio
msoflio lit
literatu
raturis
turis Sedevr
SedevrTa
devrTa Soris
Soris~
ris _ axali saliteraturo enis Zeglia da ara saSuali an Zveli qarTulisa (Ciqobava
2011: 22-113).
219

qarTuli mat-eb-a/met
met-i
mat
met

da svanuri li-mt
mt-e
mt

hainc fenrixma

(Fhnrich 1981: 98) erTmaneTis fonematur Sesatyvisebad warmogvidgina, xolo zurab sarjvelaZem (1985: 197) qarTulSive ivarauda
metmet < matmat ZirTa umlauti; magram rodis hqonda am fonologiur
process adgili? _ Tu saerToqarTveluri enis qarTul-zanur-svanurad daSlis periodSi, maSin megrulSi o (< a) unda gvqonoda,
xolo svanurSi sadme mainc xom unda SemorCeniliyo qarTuli a
xmovnis regularuli kanonzomieri Sesatyvisi (vTqvaT, arasaumlauto poziciaSi!)?! yvela qarTvelur enaSi e gvaqvs (Sdr. megrul-lazuri met-i
met i, svanuri met `zedmeti~ da lentexuri li-met
li met-e
met e `gamopranWva~ = `gadametebulad Cacma?~).
rom zanur-svanuri anTroponimebi ara, romelTac Cven `matebis~
semantikiT gaazrebul gurul mata
matat
tat-i da aWarul mata
matata
tata formebs
vukavSirebT, mosalodneli iyo, rom metmet Ziri SedarebiT gviandel
nasesxobad CagveTvala qarTulidan zanur-svanurSi.
bunebrivia, gvkiTxaven: aqvs Tu ara saanalizo leqsemas raime
kavSiri aWarul ma-tar
ma tar-tal
tar tal-a
tal a (`ybedi~)sTan? samwuxarod, Sesabamis
leqsikonebSi verc mata
matata
tata davadastureT da verc matar
matarta
tartala
tala.
la
raRa Tqma unda, matar
matarta
sxva segmentacia Seesabameba da
tartala
tala-s
la
sruliad aSkaraa, rom igi e. w. pirveladi masdaris (arn. Ciqobava,
g. deetersi) Sesabamisi semantikidan (tar
tar-tal
tar tal-i
tal i, tar-tar
tar tar-i
tar i) modis,
magram, jer erTi, jerjerobiT gaurkvevelia Tavad `tartali~-s etimologia [onomatopoeturi leqsikis sirTuleebi iCens Tavs! _ Sdr.
qarTuli War-tal
War tal-i
tal i, rat-rat
rat rat-eb
rat eb-s
eb s; svanuri (lentexuri) rat-rt
rat rt-e
rt e]
da meorec _ Znelad warmosadgenia, rom matar
matarta
tartala
tala inlautSic
gamartivda da auslautSic gacvda ise, rom misgan mata
matata
tata migveRo.
gurul-aWarulma

mata
matati
tati/
ti/mata
matata
tata
tam

SeiZleba

gagvaxsenos

erTi

mcenaris saxeli samegrelosa da svaneTSi, romelic formalurad

imeorebs kidec Cvens saanalizo leqsemas, oRond sakmaod rTuli semantikuri wiaRsvlebi dagvWirdeba maT mniSvnelobaTa erTmaneTTan
dasakavSireblad: mata
mata pirvelad rafiel erisTavis `mokle qarTulrusul-laTinur

leqsikonSi~

gamoCnda,

romelSic

warmodgenili

iyo mcenareTa, cxovelTa da sxvaTa aRmniSvneli sityvebi (

220

1884). is sinonimia laq

romelic gacilebiT adre, saukuneze
laqaSasi,
Sa
meti

xnis

win,

hqonda

Setanili

sulxan-saba

orbelians

Tavis

`sityvis konaSi~, yovelgvari ganmartebis gareSe, oRond `balaxis~

aRmniSvneli simboloTi (). rafiel erisTavisTvis mata
mata aris "
". es leqsema imave mniSvnelobiT ganmeorda sami wlis
Semdeg, e. i. 1887 wels, daviT CubinaSvilis (Cubinovis) qarTul-rusul
leqsikonSi, xolo megrul leqsikaSi mata
mata pirvelad gamoiyena ioseb
yifSiZem ( 1914: 278) erisTaviseuli formisa da semantikis
sruli dacviT. aleqsandre mayaSvilisTvis laqa
laqaSa
qaSa sruliad sxva
mcenarea saqarTvelos sxvadasxva kuTxeSi gavrcelebuli 17 saxelwodebiT (1991: 43). mata
mata ar gvxvdeba `botanikuri leqsikonis~ arc
erTi gamocemis arc qarTul, arc megrul da arc svanur nawilSi,
magram svanuri mata
matata
Smagas
tata qarTul Smaga
ga Seesabameba, romelic warmodgenilia Cveni qveynis sxvadasxva kuTxeSi gavrcelebuli 9 saxelwodebiT. matatas nayofi Zalian hgavs mocvs da floris ucodinari
adamianebi (gansakuTrebiT bavSvebi) mas SecdomiT miirTmeven xolme,
rac iwvevs maT ramdenimedRian gaSmagebas. amitomac fSavSi am mcenares
`giJana~-sac uwodeben, xolo kaxeTSi _ `cofis balaxs~. Tu bavSvi
raRac ucnaurad iqceva, mas zemo svaneTSi gaocebiT ekiTxebian: im
xisoyl matat
matat{S
tat S} nazobSl? _ `ras giJob matatas naWamiviT?~
Tu imasac gaviTvaliswinebT, rom `giJi~ gadataniTi mniSvnelobiT `gaSmagebulsac~ niSnavs da `onavar, Zalze celq adamiansac~,
maSin mcenaris qarTul-megruli (ma
mata
mata
mata)
ta da svanuri (ma
matata
tata)
ta saxelwodebani SesaZloa am mxrivac daukavSirdes gurul-aWarul mata
matati
tati/
ti
mata
matata
tata (`ybedi, Worikana, enatiktika, mousvenari, eSmaki~ da a. S.)
leqsemebs (bolosdabolos erT umSvenieres `sakidela~ yvavilovan
balaxs saqarTveloSi `Worikanac~ ki hqvia!) da mosalodnelia, rom
`matitela~-s qvemoimerul-ingilouri saxelwodeba `matatela~ da
guruli `matantala~ rogorRac ukavSirdebodes svanur `matata~-s,
Tumca kidev erTxel gavxazavT _ kompa
kompara
parati
rativis
tivisti
vistika
tikaSi
kaSi urTu
urTule
Tulesi
lesi
proble
TiTqmis
problemaa
lemaa (TiT
TiTqmis gadauW
gadauWr
uWrelic ki!)
ki seman
semanti
mantiku
tikuri
kuri Sepi
Sepiris
pirispi
rispire
pireba
rebani
bani,
ni
gaci
gacile
cilebiT
lebiT ufro
ufro rTuli
rTuli,
li vidre
vidre regu
regula
gularul
larul kanon
kanonzo
nonzomi
zomier
mier fone
fonemaT
nemaTmaTSesa
Sesatyvi
satyviso
tyvisoba
sobaTa
baTa safuZ
safuZvel
fuZvelze
velze aRdge
aRdgenil
dgenil arqi
arqifor
qiforma
formaTa
maTa siste
sisteme
temebi
mebi.
bi
221

Tu Cveni semasiologiuri wiaRsvlebi ramdenadme mainc damajerebelia, Zveli qarTuli matmat Ziri aramxolod qarTvelur anTroponimikaSi aRmoCndeba SenarCunebuli.

IZA CHANTLADZE, AKAKI BERIDZE

Gurian/Ajarian matt-att-i/matt-att-a
and Kartvelian anthroponymia
Summary

Ajarian matata <*matt-matt-a ("chutter-box, gossiping") and Gurian matt-att-i <

*matt-matt-i ("a babbling child") should be a stem-doubled composit with one
conception. A root matt- occurs in all Kartvelian languages even today. Besides, it
occurs in Georgian common nouns along with met- form (matt-eb-a, na-matt-i, samatt-i, pur-t-u-matt-e // u-mett-e...), in Zan-Svan only in anthroponyms matt- is
preserved (Megr.: matt-i, matt-ia, matt-un-a, matt-oa // matt-ua, matt-att-ia..., Svan.:
matt-ia, mar-matt-a...)
The origin of mattatta *matt-matt-a seems to be preserved in one Upper Svan
document of the 14th century. The document tells that the name of Duda and Gio
Setiels' mother (i. e. Mestians) was Marmata (Silogava 1986: 169). I belive, that
this anthroponym is the same stem-doubled composit (<*matt-r-matt-a) but in inlaut
here occurs a sonor (an usual phonetic phenomenon in the Kartvelian dialects) and
that occurs in Ajarian and Gurian common names. According to the source of the
11th c. ("Chronicle of Svaneti meeting") Chologa Matt-ian-ma and his wife "met the
meeting and commended soul to God". Thus, the root matt- is attested in old Svan
surname, as well.
It is expected, that the lexeme matt-a-r-oc-i ("chatter-box") fixed in the
dictionaries by Sulkhan-Saba Orbeliani and Davit Chubinashvili is connected with
mattatta. In this lexeme a r sonor occurs in inlaut (cf.: matt-a-r-oc-i "long-winted"
Georgian Explanatory Dictionary and Lechkhumian matt-a-oc-i "a little devil,
fidgelty"). It occurs in Besarion Nizharadze's "Georgian-Svan-Russian dictionary"
with the meaning of "chatter-box, gossip ()", in relevance with Svan pirttlaw.
It is noteworthy that from the standpoint of frequency in the modern literary
language mett- variant has priority, but in anthroponyms the number of old (matt-)
variant is more, and mett- occurs rarely (in Samegrelo, in village Bandza, a man's
name Mett-ia is used in Guria, in the village Dablatsikhe as a wonan's name).
222

same
samedi
medici
dicino
cino leqsi
leqsika
sika qarTve
qarTvelur
Tvelur anTro
anTropo
Troponi
ponimi
nimia
miaSi
calkeul saganTa, movlenaTa, cxovelTa, frinvelTa, mcenareTa,
nivTierebaTa, xelo
xeloba
loba-sa
ba saqmi
saqmia
qmianoba
nobaTa
baTa an socialuri yofis amsaxveli
leqsika, Cveulebriv, istoriuli dasabamia onomastikonisa. mTel
msoflioSi, TiTqmis yvela ersa Tu enaSi, sazogado saxeli gacilebiT adre Seiqmna, vidre sakuTari, es ukanaskneli ki safuZvlad daedo oficialuri gvaris warmoSobas.
`gvar
gvarsa
gvarsaxe
saxeli
xeli adami
adamia
mianis saku
sakuTa
kuTari
Tari saxe
saxelis
xelis isto
istori
toriu
riuli katego
kategori
egoriaa
riaa.
aa
misi gramatikul-semantikuri modelebi sazogadoebis ganviTarebis
sxvadasxva safexurebs Seesabameba. gvarsaxeli Tavad iZens socialuri maxasiaTeblis funqcias~ (m. surgulaZe, j. odiSeli 1991: 6). mosaxleobis zrda, tomebs Soris urTierTobis gacxoveleba da xalxis
mravalricxovan koleqtivad Camoyalibeba aucilebels xdida ara
marto imis codnas, Tu ra hqvia ama Tu im pirs, aramed _ ra xelo
xelobis
lobis
kacia
kacia igi, visi STamomavalia, sadauria a. S. amrigad, saxelis gverdiT
gaCnda kidev meore, dama
damate
matebi
tebiTi
biTi saxe
saxeli
xeli,
li romelic azustebda pirovnebis vinaobas, met cnobebs iZleoda masze da Tanac aavdvilebda erTi
saxelis mqone pirebis _ sexniebis garCevas. swored am damatebiTi saxelisgan warmoiSva gvari, rogorc pirovnuli saxelis Tanmxlebi,
ganuyreli nawili (z. WumburiZe).
`qarTveluri

anTroponimika imdenad sustadaa Seswavlili,

rom jer kidev naadrevia mis genezissa da specifikur niSnebze msjeloba. Cveni Zveli, qristianobamdeli anTroponimebi fragmentuladaa Semonaxuli da aravis ucdia maTi cotad Tu bevrad sruli nomenklaturis aRdgena. sruli
sruliad
liad gauT
gauTva
uTvalis
valiswi
liswine
winebe
nebelia
belia saku
sakuTar
kuTar sasaxelTa
xelTa xalxu
xalxuri
xuri tradi
tradicia
dicia da TviT is masalac ki, rac SedarebiT
mdidruladaa asaxuli Zvel saistorio Txzulebebsa da sigel-gujrebSi. ase rom, qarTve
qarTvelu
Tveluri
luri anTro
anTropo
Troponi
ponimi
nimika
mika ar sargeb
sargeblo
rgeblobis
lobis im
yura
yuradRe
radRebiT
dRebiT,
biT risi
risi ueWve
ueWveli
veli Rirsic
Rirsic aris~
aris _ werda al. Rlonti
1965 wels. mas Semdeg gavida TiTqmis naxevari saukune da, raRa
Tqma unda, ramdenadme Seicvala saqmis viTareba: gamoqveynda calke223

uli leqsikonebi da gamokvlevebi qarTuli, svanuri Tu megruli masalebis gaTvaliswinebiT. rac Seexeba lazurs da qarTuli enis istoriul an Tanamedrove samxrul dialeqtebs, SeiZleba iTqvas, rom
am mxriv Zalze cotaa gakeTebuli; xalxuri samedicino terminologiis kvlevis TvalsazrisiT ki bolo arealSi mxolod sqematurad
gvaqvs Seswavlili samecniero problemebi. amitom amjerad Cven davinteresdiT im samedicino leqsikiT, romelic qarTveluri anTroponimikis erT-erTi komponenti aRmoCnda.
miuxedavad

imisa,

rom

qarTvelologTa

umravlesoba

mxars

uWers oficialur qarTul gvarTa Suasaukuneobriv istorias, jer

erTi, `matiane qarTlisa~ VI-X saukuneebSic warmogvidgens maT
(romelTagan zogi dResac ixmareba!), da meorec, rogor SevuxamoT
gavrclebul Teorias iseTi struqturebi, romelTa fuZeebi uTuod
aRdgeba saerToqarTvelur doneze, radganac dRemde zusti fonologiuri kanonzomierebiT gamoirCevian da qarTvelur enaTa klasikur bgeraTSesatyvisobebs amJRavneben?
qarTuli

m-Wed
Wed-l
i-Ze
Ze / m-Wed
Wed-l
i-Sv
Sv-il
Wed-l
ur-i
Wed l-i
Wed l-i
Sv il-i
il i / m-Wed
Wed l-ur
ur i

megruli

Wkad-u
Wkad u-aa

svanuri

mu-Skud
an-i
mu Skud-i
Skud i-an
an i m-Skd
m Skd
an kidev:

qarTuli

kac-a
Ze / kac-i
Sv-i
li / kac-el
Sv-i
li / kac-o
kac a-Ze
kac i{aa}-Sv
Sv i-li
kac el-a
el a-Sv
Sv i-li
kac oSv-i
li / kac-ob
Sv-i
li / kac-it
Ze / kac-ita
Sv i-li
kac ob-a
ob a-Sv
Sv i-li
kac it-a
it a-Ze
kac ita-{s
ita s}Sv-i
Sv i-li
li

megruli

koC-ia
Ze / koC-al
Ze (aWara, mekoC ia / koS-ia
koS ia;
ia koC-al
koC al-a
al a-Ze
koC al-i
al i-Ze
sxeT-javaxeTi), koC-ua
Sv-i
li / ko{n
koC ua-Sv
ua Sv-il
Sv il-i
il i / koC-i
koC i{aa}-Sv
Sv i-li
ko n}C-aa-Ze
Ze / koCn-i
Ze (tao-klarjeTi)
koCn i-Ze

svanuri

WuS-il
WuS il-ian
il ian-i
ian i (XIII s.) WS-il
WS il-ian
il ian-i
ian i (?)

rasakvirvelia, uTuod migviTiTeben: pirvelad sazogado saxelSi (kac

kac-i
kac i, Wed-v
Wed v-aa,...) gaCnda kanonzomieri fonematSesatyvisoba,
romelic Semdeg aqedan meqanikurad gadavida jer sakuTar saxelSi
224

(kac
kac-a
Wed-el
kac a / kac-ia
kac ia,
ia {mm}-Wed
Wed el-a
el a,...), mere ki gvarSio, magram mxolod qarTulZiriani struqturebic rom gvaqvs megruli, lazuri an svanuri
gramatikuli inventariT (Sdr. megruli Wed-ia
Wed-l
Wed ia,
ia svanuri m-Wed
Wed lian-i
ian i Wed-el
Wed el-ian
el ian-i
ian i, megruli kac-ia
kac ia,
ia svanuri kac-an
kac an-i
an i,...) da Tanac
uZveles gvarebSi?! yvelaze metad ki sainteresoa koc-ia
koc ia-Sv
ia Sv-il
Sv il-i
il i
(qarTul-megruli kontaminirebuli forma?), romelic aSkarad adasturebs qarTvelologiis erT-erT debulebas imis Sesaxeb, rom konsonanturi bgeradgadawevebi ufro Zveli epoqisaa, vidre vokaluri, e. w.
koci
uadresia koCia
kociaS
ciaSvil
aSvilze
vil
koCia{Svi
Cia Svili
Svili}.
li
maSasadame, aucilebelia fuZis fonologiuri struqturis gaTvaliswineba anTroponimTa istoriis kvlevisas ara mxolod qarTvelur enebSi, rasac Sesabamis gamokvlevebSi (lingvistTa Tu aralingvistTa) ver vamCnevT! Zveli masalebis am TvalsazrisiT gadaxedvac
ki, viqrobT, uTuod Segvacvlevinebs azrs oficialur gvarTa gviandeli warmomavlobis Sesaxeb.
rac Seexeba samedicino terminologiis Semcvel qarTul gvarebs, miuxedavad imisa, rom maTi raodenoba sakmaod mokrZalebulad
gamoiyureba danarCen profesiaTa aRmniSvneli fuZeebidan momdinare
gvarsaxelebTan SedarebiT, aqac daaxloebiT igive situaciaa: gamoi
gamoiyofa
yofa sami
sami Ziri
ZiriTa
riTadi
Tadi fena
fena _ Zveli
Zveli (mkurnaliZe, wamalaiZe / wamalaSvili, maxlauri), mogvi
mogvia
gviano epoqi
epoqisa
qisa (aqimiSvili / aqimaZe) da axaaxali (eqimiSvili, doxturiSvili, ferSanaSvili).
sxvadasxva dros samxreT saqarTvelos maRal aristokratias
warmoadgendnen: mxargrZelebi, orbelebi, Torelebi, jayelebi da
manka
mankaber
kaberde
berdele
delebi
lebi.
bi Cveni yuradReba miiqcia bolo gvarma Tu zedwodebam, romelic SesaZloa (Zalze frTxili varaudis safuZvelze!) karabadinis, anu samkurnalo wignis mcodne sagvareuloze miuTiTebdes (Tumca arc isaa gamoricxuli, rom mankaberdi toponimic iyos).
garkveul fonetikur gardaqmnaTa uwinaresoba-Semdgomadobis procesi ase warmogvidgena:
*ma
ma-ka
ma-ka
ma-ka
ma-ka
ma kara
karaba
rabadin
badin-e
din e *ma
ma kara
karabadn
rabadn-e
badn e *ma
ma kara
karabad
rabad-e
bad e *ma
ma kakarabd-e
karebd
ma-ka
ma-n
kaberd
ma-n
rabd e *ka
karebd-e
rebd e *ma
ma kaberd
kaberd-e
berd e *ma
ma n-ka
kaberd-e
berd e *ma
ma n-kkaberdberd
e+el
el-i
el i manka
mankaber
kaberde
berdeli
deli
225

mosalodnelia, rom Jami

Jami{ar
mi ar}aS
ar aSvi
aSvili
vili / Jami
Jamie
mieraSvi
raSvili
vili da yvavi
yvavila
vilalaZe / yvavi
yvavilaS
vilaSvi
laSvili
vili samedicino leqsikis amsaxveli gvarebi iyos (Sdr.
Jam-ob-a
`momsvreli seni~, n. CubinaSvili; yuav
`senia~, saba).
Jam
yuav-il-i
av
1546 wlis erT-erT sabuTSi gvxvdeba ampu
amputaS
putaSvi
taSvili
vili,
li xolo
XVII-XVIII saukuneebSi gvaqvs ampe
ampetaS
petaSvi
taSvili
vili (`pirTa anotirebuli
leqsikoni~, I, 1991: 140). xom ar SeiZleboda es gvari dagvekavSirebina
`amputaciasTan~? (analogiisTvis Sdr. Zveli qarTuli moku
mokue
kueTili
Tili).
li
vfiqrobT, rom maxla
ma-xal
ur-i
maxlau
lauri *ma
ma xal-a
xal a-ur
ur i, romlis Ziri dRemde daculi megrul la-xal
la xal-a
la xar-a
xal a / la-xar
xar a leqsemaSi, avadmyofobas
rom aRniSnavs (Sdr. qarTuli enTroponimi la-xur
la xur-a
xur a) da svanuri
struqturis sityvaa.
albaT, qarTuli wama
wamala
malai
laiZis Sesatyvisi unda iyos svaneTis saeklesio krebis `sulTa matianes~ palimfsestur (XI s.) mosaxsenebelSi
dadasturebuli gvari Wam-ar
Wam ar-ian
ar ian (silogava 1986: 302). Tu es asea,
maSin specialur literaturaSi (rogava 1945: 231-232) dRemde arsebuli varaudi qarTuli wam-al
wam alal da svanuri WemWem (`Tiva~) fuZeTa
fonologiuri kavSiris Sesaxeb unda gadaisinjos, gaixazos wamwam /
WamWam ZirTa mimarTebis sakiTxi da saerToqarveluri enis doneze unda aRdges ara w1emem ( 1964: 249) an w1amam / w1emem (Klimov 1998: 306)
arqiformebi, aramed mxolod w1am.
am
Cven kvlavac gavagrZelebT kvlevas am mimarTulebiT da SevecdebiT davadasturoT `aqimobis~ Sesabamisi leqsika ara mxolod
qarTuli, armed svanuri, megruli da lazuri masalebis ixedviTac,
rogorc anamedrove, ise istoriul WrilSi. rac erTob rTuli
(ara marto lingvisturi) problemebis winaSe gvayenebs; samagierod,
muSaobis procesSi Zalas Segvmatebs didebuli sulxan-sabas ganmarteba: `aqi
aqimi
aqimi sxua
sxuaTa enaa,
enaa qarTu
qarTulad
Tulad mkurna
mkurnali
nali hqvian
hqvian,
an rome
romelic
melic
sneulT
sneulT mlxene
mlxenelia
nelia~.
lia

226

Medical vocabulary in the Kartvelian anthroponymy

Summary

In the Georgian surnames containing the medical terminology, in spite of the

fact that their number is less then of the surnames originated from the stems
denoting other professions, are distinguished three main layers - old (Mkurnalidze,
Tsamalaidze/Tsamalaishvili, Makhlauri), later epoch (Akimishvili / Akimadze) and
new (Ekimishvili, Tokhturishvili, Pershanashvili).
Studying the history of anthroponymy it is needed to take into account
phonological structure of a stem not only in the Kartvelian languages, that is not
shown in the relevant studies (of linguists as well as non-linguists)! I believe that
the reviewing of the old material from this standpoint will change the view on
ancient origin of official surnames.

227

toponimia
kvlav `ko
kodor
kodor~-is
dor is etimo
etimolo
mologi
logii
giisaTvis
saTvis
ena erTaderTi istoriaa, romlis gayalbebac SeuZlebelia
(a. Slaixeri)
`ena xalxis istoriis Zveli da alalmarTali mowmea~ (Ciqobava
2011: 8). amitom sulac araa gasakviri, rom daleli svanebi TavinT
xeobas arc afxazeTs uwodeben da arc svaneTs. mavanni amboben, rom
es teritoria marSaniebis samflobelo iyoo _ ki, magram marSaniebi
maruSianebi (e. i. svanebi) ar iyvnen istoriulad?! arc svans uwodeben TavianT Tavs _ isini arian dalr (`dal-el-eb-i~, m-dl
m dl
`dal-el-i~): `fetvs dal
dalSi aRaravin Tesavs, svane
svaneTi
neTidan
Tidan gvigzavniano~ _ gviTxres xeobaSi. savele samuSaoebis dros gavarkvieT, rom
svanebi dResac ki ar aRiqvamen kodoris xeobas afxazeTis teritoriad, amitomac uwodeben mas maTTvis ufro axlobel, anu svanuri
samyarosTvis bunebriv toponims dl da ara kodor
kodor _ es ukanaskneli rom svanuri warmomavlobisa iyos, maSin umlautiani forma
*koder
koder unda gvqonoda; amitomac qeTevan margiani-dadvanisa (1998: 95)
da zurab WumburiZiseuli gaazreba svanuri sk
skdi (`Rrma~) leqsemidan
saanalizo toponimis momdinareobis Sesaxeb, saeWvo Cans (WumburiZe
2007: 34); auxsneli rCeba, agreTve, rogorc Ziriseuli o xmovnis
sigrZis dakargvis, ise anlautis s Tanxmovnis ukvalod gauCinarebis
sakiTxi. esec rom ar iyos, raWuli skodo
skodori
doris
ri (mdinare rionis erTi
monakveTis saxelwodeba onsa da ambrolaurs Soris) analogiuri
toponimebi

dasturdeba

saqarTvelos

sxvadasxva

kuTxeSi.

esenia

soflebi: skind-or
ur-a
skind or-i
or i, skand-e
skand e (WiaTura), kud-ar
kud ar-o
ar o (raWa), kvad-o
kvad o-ur
ur a
(mcire mdinare sofel RoreSaSi) da kod-a
ur-a
kod a-ur
ur a (tye zemo imereTSi).
vfiqrobT, aRniSnul toponimTa Tu hidronimTa gaTvaliswinebis gareSe `kodoris~ etimologiaze msjeloba srulyofili ver iqneba.

228

abaSis raionis mikrotoponimiaSi ramdenimejer dasturdeba

forma kodo
kodore
dore.
re Tu amovalT qarTvelur enaTa qrestomaTiuli xmovanTSesatyvisobidan (qarT. a: zan. o: svan. a) da angariSs gavuwevT
rogorc kador sufiqsis gansakuTrebulad
kad Ziris semantikas, ise -or
farTo gavrcelebulobas megrulSi, maSin SesaZloa am leqsemisTvis
saerToqarTvelur doneze aRvadginoT *kad
kadkad Ziri, romelic Tanamedrove qarTulis yvela dialeqtsa Tu saliteraturo enaSi warmodgenilia na-kad
na kadkad da na-kad
na kad-ul
kad ulul fuZeTa saxiT. misi zanuri Sesatyvisi iqneboda kod-or
i
kod or-,
or xolo svanuri _ la-kad
la kad-a
kad a an la-kad
la kad-ur
kad ur/l
ur l-i
(Sdr. toponimi la-kad
la kad-a
kad a afxazeTSi da hidronimi la-kad
la kad-ur
kad ur-i
ur i Cxorowyus raionSi). vfiqrobT, rom kodo
kodori
dori svanuri kadar
kadar (`mSrali,
xmeli adgili, xmeleTi~) sityvis `zanizebuli forma ki ar unda
iyos (mibCuani 1989: 132)~, aramed saerToqarTveluri *-kad
kad-Ziris
kad
amsaxveli, romelic, albaT, `wyals~ aRniSnavda Tavis droze, oRond
iseT wyals, mzis gulze mdebare mTisZira gorak-ferdobebidan rom
iRebda saTaves (la
la-kad
la kad-a
kad as mniSvnelobis ganmartebisTvis ix. vukol
beriZis, qeTevan ZoweniZis, oTar qajaias, paata cxadaiasa da vilena
jojuas imeruli da megruli leqsikonebi). rom kodo
kodori
dori `wylis~
semantikas Seicavs da ara `mTis ferdobis an xmeleTisas~, unda
Candes samegrelos teritoriaze daculi erTi toponimidanac, esaa
kod-or
kod or-fon
or fon-i
fon i

(abaSaSi).

sayuradReboa,

rom

na-kad
na kad-el
kad el-i
el i moxeur

dialeqtSi aRniSnavs `fSans, mdinaris gantotebas~; qarTlSi is

`sarwyavi wylis erTeulia~ an `nakveTis rwyvis dros wylis mimarTulebis Sesacvleli tixari~ (Sdr. guruli na-kad
na kad-i
kad i `CamoTxrili
an Camoqceuli ferdi~ da kod-me
kod me `mTis koncxi, ferdobi, mdinaris
amaRlebuli napiri~).

229

Toponymy
Again towards the etymology of "kodor"
Summary

"A language is an ancient and sincere witness of people's history"

(Chikobava 200: 8).
That is why it is natural that the Dalian Svans call their gorge neither
Abkhazia nor Svaneti. Some people say that this territory was a domain of
Marshanias. But were Marshanias Marushians (i. e. Svans) historically? They
do not call themselves Svans they are Dalr, (dal-el-eb-i "Dalians", m-dl
"dal-el-i" "Dalian"): fetvs dalSi aGaravin Tesavs,
Tesavs, svaneTidan gvigzavniano
"Nobody sows millet in Dali. They send it from Svaneti" they told us. During the
field work we cleared out that even today the Svans do not percept Kodori Gorge as
a territory of Abkhazia. That is why they call it close to them and natural for the
Svan world toponym Dl and not Kodor if the latter is of Svan origin then there
would have occured the form with umlaut *koder
koder.
koder That is why the conception by
Ketevan Margiani-Dadvani (1998: 95) and Zurab Chumburidze on origin of an
analytical toponym from Svan skdi ("deep") lexeme is doubtful (Chumburidze,
2007: 34). Unexplained is also an issue of losing of length of a vowel o as well as
disappearing of a consonant s of anlaut without trace. If it is not so, analogical
toponyms of Rachian skodori (name of one part of the river Rioni between Oni and
Abrolauri) are confirmed in different parts of Georgia. These villages are: Skindor-i, Skand-e (Chiatura), Kud-ar-o (Racha), Kvad-o-ur-a (a small river in vil.
Goresha) and Kod-a-ur-a (forest in Upper Imereti). I believe, that without taking
into account the mentioned toponyms and hydronyms our discussion on the
etymology of Kodori should not be perfect.
In the micro-toponym of the Abasha region the form Kodore is confirmed
for several times. If we take into account chrestomatic vowels correspondence of
the Kartvelian languages (Georg. a: Zan o: Svan a) and the semantics of a kad- root
as well as especially wide spreading of a -or suffix in Megrelian, then it is possible
to reconstruct on a Common Kartvelian level for this lexeme *k
kad- root that in all
modern Georgian dialects and literary language occurs in the form of na-k
kad- and
na-k
kad-ul stems. Its Zan correspondence would be kod-or- and Svan one
la-k
kad-a (cf.: toponym La-k
kad-a in Abkhazia and hydronym La-kad-uri in
230

Chkhorotsqu region). I think, that Kodori "should not be a Zanized form" of Svan
kadar ("a dry place, dry land") (Mibchuani 1989: 132) but it should reflect
a Common Kartvelian *-k
kad- root that perhaps at some time would have denoted
"water" the source of which was a sunny hill slope at a mountain bottom
(for explanation of the meaning of la-k
kad-a see Imerian and Megrelian dictionaries
by Vukol Beridze, Ketevan Dzotsenidze, Otar Kajaia, Paata Tskhadaia and Vilena
Jojua). The fact that Kodori contains the semantics of "water" and not of "slope and
dry land" should be seen from one toponym preserved on Samegrelo territory it is
Kod-or-pon-i (Abasha). It is noteworthy, that na-k
kad-el-i in Mokhevian dialect
denotes "branch of a river". In Kartli it is "an irrigation system" or "a partition for
changing a direction of water during watering" (cf.: Gurian na-k
kad-i "a dug out and
collapsed slope" and kod-me "rocky cray, slope, uplifted river bank").

231

labi
labia
bializa
lizacia
zacia-de
cia dela
delabi
labia
bializa
lizaci
zaciis
ciis urTi
urTier
TierTmi
erTmimar
TmimarTe
marTebi
Tebisa
bisaTvis
saTvis
kodo
kodorul
dorul topo
toponi
ponimi
nimia
miaSi
svanur enaSi Zalze gavrcelebulia rogorc labializaciis,
ise delabializaciis urTierTgamomricxveli procesebi (
1976: 441-449). es ukanaskneli yvelaze metad axasiaTebs balsqvemouri
dialeqtis laxamulur kilokavs (m. qaldani), magram igi metnaklebad
yvela dialeqtSi rom iyo gavrcelebuli, amaze miuTiTeben Zveli svanuri xalxuri simRerebi da andaza-gamocanebi, agreTve calkeuli
idiomaturi gamoTqmebi da `dedamiwis enis~ amsaxveli erTeulebi.
1889 wlis monacemebis mixedviT, dalis, kvanis, gvandrisa da
CxalTis xeobebs Soris ulamazesia da umdidresi pirveli maTgani.
`kva
kvani
kvani qarta
qartaze
taze sake
sakenia
kenia~
nia (niJaraZe 1964: 161), rac Zalze mniSvnelovnad gveCveneba sa-ken
etimologiis garkvevisaTvis (`sakverne~ >
sa ken'-is
ken
*sa
sa-kern
sa-ken
sa kern > *sa
sa ken > sa-ken
sa ken _ auslautis gamartiveba svanurSi da
r sonoris dakargva inlautSi Cveulebrivi movlenaa qarTvelur
enebSi). kn,
kn vfiqrobT, uSguluri unda iyos, Tumca is erT balszemour andazaSic aqvs dadasturebuli mestiel mixeil CarTolans
(kn
kn-ol
kn ol lqma
lqmaTe
qmaTe amCedli
amCedli,
Cedli tuf eCe aTse
aTseda
seda _ `kverna saSovarze
wasula, tyavi iq darCenia~ _ niJaraZe 1964: 224; Sdr. ifaruli:
ken lqmaTser
lqmaT ser mCed i tuf eser eCTcra
eC Tcra _ `kverna saSovarze wavida (`wasula~ unda yofiliyo, TargmanSi Secdomaa!) da tyavi
iq datovao~ (unda `dautovebiao~!) _ korZaia 2000: 90; da laxamuluri: ken urin ds eser xotmu
xotmura
mura _ `kverna orjer aravis gautyavebiao~ _ daviTiani 1973: 46).
kn da sa-ken
sa ken formaTa urTierTSepirispirebas gadamwyveti
mniSvneloba aqvs delabializaciis procesis istoriisaTvis svanurSi. aSkaraa, rom saken
saken toponimi balsqvemo svaneTidan kodoris xeobaSi CasaxlebulTa mieraa Seqmnili. specialuri literaturidan
(m. qaldani) karga xania cnobilia, rom Tanamedrove laxamuluri
kilokavis fonotaqtikas specifikurs xdis delabializacia, riTac
232

is sagrZnoblad upirispirdeba balsqvemouri kilokavebis (agreTve

svanuris sxva dialeqtebis) monacemebs, magram laxamulelebs arasodes ucxovriaT kodoris xeobaSi (gujejiani 1939: 274), amitomac
unda vifiqroT, rom saanalizo toponimi Wuberel _ farel _
ecerel _ cxumarel _ beCoelTa naRvawi unda iyos.
Zvel qarTulSi gvqonda korna
korna,
na e. i., Tu gaviziarebT zurab
sarjvelaZis Tvalsazriss qarTuli umlautis Sesaxeb (ix. sarjvelaZe
1985), maSin gamodis, rom es fuZe svanurSi ki ar gaumlautebula,
aramed -o
o- xmovani masSi saerToqarTvelur donezeve iyo warmodgenili, Tumca qarTulSi ram ganapiroba misi umlauti (kor
korna
korna >
kverna
TiTqos ramdenadme gaugebari iyo (arc es fuZe da arc
kverna?),
na
kuern
kuern-i
ern gaanalizebuli ar aris hainc fenrixisa da zurab sarjvelaZis `qarTvelur enaTa etimologiur leqsikonSi~ _ ix. 2000: 279),
axla ki naTelia, rom Zv. q. kvern-i
korn-isagan).
kvern < *korn
korn
zogi Cveni kodoreli informatoris metyvelebaSi Zalze iSviaTad kn warmodgenilia yn variantis saxiTac. imave teqstebSi
gvxvdeba le-k
le k-aa toponimic, romelic, vfiqrobT, igive qarTuli
sa-ken
oRond svanuri gaformebiT. Zalze sainteresoa, rom svanur
sa ken-ia,
ken
variantSi labialuri elementi -
- daculia, rac am Ziris arqaulobaze metyvelebs kodorul svanurSi.
aqa-iq gaigonebT re-k
re k-a variantsac; l > r garkveuli poziciiT Sepirobebuli fonetikuri procesia zanurSi (g. rogava), Tumca
amas ver vityodiT svanuri enis Sesaxeb, yovel SemTxvevaSi jerjerobiT mainc, vidre sakiTxi specialurad ar iqneba Seswavlili, ise ki
analogiuri faqtebi aqac dasturdeba: cil (zs., lSx.)/cir
cir (lnt.) _
1. kani, qerqi; 2. cila; 3. tyavi..., cil (Col.) _ xis kanis SigniTa
wvniani lorwo, cila. Sdr. qarT. cil-a
cil _ kvercxis TeTri guli,
gina xis qerqis SigniTi kani (saba), cil-i
cil (imer.) _ gogris an sazamTros kanis TeTri nawili, cil-a-m-p-al-i
(qiz.), cil-a-m-p-al-a
cil
cil
(fS.) _ qerq da cilaSemompali Wigo vazisa, erTi mxriv, da `kanis
ga-cl
cl-a~,
li-c
cr-e (bz., lSx.) / li-cir
cir-e
cl
cir (bq., lnt.) / cr-a (Col.)
`aRletva, kanis gacla, gafcqvna~; cil-e
cil (zs., lnt.) / cl-e
cl (lSx.)
233

`apobs, xevs, xleCs, glejs, xeTqs~. am formebisTvis SesaZloa amosavali iyos *cil
cil-ir-a,
maSin advilad aixsneba Ziriseuli xmovnis sigrZe.
cil
ase rom, specialur literaturaSi (Cuxua 2000-2003: 337)
gamoTqmuli mosazreba imis Sesaxeb, rom svanuri cil (`kani, qerqi~)
da qarTuli (imeruli) cil-i
cil (`gogris an sazamTros kanis TeTri
nawili~) leqsemebisTvis amosavali unda iyos SiSina sibilantis
Semcveli varianti (*Cil
Cil),
Cil mTlad simarTles ar unda Seesabamebodes,
radganac, rogorc davinaxeT, qarTvelur enebSi cil-i
da cil-a
cil
cil
istoriulad sinonimebi Cans (bolos da bolos `cila~-c xom `kania,
gamWvirvale masaa kvercxis gulis garSemo~, is nawilia, romelic
s-cil
cil-d-eb-a,
e-cl
cl-eb-a
kvercxis guls?), romlebic yvelgan swored
cil
cl
sisina sibilantiTaa warmodgenili.
vidre l > r TanxmovanTgadawevis sakiTxs sagangebod ar SeviswavliT svanurSi, manamde sruliad bunebrivia, unda gaviziaroT specialur literaturaSi (Cuxua 2000-2003: 18) gamoTqmuli mosazreba
imis Sesaxeb, rom l > r fakultatiuri fonetikuri procesia svanurSi, romelic ar aris Sepirobebuli garkveuli poziciiT. amitom,
vfiqrobT, rom rogorc cil-/cir
k-a/re-k
k-a
cil circir Ziris, ise le-k
k
k leqsemis SemTxvevaSi l > r meoreuli, SedarebiT gviandeli procesi Cans.

Towards the interrelation of labialization

and delabialization in Kodorian toponymy
Summary

Contradictory processes of labialization as well as delabialization are widely

spread in Svan (Chantladze 1976: 441-449). The latter is mostly characteristic of
the Lakhamulian sub-dialect of the Lower Bal dialect (M. Kaldani) but old Svan
folk songs, proverbs and riddles as well as separate idiomatic expressions and the
entries reflecting a "world's language" point to the fact that it was spread in all
dialects.
According to 1889 data among the Dali, Kvani, Gvandri and Chkhalta
gorges the most beautiful and the richest is Dali gorge: "kvani
kvani qartaze sakenia"
sakenia
234

(Nizharadze 1964: 161), that seems to be noteworthy for researching the etymology
of sa-ken
sakverne > *sa
sa-kern
sa-ken
sa ken (*sakverne
sa kern > *sa
sa ken > sa-ken
sa ken simplifying of auslaut in
Svan and losing of r sonor in inlaut is a natural phenomenon in the Kartvelian
languages). I believe, that kan should be Ushgulian though Mestian Mikheil
Chartolani confirmed it in one Upper Bal proverb (kn
knamCdeli tuf
kn-ol lqmaTe amCdeli,
eCe aTxeda "The marten went hunting and left its own skin there" Nizharadze
1964: 224; cf.: Iparian: ken lqmaT ser mCed i tuf eser eC Tcra
Kordzaia 2000: 90, and Lakhamulian, ken urin ds eser xotmura "Nobody has
skinned a marten twice" Davitiani 1973: 46).
Mutual comparison of kn and sa-k
ken forms has decisive importance for
the history of delabialization process in Svan. It is obvious that sak
ken toponymy
was created by the migrants migrated from Upper Bal Svaneti to Kodori gorge. It is
well know from special literature (M. Kaldani) that delabialization makes specific a
phonotactics of the modern Lakhamulian sub-dialect by what it significantly
opposes with the data of Lower Bal subdialects (also with other Svan dialects). But
the Lakhamulians have never lived in Kodori gorge (Gujejiani 1934: 274). Due to it
we should assume that an analytical toponym is the fruits of the Chuberians,
Parelians, Etserians, Tskhumians and Bechoians.
In the speech of some Kodorian informants kn rarely occurs in the form of
Kn variant. In the same texts le-k
kw-a toponym also occurs that, in my mind, is
the same Georgian sa-k
ken but with Svan formation. It is noteworthy that in Svan
variant a labial element -w- is preserved that points to archaic character of this root
in Kodorian Svan.
Here and there one can hear re-k
kw-a variant: l > r in a certain position is a
conditioned phonetic process in Zan (G. Rogava). But it can not be said about Svan,
at least not yet still the issue is not be specially researched. But analogous facts are
also confirmed: cil (US., Lashkh) / cir (Lent.) 1. skin; 2. albumen; 3. skin..., cil
(Chol) inner liquid slime of a tree's skin, cf.: Georg. cil-a
cil a white of egg, inner
skin of a tree's bark (Saba), cil-i
cil i (Imer.) a white part of a pumpkin and
water-mellon's skin, cil-a-m-p-al-i
(Kiz.), cil-a-m-p-al-a
(Psh.) first: "high vine
cil
cil
stake with rotten sapwood and bark" and second "removing of skin", li-ccrr-e
(UB., Lashkh.), li-cir
cir-e (LB., Lent.), crr-a (Chol.) "stripping, removing of skin,
cir
peeling"; cil-e
cil (US., Lent.), cl-e
cl (Lashkh) "smb is splitting, ripping, hitting,
tearing". For these forms *cil-ir-a is possible to be initial, then the length of a root
vowel will be easily explained.
Thus, the view (Chukhua 2000-2003: 337) expressed in the special literature
on the fact, that for the Svan cil ("skin, bark") and Georgian (Imerian) cil-i
cil i ("white
part of a pumpkin and water-melon's skin") lexemes an initial should be a variant
235

containing a hushing sibilant (*Cil

Cil)
Cil is not entirely correct as we saw, in the
Kartvelian languages cil-i
cil i and cil-a
cil a seems to be synonyms historically (finally
"cila
cila" albumen is also a "skin, a transparent substance around an egg's kernel", the
cila
part that can be moved (s-cil
cil-d-e-b-a,
e-cl
cl-eb-a)
from an egg's kernel) and are
cil
cl
represented in all Kartvelian languages just with a whistling sibilant.
While an issue of l > r vowels-moving is not especially researched in Svan,
it is natural that the standpoint (Chukhua 2000-2003: 18) expressed in the special
literature should be shared on the fact that l > r is a facultative phonetic process in
Svan that is not conditioned by a certain position. Due to it I assume, that in cil-/cir
cil circir
root as well as le-k
k-a
k-a
k / re-k
k lexeme l > r seems to be a secondary process of
later period.

236

zesxo
zesxo da WiTxa
WiTxaro
Txaro/Wu
ro WuTxa
WuTxaro
Txaro
zesxo
zesxo,
xo qarTuli enciklopediis mixedviT (1979: 517), oTxi geografiuli punqtis (kavkasionis mTavari wyalgamyofi qedis samxreT-dasavleTi ganStoeba, uReltexili, mdinare, sofeli) aRmniSvneli saxelwodebaa qvemo svaneTSi, laSxeTSi. vfiqrobT, gansaxilveli toponimi
unda momdinareobdes saerToqarTveluri *Zacx
ZacxZacx (`cacxvi~) Zirisagan
da mas araviTari kavSiri ar unda hqondes svanur zisx (`sisxli~)
formasTan, winaaRmdeg zogi publikaciisa (gozaliSvili 1995: 26).
Tanamedrove zemosvanurSi, Colurulsa da lentexur metyvelebaSi gvxvdeba zasx monacemi, romlis Sesabamisia naumlautari
laSxuri zesx:
zesx
b z. jafrnr raWs lmzigx, CrTolnr _ zsxs (qrest.
74: 9) _ jafariZeebi raWaSi saxlebulan, CarTolanebi _ zesxoSi;
befS qxda xoSm zsxTe (iqve, 74: 13) _ bavSvi gamouyvania
ufross zesxoSi;
zsxxn mestiaT medlix (iqve, 74: 14) _ zesxodan mestiaSi
amosulan;
l S x. zesx uSglard axayred (iqve, 258: 19) _ zesxo uSgulelebma gaiyaviT;
zesxs asad mre (iqve, 258: 22) _ zesxoSi darCa kaci;
zesxar uSglard adex (iqve, 258: 21-22) _ zesxoelebi1
uSgulelebma waiyvanes;
zesxard anidx uSglar (iqve, 258, 17) _ zesxoelebma moiyvanes uSgulelebi;
alayrlix zesxi mezgl (sv. proz. t., IV, 210: 28-29) _
ayrilan zesxos mosaxlenic;
ejar zesxxen naed lix (iqve, 210: 30) _ isini zesxodan
arian mosuli;
1

sagulisxmoa, rom uSguleli b. niJaraZe zesxos mosaxleobas qarTulad

`zesxvelebs
zesxvelebs~
zesxvelebs uwodebs (niJaraZe 1964: 21).

237

zesxxen anRri ezrsgla lic _ zesxu

zesxura
xura i cenSurs xenCdi
(iqve, 211: 1-2) _ zesxodan modis mozrdili wyali _ zesxura da
erTvis cenSurs.
yvela zemoaRniSnuli ilustracia Cawerilia 1920-1940 wlebSi
akaki SaniZis, arsen onianisa da maqsime qaldanis mier Rrmad moxucebul mTqmelTagan. sayuradReboa erT-erTi uSguluri simReris teqstSi
dadasturebuli

formebi,

romlebic

ivane

niJaraZem

gamoaqveyna

C-is XXXI tomis IV ganyofilebaSi 1902 wels:

zasx-a
xo isga onRuri _ zesxvaSi Semovdivar (sv. poez., 22: 24);
zasx a-xo
sadiloba zasxs mada _ sadiloba zesxvaSi mqonda (iqve, 22: 25);
-aa an prosodiuli xmovania auslautSi, an martivsa Tu Tandebulian micemiTSi lokativis funqciiT gamovlenili arqauli morfemis
(-as
as)
as xmovniTi komponenti.
qarTul saistorio qronikebSi zesxo
zesxo-s
xo gverdiT gvxvdeba zosxo
zosxo
variantic: `qveniflevelma aiRo zesxo
zesxo~,
xo `dvalTa TavxedobiT mobezrebuli erisTavi qvenifneveli jariTurT zosxos
zosxos mivida, sul erTianad mospo dvali da daarRvivna cixeni maTni da moswva qveyana maTi~
(liparteliani 1994: 106).
rTul fonologiur gardaqmnaTa gza (dezafrikatizacia, palataluri umlauti, auslautis aramdgradi fonemis gauCinareba, topoformantisa da naumlautari fuZiseuli xmovnis asimilacia) unda
gaevlo aRniSnul toponims:
*Zacx
Zacx zasx+i
zasx
zsx (zsv., lnt., Col.), zesx (lSx.)
`cacxvi~+o
o zesxo
zesxo zosxo
zosxo
auslautSi warmodgenili -o
o geografiul saxelTa mawarmoebeli
Cans, romelic am funqciiT metad gavrcelebulia mTel kavkasiaSi, maT
Soris saqarTveloSic (makalaTia 1976: 48), oRond svaneTSi Zalze
iSviaTad (zaqaro, borbalo, iyalTo, damCxeralo, maRaro, uZo, arbo,
gofanTo, erwo, omalo, Senaqo, Truso, kudaro, kumurdo, zrogo,
borCalo || borCalu, araxlo || araxlu, boJano, zagaro, WiTxaro...).
ase rom, leCxumur toponims zesx-iS
zesx iS-i
iS i (`cacxvisa, cacxviani,
cacxvnari~), Cveni varaudis mixedviT, amieridan gverdiT unda daudges
238

svanuri zesxo
da saerToqarTvelur *Zacx
Zacxzesxo-c
xo
Zacx Zirze msjelobisas
isic unda gaviTvaliswinoT xolme qarTvelur enaTa SedarebiTsa
Tu etimologiur leqsikonebSi (Schmidt 1962: 148; gudava 1964: 449;
1964: 233; fenrixi-sarjvelaZe 2000: 610).
rac Seexeba mdinaris aRmniSvnel saxelwodebas, is arasworadaa miTiTebuli qarTuli enciklopediis IV tomSi (ix. gv. 517) da
amitomac gavxazavT: canis marcxena Senakads zesxu
zesxura
xura ( zesx+ur
zesx ur+a
ur a)
ewodeba, romelSic, wesisamebr, warmodgenilia qarTvelur hidronimTa sufiqsi -ura
ura.
ura
gvinda SevexoT -o
o mawarmoeblian kidev erT toponims. esaa
WiTxa
WiTxaro
Txaro (mwvervalTa masivi svaneTisa da raWa-leCxumis qedze),
romelic, albaT, Seicavs saerToqarTvelur *w
w1yrTa
Ta Ziris refleqssa
( 1960: 24; 1964: 254; maWavariani 1965: 20; gamyreliZe-maWavariani 1965: 96-99; fenrixi-sarjvelaZe 2000: 679-680) da topoformantian mravlobiTobis aRmniSvnel morfemas:
*w
w1yrT
a *WrTxa
WrTxa *Wi
WiTxa
ar+o
WiTxa WiTx `wyrTa, idayvi~+ar
ar o
Tanamedrove svanurSi `wyrTis, idayvis~ aRmniSvneli sityva
mravlobiT ricxvSi ar warmogvidgens grZel xmovans (WiTx
WiTx_Wi
WiTx WiTxar
WiTxar),
Txar
toponimSi ki igi daculia:
WiTxri raWeS i amx Sana lRer li (sv. proz. t., IV,
1979: 204, 7-8) _ WiTxari raWisa da aqeTa svaneTis sazRvaria.
ersknal loq arix WiTxr koja qabarisa (iqve, 204: 4) _
Sunebi ariano WiTxaris kldis gamoqvabulebSi.
WiTxriJi
WiTxriJi Zird gar xz mus (iqve, 204: 3) _ WiTxarze iSviaTadRa (a)devs Tovli.
uSbis ori mwver
mwvervalis
valis SemaerTebel kldovan nawils, e. w.
unagiras svanurad zRud-r
zRud r (`zRudeebi~) ewodeba, ase rom sruliadac
araa moulodneli svaneTisa da raWa-leCxumis mwverval
mwvervalTa
masivis
valTa masi
sivis
saxeldebisTvis mravlobiTis forma gamoeyenebinaT. vfiqrobT, toponimSi asaxulia svanur saxelTa auslautis is safexuri, rodesac
Riamarcvlian struqturaTa daxurulmarcvlianebad gardaqmnis tendencia (svanuri fonologiuri sistemisTvis esoden specifikuri) an
239

ar iyo jer kidev mZlavri, an intervokalur poziciaSi (*Wi

WiTxa
WiTxa+ar
Txa ar)
ar
sxva fonetikuri procesi (Serwymul xmovanTa sakompensacio sigrZe)
ganxorcielda (WiTxr
WiTxr),
o.
WiTxr rasac daerTo topoformanti -o
qarTuli enis raWul dialeqtSi es toponimi ramdenadme gansxvavebuli gaxmovanebiT gvxvdeba. `saqarTvelos geografiuli saxelebis orTografiul leqsikonSi~ (1987: 133) orjeraa dasaxelebuli
WuTxa
WuTxaro
Txaro:
ro pirveli aRniSnavs ambrolauris raionis mTas, xolo meore _
leCxumis qedis uReltexils. vfiqrobT, rom i xmovnis nacvlad u-s
gaCena bolokidur o-sTan asimilaciis Sedegia (Sdr. zesxo
zesxo zosxo
zosxo).
xo
gansaxilveli toponimi sxva mxrivac iqcevs yuradRebas arqaulobis TvalsazrisiT _ masSi Semonaxulia saxelobiTi brunvis -i
i
morfema, rac Zalze iSviaTia Tanamedrove cocxal metyvelebaSi
(Sdr. or-i
or i `ori~, sem-i
sem i `sami~, z-
z `weliwadi~, mS-
mS `muSa~...).
aRsaniSnavia, rom -i
i daculia mravlobiTis warmoebaSi.
dabolos, ismis erTi kiTxvac: zesxo
da WiTx
dadaszesxosa
xo
WiTxa
TxaroSi
ro
turebuli auslautiseuli xmovani aris ki sakuTriv svanuri topoformanti? _ vfiqrobT, rom _ ara! arc erTi am toponimTagani
svanurad metyveli mosaxleobis enaSi -o
o sufiqss ar Seicavs (zsv.,
lnt., Col. zsx,
WiTx
zsx lSx. zesx _ zs. WiTxr/lSx.
WiTxr
WiTxri),
ri miuxedavad imisa, rom oficialur (raRa Tqma unda, sxva enebze Sedgenil)
dokumentebSi Tu rukebze mTel kavkasiaSi gavrcelebuli topoformanti yvelgan daculia.
specialur literaturaSi (oniani 1998: 4-5) gansxvavebuli
etimologiac gvxvdeba: WiTxr dakavSirebulia qarTul wuTxal
wuTxalTan
Txal
(mniSvnelobis miuTiTeblad!); iqve mocemulia qarTuli quTa
quTai
Taisi,
si megruli quTe
quTeSi
TeSi da svanuri quT
quTS leqsemebis analizi da ori toponimis etimologiuri kvlevis safuZvelze gamotanilia Zalze seriozuli daskvna: `am
am Sesa
Sesatyvis
satyvisTa
tyvisTa arse
arsebo
seboba
boba imas niSnavs
niSnavs,
navs rom qarTve
qarTveTveluri
luri tome
tomebi
mebi amJa
amJamin
Jamindel
mindel saqar
saqarTve
qarTvelos
Tvelos teri
terito
ritori
toria
riaze jer kidev
kidev
qarTve
qarTvelur
Tvelur enaTa
enaTa dife
diferen
ferenci
rencia
ciacia
ciamde cxov
cxovrob
ovrobdnen
robdnen.
dnen es ori topo
topoponimi
nimi utyua
utyuari maCve
maCvene
venebe
nebelia
belia imisa
imisa,
sa rom qarTve
qarTvelu
Tveluri
luri tome
tomebi
mebi saqar
saqarqarTvelos
Tvelos teri
terito
ritori
toria
riaze im droi
droidan mosax
mosaxle
saxleo
leoben,
ben romlis
romlis iqiTac
iqiTac
Tana
Tanamed
namedro
medrove
rove mecni
mecnie
cnierebis
rebis TvalTa
TvalTaxed
Taxedvis
xedvis isari
isari ver swvdeba
swvdeba~.
ba
240

On zesxo and yitxaro/yyutxaro

Summary

The paper represents the history of two toponyms. The first toponym (zesxo)
should be originated from Common Kartvelian *ZZawwxw ("lime") root. Today an
analytical lexeme is a name of geographical place in Lower Svaneti, Lashkheti.
As regard the toponym of a massif of Racha-Lechkhumian ridge peaks
yiTx-ar
yiTx ar-o
ar o, Common Kartvelian *ww1KrTa "elbow" seems to be initial for it.
The author represents a convincing picture of interior-posterior phonetic
transformations of relevant roots.

241

lazur
didi
lazur tipo
tiponim
ponimTa
nimTa siste
sistema
tema `di
didi nena
nenafo
nafonas
fonas~
nas
mixed
mixedviT
xedviT*
2000 wels qalaq froidenStatSi kavkasiis gamomcemlobam dabeyda

oTxenovani

(lazur-germanul-Turqul-qarTuli)

leqsikoni,

romelsac `didi lazuri leqsikoni~ hqvia, Tumca 148 gverds moicavs. wignis momzadebaSi monawileoba miiGo rva pirovnebam (tine
amse-de iongi, yemu Cupina, volfgang foierStaini, fahri kahramani,
Jemal karadenizli, selma koCiva, ciala narakiZe) germaniis, TurqeTisa da saqarTvelos respublikebidan. maT Soris zogi enaTmecnieria, zogic _ biznesmeni. leqsikonis publikacia ekuTvnis volfgang
foierStains, xolo naSromi mieZGvna `lazuri enisa da kulturis
ostats~ fahri kahramans, romelmac Kvelaze meti gaakeTa am wignis
arsebobisaTvis, magram, samwuxarod mis gamocemamde gardaicvala.
leqsikoni iwKeba fahri kahramanis daxasiaTebiT, romelsac Tan
axlavs didi lazi swavlulis fotoc da misi cnobili gamonaTqvamic: lazi
laziSe
ziSeni
Seni oxenon
oxenon dido
dido dulafe
dulafe qoren
qoren (`lazisaTvis gasakeTebeli didi saqmeebi aris~); da marTlac asea!
upirveles Kovlisa, Cven SevexebiT `didi nenafona~-Si warmodgenil lazur toponimebs, radganac `dedamiwis enis~ amsaxveli
leqsemebi did perspeqtivebs gvisaxaven Zveli saqarTvelos istoriis
naTelsaKofad. wigns axlavs germanulenovani winasitKvaoba, romlis
mixedviTac lazuri nawilia samxreTkavkasiur enaTa Jgufisa, romelsac ganekuTvneba, agreTve, qarTuli, megruli da svanuri. masSi
oTxi didi dialeqti gamoiKofa. esenia: aTinuri, arTaSenuli, arqabul-viwuri (an Sualazuri) da xofuri. leqsemebs miwerili aqvT
Sesabamisi dialeqturi formebi, maT Soris toponimebsac, Tumca,
rasakvirvelia, Kvela SemTxvevaSi oTxive monacemi miTiTebuli araa.
zogJer gamotovebulia qarTuli SesatKvisebic.
*

naSromi damuSavda baTumis SoTa rusTavelis saxelobis saxelmwifo

universitetis mecniermuSakTan, laz gubaz vaniliSTan TanamSromlobiT.

242

samwuxarod, lazuri toponimebi dGemde srulKofilad ar

aris Seswavlili. mxolod iuri sixaruliZis monografia, romelSic
aGwerilia eTnografiul-istoriuli

lazeTis

toponimia sofel

kvariaTidan mdinare kalaSamde, da nugzar cecxlaZis Sromebi sakmarisi ar gaxlavT. amJerad Cven SevecdebiT vimsJeloT `did lazur
leqsikonSi~ Setanil toponimTa sistemis Sesaxeb:
rogorc cnobilia, Kvela qarTvelur enaSi aSkarad igrZnoba
brunvaSi marTulmsazGvrelian toponimTa simravle _ igive viTarebaa lazurSic; amasTanave naTesaobiTi brunvis morfema xan daculia,
xanac mokvecili (srulad an nawilobriv): azoT-iS
azoT iS-Gali
iS Gali (`azotis
Gele~), bad-iS
bad iS-Kona
iS Kona (`bebris Kana~), bard-iS
bard iS-Gali
iS Gali (`zvinis < bardis
Gele~), Sdr. bard-i
binex
bard-iS
bard i-bi
binex-i
nex i (<*bard
bard iS-bi
iS binex
binex-i
nex i `veluri mcenaris
venaxi, tani~), KurZen
oxva
KurZen-iS
Zen iS-bi
iS binex
binex-i
nex i (`KurZnis venaxi~), burbu
burbu-S
bu S-ox
oxvame
vame
(`Gamuras salocavi~), GeJ-i
talax
GeJ-iS
GeJ i-ta
talax-on
lax on-a
on a(<*GeJ
GeJ iS talax
talax-on
lax on-a
on a `Goris
talaxiani~), yerkez
yerkez-iS
kez iS ofute
ofute (`Cerqezis ubani~, dasaxleba; C > y
fonetikuri gadasvla advili asaxsnelia lazurisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli gamkveTrebis procesiT, romelic kidev ufro Sorsaa wasuli am
toponimis reducirebul variantSi yeke
fut-e
yeke-S
ke S o-pt
o pt-e
pt e); o-fut
fut e [(Sdr.
ayarul-gurul fut-i
fut (`kvamli~)] xSirad gamoiKeneba lazur toponimebSi kompozitis meore komponentad (mar
mar-i
skir-iS
mar-iS
mar i-skir
skir iS < *mar
mar iS-skir
iS skirskir
iS ofute
ofute `maris Svilis ubani~, dad-iS
dad iS ofute
ofute `bicolas ubani~,
xalba
iS||xar
iS ofute
xalba-S
ba S-iS
iS xarba
xarba-S
ba S-iS
ofute `xalbaSis < xalvaSis ubani~ da a. S.).
`didi nenafonaSi~ gvxvdeba, agreTve, kompozituri agebulebis
iseTi marTulmsazGvreliani toponimebi, romelTa pirveli komponenti anTroponimuli warmomavlobisa unda iKos. aseTia, magaliTad
ykem-iS
ykem iS-iS
iS iS Gali,
Gali top-iS
top iS-ona
iS ona < top-iS
top iS-ona
iS ona < top-iS
top iS-Kona
iS Kona (`topiSis
Kana~); Sdr. lazuri gvarebi mem-iS
mem iS-iS
iS iS-i
iS i, van-il
van il-iS
il iS-i
iS i,...). agreTve:
pap-aT
pap aT-i
aT i (sof. sarfi), pap-il
pap il-aT
il aT-i
aT i (arqabi, aTina), Sdr. Zveli lazuri gvari papi
papila
pila.
la
arqabeSi, sofel filargeSi, gvxvdeba metad saintereso toponimi dad-iS
dad iS-ona
iS ona (`bicolas Kana~), romelic unda momdinareobdes
*dad
dad-iS
igi saKuradreboa ara mxolod lindad iS-
iS ona<*dad
ona dad-iS
dad iS-Kona
iS Kona-sgan.
Kona
243

gvisturi, aramed eTnologiuri TvalsazrisiTac dad-iS

dad iS o-fut
o fut-e
fut e
(`bicolas komli~) da dad-iS
dad iS o-xor
o xor-i
xor i (`bicolas saxli~) sintagmebTan
erTad. amgvar toponimebsa Tu SesitKvebebs lazebi mxolod maSin
qmnidnen, rodesac oJaxSi, meuGlis gardacvalebis Semdeg, sxva mamakacTa mcirewlovanebis gamo dad-i
dad-e
dad i (`bicola~, Sdr. qarTuli m-dad
dad e,
da,
da da a. S.) iKo ufrosi. am mxriv sagulisxmoa agreTve,
da de-i
de i-da
aTinaSi, sofel fazarSi, dadasturebuli toponimi dad-iv
dad iv-aT
iv aT-i
aT i,
romlis Ziri da dad-ian
dad ian-i
ian is amosavali fuZe SesaZloa `bicolas~
lazuri saxelwodebidan momdinareobdes, Tavis mxriv, saerToqarTveluri donisa rom Cans.
`lazeTSi~ (toponimi pirobiTia!) Zalze gavrcelebulia, agreTve, atributuli msazGvrelis Semcvel kompozitTagan momdinare
toponimebi, Cveulebriv, prepoziciuri wKobisa, magram gvxvdeba postapoziciac: didi
didi oJaGi,
oJaGi magram: dobra
dobradi
radidi
didi < dobra
dobra + didi
didi,
di
Galdi
Galdidi
didi < Gal-i
Gal i didi
didi da a. S.
lazur toponimTa warmoebaSi monawileoben derivaciuli afiqsebi (yu
yuber
funa
en-e
yuber-e
ber e-fu
funa `wablnari~, no-binJ
no binJ-en
binJ en-i
en i `nabrinJali~, no-ba
no bag
bag-en
en e
`na-nali-ev-i~, o-burb
burb-e
wkar-me
burb e `saGamure~) an Tadebulebi (wkar
wkar mele
mele `wKalgaGma~, ykon-i
kala
ykon i-ka
kala `muxasTan~, msqibu
msqibu-ka
bu kala
kala `wisqvilTan~) da a. S.
zogJer erTi da imave geografiuli punqtisaTvis ori, erTimeorisagan sruliad gansxvavebuli saxelwodeba gvaqvs. magaliTad, sofel
borCxaSi erTmaneTis paralelurad gvxvdeba jur-xinJ
jur xinJ-i
xinJ i (`orxidi~) da
wkar-Ka
wkar
iS Ka `wKlis toti).
wkar Ka (< *wka
wkar-i
toponimebSi aisaxeba cocxal metKvelebaSi mimdinare fonetikuri procesebic:
r/l
l sonorTa -Si gadasvla da mere srulad gaqroba damaxasiaTebelia megrul-lazurisaTvis. saanalizo leqsikonis mixedviT,
viwes (dGevandeli findikli) sofel abuulaSi fiqsirebulia toponimi montra
montrace
ntraceri
ceri (`mewKeri~ < `mowKvetili~ < `damewKrili~), romelic sarfSic (saqarTvelos teritoriaze) gvxvdeba, oGond montra
montrantracei-s
cei saxiT.
244

arTaSenSi erTmaneTis paralelurad gvaqvs dezafrikatizaciis

procesis amsaxveli leqsemebi ZGemi > zGemi,
zGemi xolo sofel baSqoiSi dadasturebulia mxigi
mxigi da misgan asimilaciis gziT miGebuli
fxigi
fxigi aseve erTmaneTis paralelurad.
aGniSnul leqsikonSi iSviaTad gaparulia Secdomebic: sofel
sarfSi (moleni sarfi) aris adgili, romelsac o-yaGan
yaGan-e
yaGan e ewodeba
(`sa-kiboCxal-e~); Sdr. analogiuri o-Cxo
Cxomur
Cxam-ur
Cxomur-e
mur e < o-Cxam
Cxam ur-e
ur e qobuleTis raionSi. sarfeli ar itKvis JaGans-s
(`kiborCxala~) an
JaGans
oJaGane-s,
romelic gvxvdeba saanalizo leqsikonSi (gv. 102), Tumca
oJaGane
specialur literaturaSi dadasturebulia rogorc oJaGane,
oJaGane ise
oyaGane-c
oyaGane (sixaruliZe 1958).
arqabsa da arTaSenSi gamoiKeneba toponimebi si-der
si der-i
der i, si-der
si der-e
der e
[Sdr. Turq. dare `xeoba, mdinare~ da svanuri dere (`naprali KinulSi~);
sisi prefiqsis funqcia CvenTvis mTlad naTeli araa].
Cven xelT gvaqvs agreTve 2007 wels stambulSi gamocemuli
1160 gverdiani `didi lazuri nenafuna~, Sedgenili Turqi mkvlevrebis _ ismail buJakliSis, hasan uzunhasanoGlus da irfan aleqsivas _ mier. vapirebT gavagrZeloT muSaoba toponimTa Seswavlis
TvalsazrisiT ara mxolod leqsikonebis mixedviT, aramed adgilze
(rogorc saqarTvelos, ise TurqeTis teritoriaze dasaxlebul
lazTa Soris) moviZioT makro da mikrotoponimebi, raTa baTumis
SoTa rusTavelis saxelobis saxelmwifo universitetTan arsebuli
qarTvelologiis institutis TanamSromlebTan erTad gamovceT lazur toponimTa vrceli akademiuri leqsikoni.

245

The system of Laz toponyms according to

"Great Nenafon"
Summary

In 2000 in the city of Froidenstadt The Caucasus Press published a fourlanguage (Laz-German-Turkish-Georgian) dictionary the Big Laz Dictionary,
containing 148 pages. The work is co-authored by eight authors (Tine Amse-de
Yong, Chemu Chupin, Volfgang Foierstein, Fahri Kahraman, Jemal Uaradenizli,
Selma Kochiva, Tsiala Narakidze) from Germany, Turkey, and Georgia. Some of
them are linguists, and some are businessmen. The dictionary was published by
Volfgang Foierstein and was dedicated to Fahri Kahraman, the "master of the Laz
language and culture", who contributed "the lions share" to the making of the book,
but unfortunately, died before its publication.
The dictionary starts with Fahri Kahramans portrait accompanied by a photo
of the great Laz scholar and his well-known phrase: "Lazisheni okhenon dido
dulyafe koren ("There are great things to be done for Laz"); it is to indeed!
First, I will touch upon the toponyms featuring in the Great Nenafona. The
foreword of the book written in German attributes Laz to the South Caucasian
language group. The latter also incorporates Georgian, Megrelian and Svan. Four
big dialects are singled out in Laz: Atinian, Artashenian, Arkabul-Vitsovian
(or Middle Laz), and Khofian. Lexemes have their respective dialectal forms
including toponyms. Nevertheless, not all four language data are always given.
Sometimes Georgian equivalents are not supplied.
Unfortunately, Laz toponyms have not been studied completely; only
I. Sikharulidzes monograph describing the toponyms of ethnographic and historical
Lazeti from the village of Kvariati to the river of Kalasha, is not sufficient.
Therefore, the subject of my discussion is the system of toponyms in the Great Laz
Dictionary:
It is a well-known fact that all Kartvelian languages contain a number of
toponyms with attributes in clearly defined oblique cases. The same is true of Laz.
The genitive case marker is sometimes preserved, and sometimes (partially of fully)
shortened: burbu-SS-oxvame ("the sanctuary of the owl"), azot-iSS-; Gali ("the stream
of azot") bad-iSS-qona ("old mans field"), bard-iSS-GGali ("stream of hay stack), cf.
bard-i-bines-i (< *bard-iSS-binesi "wild plants vineyard", cf. qurZZen-isch-bines-i
"vineyard"), Gej-i-talax-on-a (< *GGej-ischtalax-i), Cerkez-iSS ofute ("the district,
246

settlement of the Cherkezs"; -CC > C phonetic shift is easily explained by a Laz
feature of changing into a glottalized consonant. The process is furthered in the
reduced variant Ceke-SS o-pt-e); o-fut-e (cf. Ajarian-Gurian fut-i "smoke") is often
used in composite Laz place-names as their second component (mar-i-skir-iSS <
*mar-isch-skir-iSS ofute "district of Mars son", dad-iSS ofute "aunts district",
xalba-SS-iSS || xarba-SS-iSS ofute "district of khalbash < khalvash, and so on).
Great Nenafona features composite place-names with adjuncts in oblique
cases whose first constituents should be of anthroponymic origin. To this group
belong such items as, e. g. Ckem-iSS-iSS Gali, top-iSS-ona < top-ish-qona <
top-iSS-qona ("the topishi field"); cf. Laz surnames mem-iSS-iSS-i, van-il-iSS-i, ... also:
papat-i ("the village of Sarpi), pap-il-at-i (Arkab and Atina), cf. Old Laz
surname papilla.
In the village of Filarget in Arkab we came across a very interesting placename dad-iSS-ona ("Aunts Field") which should derive from *dad-iSS-qona < *dadiSS-qona. Syntagmas like dad-iSS o-fut-e ("Aunts Family") and dad-iSS
o-x
xor-i ("Aunts House") are interesting not only from linguistic but also from
ethnological viewpoint. In Laz similar toponyms or phrases are created only when
after the death of the head of the family the remaining male members of the family
are very young, and only dad-i (aunt, cf.: Georgian m-dad-e, da, deida, and so on)
is the only oldest member left. In this context it is interesting to note that placenames dad-iv-at-i and dad-ian-i are attested in the village Fazara in Atina; they
have the same root dad, whose original source may be the Laz "aunt", belonging, as
it seems, to the Common Kartvelian level.
Composites place-names containing adjunct elements in pre-position are
usually widely spread in Lazeti (the place name is conventional!). Nevertheless,
composites with post-positional order are also found: e. g. didi ojaGGi but dobradidi
< dobra+didi, Galdidi < Gl-i+didi, etc.
Laz toponym formation makes use of derivational affixes (chuber-e-funa
"Chestnut Area", no-binj-en-i "Place where rice had been sown", no-bagen-e
"Place where there had been a horseshoe", o-burb-e "Place of owls") or
prepositions (tskar-mele "on the other bank of the river", chkon-i-kala "at the
oak", mskibu-kala "at the mill"), and so on.
Sometimes there are two different names for the same geographical place;
e. g. in the village of Borchkha there are two parallel names Zhur-x
xinj-i ("Two
bridges") and tskar-qa (< tskari-SS qa "Water branch").
Place-names reflect the phonetic processes going on in speech: in Laz and
Megrelian the change of r/l sonants into Y being followed by their complete
247

disappearance is a typical feature. Montratseri ("landslide" < "broken off" < "place
where there had been a landslide"), which is one of the entries in the dictionary
under discussion, is situated in Vitse (modern Findikli) in the village of Abul.
A similar name montratsel is found in Sarpi on the territory of Georgia.
In Artashen we find lexemes reflecting a parallel process of "de-affrication"
(dzGGemi > zGGemi), while the name Mkhigi is recorded in the village of
BoshkYoishi, and Fghigi is derived from it through assimilation producting a
parallel formation.
The mentioned dictionary has some mistakes. In the village of Sarpi (Moleni
Sarpi) there is a place called o-yyaGGan-e ("Place of Crabs"), cf. analogous
o-yx
yxomur-e/o-yx
yxam-ur-e in the region of Kobuleti. Nobody in Sarpi will say
yx
yx
jaGGhana ("crab") or ojaGGhane, which is found in the discussed dictionary (p. 102),
even though both names ojaGGhane and ocyaG
yaGhane
can be found in special literature
yaG
(I. Sikharulidze).
In Arkab and Ardasheni there are place-names si-der-i, si-der-e (cf. Turk.
Dare "valley, river") and Svan dare ("cleft in the ice"); the function of the si- prefix
is not quite clear.
Great Laz Nenafona compiled by Turk scholars (Islmail Bujaklish, Hasan
Uzinhasanoghlu and Ifan Aleksiva) and published in Istanbul in 2007 is also at our
disposal. I plan to continue the study of place names not only according to
dictionaries but also on the place (both on the Georgian territory and among the Laz
population living in Turkey) to record all micro and macro toponyms with the aim
of publishing a large scale academic dictionary in collaboration with the scientific
fellows of the Institute of Kartvelology at the Shota Rustaveli University.

248

ifx-/imfx
ifx imfx-/imx
imfx imximx Ziri
Ziri niga
nigalis
galis xeo
xeobaSi
baSi,
Si imerxev
imerxevSi
xevSi
(SavSeT
SavSeTSi
SeTSi)
Si), lazeT
lazeTSi
zeTSi,
Si aWara
aWaraSi
raSi,
Si svaneT
svaneTsa
neTsa da raWa
raWaSi
WaSi1
XIX saukunis meore naxevridan moyolebuli dRemde ar ganelebula mecnierTa Tu mogzaur-mkvlevarTa interesi nigalis xeobis
eTnolingvisturi TvalsazrisiT Seswavlisadmi. marto niko maris,
eqvTime TayaiSvilis, Tedo saxokias, dimitri baqraZisa da giorgi
yazbegis dasaxeleba rad Rirs! maT Rirseulad amoudgnen gverdiT
cnobili profesorebi: SuSana da tariel futkaraZeebi, iuri sixaruliZe, mamia faRava, nugzar cecxlaZe, TavianTi axalgazrda kolegebiTurT (roin malaymaZe, eTer beriZe, Sorena futkaraZe da sxvebi),
romelTa SromebSi gansakuTrebuli yuradReba mieqca adgilobriv
toponimias. es sruliadac araa gasakviri! _ qalaqTa, sofelTa, cixeTa,
wyaro-mdinareTa, tba-zRvaTa, saZovarTa, saTibTa, tyeTa Tu sxvaTa
saxelwodebebSi xom areklilia Tavad eris istoriuli qartexilebi!
ara mxolod iqauri `qar
qarTu
qarTuli
Tuli xuroT
xuroTmo
roTmoZRvre
moZRvrebi
ZRvrebis
bis sidi
sidia
diade giCe
giCerebs
Cerebs
sisxls ZarRveb
ZarRvebSi
RvebSi~
Si (faRava 2011: 3), aramed `dedamiwis enis~ amsaxveli leqsemebi TiTqos RaRadeben dedasamSoblodakarguli xalxis
Wir-varamze saukuneTa miRma. am mxriv gasaocaria, rom arTvinis
regionis erTaderT qarTul sofels dRemde qarTla
qarTla hqvia, xolo
kirnaTis erT-erTi tyis saxelwodeba nasxe
nasxeTi
sxeTi SesaZloa mesxeT
mesxeT'Si
sxeT
warmodgenil Zirs ukavSirdebodes (<*na
na-mesx
na mesx-eT
mesx eT-ar
eT ar-i
ar i?).
yofilobis naar afiqsis paralelurad nigalSi nana _ -ar
na _
-ev
ev/-av
gvxvdeba, romelic ufro Zveli unda iyos.
ev av'ic
av
sofel zeda qlaskurSi Cveni yuradReba miiqcia `Cais plantaciis~ aRmniSvnelma saxelwodebam nai{m
fxrevi
nai m}fxre
fxrevi (Sdr. zemo imereTis
tye na-ifx
eb-i
na ifx-l
ifx l-eb
eb i), romlis struqturuli analizi tao-klarjeTisadmi
miZRvnil arc erT lingvistur wignSi araa warmodgenili. masSi

gamokvleva Sesrulebulia baTumis SoTa rusTavelis saxelobis saxelmwifo

universitetis

profesorTan,

filologiis

akademiur

doqtorTan

eTer

b e r i Z e s T a n TanamSromlobiT.

249

daculi unda iyos saerToqarTveluri Ziri *ifx

ifx-.
sulxan-saba
ifx
orbelianis `sityvis konaSi~ dadasturebulia leqsema `ifxli
ifxli~,
ifxli romelic `gvimras~ aRniSnavs. Tavis droze n. quTeliam (1986: 78) es
Ziri daukavSira lazur limxu
(`gvimris saxeoba~) warmodgenil
limxuna
xunaSi
na
limxlimx komponents, sadac anlautSi sonoria ganviTarebuli, xolo
mogvianebiT h. fenrixma am masalebs daumata svanuri ifx (`gvimris
msgavsi magarReroiani mcenare~ _ Fhnrich 1987: 34).
sagulisxmoa, rom zemo svaneTSi latalis teritoriaSi Semaval
erT sofels ifx hqvia. swored aq, wminda giorgis eklesiis CrdiloeT
kedelze, X saukunis II naxevris qarTuli warweraa amokawruli
(silogava 1988: 274), xolo lentexSi, mdinare xeleduras xeobaSi,
igive toponimi warmodgenilia kninobiTis formiT (ifx
ifx-ald
ifx ald)
ald sofel
qveda wanaSis erT-erTi kuTxis saxelwodebad. sainteresoa, rom
qvemosvanuris toponimiaSi erTdroulad gvxvdeba rogorc saerToqarTveluri fuZeenidan momdinare monacemi (ifx
ifx-ald
ifx ald),
ald ise dasavluri
qarTuli dialeqtebidan Sesuli leqsema (gimbr
gimbr-l
gimbr l)
l soflebis
dasaxelebebSi, rac, raRa Tqma unda, uwinaresoba-Semdgomadobis mixedviT sxvadasxva qronologiuri donis anareklia.
Zvel qarTulSi lifi
lifi `erTgvar mcenares~ aRniSnavs da mosalodnelia, rom igi *lifx
lifx formisgan momdinareobdes. maSasadame, zeda
qlaskurSi dRemde daculi `naimfxrevi~ istoriulad `nagvimrals~
udris [Sdr. soflis saxelwodeba lanCxuTis raionSi gvimba
gvimbala
balau
lauri
<*gvimr
gvimr-al
ur-i
gvimr al-a
al a-ur
ur i _ z. sarjvelaZe 2000: 258; agreTve, gvimar
gvimar-on
mar on-i
on i
(`gvimrnari~) _ mikrotoponimi Cxorowyus raionis sofel axuTSi
da gvimar
gvimar-on
mar on-a
on a _ saZovris saxelwodeba xobiswylis xeobaSi _
cxadaia 2008: 105] semantikuri TvalsazrisiT, xolo struqturulad amosavali Cans *na
na-ifx
na ifx-ar
ifx ar-ev
ar ev-i
ev i (mm sonori TiTqos lazuri
CanarTia, rac inlautSi dResac Cveulebrivi movlenaa yvela qarTvelur enasa da maT dialeqtebSi, Tumca mTaraWulis ifxla || imxla
imxla
(mayaSvili 1991: 82)'sac Tu gaviTvaliswinebT, maSin disimilaciuri
momenti _ fx > mx _ unda gavxazoT.), e. i. ormag
ormagsu
magsufiq
sufiqsur
fiqsur warmoebasTan gvaqvs saqme. mas Semdeg, rac yofilobis aRmniSvneli afiqsis
250

-ar
ar elementSi daiCrdila ZiriTadi funqcia, saWiro gaxda qarTuli
enis istoriuli ganviTarebis SedarebiT ufro Zveli periodidan
momdinare -ev
ev sufiqsis darTva, romelic dResac produqtulia qarTul dialeqtebSi, maT Soris tao-klarjeTSic; Tumca imasac gavxazavT, rom nigalis xeobis toponimiaSi morfemaTa Sebrunebuli rangia
(v
v-ar
ar < *-ev
ev/av
ev/-av
ev av-ar
av ar da ara r-ev
ev av<*ar
av ar-ev
ar ev/-av
ev av)
av ufro gavrcelebuli
ormagsufiqsian warmoebaSi (`naxelvari~ < *na
na-xel
na xel-av
xel av-ar
av ar-i
ar i, `nayan{v}ari~
<*na
na-yan
na-Ro
na yan-ev
yan ev-ar
ev ar-i
ar i, `naRom{v}ari || naRum{v}ari~ <*na
na Ro/um
Ro um-ev
um ev-ar
ev ar-i
ar i, `naTuTunvari~ <*na
na-Tu
v-, romelic xan
na TuTun
TuTun-ev
Tun ev-ar
ev ar-i
ar i da a. S.). maSasadame, -v
warmodgenilia da xan _ ara ama Tu im mikrotoponimSi, fonetikuri
CanarTi ki ar unda iyos, rogorc es SesaZloa erTi SexedviT moeCvenos
vinmes, aramed mwyobri derivaciuli sistemis warmomadgeneli monacemi.
amave Zirisa da mawarmoebelTa Semcveli Cans imerxevis erT-erTi soflis saxelwodebac. esaa ifxrev
ifx-ar
ifxrevli
revli (cecxlaZe 2000) <*ifx
ifx arar
ev-al
ev al-i
al i, romelic araTu ori, aramed samsu
samsufiq
msufiqsi
fiqsia
siani tipis
tipis STabeWdilebas tovebs, rac Cveulebrivi movlenaa ara mxolod samxruli
dialeqtebisTvis, aramed mTeli qarTulisaTvis (f. makalaTia). specialur literaturaSi es toponimi gansxvavebuladaa fiqsirebuli:
xan || x grafemebiT (S. futkaraZe), xanac mxolod xaniT (m. faRava,
e. beriZe). aseve, SavSur teqstebSi igi warmodgenilia xan v grafemiT (S. mamulaZe), xanac uTi (ifxre
ifxreu
ifxreuli || ifxreve
ifxreveli
veli _ m. faRava).
iqneb umarcvlo u ismis imerxevelTa metyvelebaSi? (sa
sakiTxs
sakiTxs sWirsWirdeba
deba eqspe
eqsperi
sperimen
rimentu
mentuli
tuli fone
foneti
netikis
tikis meTo
meTode
TodebiT
debiT Seswav
Seswavla
swavla).
la
m. faRava ar axdens ifxli/ifxri
ifxli ifxri fuZis segmentacias, Tumca
sagangebod gaxazavs, rom SavSur sofelSi aravin icis `gvimris~ es
saxelwodeba, magram toponimma Semoinaxa Zveli formao. igive viTarebaa nigalis xeobaSic, oRond iq ufro rTul warmoebasa (na
nana
i{mm}fx
fx-r
ev-i
fx r-ev
ev i `Cais plantacia~) da monaTesave semantikis mqone leqsemaSi SemogvrCa saerToqarTveluri ifxifx Ziri. amasTanave, nigaluri
monacemi ifx > imx formacvalebadobis gardamaval safexursac
(i
i{mm}fx
fx)
fx unda asaxavdes. sayuradReboa, rom igive situaciaa lazur-

251

1
Sic (l-imfx
imfx-v-an-a
), `botanikur leqsikonSi~ ki dasaxelebulia, agimfx

reTve, limxu
limxuna
xuna `ewris gvimra~ (mayaSvili 1991: 26). fx > mfx > mx
fonetikur gardaqmnaTa Sua safexuri Semonaxulia qarTuli enis
raWul dialeqtSic (kobaxiZe 1987: 36).
Sinaarsobrivad sulxan-sabaseuli ifxli `gvimraa~, niko maris
mier dadasturebuli svanuri ifx ki _ `gvimris saxeoba~ ("
" _ 1922: 30). rac Seexeba arsen onians (1917: 2), is
erTmaneTisgan ganarCevs ifx leqsemas [romelsac sofel kalaSi
(e. i. mestiis raionSi) xmaroben, xolo sxvagan mas Tx
TxalSa
alSapa
Sapa
pa hqvia
(`Zalian maRali balaxi, romelic TavSi wvril da mogrZo parkebs
ikeTebs; parkebi rom gaiSleba, SigniT bambaa~)] da udgara
udgara ifxs
ifx
(`Zalian mwvanea zamTarSi, gvimras hgavs, magram ufro faqizia~)2.
zemo imereTSi `gvimraWa, gvivraWa, gvimroWa, gvimruWa~ aris
gvimris msgavsi mcenare, romlis fesvebs xmaroben Roris Wiris
wamlad~..., `gviv
gvivra
gvivra (e. i. gvimra) sxvaa;
sxvaa gvimraWa amodis bevri, foTeli
jojRebaT (e. i. borjRlebad) ari~ (ZoweniZe 1974: 99).
maRalreprezentatul

`botanikur

leqsikonSi~

(mayaSvili

1991: 5) calke sityva-statiebadaa mocemuli: gvimra (), ewris gvimra, oTaxis gvimra, Savi gvimra da gvimruWa. pirveli maTgani
kaxurad Cadu
Cadunaa
Cada,
dunaa,
naa TuSurad da ingilourad _ Cada
da, Wanurad _
bilonca
lonca,
ca megrulad _ gvima
gvimara
mara,
ra, xolo svanurad _ gvimor
gvimor,
mor, gvrima
gvrima.
ma
Caduna (, Dryopteris) ki asea warmodgenili: TuSuri mCada
mCada/
da
Cada
Cada;
da fSaur-xevsuruli daTvis
daTvis Cadu
Caduna
duna;
na zemoimeruli RorTif
orTifqla
Tifqla;
qla
mTaraWuli ifxla/im
ifxla imxla
imxla;
xla leCxumuri muCu
muCu;
Cu guruli tyis gvimrai
gvimrai;
rai
somxiTuri daTvis
daTvis-sa
Tvis sage
sagebe
gebela
bela;
la Wanuri limxo
limxona
xona;
na megruli lagva
lagvamo
vamoria
moria,
ria
lagu
laguma
gumar
maraia,
ia magvi
magvima
vimara
maraia
raia;
ia svanuri miCviS
miCviS gvimor
gvimor.
mor
maSasadame, rogorc vxedavT, am saocar mravalferovnebaSi svanuri
ifx arsad Cans, es Ziri mxolod mTaraWul ifxla/im
ifxla imxla
imxla da lazur
1

n. maris segmentacia gansxvavebulia (li

li-mfxvana
li mfxvana/li
mfxvana li-mxona
li mxona/li
mxona li-mxana
li mxana;
mxana Tumca

Sdr. iqve l-imx

imx-on
imx-an
imx on-a
on a, l-imx
imx an-a
an a _ 1910: 163, 173).
2

aslan lipartelianis mixedviT, piriqiT: `ifx

ifx gvimranairi mcenarea,

magram ufro magarReroiani~ (liparteliani 1994: 139).

252

limx
ev-i
limxona'Sia warmodgenili. rac Seexeba leqsemas na-i
na i{m}fx-r
fx r-ev
ev i, mas
Zvel qarTul ifql'Tan
(`xorbali~) araviTari kavSiri ar aqvs
ifql
(Sdr. beriZe 2009: 397); am kompozitis meore Semadgeneli elementi
momdinareobs

gvimris

erT-erT

(ZvelqarTul-raWul-imerxeul/Sav-

Sur-svanur-lazur) saxelwodebaSi daculi Ziridan ifx-l

i garkveifx l-i
uli fonetikuri procesis Sedegad. marTalia, mTis gvimris erT-erTi saxeobis zemoimeruli nomenklaturis komponenti aris `ifqlic~
(Ror
Ror-T
ifq-l
ifxlRor T-ifq
ifq l-aa), magram aq gdamwyvetia fonetikuri procesi (ifxl
ifxl >
ifql-),
anu saanalizo kompozitSi -fq
fqifql
fq kompleqsi meoreuli Cans
(-fq
fqfx-).
mTavari isaa, rom ifx-l
fq < -fx
fx
ifx l- (`gvimris erT-erTi saxeoba~)
da ifq-l
ifq l- (`xorbali~) fuZeebi qarTvelur enebSi sxvadasxva SesatyvisebiT arian warmodgenilni.
varlam Tofurias da maqsime qaldanis `svanur leqsikonSi~
ifx leqsemasTan mxolod laSxur-lentexuri ilustraciebia moyvanili, magram, rogorc zemoT aRvniSneT, arsen oniani jer kidev 1917
wels afiqsirebda `gvimris~ am saxelwodebas mestiis raionis sofel
kalaSi. amasTanave, XI saukunis I naxevris `svaneTis krebis sulTa
matianeSi~, sofel dolis (mestiis raioni) saeklesio krebis `momgebelTa~ siaSi, damowmebulia sargis ifxisZe
ifxisZe (silogava 1988: 541;
`svaneTis istoriis furclebi~ 2011: 164). dRes zemo svaneTSi Zalze
iSviaTad SexvdebiT am sityvis mcodnes, magram iseve, rogorc taoklarjeTis toponimiaSi, aqac, oRond Zvel anTroponimiaSi, SemogvrCa ifx.
ifx specialur literaturaSi mas sxvagvari etimologiac
eZebneba (qarTul fx-al
da megrul xuls
fx al/mx
al mx-al
mx alsa
al
xul ukavSireben _
osiZe 1987: 30-31), magram amaze sxvagan da sxva dros vimsjelebT.
zemo aWaraSi, sxalTis xeobaSi, saTesi adgilis saxelwodebaa
ifx-l-an-a
(sof. Weri _ sixaruliZe 1958: 100), xolo qvemo maWaxeifx
laSi erT-erT Reles hqvia ifx-nar-i
kuli Rele (iqve: 129).
ifx

253

A root ipx-/-impx-/-imx- in Nigali gorge, Imerkhevi (Shavsheti),

Lazeti, Ajara, Svaneti and Racha
Summary

Since the second half of the 19th c interest of scholars and travelers towards
researching of the Nigali gorge's ethno-linguistics has not been weakened. It is
worth to name: Niko Marr, Ekvtime Taqaishvili, Tedo Sakhokia, Dimitri Bakradze
and Giorgi Qazbegi! Outstanding professors stood worthily aside them: Shushana
and Tariel Putkaradzes, Yuri Sikharulidze, Mamia Pagava, Nugzar Tsetskhladze,
Roin Malaqmadze and others in the works of who local toponymy was paid special
attention and this is natural the names of towns, villages, castles, rivers, springs,
lakes, seas, parsture fields, hay meadows, forests and others reflect a nation's
history! "Not only the greatness of local Georgian architecture beats one's hearts
faster "(M. Pagava), but as though toponyms call out the trouble and woe
of motherland-lost people centuries ago. In this respect it is noteworthy that
only Georgian village of the Artvini region is still called Kartla, and the name
of one Kirnati's forest Naskheti can be connected with the root in Mesx
esx
Ta
esx Ta
(<*na
na-mesx
mesx-eT
eT-ar
ar-ii?).
na
mesx
eT
ar
In parallel with na- -ar affix denoting "to be" in Nigali also na- -ev/-av
occurs that could be more older.
In the village Upper Klaskuri my attention was focused on nai{m
fxrevi
nai m}fxrevi
denoting "tea plantation" a structural analyses of which has not been represented in
any linguistic book dedicated to Tao-Klarjeti. Common Kartvelian root *ifx
ifxifx could
be preserved in it. In Sulkhan-Saba Orbeliani's glossary a lexeme ifxli is confirmed
that denotes "fern". At some time (1986) N. Kutelia linked this root with a limx
limxcomponent in Laz limxuna ("a kind of fern") in which in anlaut a sonor occurs.
Later on (1987) H. Fhnrich added to this material Svan ifx ("plant like fern with
hard trunk"). It is noteworthy that in Upper Svan the name of one village on the
territory of Latal is Ipkh. In Old Georgian lifi denotes "a kind of plant" and it is
expected that it shouldbe originated from *lifx
lifx form. Thus, naimfxrevi preserved
up today in Upper Klaskuri historically is equal to "place where ferns grew" (cf. a
village's name in Lanchkhuti region Gvimbalauri < *gvimr-al-a-ur-i Z.
Sarjveladze) from semantic viewpoint and structurally *na
na-ifx
na ifx-ar
ifx ar-ev
ar ev-i
ev i (m sonor is a
Laz addition that is a natural phenomenon in inlaut in the Kartvelian languages and
in their dialects even today), i. e. it is a double-suffixal formation. After then when
254

in -ar element of an affix denoting "to be" its core function was overshadowed it
was essential to add -ev suffix sourced from more older historical development
period of Georgian and that is productive even today in Georgian dialects among
them in Tao-Klarjeti, as well, though it should be underlined that in Nigali gorge's
toponymy an inversive type of morphemes (v-ar <*-ev/-av-ar and not r-ev/-av
<*ar-ev/-av) is more spread in double-suffixal formation ("naxelvari
naxelvari"
xel-avnaxelvari <*na-xel
xel
ar-i, "naKan
naKan{v
ari"
Kan-ev-ar-i,
"naGom
naGom{v
ari // naGum{v
ari"
na-Go
naKan v}ari
ari <*na-Kan
Kan
naGom v}ari
naGum v}ari
ari <*na
na Go/um
Go um-ev
um evev
ar-i
naTuTunvari"
ar i, "naTuTunvari
naTuTunvari <*na-tutun-ev-ar-i, etc.). Thus, -v- that sometimes occurs and
sometimes does not occur in any microtoponym should not be a phonetical addition
as it seems at a glance, but a representative data of an arranged derivative system.
The name of one Imerkhevian village could contain the same root and
formative marker. This is Ipkhrevli <*ifx
ifx-ar
ifx ar-ev
ar ev-al
ev al-i
al i that leaves the impression of
not with two- but three-suffixal type that is a natural phenomenon not only for
southern dialects but for whole Georgian (P. Makalatia). In special literature this
toponym is differently fixed-sometimes by // x graphemes (Sh. Putkaradze) and
sometimes by -x (M. Pagava, E. Beridze). In Shavshian texts it is represented
sometimes by v grapheme (Sh. Mamuladze) and sometime by u' (M. Rogava).
Maybe an unsyllable u is heard in the speech of Imerkhevians? (an issue needs to
be researched using experimental phonetic methods).
M. Pagava does not carry out the segmentation of ifxli/ifxri
ifxli ifxri stem, though
a researcher especially underlines that in Shavshian village nobody knows this
name of "fern", but the toponym preserved an old form. Analogous situation occurs
in Nigali gorge but a Common Kartvelian ifxifx root is preserved in more complex
formation (na
na-ii{m
fx-rr-ev
ev-ii- "tea plantation") and in a lexeme with related
na
m}fx
fx
ev
semantics.

255

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svanu
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, "",
XXII, -, 1914
. ., - , "
", X, , 1922
. ., ,
, 1925
. .,
, " ", . II, .-., 1936
. ., , .-., 1938
. .,
, " . . ",
.-., 1938
. ., ,
, . XX, "Caucasica, 1, ., 1928
., , , 1954
. ., - , "
", 41, , 2010
269

 ,
XXXI, , 1902
. ., , , IV, , 1967
. ., , XXV , , 1960;
agreTve: qarTvelur enaTa SedarebiTi fonetikis zogierTi sakiTxi,
Tofu
Tofuria
furia v., Sromebi, III, Tbilisi, 1979
., , . II, , -, 1880
. ., , " ,
", , 1976
., , .-,
1912
., i --i
, , 1884

270

rekviemi

Reqviem

271

272

profesorebi iza CantlaZe da zurab sarjvelaZe

273

274

profe
profesor
fesor zurab
zurab sarjve
sarjvela
rjvelaZis
laZis etimo
etimolo
mologi
logia
giaTa
mniSvne
mniSvnelo
vneloba
loba qarTve
qarTvelo
Tvelolo
lologi
logia
giaSi
rogorc cnobilia, enaTa naTesaobis ganmsazRvreli kriteriumia ZiriTad leqsikur fondSi gamovlenili sistemuri xasiaTis regularuli fonemaTSesatyvisobani. qarTvelologiaSi amgvari monacemebis kvlevas ukve sakmao xnis istoria hqonda, dadgenili iyo
mTavari kanonzomierebani Tu arqetipebi, arsebobda ramdenime SedarebiTi da etimologiuri leqsikonic qarTulsa Tu ucxour enebze,
magram imis gamo, rom Seicvala damokidebuleba sibilantur fonemaTa mimarT da Zveli qarTuli teqstebisa Tu yvela Tanamedrove
qarTveluri enis Zir-fuZeebis analizis safuZvelze Seiqmna sami
(sisina, sisin-SiSina, SiSina) rigisa da sonantTa1 klasis daSvebis
aucilebloba fuZeenaSi, zurab sarjvelaZem swored maSin mohkida
xeli urTules saqmes _ komparativistuli meTodebiT ewarmoebina
qarTveluri leqsikis kvleva, raSic mas didad uwyobda xels fenomenuri mexsiereba, Zvel qarTul xelnawerebze mravalwlian teqstologiur samuSaoTa Catarebis gamocdileba da umwerlobo qarTvelur ena-kiloTa praqtikuli codna. garkveul etimologiaTa axali
gaazreba aucilebeli iyo imis gamoc, rom Tamaz gamyreliZisa da
givi maWavarianis erToblivi naSromis publikaciis (1965 w.) Semdeg
maleve (1969 w.) gamoqveynda maqsime qaldanis aRmoCena svanuri enis
ukana mimarTulebis, e. w. velaruli umlautis Sesaxeb.
samwuxarod, dRemde araa gamocemuli mose janaSvilis `qarTveluri sityvari~. zurab sarjvelaZis sasaxelod unda iTqvas, rom man
mkiTxvels gaucocxla SesaniSnavi qarTveli sazogado moRvawisa da
mkvlevris naazrevi. Tuki ram aris am xelnawerSi pozitiuri da
misaRebi Tanamedrove qarTvelologiis doneze, yvelafers miCenili
aqvs Tavisi kuTvnili adgili hainc fenrixisa da zurab sarjvelaZis

Tavis droze niko marmac dauSva SesaZlebloba l, r, n, m sonantebis

odesRac arsebobisa qarTulSi ( 1925: 4, 41)
1

275

`qarTvelur enaTa etimologiur leqsikonSi~, romlis sami gamocema

arsebobs (ori _ qarTulad, erTi _ germanulad) da romelic
kidev didxans darCeba yvela Cvenganis samagido wignad.
garda formaluri mxarisa, am gamokvleva-leqsikonSi yuradReba eqceva calkeul leqsemaTa semantikur niuansebsac, Tumca cnobilia, rom fonemaTa realizacia mkacrad zust wesebs eqvemdebareba
maSin, rodesac semantikuri rekonstruqcia Zalze rTulia, radganac aseT SemTxvevebSi gamoricxuli ar aris nebismieroba, magram semantikur cvlilebaTa kriteriumebis dadgena iseve aucilebelia,
rogorc fonetikurisa. `monaTesave enebSi mravalferovania Sesadarebel sityvaTa gansxvavebuli niuansebi, semantikur poziciaTa simravle gacilebiT kompleqsuria da naklebi sixSirisaa, vidre fonetikuri. TiToeul enobriv sistemas samyaros lingvisturi xatis
agebisas safuZvlad mxolod misTvis damaxasiaTebeli sintaqsur-semantikuri algoriTmi udevs~ (ivaniSvili 2005: 6).
saukuneTa siRrmeSi savaraudo amosaval formaTa kvlevisas
did dabrkolebas qmnian is nasesxebi sityvebi, romelTac aqvT regularuli fonemaTSesatyvisobani qarTvelur enebSi; gansakuTrebiT
rTulia viTareba maSin, rodesac gasaanalizebelia e. w. identur
SesatyvisobaTa Semcveli leqsemebi.
zurab sarjvelaZis moRvaweobis droisTvis qarTvelologiaSi
araerTi problema idga; yvelaferi arc dResaa mogvarebuli, magram
J rom saerToqarTveluri fonematuri sistemis Semadgenel komponentad unda vivaraudoT, revaz abaSias Sromebis (abaSia 2004: 3-10)
Semdgom ukve saeWvo aRar unda iyos; maSin ki sruliad sapirispiro
Tvalsazrisi (TinaTin goniaSvilisa _ : 1937) iyo gabatonebuli da, TavisTavad cxadia, gansxvavebulad warmogvidgeboda
fuZeenis savaraudo fonotaqtika.
dRemde araa sabolood gadawyvetili, agreTve, mJReri faringalis arsebobis sakiTxi winareqarTvelur enaSi, Tumca Tavis droze givi maWavariani garkveul gafrTxilebasac iZleoda: `ara
ara gvaqvs
ufle
J/ da /R
R/ fone
ufleba
leba mTlia
mTlianad gamovri
gamovricxoT
vricxoT /J
fonema
nemaTa
maTa arse
arsebo
sebobis
bobis SeSe276

saZleb
saZleblo
lebloba
loba CvenTvis
CvenTvis sain
sainte
intere
tereso
reso qrono
qronolo
nologi
logiur
giur done
doneze
neze~
ze (maWavariani 1965: 12, 39, 74-75).
cxadia, zemoaRniSnuli da sxva araerTi problemis gamo, Zalze garTulda muSaoba qarTvelur enaTa etimologiur leqsikonze,
magram man mainc ixila mzis sinaTle 1990 wels avtorTa saocari
Zalisxmevisa da uangaro Tavganwirvis wyalobiT. prof. hainc fenrixTan TanamSromlobiT Seqmnili didebuli naSromi gamoqveynebisTanave bibliografiul iSviaTobad iqca da lingvistTa, folkloristTa, eTnologTa, arqeologTa, istorikosTa Tu student-aspirantTa moTxovniT qarTvelma da germanelma kolegebma kvlav gaagrZeles muSaoba am mimarTulebiT _ dazustda bevri adrindeli
etimologia mogvianebiT gamoqveynebuli naSromebisa Tu samecniero
konferenciebze wakiTxuli moxsenebebis mixedviT. avtorTa sasaxelod unda iTqvas, rom sxvisi arc erTi faseuli migneba maT uyuradRebod ar dautovebiaT, amitomac saanalizo naSromi mxolod samecniero gamokvlevad ki ar aRiqmeba, aramed, Tavisi mniSvnelobiTa
da

kolegebisadmi

keTilganwyobilebiT

aRsavse

damokidebulebis

gamo, 1350-ze meti arqetipis Semcveli 815 gverdiani publikacia

Cven warmogvidgenia erTgvar etimo
timolo
mologi
logiur
giur encik
enciklo
ciklope
lopedi
pediad
diad.
ad
zurab sarjvelaZes xSirad hqonia mwvave kamaTi sapirispiro SexedulebaTa avtorebTan da amitom garedan mayurebeli TvalisTvis
zogjer TiTqos Zalze mkacr kritikosadac ki gamoiyureboda xolme,
Tumca es mxolod erTi SexedviT _ mas arasodes aravin SesZulebia
SedarebiT naklebi ganswavlulobisa an niWis gamo _ yvelani vuyvardiT, magram, Tu vinmes mainc `mtrad~ miaCnda, es Tavad im vinmes
problema iyo da ara sarjvelaZisa. ai, rogori `mkacri~ iyo is Tavisi oponentebis mimarT: `am leqsikons mohyva garkveuli gamoxmaureba rogorc CvenSi, ise ucxoeTSi. CemTvis uaRresad faseulia ediSer WeliZis sakmaod vrceli recenzia, romelSic gamoTqmulia mkacri, magram samarTliani SeniSvnebi, didad sasargeblo ara marto
CemTvis, aramed yvelasTvis, vinc leqsikis Seswavlas mihyofs xels~, _
werda zurab sarjvelaZe 2001 wels.
277

sakmaod rTulad idga sakiTxi gviandeli epoqis fuZeenaSi

grZel xmovanTa savaraudo arsebobis Sesaxeb. mas Semdeg, rac gamoqveynda Tamaz gamyreliZisa da givi maWavarianis `sonantTa sistema
da ablauti qarTvelur enebSi~, romelSic sagangebodaa dasabuTebuli sigrZis sxvadasxva safexuris arseboba aramxolod svanurSi;
rasakvirvelia, sadac savaraudo iyo, Tavisuflad SeiZleboda arqetipTa esa Tu is xmovani warmodgeniliyo Sesabamisad, magram sakiTxi
did problemad iqca `qarTvelur enaTa etimologiuri leqsikonis~
avtorTaTvis _ germaneli kolega kategoriulad uaryofda grZeli
xmovnebis arsebobas saerToqarTvelur enaSi, amitom qarTvelma Tanaavtorma erTgvarad daTmo Tavisi poziciebi da `dakmayofilda~
orive gamocemis winasityvaobebSi warmodgenili gancxadebebiT: `aseTi naSromi gonivruli kompromisebis gareSe ar SeiZleba Seiqmnas,
rac, bunebrivia, avtorebs Soris calkeul sakiTxebze azrTa sxvadasxvaobas gulisxmobs (fenrixi-sarjvelaZe 2000: 32)... sabo
sabolo
bolood
lood
araa gadawyve
gadawyveti
wyvetili
tili fuZe
fuZee
ZeenaSi
naSi grZel xmovan
xmovanTa
vanTa arse
arsebo
sebobis
bobis sakiT
sakiTxi
kiTxi.
xi
miu
miuxeda
xedavad
imisa,
naSromSi
vasxvavebT
gviandel
davad imisa
sa rom am naSrom
SromSi Cven ar vasxva
xvavebT gvian
andel
saer
saerTo
erToqar
ToqarTve
qarTvelur
Tvelur done
doneze
neze grZel da moklex
moklexmov
klexmovni
movnian
nian vari
varian
riantebs
antebs,
tebs
srule
srulebiT
lebiT ar gamoi
gamoiricxe
ricxeba
cxeba maTi
maTi arse
arsebo
sebobis
bobis SesaZ
SesaZleb
saZleblo
lebloba
loba~
ba (iqve 25).
dRes Cvenma zogma kolegam sapaeqrod aqcia giorgi klimovis
meTodi, erTi mxriv, saerToqarTveluri, xolo, meore mxriv, qarTul-zanuri erTianobis savaraudo epoqaTa doneebis Sesaxeb. saanalizo leqsikonis rogorc qarTul, ise germanul publikaciebSi,
yvela

etimologiis

SemTxvevaSi,

amosavalia

didi

enaTmecnieris

gerhardt deetersis sqema, romlis Tanaxmadac diferenciaciis procesSi fuZeenas yvelaze adre gamoeyo svanuri. amitomac, sruliad
bunebrivia, rom, Tu ama Tu im leqsemis Ziri dRes dasturdeba svanurSi, misi arqetipi unda daiSvebodes saerToqarTvelur doneze,
xolo Tu ara _ maSin is unda CavTvaloT qarTul-zanuri erTianobis epoqis monacemad. vinc g. deetersis sqemas ar eyrdnoba, TavisTavad cxadia, mas Sedegebic gansxvavebuli eqneba.
278

Cveni azriT, am ori donis gamoyofa qarTveluri leqsikis istoriul-SedarebiTi meTodiT Seswavlisas bevr dabrkolebas gvixsnis,
Tumca msjeloba SesaZloa zogjer pirobiTic gamogvivides. qarTulmegrul-lazur leqsemaTa urTierTSepirispirebisas savaraudo arqetipi SeiZleba Seicvalos mas Semdeg, Tu kvlevas gavagrZelebT am
mimarTulebiT da svanurSic davadasturebT mosalodnel Zirs. rasakvirvelia, aseT SemTxvevaSi qarTul-zanuri erTianobis donisTvis
aRdgenili Ziri gadainacvlebs saerToqarTvelur doneze, zogjer
garkveuli koreqtivebiTac. am meTodis ilustracia araerTia `qarTvelur enaTa etimologiuri leqsikonis~ sxvadasxva gamocemis urTierTSedarebisas. magaliTad:
qarTuli grex-/grix
grex grixgrix megrul girax
girax-/go
rax gorox
gorox-/gi
rox girix
girixrix Zirebs daukavSires T. gamyreliZem da g. maWavarianma da amosavlad miiCnies
*grax
graxgrax arqetipi, romlis

Sesatyvisi,

zurab sarjvelaZis azriT,

gaxlavT lazuri ngrixSesabamisi Ziri jerjerobiT gamongrix (< grix-).

grix
vlenili ar aris svanurSi, amitomac grex-/grix
grex grixgrix saerToqarTvelur
doneze ar ganixileba (aslan lipartelianis `svanur-qarTul leqsikonSi~ warmodgenili Coluruli agri
agrixe
rixe qarTulis mixedviT Seqmnili xelovnuri forma Cans).
arnold Ciqobavas (1938 w.) mier Sepirispirebuli qarTuli
wel-,
megruli Wi-/W
wel
Wi WH- da lazuri Wu-/mWu
Wu mWumWu (`nawlavi~) Zirebis
mixedviT, giorgi klimovma (1964 w.) qarTul-zanuri erTianobis
xanisaTvis aRadgina *w
w1elel arqetipi, xolo mas Semdeg, rac hainc
fenrixma (1987 w.) yvela es masala daukavSira svanur Win-Wil
Win Wils,
Wil imave
arqetipma gadainacvla saerToqarTveluri fuZeenis doneze.
1985 wels zurab sarjvelaZem erTmaneTs Seudara qarTuli
WyivWyiv da megruli WyiWyi Zirebi (`Wyivili, yvirili~). bunebrivia, raki
svanuri Sesatyvisi aklda, arc dasmula sakiTxi WyiE
WyiE- arqetipis
saerToqarTveluri donisTvis mikuTvnebulobis Sesaxeb, magram mas
Semdeg, rac giorgi klimovma lazurSic daadastura igive Wyovi
Wyovivi
Ziri, xolo hainc fenrixma gamoavlina svanuri WyH
WyH-, rasakvirvelia,
imave arqetipma gadainacvla fuZeenis doneze, Tumca giorgi klimovma
279

mainc gamoTqva eWvi am fuZis qarTulidan nasesxobis Sesaxeb (li

lili
WyH
l-i
i / li-Wy
WyH-l
li Wy-Ml
Wy Ml-i
Ml i).
Cveni yuradReba miiqcia `qarTvelur enaTa etimologiur leqsikonSi~ warmodgenilma msjelobam jer kidev aleqsandre cagarlis
(1880 w.) mier gaanalizebuli qarTuli baga
baga (`gomi~) da megruli
boga
boga (`gomis iataki~; `xis xidi~) leqsemebis Sesaxeb; Tavis droze
(1964 w.) maTi lazuri ekvivalenti boga
boga (`gomi~), boga
bogaxin
gaxinji
xinji (`xis
patara xidi~) gamoavlina giorgi klimovma da, Sesabamisad, qarTulzanuri

erTianobis

epoqisaTvis

aRadgina

*bag
bag arqetipi.

zurab

sarjvelaZe da hainc fenrixi am leqsemas adastureben Zveli qarTulidanve, agreTve toponimSi bag-eb
bag eb-i
eb i. maTi azriT, megruli da iqidan
momdinare guruli boga
boga `xis xidis~ mniSvnelobiT meoreuli Cans.
megruli varianti unda iyos amosavali, agreTve, qarTuli bogbog
irisTvisac.
rac Seexeba svanur bag (`gomi~) formas, is miRebulia
ir
am enisTvis specifikuri fonologiuri movlenis _ Riamarcvlian
struqturaTa

daxurulmarcvlianebad

gardaqmnis

tendenciis

moqmedebis Sedegad. `Tu gaviTvaliswinebT imas, rom realia metad

Zvelia da Sesabamisi Ziri kanonzomieri fonemuri SesatyvisebiT
aris asaxuli yvela qarTvelur enaSi, SesaZloa *bag
bagbag saerToqarTveluri fuZeenis doneze aRvadginoT da mas `gomis~ mniSvneloba mivaweroT~ _ aRniSnulia saanalizo wignSi (ix. gv. 91).
Cven vfiqrobT, rom erTi eWvi mainc Cndeba: bog-ir
bog ir svanurSic
aris, Tanac uSgulurSi, anu uZveles metyvelebaSi, romelic megrulis gavrcelebis arealidan Zalianaa daSorebuli (albaT ase iyo
adrec!); amitom Znelad dasajerebelia misi megrulidan sesxeba qarTulSic da svanurSic. SesaZloa aqac amosavali iyos *bag
bag-,
bag romlisganac labialuri fonemis momdevno poziciaSi a xmovnisagan o-s
miReba SeuZlebeli ar iqneboda. swored asimilirebuli Ziri unda
iyos gamoyenebuli svanur masdarSi libN
libNge `xidis gadeba~ (agreTve
misgan nawarmoeb zmnaTa pirian formebsa da mimReobebSi). es rom
asea, amaze miuTiTebs besarion niJaraZis mier uSgulur li-bg
i
li bgE
bgE-i
masdarTan dadasturebuli qarTluri Sesatyvisi mo-bag
mo bag-v
bag v-aa (`dageba
iatakisa, mokirwyvla quCisa~), Zv. q. mo-bag
mo bag-ul
bag ul-i
ul i (`saxuravi~, `gar
280

sarkmelmovlebuli~ _ saba), bag-ov

eb-i
bag ov-n
ov n-eb
eb i (`sarTulebi~) da zemoraWuli bag-ar
bag ar-i
ar i (`pureulis namcxvris qerqi~), agreTve, qarTlur dialeqtSi dadasturebuli, gadataniTi mniSvnelobiT gamoyenebuli
leqsema bog-ir
bagbog ir-a
ir a (`gauTleli, axirebuli~). maSasadame, *bag
bag arqetipi
fuZeenaSive omonimuri mniSvnelobisa Cans: 1. gomi; 2. xis safari _
a) iataki, b) saxuravi, g) xidi.
sruliad

gansxvavebuli

mniSvneloba

aqvs

bogas
boga

imerxeul

dialeqtSi: `sazafxulo sadgomebSi martivad gakeTebuli WurWlis

Taro~, xolo muhajirTa metyvelebaSi (inegoli) igi `maRlari vazis
gasayvanad gamzadebuli Weria~ (futkaraZe 1993: 400)
hainc fenrixma da zurab sarjvelaZem marTlac didebuli leqsikoni Seqmnes, magram aramxolod lingvistTaTvis da aramxolod
enaTmecnierul analizze damyarebuli daskvnebis gamotanis safuZvelze. wignSi gamovlenili Zirebis ubralo gadaTvalierebac ki
erTgvar warmodgenas iZleva saerToqarTvelur fuZeenaze metyveli
eTnosis kulturis, yofis, sacxovrebeli garemos (areali, klimaturi pirobebi,...) Sesaxeb. am TvalsazrisiT Zalze sainteresod gveCveneba qarTul vecxl-i
vecxl / vercxl-i
vercxl da megrul varCxil
varCxil-i
Cxil leqsemaTa
analizi. es dakavSireba jer kidev 1849 wlidanaa cnobili da ekuTvnis mari broses. zurab sarjvelaZis cnobiT, vercxlvercxl fuZe XI-XII
saukuneebamde ar gvxvdeba Zvel qarTul werilobiT ZeglebSi. maSasadame, giorgi klimovis mier qarTul-zanuri erTianobis xanisTvis
aRdgenili Eerc1xl arqetipi (1964: 83) anaqronizmi Cans _ TavisTavad cxadia, ax. w.-is XI-XII saukuneebisTvis gamoiricxeba amgvari
erTianoba. rac Seexeba svanur EarCxil
arCxils
Cxil (`vercxli; fuli~), is nasesxebi Cans megrulidan. Sesabamisad, yvela qarTvelur enaSi -r
rsonoriT

warmodgenili

fuZe

SedarebiT

gviandelia,

miRebuli

Eec1xlxl Ziris inlautSi r-s CarTvis Sedegad, rac Cveulebrivi movlenaa rogorc Zvel qarTul teqstebSi, ise Tanamedrove cocxal
qarTvelur ena-kiloebSi. ase rom `amo
amoca
amocanis
canis warma
warmate
matebiT
tebiT gadaWri
gadaWrisa
WrisasaTvis ar aris sakma
sakmari
kmarisi
risi oden fone
fonemaT
nemaTSe
maTSesa
Sesatyvi
satyviso
tyvisobe
sobebis
bebis safuZ
safuZvel
fuZvelze
velze
aRdge
aRdgeni
dgenili
nili arqe
arqeti
qetipe
tipebi
pebisa
bisa da Tana
Tanamed
namedro
medrove
rove enebSi
enebSi warmodge
warmodgenil
dgenil sesemante
mantema
temaTa
maTa mimar
mimarTe
marTebis
Tebis dadge
dadgena
dgena~
na (fenrixi-sarjvelaZe 2000: 31).
281

`qarTvelur enaTa etimologiuri leqsikonis~ avtorebi momavalSi

fiqrobdnen

lingvokulturologiur

samuSaoTa

vrclad

Catarebas. maT SesaniSnavad icodnen, rom aucilebeli iyo istoriis,

arqeologiis, qarTuli

da ucxoenovani

wyaroebis,

miTologiis,

bunebaTmcodneobis monacemTa rac SeiZleba srulad gaTvaliswineba,

anu interdisciplinarul kvlevaTa warmoeba. zurab sarjvelaZes
guli swydeboda imis gamo, rom jerjerobiT, samwuxarod, ar arsebobs qarTveluri enebisa da maTi dialeqtebis leqsikuri fondis
banki _ ganZi, e. w. Tezaurusi, rac SesaZlebels gaxdida mravali
saerTo Ziris gamovlenas.
qarTveli da germaneli kolegebis mravalwlovani rudunebiT
Seqmnili wignis publikaciebi, sruliad bunebrivia, rom zogjer gansxvavdeba erTmaneTisagan. magaliTad: 1990 wlis gamocemaSi ar aris
gaTvaliswinebuli karl horst Smidtisa da hainc fenrixis Tvalsazrisebi saerToqarTveluri fuZeenis fonematur sistemaSi /*l
l`/,
/*t
t`/ lateralTa SesaZlo arsebobis Sesaxeb, xolo 2000 wels gamoqveynebul

Sevsebul

variantSi

ramdenimejeraa

(gv.

87,

732-739)

warmodgenili am fonemaTa Semcveli arqetipebi (*asul

asul`-,
*l
l`eT
eT-,
asul
eT
*l
l`Ze
Ze-,
t`am
am-,
t`E
Eer-,
t`od
od-,...).
dRes specialistebs Soris zemoZe *t
am *t
er *t
od
aRniSnuli Teoria maincdamainc didi popularobiT ar sargeblobs,
magram faqtia, rom igi SedarebiT umtkivneulod xsnis s _ l,
l l _
S da w _ W _ h SesatyvisobaTa amosaval viTarebas qarTvelur
enebSi.
rasakvirvelia, 2000 wlis Semdegdroindel samecniero gamokvlevebsa da leqsikonebSi ar aris gaziarebuli zurab sarjvelaZis
yvela mosazreba, rac warmoudgenelia kidec, magram germanel kolegasTan erTad Seqmnili leqsikoni ara mxolod TiTqmis yvelaze
vrcelia qarTvelur enaTa etimologiur gamokvlevebs Soris, aramed Tanamedrove lingvistikis uaxlesi meTodebis gamoyenebiT gaanalizebuli masala, ZiriTadad, damajerebelia da sarwmuno, xolo
originaluri Tvalsazrisebi Zalze momxiblavia da maTematikuri sizustiT gamyarebuli.
282

`qarTvelur enaTa etimologiuri leqsikonis~ arc erTi gamocemis dros jer kidev ar iyo dastambuli varlam Tofurias da maqsime qaldanis svanuri da oTar qajaias megruli akademiuri leqsikonebi, amitomac zurab sarjvelaZes Tavadve mouxda umZimesi samuSaos Catareba ara mxolod qarTvelur teqstebze, aramed uSualod
cocxal metyvelebaze, ramac, raRa Tqma unda, bevri ram SesZina koleqtiur naSroms, magram, samwuxarod, svanur-megrul-qarTul leqsikonebSi gaTvaliswinebuli araerTi metad saintereso leqsemis
etimologia moaklda hainc fenrixisa da zurab sarjvelaZis naRvaws.
amJamad arnold Ciqobavas saxelobis enaTmecnierebis institutSi
laz kolegebTan erTad mTavrdeba muSaoba naxevar saukuneze meti
xnis win dawyebul lazur leqsikonze da roca isic daibeWdeba, maSin qarTvelologTa axalgazrda Taobam aucileblad unda ifiqros
qarTvelur enaTa axali, SedarebiT sruli etimologiuri leqsikonis Sedgenasa da gamocemaze.
samwuxarod,

zurab sarjvelaZes

qarTvelologiis

sxvadasxva

dargSi dawyebuli araerTi mniSvnelovani saqme darCa daumTavrebeli; es miT ufro leqsikologiaze iTqmis. sxvam vin, Tu ara man, Zalian kargad icoda, rom `qar
qarTv
qarTvel
TvelTa
elTa ena ufskrul
ufskrul Rrma ars~
ars da
amitomac, miuxedavad oTxi aTeuli wlis muxlCauxreli Sromisa,
qarTvelur enaTa leqsikuri maragis amowurva SeuZlebeli iyo. mas
Sedgenili hqonda Zveli qarTulis vrceli dokumenturi leqsikoni,
romelsac yoveldRiurad avsebda, magram gamoqveynebas mainc ar Cqarobda, Tumca isic uwyoda, rom `Jamsa mimcxovnebisasa~ yvelaferi
SesaZloa saSuri yofiliyo. zurab sarjvelaZes miaCnda, rom qarTvelur enaTa mravaltomeuli sruli leqsikonis Seqmnamde TaobaTa
didi samuSao unda Catarebuliyo, maT ki ase Seaxsena didebuli
sulxan-sabas anderZi: `romelnica vicodi, davwere; Tquen igulismodgineT, romel
romelTa
melTa mogcesT
mogcesT ufalman
ufalman sibrZne
sibrZne da
da mecni
mecnie
cniereba
reba,
ba Tquen
Tquen
Seas
Seasru
asruleT
ruleT~...
leT

283

profesorebi iza CantlaZe, guram kartozia

da qalbatoni cisana Todua-kartozia
284

didi
didi enaTmec
enaTmecni
mecnie
nieri da Rirse
Rirseu
seuli mamu
mamuliS
muliSvi
liSvili
vili
profesor guram
guram karto
kartozi
tozias
zias samecniero-SemoqmedebiTi moRvaweobis aTvlis wertilad Cven migvaCnia 1954 weli, roca man TelavSi gamarTul pedagogiuri institutebis studentTa meeqvse samecniero konferenciaze waikiTxa moxseneba Temaze `kaxuri kilos Taviseburebani sofel gavazis metyvelebis mixedviT~. im dRidan daiwyo
batoni guramis triumfaluri svla qarTvelologiaSi, romelic dagvirgvinda ubrwyinvalesi monografiiT `lazuri ena da misi adgili
qarTvelur enaTa sistemaSi~. wigni eZRvneba didi maswavleblis _
akademikos varlam Tofurias, araCveulebrivi lazi maspinZlis _ zurab
Tandilavas da ganuyreli megobris _ profesor zurab sarjvelaZis
naTel xsovnas.
rogorc iqna, bolos da bolos, albaT gadawyda ori saukunis sapaeqro problema _ lazuri damoukidebeli enaa Tu zanuris
an kolxuris erT-erTi dialeqti? am wignSi warmodgenili kvlevaZieba efuZneba ara mxolod dRemde arsebul yvela teqsts, aramed
Tavad avtoris mier wlebis manZilze lazeTSi Segrovil uamrav masalas. masSi yvela sakiTxi gadawyvetilia Tanamedrove saerTaSoriso
lingvistikaSi damkvidrebuli meTodologiis safuZvelze da Tanac
ise, rom sakamaTo problemebi ganxilulia maRalmecnierul doneze
Zalze delikaturad, koreqtulad, yovelgvari mikib-mokibvisa da romelime mosazrebis avtorisaTvis pirovnuli tkivilis miyenebis gareSe.
profesor guram kartozias wignSi lazuri enis samive dialeqtisa da eqvsive kilokavis monacemebia gaTvaliswinebuli fonologia-fonetikis, morfologiisa da sintaqsis sakvanZo sakiTxebis
kvlevisas. Cveni gansakuTrebuli yuradReba miiqcia, erTi mxriv, megruli da xofur-Cxaluri metyvelebis dialeqturi erTianobis Cvenebam, xolo, meore mxriv, termin `kolxuris~ sruliad axleburma
gaazrebam. profesor guram kartozias Tvalsazrisis mixedviT, es
termini `zanuris~ monacvle cneba ki araa, rogorc aqamde specialuri literaturidan iyo cnobili, aramed _ saerToqarTveluri
285

fuZeenis dasavluri dialeqti, romlis kilokavebs warmoadgendnen

zanuri da svanuri enebis winapari enobrivi danayofebi. kolxuri,
albaT, sxva kilokavebisa Tu Tqmebisganac Sedgeboda. erTi aseTi kilokavi SesaZloa yofiliyo dRevandeli aTinur-arTaSenuli dialeqtis winapari, romelic teritoriulad svanursa da zanurs Soris unda moqceuliyo. swored Sualeduri pozicia ganapirobebda
saerTo

fonologiur

movlenebs.

qarTvelur

tomTa

savaraudo

migraciuli talRebis Sedegad zanuri kilokavebis matareblebi,

rogorc Cans, moeqcnen svanurisa da aTinur-arTaSenulis winapar
kilokavebze metyvelTa Soris, ramac ganapiroba SemdgomSi aTinurarTaSenulze zanuris didi gavlena da maTi dialeqturi erToba.
aqve batoni gurami gvTavazobs meore dasaSveb varaudsac:
SesaZloa, aTinur-arTaSenulis winapari metyveleba saerToqarTveluri enis kolxuri dialeqtis svanuri kilokavis SemadgenlobaSi
Sedioda da zanur kilokavze metyvelTa gadaadgilebis Sedegad zanurma Crdilour da samxrul arealebad gaxliCa svanuri ena, ramac
mniSvnelovnad Sekveca misi gavrcelebis are. samxrul
samxrulma
mxrulma svanur
svanurma
nurma
saer
saerTo
erToqar
ToqarTve
qarTvelu
Tveluri
luri enis zanu
zanuri
nuri dia
dialeqtis
leqtis didi
didi gavle
gavlena
vlena gani
ganica
nicacada da sabo
sabolo
boloo
lood lazu
lazuri
zuri enis dia
dialeqtad
leqtad iqca
iqca,
ca Tumca
Tumca Sei
SeinarCu
narCuna
Cuna
svanur
svanurTan
nurTan saer
saerTo
erTo zogi
zogi Tavi
Tavise
visebu
sebure
bureba
reba.
ba
orive varaudi Rrma mecnieruli gansjis anareklia, miRebuli
sapirispiro TvalsazrisTa ara Casafrebuli kritikosis TvaliT
ganxilvis Sedegad, aramed delikaturi kamaTis wesiT warmodgenili
debulebebiT, rac sanimuSoa yvela filologisTvis, gansakuTrebiT
ki Cveni axalgazrdobisaTvis.
profesori guram kartozia Svidi wignisa da qarTul, rusul
Tu germanul enebze gamoqveynebuli asze meti gamokvlevis avtoria.
mkvlevris araCveulebrivi erudicia da farTo diapazoni gansakuTrebiT gamoCnda `vefxistyaosnis~ teqstis dadgenasa da mis gamocemebze rudunebisas, romelSic warmmarTveli Zala iyo ara mxolod
Zveli qarTuli xelnawerebisa da yvela qarTveluri enis Rrma codna, aramed Tavad mecnieris pirovnuli Tvisebebi, principulobis
286

gverdiT saocari mokrZalebuloba, didi adamianuri siTbo, umwikvlo

patiosneba da qarTveli eris Rirseul winaparTaTvis damaxasiaTebeli
gamorCeuli Tavmdabloba. vfiqrobT, swored amis gamoa, rom is ar
iyo qarTvelur enaTa etimologiuri leqsikonis avtori, Tumca mis
`lazurs~ mexuTe Tavad da ocdaxuT paragrafad axlavs Zalze
Znelad sakamaTo, dRemde ucnobi etimologiebi da sruliad axali
gaazrebani.
miuxedavad imisa, rom qarTve
qarTvelur
Tvelur enaTa
enaTa etimo
etimolo
mologi
logiu
giuri leqsi
leqsisikone
konebi
nebi sulis
sulis sao
saoxad gvaqvs
gvaqvs ara mxolod
mxolod qarTul
qarTul,
Tul aramed
aramed rusul
rusul,
sul
germa
germanul
manul da ingli
inglisur
glisur enebze
enebze akademikos arnold Ciqobavas, profesorebis zurab sarjvelaZis, giorgi klimovis, karl Smidtis, hainc fenrixisa da merab Cuxuas monografiaTa saxiT, mainc am aspeqtiT jer kidev bevri ramaa gasakeTebeli, risTvisac ara marto Rrma
diaqroniuli lingvokulturologiuri analizis Catarebaa saWiro,
aramed oTxive qarTveluri enis praqtikuli codnac; yovelive es ki
uxvad hqonda momadlebuli baton gurams da amitomac mas aucileblad unda Seeqmna sxvaTa adrindel naSromebTan SedarebiT ufro
srulyofili etimologiuri leqsikoni, miTumetes, rom `Tanamedrove
qarTvelur enaTa (pirvel rigSi svanuris) Seswavla fonologiuri
TvalsazrisiT jer kidev Sors aris srulyofisagan, ris gamoc zog
SemTxvevaSi gagviWirdeboda mogveca zusti fonologiuri transkrifcia~ (maWavariani 1965: 6). igive SeiZleboda gveTqva qarTvelur enaTa SedarebiTi gramatikis Sesaxebac, romlis Seqmna baton gurams
ar acala umZimesma xangrZlivma daavadebam. raRa Tqma unda, gramatika
didebuli gamovidoda, rom dascloda uniWieres qarTvelologs.
samwuxaroa, rom dRemde Cvens magistrantebsa da doqtorantebs ara
aqvT Tanamedrove meTodologiiT Seqmnili saxelmZRvanelo enaTmecnierebis am dargSi.
bolo xanebSi profesori guram kartozia akademikos Tamaz
gamyreliZesTan erTad TavganwirviT muSaobda qarTuli enis Tezaurusze, rac gulisxmobda uxvi leqsikuri saganZuris damuSavebas mexuTe saukunidan dRemde _ saliteraturo qarTulis ganviTarebis
287

mTeli istoriis manZilze. ukve amowerili iyo sailustracio masala ramdenime trilion baraTze. Tu gaviTvaliswinebT imas, rom
XIX saukuneSi Zmebi grimebis mier dawyebuli Tezaurusi germanuli
enisa jerac araa damTavrebuli, mkiTxvelisTvis sruliad naTeli
warmosadgeni iqneba is siZneleebi, romlebic elis qarTul Tezaurusze momuSave mecnierTa jgufs.
miuxedavad ganukurnebeli avadmyofobisa, saocrad xeldamSvenebuli Sexvda profesori guram kartozia Tavis saxelovan iubiles _
dabadebidan 75-e wlisTavs. mTeli suliTa da guliT mivuloceT
mas es RirsSesaniSnavi TariRi kolegebma, student-aspirantebma Tu
magistrant-doqtorantebma mecnierebaTa erovnuli akademiidan, ivane javaxiSvilisa da ilia WavWavaZis saxelobis saxelmwifo universitetebidan, vusurveT mzegrZeloba da dRegrZeloba, Tumca Tavad
iubilarma
bunebrivia,

ver

SeZlo

verc

Todua-kartozia

uaRresad

Tbil

misi

uerTgulesi

gvewvia:

`naxevari

Sexvedraze

meuRle,
saukunis

mobrZaneba.

qalbatoni
manZilze

cisana

arasdros

mimitovebia gurami uyuradRebod da, ra vqna, axla rogor movide

universitetSio~. me batoni guramis saiubileo krebulis redaqtori gaxlavarT da saocrad mominda im dRes misi xmis gagoneba,
magram,

vaglax,

rom

es

xma

pirvelad

da

ukanasknelad

meCvena

gabzaruli. Zalian gauxarda Cemi telefonze Sexmianeba, magram

aSkarad vgrZnobdi, rom cremlebi RapaRupiT Camosdioda...
wlebis manZilze loginad iyo Cavardnili da mainc sul
kompiuterTan muSaobda. misi araCveulebrivi vaJis _ aleko kartozias
muxlCauxreli SromiT ukanasknel wlebSi araerTi qarTvelologiuri wigni daistamba, batonma guramma yoveli maTgani gviZRvna kolegebs, magram Sesabamisi warwerebi ver gagvikeTa _ TiTebs veRar
amoZravebda. miuxedavad amisa, swored am urTules pirobebSi moaxerxa man Tavis mowafeebTan erTad moemzadebina fundamenturi
akademiuri naSromi `megrulis lingvisturi analizi~, romlis mxolod
pirveli koreqturis wakiTxva SeZlo. Tbilisis ilias saxelmwifo
universitetSi am publikaciis didebuli prezentaciac gaimarTa,
magram misi mTavari avtori, samwuxarod, Cven Soris aRar iyo.
288

aRarc ki vici, qarTuli, lazuri, megruli an svanuri enebis

romeli aRmatebiTi forma gamoviyeno profesor guram kartozias
samecniero Tu pedagogiuri moRvaweobis an pirovnul TvisebaTa
warmosaCenad! _ gavixseneb mxolod erTaderT frazas, warmoTqmuls
misi sadoqtoro disertaciis dacvis dRes: `me
me magon
magonde
gondeba
deba givi
givi maWa
maWaWavari
brZana maSin saenaTmecvaria
rianis sadoq
sadoqto
doqtoro
toro diser
diserta
sertaci
taciis
ciis dacva
dacva~-o,
va
niero sabWos Tavmjdomarem da amiT yvelaferi iyo naTqvami.
guram kartozias sadisertacio naSromebis dacva gansakuTrebul movlenad SeiZleba CaiTvalos qarTvelologiis istoriaSi ara
mxolod lingvisturi TvalsazrisiT: sakandidato disertaciis dacvis Semdgom Svidi weli ar iyo gasuli, ise warmoadgina man 2004
wels meore sakvalifikacio naSromi, rac im droisaTvis debulebis
darRvevad Sefasda; amitomac ivane javaxiSvilis saxelobis Tbilisis
saxelmwifo universitetis saenaTmecniero specializebuli sabWos
Tavmjdomarem akademikosma Tamaz gamyreliZem iSuamdgomla saqarTvelos swavlul eqspertTa sabWos Tavmjdomaris akademikos giorgi
xaraZis winaSe. werilSi aRniSnuli iyo: `am
am Suam
Suamdgom
amdgomlo
dgomlobiT
lobiT ar
mogmar
mogmarTav
gmarTavdiT
TavdiT,
diT saqme
saqme rom ar exebo
exebodes
bodes cnobil
cnobil enaTmec
enaTmecni
mecniers
niers,
ers romromlisTvi
qarTu
Tuli
lisTvisac
Tvisac doqto
doqtoris
toris xaris
xarisxis
risxis mini
miniWe
niWeba
Weba umal qar
Tuli mecni
mecnie
cniererebisa
tori
risa
bisaTvis
saTvis mimaC
mimaCnia
maCnia ufro
ufro mniSvne
mniSvnelov
vnelovnad
lovnad,
nad vidre
vidre TviT avto
avto
risaTvis
saTvis,
Tvis
radgan
radgan rogorc
rogorc CvenSi
CvenSi,
Si aseve
aseve ucxoeT
ucxoeTSi
eTSi guram
guram karto
kartozia
tozia ukve
ukve aris
aRia
aRiarebu
rebuli
buli erT-erT
erT erT yvela
yvelaze
laze avto
avtori
torite
ritetul
tetul speci
specia
cialistad
listad qarqarTvelur
Tvelur enaTmec
enaTmecni
mecnie
niereba
rebaSi
baSi.
Si nebis
nebismi
bismie
mieri misi
misi Sroma
Sroma qarTve
qarTvelur
Tvelur enaTa
enaTa
Seda
Sedare
darebi
rebiTi
biTi Seswav
Seswavlis
swavlis sfero
sferodan
rodan albaT
albaT ukve
ukve didi
didi xnis winaT
winaT
SeiZ
SeiZle
lebo
boda
da
warmodge
warmo
dgeni
nili
liyo
yo
sadoq
sa
doqt
t
o
ro
xaris
xa
risxis
xis
mosa
mo
sapo
poveb
veblad
lad~.
iZlebo
dgenili
doq
ris
sapoveblad
gasaocari gaxldaT lazebis siyvaruli batoni guramisadmi.
`adamiani bevria dedamiwaze, magram pirovnebaa Zalze cota. Tu pirovneba ar xar, verafers Seqmni Rirebuls... RmerTma
RmerTma umrav
umravlos
ravlos sasaqarTve
qarTvelos
Tvelos guram
guram karto
kartozi
tozias
zias msgavsi
msgavsi pirov
pirovne
rovnebe
nebebi
bebi!~
bi _ Tqva brwyinvale qarTvelologis saiubileo sxdomaze cnobilma xelovnebaTmcodnem nerse bawaSma.
289

moviyvanT mcire amonarids TurqeTSi arsebuli `lazuri kulturis sazogadoebis~ adresidan: `n. maris, i. yifSiZis, arn. Ciqobavasa da s. JRentis adgilas vsvamT guramsac, magram maTze cotaTi
axlos Cvengan _ is aris lazu
lazuri
zuri enis babu
babu.
bu misma saqmeebma TurqeTSi mcxovreb lazebs Tvali auxila, maT gaiRviZes da lazuri enis
dacvis gzas daadgnen... dalocvili iyavi, Cveno guram, lazebs Zalian uyvarxar da Sens sadRegrZelos amboben~.
Tavad batoni gurami ki JurnalSi `sqa
sqani
sqani nena
nena~
na ase gamoemSvidoba lazebs:
`Cemo Zmebo, kargad iyaviT!.. yvelam Tqveni ena, lazuri ena
icodeT, ar dagaviwydeT! _ Tqvens bavSvebs lazurad elaparakeT!
davi
daviwye
sikvdili
iqneba
viwyeba
wyeba da enis sikvdi
vdili ar iqne
neba!
ba bvri unda imuSaoT, raTa
megrul-lazurad patar-patara wignebic gamoices..~

290

profesori valeri silogava

291

292

mecni
mecnie
cnierebis
rebis zvara
zvaraki
raki
SemTxveviT ar vasaTaureb amgvarad profesor vale
valeri
leri silo
siloga
logavas
gavas
erT-erTi saiubileo TariRisadmi miZRvnil statias! mas Svidi dedmamiSvili hyavda da sul imaTze zrunviT iyo dakavebuli, magram
ise araferi axsovda amqveynad, rogorc wignebi. mTeli suliT,
guliTa Tu xorciT ewireboda maT Seqmnas, rac udides siamovnebas
aniWebda TiTqmis naxevari saukunis manZilze...
jer kidev Tbilisis saxelmwifo universitetis mesame kursis
studentma miiqcia profesor-maswavlebelTa yuradReba pirvelive
gamokvleviT, romelic exeboda mexuTe saukunis qarTul epigrafikas
(xelmZRvaneli saqarTvelos mecnierebaTa akademiis wevr-korespondenti, profesori SoTa mesxia). . .
valeri silogava erT-erTi sulisCamdgmelia Cvens qveyanaSi mravalprofiliani, interdisciplinaruli kvleva-Ziebisa. SesaniSnavi qarTvelologi Tanabrad Zlieri iyo istoriografiaSic, wyaroTmcodneobaSic, paleografiaSic, teqstologiaSic, eTnologiaSic, filologiaSic, magram misi `puri arsobisa~ mainc qarTuli epigrafika gaxldaT,
romelic Cveni kulturis fenomenis uZlieresi gamovlenaa.
mTeli saqarTvelo nair-nairi warwerebiTaa mofenili _ es iqneba:
lapidaruli, Weduri, freskuli, numizmatikuri, grafitebi, xis
gaTlil joxebze Tu naqargi formebiT warmodgenilebi. yoveli maTgani pirvelxarisxovani Zeglia rogorc Sinaarsobrivi TvalsazrisiT, ise Sesrulebis virtuozulobiT. swored amitom fexiT moiara
Cveni qveyana batonma valerim am didebul warweraTa Sesaswavlad.
iyo dro, roca saqarTvelos Zlevamosilebis epoqaSi maTi ganfeniloba moicavda ufro did sivrces.
jer

kidev

aspiranturaSi

(mecnierxelmZRvaneli

profesori

nukri SoSiaSvili) swavlis droidan valeri silogavam aSkara daRupvas, ganadgurebas an gadasworebas gadaarCina afxazeTis araerTi
qarTuli warwera, romlebic, JamTa siavisa Tu urTulesi samxedropolitikuri bataliebis

gamo,

dRes faqtobrivad miuwvdomelia

293

CvenTvis. igive SeiZleboda gveTqva tao-klarjeTzec, sadac, miuxedavad SedarebiT gaiolebuli Tanamedrove viTarebisa, mainc yvela
mkvlevrisTvis arc ise advilia iq muSaoba.
warwerebSi warmodgenil teqstebs aqvT udidesi istoriuli mniSvneloba, xolo numizmaturi informaciebi scildeba Cveni qveynis farglebs, radganac maTSi gvxvdeba cnobebi ara mxolod evropis (saberZneTi, italia), aramed aRmosavluri saxelmwifoebis mmarTvelTa Sesaxebac.
mkiTxvelisTvis
valeri

silogavas

Zalze
yvela

sayuradReboa
wigni

isic,

gamdidrebulia

rom

profesor

araCveulebrivi

fotoilustraciebiTa da nair-nairi sqemebiT. lingvistebsac ki

SeSurdebaT, iseTi indeqsebi da leqsikonebia darTuli mis monografiebze. televiziidan Tu presidan yoveldRe gvevedrebian _
gadavarCinoTo moqvis RvTismSoblis saxelobis taZris saxareba, isea
dazianebuli. am eklesiis uZvirfases TeTr qvaze 1877 wels amokveTes erTi epitafia, romelSic mxolod oTxi striqonia rusul enaze, danarCeni cameti ki qarTuladaa Sesrulebuli, rasac didi
mniSvneloba aqvs afxazebTan urTierTobis istoriis saCveneblad:
`qveSe ama fiqalisa ganisvenebs mtveri saxelovanisa afxazeTis Tavadis, Rvardiis polkovnikis mixail baTalbeis Zis marSaniasi, romelic Semdgom
Semdgom elva
elvari
varisa
risa da Zleva
ZlevaSe
vaSemo
Semosi
mosili
silisa
lisa omisa
omisa TaTar
TaTarTa
TarTa da erT
erTmema
memamu
mamule
muleTa
leTa Tana
Tana TvisT
TvisTa, ruse
ruseTis
seTis mone
monebi
nebisa
bisagan
sagan gandgo
gandgomil
dgomilTa
milTa (xazi
Cvenia _ i. C.), gardaic
alaqs)
gardaicva
icvala
vala q(alaqs
alaqs Tfilis
Tfilis(s
lis s) 13 dekembers, 1877
w(els), dauteva ra mglovared sayvareli Tanamecxedre Tvisi da
mcirewlovanni Svilni; xolo fiqali ese dasdva saxsovrad misa
meuRleman kneina daria manuCar ServaSiZis asulma~.
am warweridan vgebulobT imas, rom gvardiis polkovniki mixeil
marSania da misi Tanamemamuleebi gandgomilni iyvnen ruseTis monobisagan; garda amisa, rogorc Cans, TavadiSvili moqvis taZarSi
ServaSiZeTa siZeobis gamo daukrZalavT. aRarafers vambobT im arqaul
leqsikasa (mar
marto
erTme
marto `er
erTmema
Tmemamu
mamule
mule~
le rad Rirs!)
Rirs da gramatikul formebze, romlebic aRniSnul warweraSia warmodgenili da romelTa
Rirebuleba ganusazRvrelia qarTuli enis struqturis istoriisa294

Tvis. specialuri literaturis mixedviT, marSaniebi maruSianTa

didebuli sagvareulodan momdinareoben. aq dadasturebuli sakuTari saxeli baTal
baTalbi
Talbi kidev ufro amyarebs am varauds (es anTroponimi dResac Zalze gavrcelebulia svaneTSi!).
rasakvirvelia, istoriul ZeglTa da warweraTa umravlesoba
Cvenamde dazianebuli saxiTaa moRweuli, amitomac maT marTebulad
gaSifvras (gansakuTrebiT qaragmebisa) ara marto Rrma codna da
arqaul gramatikul formaTa Tu leqsemaTa konkretul epoqaSi arsebobis

sinamdvilesTan

miaxloebuli

varaudi

sWirdeba,

aramed

uzarmazari energiac, marTlac 24 saaTi muxlCauxreli garja, rac

sxva araerT niWTan erTad uxvad hqonda momadlebuli baton valeris.
usaTuod unda SevexoT svaneTis qarTul warweraTa Sesaxeb
Catarebuli mravalwliani kvlevis ortomeul Sedegs:
svaneTis siZveleTa Seswavlis istoria rom mravalmxrivaa sayuradRebo, am problemaze aq sityvas aRar gavagrZeleb.
1973 wels saqarTvelos mecnierebaTa erovnuli akademiis imJamindelma prezidentma akademikosma ilia vekuam daaarsa Cveni mTianeTis kompleqsuri Seswavlis komisia, romelsac is saTaveSi edga
gardacvalebamde. man orjer imogzaura rogorc zemo, ise qvemo svaneTSi da didi roli iTamaSa adgilobrivi kulturis ZeglTa dacvis saqmeSi, amitomac sruliad bunebrivia, rom X-XVIII saukuneTa
warwerebisadmi miZRvnili ortomeuli miesadageba udidesi maTematikosis naTel xsovnas.
miuxedavad imisa, rom araerT avtoritets umuSavia istoriuli sigel-gujrebisa da sulTa matianeebis teqstebze (marto didi
eqvTime TayaiSvilis dasaxeleba rad Rirs!), mainc imdeni ramaa
axali valeri silogavas fundamentur naSromebSi, rom inteleqtualuri mkiTxvelis gaocebas sazRvari ar aqvs. mTavari isaa, rom
aRniSnul teqstTa umravlesobis dednebi an sul araa moRweuli
Cvenamde an dazianebuli saxiTRaa SemorCenili. amitom avtors
mouxda Zalze Sromatevadi samuSaos Catareba, adrindel gamocemaTa
urTierTSejereba an zogi avtografis im ojaxebSi Zieba, visac Tao295

bidan Taobamde memkvidreobiT moaruli esa Tu is sigeli xelixelsagogmanebel margalitad Semounaxavs. cnobilia, rom svanuri sabuTebi, ZiriTadad, xelnawerTa aSiebze da teqstisagan Tavisufal
gverdebzea dawerili; calke etratze an qaRaldis furcelze moTavsebul svanur dokuments Cvenamde TiTqmis ar mouRwevia.
metad mniSvnelovania is, rom svaneTSi Zalze gavrcelebuli
socialuri termini vargi
vargi (Sdr. qarTuli `margi~, `varga~) dadasturebulia xaldes xevis XIV-XV saukuneTa xis gaTlil joxze daweril erT-erT sabuTSi, xolo araerTi sakuTari saxeli, gvari Tu
toponimi XI saukunis I naxevris sulTa matianeebSi SemorCenilia
Zveli, ureduqcio formebiT (magaliTad: Tana
TanaRil
naRil,
Ril mare
maregi
regia
giani,
ni ruCe
ruCeCegia
giani,
ni Sdr. Tanamedrove TanRil
TanRil,
Ril margi
margia
giani,
ni ruC
ruCgia
giani),
ni agreTve erTi
da imave gvaris -ian
ian,
Ze da _ Svili
dadian -Ze
Svili daboloebebiT gaformeba (dad
dad
ian-i
ian i/dad
dad-is
jox ian-i
jox-a
Ze,
afaq ian-i
afaq-is
Jordad is-Svil
is Svil-i
Svil i, jox-ian
ian i/jox
jox a-ss-Ze
Ze afaq-ian
ian i/afaq
afaq is-Ze
is Ze,
Ze JorJol-ian
JorJol
Ze),
an da -ian
ian sufiqsTa paraleluri xmareba
Jol ian-i
ian i/Jor
JorJol-a
Jol a-ss-Ze
Ze -an
(qald
qald-ian
qald-an
ga-buld
fxe mawarmoebliqald ian-i
ian i/qald
qald an-i
an i, gabild
gabild-ian
bild ian-i
ian i/ga
ga buld-an
buld an-i
an i), -fxe
ani qalTa gvarebi (da
daCqi
daCqila
Cqila-fxe
la fxe,
fxe gurCi
gurCi-fxe
Ci fxe,
fxe Sdr. dadeS
dadeSqe
deSqeli
qelia
liani,
ni
gurCi
gurCia
Ciani)
ni da sxva mravali. ase rom, `svaneTis werilobiTi Zeglebis~ orive tomi samagido wignia yvela qarTvelologisTvis (istorikosis, eTnologis, enaTmecnierisa Tu folkloristisTvis).
vin SeZlebs profesor valeri silogavas akademiur monografiaTa Tundac zerele ganxilvas?! _ amisTvis didi dro, sivrce da
niWia saWiro!
masze wera advilicaa da imavdroulad _ Znelic: advili
imitom, rom Zalze uSualo, guliTadi, erTguli mokeTe iyo, sxvisi
arasodes araferi SeSurdeboda am balRamiT aRsavse wuTisofelSi!.. Zneli ki imitom, rom saocrad didi inteleqtuali, Rrmad
daunjebuli mecnieri gaxldaT _ misi msgavsi paleografi kidev
karga xans aRar eyoleba qarTvelologias!..
saqarTvelos

yoveli

kuTxe-kunWuli

siRrmiseulad

hqonda

Seswavlili profesor valeri silogavas; ar drCenila TiTqmis arc

erTi istoriuli Zegli, romlis warwerac mas ar gaeSifros da ar
296

gamoekvlios! swored muxlCauxreli Sromisa da Rameebgatexili rudunebis Sedegad Seiqmna `svaneTis werilobiTi Zeglebis~ ortomeuli, `tao-klarjeTi~ da `samegrelo-afxazeTis qarTuli epigrafika~.
lapidaruli, Weduri, freskuli, naqargi Tu monetebis warwerebi,
grafitebi, am didebul monografiaTa avtoris azriT, pirvelxarisxovani teqstebiTaa warmodgenili rogorc Sinaarsobrivi TvalsazrisiT, ise Sesrulebis virtuozulobiT. qarTuli epigrafikuli
Zeglebi, romlebic Tavis droze moicavdnen kavkasiis did teritoriul sivrces `nikofsiidan darubandamde da ovseTidan speramde
da aragawamde~, warmoadgenen uZvelesi qarTuli kulturis gamovlenis erT-erT SesaniSnav fenomens, valeri silogavas daskvniT.
axla mzaddeboda kidev erTi sqeltaniani wigni mesxeT-javaxeTze, romelic mis sagranto proeqtze dauRalavi muSaobis Sedegi
iqneboda, magram moulodnelad Tavs datexilma ubedurebam marto
valeris ki ara, yvelas dagvixeTqa gulebi _ kolegebs, studentebs,
nacnob-megobrebs, axlo Tu Soreul naTesavebs, mezoblebs... warmosadgenadac ki Znelia, ra dRe daadgaT Svidi dedmamiSvilis ojaxebs,
romelTa ufrosi Svili da ganaTlebis Suqura Tavadve gaxldaT...
saqarTvelos mecnierebaTa erovnul akademiasa da ramdenime
universitetSi muSaobda erTdroulad, magram axalcixis saxelmwifo
universiteti misi `suli sulTagani da xorci xorcTagani~ iyo. is aq
am umaRlesi saganmanaTleblo dawesebulebis daarsebidanve moRvaweobda, Tumca, vaglax, rom veRar moeswro misi oci wlis iubiles! swored
axalcixe iyo valeris bediswera da aqve ganuteva suli, miuxedavad
imisa, rom im dRes CvenTan erTad sruliad saR-salamaTi Camovida
Tbilisidan. eh, Turme ra macduri yofila garegnuli momxiblaoba!..
swored im dRes humanitarul mecnierebaTa fakultetis dekanatSi
mSvenier qalbatonebs komplimentebic ki uTqvamT 66 wels miRweuli
profesorisTvis: `ra biWiviT gamoiyurebiT~-o...
vin ar utarebia svaneTSi! _ aqauri Tu iqauri, qarTveli Tu
ucxoeli, Cveneburi Tu gadamTieli! ra dalevs saqarTveloSi Tvalwarmtac adgilebs! _ `gvaqvs uTvalavi feriTa~, magram svaneTi ma297

inc CemTvis im jadosnur zRapars hgavs, romlis msgavsi bavSvobaSic

ki arsad arasodes aravisgan msmenia. swored iq gavicani ormociode
wlis win valeri silogava, oriveni samecniero miznebisTvis viyaviT
mivlenilni Cveni mecnierxelmZRvanelebis _ akademikosebis arnold
Ciqobavasa da SoTa mesxias davalebiT.
gavida ramdenime weli da sruliad axalgazrdebi movxvdiT
qarTvel mecnierTa delegaciaSi inglissa da SotlandiaSi. iq kidev
ufro davuaxlovdiT erTmaneTs, imdenad, rom erT dRes gadavwyviteT, gavparuliyaviT haidparkSi, radganac misi daTvaliereba Cveni
jgufis samarSruto gegmaSi ar Sedioda. sabWoTa kavSirSi dabadebul-gazrdilebi saocrad gagvitaca iqaurma politikurma mitingebma da imodena teritoriidan gamosasvlel kars verafriT mivageniT.
londonSi misi franguli aravin icoda, me ki Cemi germanuliT, raki is inglisuris Zalian axlo monaTesave enaa, TiTqmis yvelaferi
gavagebine iqaurebs da, rogorc iqna, ris vai-vaglaxiT mivaRwieT
Cvens sastumromde. mere xSirad ixsenebda am SemTxvevas da bevrs vicinodiT xolme: `marTla rom davkarguliyaviT haidparkSi, xom
warmogidgenia, ra ambavi atydeboda sabWoTa saelCoSi? _ dRemde
moRalateebad viqnebodiT gamocxadebuli~-o.
rogorc qarTvelologs, udides pativs mcemda. roca didi
ivane javaxiSvilis saxelobis saxelmwifo universitetma saqarTvelos sxvadasxva kuTxeSi Tavisi filialebi gaxsna, man axalcixe airCia da mec mTxova, avyolodi, magram maSin Tavi Sevikave, radganac,
mogexsenebaT, Svilisa da SviliSvilebis patronisTvis arc ise advilia erTi qalaqidan meoreSi gadaadgileba, Tumca, valeris da
axalcixis universitetis maSindel reqtors _ profesor merab
beriZes (Cemi uaxloesi megobris, uniWieresi poetis laSa gaxarias
`ficvercxlnaWam~ Zmobils), romelTac mTeli suliTa da guliT
undodaT eTnikurad erTob rTul sasazRvro regionSi qarTvelologiis aRorZineba, uari veRar vuTxari da Cemi disertanti cira
gogebaSvili gavugzavne. man kargaxans imuSava axalcixis universitetSi, kiTxulobda qarTvelur enaTa SedarebiTi gramatikisa da
298

svanuri enis struqturuli analizis saleqcio kursebs; bolos, Tu

sworad maxsovs, filologiis fakultetis dekanic ki gaxda.
gavida dro... atyda qarTvelologiaSi erTi ambavi, azrTa Sexla-Semoxla, TiTo-orola specialistma ratomRac mTlad kargad
veRar gaarCia erTmaneTisagan ena da dialeqti; cira gogebaSvilmac,
mZime ojaxuri pirobebis gamo, veRar SeZlo Tbilisidan axalcixeSi
siaruli da valerim kvlav mommarTa Zveli TxovniT, Tanac mkacrad
miTxra: `bolosdabolos sircxvilia erovnul universitetSi qarTveluri enebi ar ikiTxebodes~-o. raRa unda meqna?! _ absoluturad
marTali iyo da mec davTanxmdi. yovel
yovelTvis
velTvis alal-mar
alal marTals
marTals araso
arasosodes aravis
aravisTvis
visTvis uRalat
uRalatnia
latnia da me xom ver vuRa
vuRala
Ralateb
latebdi
tebdi?!
di ise, egebis
sjobda, ar damejerebina misTvis, misi Tavzardamcemi sikvdilis zafras mainc avcdebodi, 17 marts TbilisSi rom vyofiliyavi!
wigni
wigni iyo vale
valeris
leris cxovre
cxovrebis
rebis alfa
alfa da omega
omega,
ga misi
misi sico
sicoc
cocxlis
xlis
kredo
kredo,
do Svilic
Svilic da SviliS
SviliSvi
liSvilic
vilic...
lic did mecniers bevrjer atkines
guli (netav, ra gaukvirdaT, sisxli rom gaeyina da guli gauskda?!),
gansakuTrebiT ki ukanasknel xanebSi _ jer is sagnebi, romlebsac
Rvawlmosili profesori sapatriarqos universitetSi kiTxulobda
saerTod amoiRes saswavlo programidan, mere ki imave dawesebulebis biblioTekis direqtorobidanac gaaTavisufles, xandazmulobis
gamo. `rasakvirvelia, rva dedmamiSvilian ojaxebs Zalian mogvakldeba
aTas asi lari, magram mTavari es ki araa; me iq aRarasodes mival
da im uZvirfases wignad fonds sadRa davamuSaveb~-o _ miTxra
didi gulistkiviliT.
yvelaze Tbilad mas axalcixis universitetsa da mxareTmcodneobis muzeumSi eqceodnen, imitomac uyvarda ase gamorCeulad
iqauroba, Tavis foTTan da TbilisTan erTad `adgilis dedad~
miaCnda. ra, axalcixisTvis is xandazmuli ar iyo?! _ vis wamoscdeboda masze augi?! gulwrfel cremlebad daiRvarnen studentebica
da kolegebic. marTalia, verafriT gadaarCines, magram Rirseul
profesors Rirseuli pativi miages universitetis reqtorma, qalbatonma TinaTin gelaSvilma, muzeumis direqtorma, qalbatonma ciuri
299

lafaCma, batonebma: merab beriZem, nikoloz axalkacma, nodar goroxovma, roin yavreliSvilma, ciskara zarandiam, Cvenma `gogoebma~:
profesorebma nestan sulavam, nana talaxaZem, medea burdulma da
sxvebma _ Turme yvelas exveweboda: `marto ar damtovoT~-o.
uRrmesi madloba maT Cemi nanatri megobrisa da didi mecnieris aseTi moferebisTvis!..
P. S. me valerize ramdenime wliT ufrosi var. erTxel gulma
Zalian Semomitia. sanaxavad rom movida, acremlebulma vuTxari:
_ mgoni vkvdebi da sanekrologod moemzade-meTqi.
_ Sen iseTi `oxeri~ xar, ra mogklavso! _ siciliT miTxra.
xom xedavT, rogor axda misi winaswarmetyveleba?!. Cemi saiubileo wignis redaqtori iyo, axla ki misi saleqcio kursi _ `qarTvelologiis Sesavali~ me unda wavikiTxo.
Znelia, Zalian Zneli axalcixeSi moRvaweoba uimisod...

300

profesorebi iza CantlaZe da mixeil qurdiani

301

302

Sesa
SesaniS
saniSna
niSnavi
navi mkvleva
mkvlevari
vari da uanga
uangaro
garo moRva
moRvawe
vawe
batonma mixe
mixeil
xeil qurdi
qurdian
dianma
anma 1040 gverdis moculobis fundamenturi

monografia

dagvitova,

romelic

erTaderTi

akademiuri

wignia misTvisac da CvenTvisac _ meti veRar moaswro... saqmeSi

Cauxedav mkiTxvels erTi SexedviT TiTqos Zalze pretenziulad
moeCveneba am didebuli naRvawis saxelwodeba `iberiul-kavkasiuri
enaTmecnierebis safuZvlebi~, magram vinc detalurad gaecnoba mas,
umalve mixvdeba, rom es wigni Rrma interdisciplinaruli kvlevis
uaRresad msxmoiare nayofia. masSi warmodgenilia lingvistikis araerTi sfero, istoria, eTnologia, kulturologia, folklori.
saetapo naSromSi diaqroniuli enaTmecnierebis moTxovnaTa
doneze ara marto dadgenilia iberiul-kavkasiur enaTa ojaxis Semadgenloba (Tanamedrove laTinuri transkrifciiTurT), aramed
nebismieri Teoriuli debuleba, Sedarebisa Tu kanonzomier regularul fonemaTSesatyvisobaTa rekonstruqciis procedura da saboloo daskvnebi mkacrad veri
verifi
rifici
ficire
cireba
rebadia
badia.
dia saqarTvelos mecnierebaTa erovnuli akademiis wevr-korespondentis, profesor avTandil
arabulis azriT, esaa Sema
Semaja
majame
jamebe
mebeli
beli naSro
naSromi
Sromi iberi
iberiul
riul-kav
ul kavka
kavkasi
kasiur
siur
enaTa
enaTa naTe
naTesa
Tesao
saobis Teo
Teoria
riaSi,
Si romlis
romlis dasru
dasrule
srulebiT
lebiT iberi
iberiul
riul-kav
ul kavka
kavkakasiuri
fini
siuri enaTmec
enaTmecni
mecnie
niereba
reba `fi
finiSis
niSis sworze
sworze~
ze gavi
gavida
vida.
da
mainc ras niSnavs jvaredini verifikacia? _ avtoris mixedviT,
istoriuli derivaciis fonemur kanonzomierebaTa dadgena arsebiTad hipoTetur fardobaTa Semowme
Semowmebis
wmebis aucilebel procedurebs
eqvemdebareba. veri
verifi
rifika
fikaci
kaciis
ciis sami
samive
mive safe
safexu
fexuri
xuri (mmasalob
salobri
lobrivi
rivi,
vi siste
sistemu
temumuri Tu tipo
tipolo
pologi
logiu
giuri)
ri wignSi
wignSi safuZ
safuZvli
fuZvlia
vlianadaa
nadaa ganxi
ganxilu
xiluli
luli,
li rac erTxel kidev adasturebs kavkasiologiuri skolis sulisCamdgmelisa da
damagvirgvineblis akademikos arnold Ciqobavas moZRvrebis sayrden
Teziss: `rac ufro Sors vixedebiT warsulSi, miT metia saerTo~.
kavkasiologiaSi didi xania cnobil fonemaTSesatyvisobaTa kidev erTxel gadamowmebis garda, `iberiul-kavkasiuri enaTmecnierebis safuZvlebSi~ dadgenilia sruliad axali kanonzomierebani qar303

Tvelur da naxur enaTa sibilantebs Soris, naxur-daRestnuri da

qarTveluri fuZeenebis xmovanTSesatyvisobani, agreTve lateralTa
regularuli

Tanafardobani

baskur, qarTvelur

da daRestnur

enebSi. avtoris azriT, nebismieri Crdilokavkasiuri jgufis diferencirebuli bgeraTSesatyvisobis gamovlena samxreTkavkasiur, anu
baskur-qarTvelur jgufTan sakmarisi pirobaa formaluri Tu semantikuri rekonstruqciisaTvis iberiul-kavkasiuri fuZeenis qronologiur doneze. SevniSnavT: albaT, gacilebiT didi sirTuleebi gveqneba
semantemaTa Sinaarsis aRdgenasTan dakavSirebiT am SemTxvevaSi.
WeSmaritebis

Ziebis

gzaze

analizur-sinTetur

azrovnebaSi

Tanabrad Zlieri mkvlevari ukompromisoa TviT udidesi samecniero

avtoritetebis winaSec ki; am Tvisebis sailustraciod araerTi magaliTis moyvana SeiZleba: Zalze originaluria misi Tvalsazrisi
koordinatTa sivrcis universalurobis, identur bgeraTSesatyvisobaTa da induqciis, rogorc komparativistuli meTodis sayrdeni
RerZis, Sesaxeb... am SesaniSnavi monografiis kiTxvisas mkiTxvels iseTi
STabeWdileba eqmneba, rom `in
indi
indivi
dividu
vidua
dualuri
luri gone
gonebis
nebis gamona
gamonaTe
naTeba
Teba TiTTiTqos umarti
umartive
tivesad
vesad xsnis proble
problema
lemaTa
maTa urTu
urTules
Tules xlarTs~
xlarTs (a. arabuli).
miuxedavad imisa, rom qarTvelur enaTa diferencirebis mixeil qurdianiseuli sqema sruliad gansxvavdeba brwyinvale germaneli qarTvelologis gerhardt deetersis sqemisagan (am ukanasknels
viziarebT, ZiriTadad, qarTvelur enaTa mkvlevrebi), mainc mTeli
misi sistema agebulia Zalze mwyobrad, vinmesTan an rameze yovelgvari kompromisebis gareSe, magram saocrad koreqtulad, Tumca aqve SevniSnavT, rom konsonantTa kompleqsebis TvalsazrisiT saanalizo monografiis avtoris mier svanur-zanuri erTianobis daSveba
TiTqos SesaZloa kidec (Sdr. arnold Ciqobavas, qeTevan lomTaTiZis,
karl horst Smidtisa da kevin tuitis Tvalsazrisebi), magram ra
vuyoT xmovnebs? _ aq xom aSkaraa swored qarTul-svanuri (da ara
svanur-zanuri) erTianoba, xolo, Tu sadme raime anomaliaa, TiTqmis
yvelafris axsna SeiZleba svanuri umlautiTa da xmovanTa poziciuri
Tu arapoziciuri sigrZiT.
304

Zalze frTxilia mixeil qurdiani garkveul ZirTa etimologiuri kvlevisas, risi dasturicaa naSromis mniSvnelovani nawili,
romelSic iberiul-kavkasiur enaTa ojaxSi Semavali yvela jgufis
leqsemaTa Tu arqiformaTa analizi mocemulia cal-calke, mere ki
es yvelaferi ganxilulia rekonstruirebuli iberiul-kavkasiuri
fuZeenis doneze. Tanamedrove zogadlingvisturi Teoriebisa Tu
konkretuli enobrivi masalis istoriul-SedarebiTi meTodiT ganxilvis safuZvelzea damuSavebuli saerTo iberiul-kavkasiuri enis
semantikuri leqsikoni (gv. 625-660) da baskur-qarTveluri enis
etimologiuri leqsikoni (gv. 661-696), romlebic moicaven, erTi
mxriv, baskur-qarTvelur da naxur-daRestnur, xolo, meore mxriv,
baskur-qarTvelur da afxazur-adiRur leqsikas. rac Seexeba naxurdaRestnur da afxazur-adiRur enaTa verificirebul fonemaTSesatyvisobaTa gamzadebul masalebs, maTi gamoqveyneba mixeil qurdianma veRar moaswro (igive xvedri xvda wilad mis momdevno wignsac
qarTvelTa pirveli sacxovrisis Sesaxeb).
Ziri
ZiriTa
riTadi
Tadi daskvna
daskvna aseTia: enaTmecnierTa garkveul wreSi (rogorc CvenSi, ise ucxoeTSi) gavrcelebuli azris sapirispirod,
iberi
da
iberiul
riul-kav
ul kavka
kavkasi
kasiur
siur enaTa
enaTa ojaxi
ojaxi warmoad
warmoadgens
adgens geni
genia
nialogi
logiu
giuri (da
ara tipo
tipolo
pologi
logiu
giuri)
ri klasi
klasifi
sifika
fikaci
kaciis
ciis cnebas
cnebas.
bas istoriul-SedarebiTi
meTodis mkacri gamoyenebis safuZvelze regularul fonemaTSesatyvisobaTa gamovlenis formiT dadginda, rom e. w. Crdilo
Crdilokav
lokavka
kavkasi
kasisiuri enebi
afxazur
enebi (afxa
afxazur-adi
zur adiRu
adiRuri
Ruri da naxur
naxur-da
xur daRes
daRestnu
Restnuri
tnuri)
ri ar avle
avlenen
lenen
ufro
ufro met siax
siaxlo
axloves
loves erTma
erTmaneT
TmaneTTan
neTTan,
Tan vidre
vidre TiTo
TiToe
Toeuli maTga
maTgani
gani _
samxreT
baskur
samxreTkav
mxreTkavka
kavkasi
kasiur
siurTan
urTan (bas
baskur-qar
kur qarTve
qarTvelur
TvelurTan
lurTan).
Tan
mixeil qurdiani sagangebod emzadeboda prezentaciisTvis, magram muxTalma wuTisofelma udrood mouswrafa sicocxle uaRresad erudirebul da fenomenaluri niWiT dajildoebul avtors,
romelmac Zalze rTuli cxovreba ganvlo 56 wlis manZilze. mas
mouxda araerTi iZulebiTi nabijis gadadgma rogorc profesiul
saqmianobaSi, ise pirad cxovrebaSi, ramac Zalze mtkivneuli daRi
daasva didebuli mkvlevris janmrTelobas.
305

rogorc iqna, 1998 wels sastambod gamzadda kavkasiologTa

samagido wigni, magram teqnikuri problemebis Sedegad mTlianad
ganadgurda teqstis eleqtronuli versia, gadarCa mxolod sakoreqturod gamzadebuli amonabeWdebi. amis Semdeg xelaxla daiwyo poligrafiuli bataliebi da mainc 2005 wlis nacvlad `iberiul-kavkasiuri enaTmecnierebis safuZvlebi~ gamoqveynda 2007 wels.
sul axlaxan sami weli gavida miSas `zeSTasofelSi~ gadabrZanebidan _ mcxeTaSi ganisvenebs mama gabrielis gverdiT, misi nanatri samTavros monastris ezoSi, rac marto misTvis ki ara, CvenTvisac Zalze
ioli gadasatania _ monasteri xom mSfoTvare sulTa saoxia.
Tvalwin gvidgas araCveulebrivi oratoris araerTi sajaro
gamosvla _ yovelTvis alali, xandaxan fantastikuric ki (emelian
qurdianis vaJi xom poetic iyo!), magram mainc fsevdomecnierul
msjelobasTan ukompromiso, Seuvali, cxare. nebismieri avtoriteti
misTvis arafers warmoadgenda, Tu is unamusod tyuoda:
2010 wlis ianvarSi erTad gaxldiT italiaSi maCeratas saxelmwifo universitetSi gamarTul saerTaSoriso konferenciaze
`siaxleebi kavkasiologiaSi~. erT-erTi moxseneba hqonda veneciis
universitetis sakmaod maRali donis profesors _ erovnebiT somexs (gvars Segnebulad ar vasaxelebT!), romelmac didi ambiT daiwyo mtkiceba qarTuli anbanis Seqmnis mesrop maStociseuli versiis
Sesaxeb, legendis saxiTac ki rom aRar sjera dReisaTvis aRaravis.
saSinlad ganerviulda miSiko da paeqrobisas Tavisi brwyinvale rusuliT cdilobda, daemtkicebina momxseneblis azrTa usafuZvloba.
Tqven warmoidgineT, veneciel profesors nervic ar Sestokebia saxeze, Cveni profesori ki kinaRam kaTedrazeve Caiferfla, ise Relavda. mivxvdi, rom momxsenebelma rusuli ar icoda da saswrafod
vuCurCule mokamaTes, msjeloba inglisurad gaegrZelebina (im sxdomis Tavmjdomare gaxldiT). Zalian erideboda: `sul axali naswavli
maqvs inglisuri ena; albaT Secdomebs davuSvebo~, magram sxva gza
aRar iyo _ kamaTi gagrZelda inglisurad da momxsenebeli iZulebuli gaxda, bodiSi moexada ara mxolod mopaeqrisaTvis, aramed
306

mTeli qarTuli delegaciisTvisac. maSin mixeil qurdianma Zalze

uxerxuli situaciidan ixsna veneciis universitetis ori profesoric _ qarTvelologi luiji magareto da gaga SurRaia. samwuxarod, miSa verc am konferenciis masalebis gamoqveynebas moeswro.
gasul wels gamovida maCeratas universitetis samecniero krebuli,
romelSic misi statiac daibeWda da romelic eZRvneba Cvengan udrood wasuli mecnieris naTel xsovnas.
saocari iumori da imitaciis unari hqonda. Zalian xSirad
baZavda cnobil adamianebs; gansakuTrebiT gviyvarda miSiko maSin,
roca is

Cveni

moZRvarTmoZRvris,

akademikos

arnold Ciqobavas

metyvelebas acocxlebda. Tvalebi rom dagexuWa, verafriT daijerebdi,

rom Sen winaSe ar idga batoni arnoldi.
svani

iyo,

magram

sololakSi

dabadebul-gazrdils

Tavisi

`akvnis ena~ aravin aswavla (miTumetes deda kaxeli hyavs!), amitom

svanuri enis specialists Zalian manebivrebda da sul mefereboda:
Cemi ojaxis lxiniT ilxenda, Wiri ki guls umZimebda. Cvens erT-erT
sufrasTan qalbatonma rusudan sefiskveraZem uTxra: `Cemi da Tqveni
Tanaklaseli iyo da Sin sul imas ambobda _ miSiko qurdiani
ugzoukvlod ganaTlebuli biWia, maseTi moswavle Cvens skolaSi ki
ara, mTel saqarTveloSic aravin iqnebao~. netav genaxaT, rogor
daimorcxva brwyinvale kompozitoris Seqebaze!
enaTmecnierebis institutSi 26 weli vimuSaveT erTad da
wlebis umravlesoba erT ganyofilebaSi gavatareT. erTxelac mTeli
seriozulobiT gamomicxada: `sicocxleSive Zegli unda agigoT mestiis
ulamazes skverSi; xom iciT, qurdianebis umravlesoba arqiteqtoria,
oRond iqneb rogorme dagvazavoT me da levan Rvinjilia _ verafriT
gadavwyviteT, romeli kabiT SegmosoT, amitom xom ar ajobebs veneras
stilSi dagidgaT Zeglio?~ xom warmogidgeniaT, marTla rom ganexorcielebinaT Canafiqri, ra ambavi atydeboda svaneTSi?!
arasdros damaviwydeba misi sadoqtoro disertaciis (`saerToqarTveluri versifikaciuli sistema da leqsTwyobis zogadlingvisturi Teoria~) dacvis dRe! _ Cemi pirveli wignis pirveli egzem307

plari vaCuqe, man ki Tavis avtoreferats aseTi warwera gaukeTa:

`qalbaton izas _ vis amagsac verc me, verc Cemi Tanatomelebi da
verc Cemi dedaena verasdros gadavixdiT~, Tanac daayola: `samecniero sabWos wevri, rom ar iyoT, saocrad lamaz, originalur teqsts
mogiZRvnidiT saxsovrad, magram dRes Cemi suli TqvenisTanebis xelSia da axla sxva gza ar maqvs _ oficialurad unda moviqceo~...
sami Tve iavadmyofa, umZimes mdgomareobaSi iyo _ ganukurnebeli seni sWirda, sastiki dieta dauniSnes eqimebma. am dros unda
gamoqveynebuliyo Cveni 840 gverdiani wigni `kodoruli qronikebi~,
romlis mTavari redaqtori mixeil qurdiani gaxldaT. ise cudad
iyo, vifiqre, iqneb odnav mainc gamokeTdes-meTqi da gamomcemlobis
direqtors vTxove, erTi cali mainc daebeWda. Cemma yofilma aspirantma,

filologiis

saxelobis

Tbilisis

akademiurma

doqtorma,

ivane

saxelmwifo

universitetis

javaxiSvilis
asocirebulma

profesorma qeTevan margianma-subarma wauRo pirveli egzemplari

saavadmyofoSi (me TbilisSi ar gaxldiT). ise gaxarebia, kiTxvac ki
dauwyia: afxazeTSi ruseT-saqarTvelos omis monawiles golgoTis
gza _ kodorisa da Wuberis xeobebi hqonda gavlili 1992 wels,
amitomac esalbuneboda `kodorul qronikebSi~ moTxrobili epizodebi misi sulis xveulebs.
TiTqmis yvela sadisertacio naSromis oponenti iyo ivane javaxiSvilis saxelobis universitetisa da enaTmecnierebis institutis
samecniero sabWos sxdomebze, magram me misi dawerili recenzia
arasdros minaxavs _ zepiri gamosvlebi hqonda xolme, amitom Zalian SemeSinda, roca Cemi aspirantis _ rusudan ioselianis sadoqtoro disertaciis oponentad daniSnes. mTeli Tve vurekavdi, vaxsenebdi, magram Tqvenc ar momikvdeT! _ imden adgilas muSaobda da
imdeni saqme hqonda, rom, dRedaRam muxlCauxreli Sromis miuxedavad,
yvelafers mainc

ver aswrebda. bolos, rogorc iqna, movida insti-

tutSi, Caiketa Tavis kabinetSi (zogadi enaTmecnierebis ganyofilebis

gamge iyo) da erT dReSi dawera iseTi recenzia, romlis msgavss
sxvebi erT TveSic ki ver moifiqrebdnen.
308

eh, saocrad gamorCeuli niWis patroni daaklda universitetebsac, gelaTisa da sasuliero akademiebsac, enaTmecnierebis institutsac, sapatriarqosac, rusTavelis sazogadoebasac, qalaqsac da,
upirveles yovlisa, Tavis ojaxebs _ xuTi saukeTeso Svilis mama iyo.
miSas meuRlec araCveulebrivi hyavs. profesorma sofio lobJaniZem
miatova yvelaferi _ ojaxic, samsaxuric da sami Tvis ganmavlobaSi
saavadmyofoSi mwoliare qmari faqtiurad Zalad acocxla. roca
agoniaSi iyo, maSinac ki mecnierebiT hqonia goneba gadatvirTuli;
Turme sofikos eubneboda: `xedav, Cemi wignis prezentaciaze rogor
maqebs qalbatoni damana meliqiSvili, amas namdvilad ar movelodio~ (TiTqmis yvela sxdomaze mwvaved kamaTobdnen xolme oriveni).
es rom damanas vuTxari, imdeni itira, Zlivs davamSvide: `miuxedavad
imisa, rom sul `vCxubobdiT~, mainc Zalian miyvarda miSiko _ es ra
ubedureba dagvemarTao!~
roca mis sanaxavad mivedi, iseTi dasustebuli damxvda amodena
vaJkaci, rom ZlivZlivobiT laparakobda, magram me mainc mxiarulad
viqceodi,

vexumrebodi. is

aSkarad mixvda Cems

msaxiobobas

da

amitom imedianad gamomemSvidoba:

_ ar inerviuloT, qalbatono iza, me male davdgebi fexze da
yvelaferi kargad iqneba (aqeT mamSvidebda!); dampirdnen, rom sam
dReSi gamweren saxlSi...
_ hoda, iq movalT Sens sanaxavad-meTqi.
_ mobrZandiT da Cvenc Sin dagxvdebiTo.
ki dagvxvda, magram...

309

profesori janri kaSia

310

profesori

janri kaSia
311

profesorebi: iza CantlaZe, irakli surgulaZe, janri kaSia da vaxtang mdivani

(batoni vaxtangi budu mdivanis vaJi gaxldaT da, mamamisis politikur
moRvaweobasTan dakavSirebuli represiebis gamo, sami wlis asakSi gaxiznes
svaneTis ukidures da ulamazes sofelSi _ uSgulSi, amitomac man faqtiurad svanurad aidga ena. mTeli sicocxlis manZilze profesori vaxtang mdivani
didi siyvaruliT axsenebda xolme vinme ioselianebs _ albaT mamamisis
megobrebs, romlebmac igi faqtiurad sikvdils gadaarCines)

312

umCa
umCa-ud
Ca udga
udgara
gara
(`uberebel-ukvdavi~)
SeuZlebeli ram mTxoves: iqneb janri
janri kaSi
kaSias
Sias nekrologi dagviweroTo...
me arc panaSvidebze vyofilvar da arc dakrZalvaze _ ver SevZeli... garda amisa, mindoda cocxali dammaxsovreboda naxevarsaukunovani megobari _ uRalato, madliani, saocrad daxvewili inteleqtuali, Rirseuli kolega da araCveulebrivad momxiblavi yvelasgan
gamorCeuli garegnobiTa Tu Rrma Sinagani sulieri samyaroTi.
diax, verafriT gavimete Tanatoli nekrologis teqstisTvis,
xolo, rac SevZeli, imas mogaxsenebT didi gulistkiviliT:
am sami wlis win janri ase gamoeTxova profesor mixeil qurdians: `Cvengan Zalze naadrevad wavida yvelasTvis nanatri megobari.
man mxolod erTaderTi wignis gamocema moaswro. es gaxlavT 1040
gverdis moculobis `iberiul-kavkasiuri enaTmecnierebis safuZvlebi~ _ iseTive nanatri, rogoric Tavad misi avtori iyo~.
janri kaSiaze raRa unda vTqvaT? _ raoden gasaocaric unda
iyos, emigrantuli da politikuri cxovrebis umkacres susxSi man
25 wignis publikacia moaxerxa, xolo ramdenis redaqtori Tu gamomcemeli iyo, amas vin moTvlis?! yoveli gonieri mkiTxveli iamayebda
misi `gvelis mWameliTa~ Tu `ubisiT~ (`renesansi urenesansod~ _
ortomeuli), `TavisuflebiTa da federalizmiT~, `qarTvelur enaTa topologiiT~, `parisikoniT~, `martorqiT~, `amiranianiT~, `SenobiT~!.. marto `iveriis~ TxuTmettomeulis gamocema rad Rirs, romelic parizis ilia WavWavaZis saxelobis qarTul-evropuli institutis organo iyo, anu kavkasiur da evraziul civilizaciaTa Semswavleli erTaderTi qarTulenovani Jurnali ucxoeTSi, nino da kalistrate saliebis `bedi qarTlisas~ didebuli tradiciebis SesaniSnavi gamgrZelebeli. `oblis cremliviT camde marTali poetis~ _
313

laSa gaxarias megruli poeziis (`iriaToni~) mkvdreTiT aRdgomac

xom janrisa da qalbatoni salome zurabiSvilis RvawlTanaa dakavSirebuli!..
raskvirvelia, janri kaSia uTuod unda dakrZaluliyo romelime panTeonSi (TbilisSi, baTumsa Tu levilSi), Tumca imaze ukeTes
adgils, sadac is axla ganisvenebs _ qalbaton qeTevan TavarTqilaZis gverdiT, mas veravin mouZebnida. saqarTveloSi ra gamolevs
dedaSviluri siyvarulis saocar magaliTebs, magram batoni janris
mokrZaleba 90 wels miRweuli dedisadmi mainc gansakuTrebuli
gaxldaT. qalbaton qeTevans, miuxedavad disidentis gazrdis gamo
araerTgzis miyenebuli travmebisa (`Svidi wlis unaxav SvilTan
parizSi mimavals kbilis pastac ki gamisinjes matarebelSi: aralegaluri rame xom ar miaqvso~), mainc sul eamayeboda, janris deda rom
iyo, da amitomac aRaravis gvikvirda, roca masac vxedavdiT xolme
oficialursa Tu sazogadoebriv Sexvedrebze SvilTan erTad. analogiisTvis gavixsenebdi amonarids qarTul-evropuli institutis
direqtoris, profesor janri kaSias mier gamocemuli erTi brwyinvale
wignidan _ es gaxlavT spiridon kedias meuRlis, 100 wlis sofio
CijavaZis `nasmen-naxuli~, romelsac TiTqos erTgvar qveteqstad
efuZneba misi redaqtoris cxovrebiseuli kredo:
`Cemo uZvirfaseso da erTaderTo, Cemo genacvlebi... beds nu
daemdurebi! Sen dajildoebuli xar Zvirfasi saunjiT, radganac dagyva didi RvTis naperwkali _ kacTmoy
kacTmoyva
Tmoyvare
vareba
reba;
ba gaaRvive igi da mis
siTboSi gyavdes yvela, vinc Sens gzazed aRmoCndeba. swored esaa
sulieri simdidris momniWebeli, danarCeni yvelaferi (xorcieli
Rirebulebis matarebeli) warmavalia da, maSasadame, fuWi... Cveni
cxovrebis savali gza mudam oRroCoRro iyo, xSirad nagebi pirgalesili lodebiT... samwuxarod, verc mSoblebma gaswavleT cxovrebis xrikebi, diplomatia, amitom Senis bunebiT da xasiaTiT darCi
SenTvis ucxo xalxSi, romelmac yvelaferi gaakeTa imisTvis, rom samudamod dagetovebina maTi sazogadoeba, magram, icode _ marto
martoo
toobas
314

yvela
yvelafe
laferi
feri sjobs.
sjobs Tu cudis daviwyebas ar SeeCvie, sikeTis povna
gagiZneldeba~ _ sul mgonia, rom es Jruantelis momgvreli sityvebi
qalbaton qeTevans ekuTvnis. egebis amitomac ergeboda Soreul
naTesavad Tbilisis lurji monastris sanaxebSi amozrdili Wadris
foToli senaze gadamdgari verxvis mTrTolvare foTols?!.
batoni janris mxatvruli Tu mecnieruli Semoqmedeba gvesaxeba
cicinaTelas

gamobrwyinebad tyuil-marTliT gajerebuli qveynis

ukun RameSi, sadac yvelafers pirovnuli Rirseba warmarTavs. misi

azriT, `sa
savse
savse jibe
jibe arc savse
savse guls niSnavs
niSnavs da arc keTil
keTilSo
TilSobil
Sobil
bune
adamianis yofiereba vlindeba mTel Tavis daxvewilobabunebas
nebas...
bas
velurobaSi, sibrZne-sisuleleSi... pativiscema zrdilobis formaa,
is forma, romelic odesRac aTiaTasad fasobda, magram, samwuxarod, ukve aRar arsebobs: zrdilo
zrdilobas
lobas Calis
Calis fasic
fasic aRar adevs da
kaco
kacobac
cobac masze
masze aTia
aTiaTasjer
Tasjer iafia
iafia...
fia uRirsobisa da ukacurobis karnavalia dRes, aRlumi, berikaoba, mkvdarTa maskaradi, yeenoba armagedonSi...~
janri kaSia sruliad originaluria Tavisi TematikiT, problemaTa
integraluri xedviT, metaforuli azrovnebiT, Txzulebis agebisa
Tu gagebis stiliT (mirqma, karibWe, ZiriTadi teqsti, gansasvleli,
SeniSvnebi, mkiTxvelTan internetiT gasaubreba), etimologiebiT,
enis filosofiuri (aramxolod!) WvretiT da a. S. misi Txzulebebi
orjer mainc (da zogjer metjerac) unda waikiTxo, rom aRmoaCino
yvelasgan gansxvavebuli avtori, romlis tragikul gulistkivils
mxolod amis Semdeg Tu miuaxlovdebi rogorRac, miuxedavad imisa,
rom mkiTxvels yoveli gansja didebuli qarTuliT miewodeba.
enaSi yofna ganTavisuflebas niSnavs SemoqmedisaTvis, amitomacaa
SeuZlebeli `sxvis~ enaze raime fundamenturis Seqmna; ena yovelTvis `Seni~ unda iyos, radganac saTqmeli ki ar aRiwereba, aramed
i-qm
qm-n
eb-a
qm n-eb
eb a.

swored

amgvari

Tqm-a
qm-n
ad-o
Tqm a/qm
qm n-ad
ad ob'is

procesma

miiyvana

batoni janri qarTvelur enebamde. maTma filosofiurma Wvretam da

Cvenma eTnogenezisma ukarnaxa mas, uareyo dRes sakmaod gavrcelebuli
sqema winareqarTveluri enis diferencirebisa (avtori gerhardt
315

deetersi), TiTqmis fuZeenad warmoedgina Zalze arqauli leqsikiTa

Tu urTulesi gramatikuli wyobiT aqamde moRweuli svanuri da
yvelaferi mbrunav wred an piramidad gamoexata, romlebic apriorulad gviCveneben jer qarTuli sametyvelo sistemis (`qalaqurmcxeTuri~), mere ki qarTuli samwerlobo enis (`farnavazuli~)
ganviTarebis xangrZliv istorias.
atyda erTi ambavi 2002 wels `qarTvelur enaTa topologiis~
prezentaciaze (ratomRac maSin yvelas migvaviwyda, rom svanurs
daaxloebiT imave mniSvnelobas aniWebdnen Tavis droze niko maric
da ivane javaxiSvilic _ Sdr. mari 1937: 316-317), magram arasdros
damaviwydeba avtoris mokrZalebuli Rimili mxolod imis gamo, rom
specialistTa Soris imyofeboda. rasakvirvelia, Relavda, magram
erTxelac ki ar auwevia xma, Tumca cdilobda, Tavisi hipoTeza kamaTis
dros misTvis miwodebuli axali argumentebiT gaemyarebina. `ki magram,
Tqven Tavad ar amtkicebT, rom, Tu Ziri ver moviZieT svanurSi, ise
Sesabamis sityvas fuZeenis doneze ver aRvadgenT?! aqedan sruliad
logikurad mivdivarT im

hipoTezamde

(anu

qarTvelur-svanuris

varaudamde), romelic me warmogidgineTo~.

janri sakmaod rTulad msjelobda axal wignSi (kaSia 2002).
mkiTxvelisaTvis SedarebiT gasagebi rom iyos misi originaluri
Tvalsazrisi,

Sevecdebi

aqac

warmovadgino

avtoriseuli

gansja

`qarTvelur enaTa topologiidan~:

kavkasiaSi cnobil enaTagan istoriul xanaSi mxolod sami iyo

werili: qarTuli, somxuri da albanuri. aq ar aris adgili am weril
enaTa mimarTebis garkvevisaTvis, magram unda aRiniSnos, rom, Tu alalbanu
banuri
nuri,
ri rogorc rig mecnierTa hipoTeza varaudobs, aRmoCnda naxuri (CeCenTa) ena (bernar utie), romelsac qarTuli werilobiTi
sistema hqonda (zaza aleqsiZe), maSin saerTokavkasiuri suraTi ganviTarebisa axal topologiasa da saxeSi warmogvidgeba da, Sesabamisad, urTierTmimarTebis sakiTxic sxvagvarad iqneba gadasawyveti,
magram, jerjerobiT, es sakiTxi Riad rCeba da saerTo suraTic,
vfiqrob, Sesabamisad imgvaria, rogoric aris Cven mier moxazuli.
316

yovelive zemoTqmuli saSualebas maZlevs qarTveluri enebis

ganviTareba warmovidgino piramidiseburad, romlis ZirSi
ZirSi aris svasvanuri
SesaZ
xvdebo
bodes
lurs) da misgan gannuri (Se
SesaZloa
saZloa Tanxvde
Tanxvde
bodes swored
swored qarTve
qarTvelurs
Tvelurs
viTarebuli zanuri (an megrul-Wanur/lazuri) _ dagvirgvinebuli
saliteraturo qarTuliT, romlis ganviTareba da daxvewa sul raRac ociode saukunes mainc moicavs. swored am azriT
azriT vuwo
vuwodeb
wodeb me
megruls
uls, xolo
megruls qarTu
qarTuli
Tuli enis cocxal
cocxal guls
xolo svanurs
svanurs _ missa
missave
save
gulis
guls.
gulisguls
lisguls
qarTvelur enebs `qar
qarTve
qarTvelu
Tveluri
luri~
ri mxolod imitom ewodaT, rom
qarTu
qarTuli
Tuli ena Seiqmna da ganviTarda sayovelTao literaturul-filosofiur da saxelmwifoebriv enad. qarTu
qarTuli
Tuli ena,
ena svanu
svanuri
nurisa
risa da
megrul
grul-Wa
Wanu
Wanuris
nuris ganvi
ganviTa
viTare
Tarebu
rebuli
buli an,
an ufro
ufro zustad
zustad,
tad gasru
gasrule
srulebu
lebuli
buli
forma
forma iyo.
iyo enebi ar iqmneba srul izolaciaSi. enobrivi veli rTuli topologiuri sistemaa, romelic ganuwyvetel qmnadobaSi,. xolo am qmnadobis energia imTaviTvea Cadebuli masSi. swored amitom,
ragind Senarevebi da mxebebi unda hqondes mas, is yovelTvis rCeba
Tavisi Tavis identuri da gamxsneli Tavisi SesaZleblobebisa. qarTveluri sistema, am TvalsazrisiT, im erTaderTi enis ganviTarebas
warmoadgenda, romlis Zirs svanuri exeba, xolo gvir
gvirgvins
gvins _ qarTuli. Cemi TvalsazrisiT, megrul
grul-Wa
Wanu
megrul
Wanuri
nuri svanu
svanuri
nuridan
ridan qarTu
qarTuli
Tulisa
lisasaken ganvi
ganviTa
viTare
Tarebis
rebis xerxe
xerxema
xemalia
malia,
lia anu is energetikuli da Zalovani
warmomqmnel-makavSirebeli, romelic Tavad SeiZleba miviCnioT qarTulis wyarod (cxadia, rom ar gvqonoda svanuri). topologiuri
sistema, romelic qarTveluri enebis sistemad warmogvidga, amgvarad, pira
pirami
ramidis
midis formas iZens: safuZvelSi aris svanuri (protosvanuri), Sua welze _ misgan ganviTarebuli megrul-Wanuri / lazuri
da yovelive dagvirgvinebulia piramidis wveriT _ qarTuliT. es
gasagebs xdis imasac, Tu ratom ar ganviTarda qarTul saxelmwifoebriobaSi

sami

samwerlobo

sistema.

sqematurad

viTareba

ase

gamoisaxeba:

317

im pirobebSi, romlebSic yalibdeboda qarTuli saxelmwifoebrioba, sruliad bunebrivi Cans sami samwerlobo sistemis arseboba,
Tundac qristianobamde. Cemi azriT, es ar moxda swored imitom,
rom is saxelmwifo, romelsac Cven kolxeTs
kolxeTs vuwodebT, faravda
mTels samxreT kavkasias da vrceldeboda SuamdinareTamde, iyo svanurenovani da is samwerlobo-saxelmwifoebrivi enac iyo svanuri
(protosvanuri). qarTulad an qarTul weriT sistemad swored is
sistema viTardeba, romelic svanuri enis weriT sistemas warmoadgenda, iseve, rogorc megrul-lazurisas. swored amitom ar warmoiqmna iseT gaxsnil sistemaSi, rogoric iyo gviandeli kolxeTi,
egrisi Tu lazika, axali samwerlobo sistema. amis araviTari aucilebloba ar iyo, radgan igi ukve arsebobda. damkvidrebuli Secdoma, rom kolxeTad mxolod dasavleT saqarTvelo warmoidgineba, xolo svaneTad mxolod dRevandeli svaneTi (an ukeTes SemTxvevaSi Savi zRvis sanapiros Crdilo nawilis CaTvliT), didad uSlis xels
monacemTa axleburad gaazrebas da im sinTezs, romelsac gvTavazobs
Tanamedrove mecnierebaTa erToblioba. igi ewinaaRmdegeba arqeologiur monacemebsac da yovelives, rac dRes SeiZleba gaxdes samxreT kavkasiis aTvisebisa da ganviTarebis integraluri Tvalsazrisis gamomuSavebis safuZveli. faqtia, rom qarTuli svanurTan mimarTebaSi axali enaa (amas arc gerhardt deetersis sqema uaryofs).

318

qristianuli samwerlobo, saRvTismetyvelo,

saRvTismsaxuro, saliteraturo da saxelmwifo ena
qarTuli ax. w.aR. III-IV saukuneebidan

qarvelur-egrisuli (megruli),
iberiul (qarTul)-mcxeTuri
Zv. w. aR. III _ ax. w. aR. I
saukuneebi

qarvelur-iberiuli da wovaTuSuri (pirobiTad) Zv. w. aR.

VI_III saukuneebi

qarTvelur-kolxuri svanuri da misi Tavdapirveli

dialeqtebi: zanuri: megrul-Wanuri, wova-TuSuri
(mosxuri) Zv. w. aR. II - I aTaswleuli

swored am arqetipuli formebis konservaciis wyalobiT iqca

iqca
kavka
kavkasia
saqarTve
mecnier
lingvis
gvistur
tur samo
samoTxed
Txed,
kasia da saqar
qarTveloc
Tveloc mecni
cnierTa
erTaTvis
TaTvis lingvis
moTxed
romlis
Sesas
sasvle
kari
mxolod
mcired
redze
SeRe
Rebu
romlis Se
sasvleli
vleli ka
ri mxo
lod mci
redze aris Se
Rebuli
buli.
li

319

qarTulis ganviTarebis gza moemarTeba saerTo qarTvelurTan

uaxloesi svanuri metaenidan, romelic mTel samxreT kavkasias faravda. svanuri enis dialeqtur topologiaSi mniSvnelovani adgili
ekava zanur dialeqtur erTobas, romelic metaenad formdeba da
TandaTan ikavebs svanuris adgils. ukanaskneli etapi qarTveluris
ganviTarebisa aris qarTuli metaena, romelic farnavazis mier xdeba
gavrcobili da saxelmwifo enad dadgenili. swored am enaze moxda
im saxelmwifos TandaTani gaerTianeba da Camoyalibeba qristianuli
religiuri erTianobis safuZvelze, romelic dRes cnobilia rogorc
saqarTvelo...
`qarTvelur enaTa topologiis~ prezentaciis dros atexili
kamaTis Semdeg darwmunebuli viyavi, rom janri gagvebuteboda, magram, Tqven warmoidgineT, moxda is, rac aucileblad unda momxdariyo! _ man gamoTqva survili svanuris ara mxolod enaTmecnieruli,
aramed praqtikuli Seswavlisa. Zalian gamixarda da SevTavaze `qarTul-svanur-frangul leqsikonze~ muSaoba, romlis dawyebas vapirebdi swored maSin Cems doqtorantebTan erTad. imdeni imuSava,
rom TiTqmis bolomde miiyvana Tavisi wili saqme, magram, samwuxarod, Cven CamovrCiT kodoris xeobaSi sruliad moulodnelad Seqmnili mZime politikuri situaciis gamo _ gadasarCeni iyo ara
marto xeoba, aramed iq gavrcelebul svanur dialeqtTa interferencirebuli

saxeoba,

romelic

dRemde

sruliad

Seuswavleli

gaxldaT. bunebrivia, mTeli Cveni energia, dro Tu yvela SesaZlebloba (materialuric, moraluric, inteleqtualuric) iqiTken mivmarTeT da marTlac saswaulebrivad gadavarCineT iqauri metyveleba
(TviTmfrinavebis avis momaswavebel gruxunSi viRebdiT videokadrebs da
viwerdiT adgilobriv mkvidrTa yofisaTvis damaxasiaTebel eTnolingvisturi Tu folkloruli xasiaTis teqstebs!), oRond `qarTul-svanur-franguli leqsikoni~, samwuxarod, daumTavrebeli dagvrCa.
yvelafers

warmovidgendiT,

magram,

Tu

ase

moulodnelad

gamogvecleboda janri xelidan, amas verasdros vifiqrebdiT... cxovrebac grZeldeba da mecnierebac! _ darwmunebuli var, ise, rogorc
320

mamamisis sicocxleSi, axlac, janris usayvarlesi qaliSvili ar dagvzardeba da naniko yovelmxriv dagvexmareba aTi wlis win dawyebuli saqmis srulyofaSi...
profesor janri kaSias cxovreba da moRvaweoba uSualo anareklia wuTisoflis ukuRmarT labirinTebSi Cakarguli saocari keTilSobilebisa da muxlCauxreli rudunebisa, ramac bunebrivi asaxva hpova parizuli `iveriis~ pirvelive nomerSi: `eSmakma agora kamaTeli da yvelam umtro Tavis Tavs... filo
filoso
losofo
sofose
fosebi
sebi ar irCe
irCeven
Ceven
mtrebs _ mtrebs poli
polito
litolo
tologe
logebi
gebi irCe
irCeven
Ceven;
ven; isini
isini irCe
irCeven
Ceven filo
filoso
lososofoseb
fosebsac
sebsac da acdu
acdune
duneben
neben~
ben (martin haidegeri).
studentobisas janri xSirad acdenda istoriis fakultetis
leqciebs, radganac isini emTxveodnen filosofiisa da fizikis leqciebs Tbilisis saxelmwifo universitetis meore korpusSi, sadac
gadasvlas garkveuli dro sWirdeboda. me minaxavs batoni kote baqraZis xelnaweri, romlis mixedviTac janri kaSias ufleba hqonda nebismier umaRles saswavlebelSi waekiTxa zogadi filosofiis kursi. swored am Tabaxis furclis magiuri Zalis wyalobiT kiTxulobda igi Sesabamis leqciebs Tbilisis samxatvro akademiasa Tu evrokavkasiur universitetSi _ netav, mxolod am saqmiT da mwerlobiT
yofiliyo dakavebuli, egebis cocxali gvyoloda! janris Tavisuflad SeeZlo gaemeorebina mixeil javaxiSvilis sityvebi: `me an naadrevad davbadebulvar, an Zalian damigvianiao~. sisxlis wvimebis saukune yovelmxriv tragikuli aRmoCnda misTvis, platons ki surda
politikac filosofosTa saqmed eqcia...
1994 wels, saqarTvelosTan didi xnis ganSorebis Semdeg,
batonma janrim Tavisi `gvelismWameli~ Camogvitana da Cems SviliSvilebs uZRvna aseTi warweriT: `me araferi maqvs wignze Zvirfasi,
romelsac gCuqniT keTili survilebiT da momavlisadmi rwmeniT.
iswav
iswavleT
wavleT,
leT iSro
iSromeT
romeT da iyaviT
iyaviT sike
sikeTiT
keTiT aRsav
aRsavse
savseni
seni~,
ni xolo Tavad monografia Tavdeba Semdegi striqonebiT: `iqneb am wignmac gauwios
megzuroba qarTvel axalgazrdebs da, Tu romelimem mainc miagno
Tavis gzas misi kiTxvisas, CavTvli, rom amaod
amaod ar davSve
davSveri
vSveri~.
ri
321

`Cems gamsvanebels~ meZaxda lazi; misTvis svaneTi `saqarTvelos

uRalato mecixovne da qarTuli kulturis savane~ futkaraZe 2008:
149) gaxldaT da, roca `amiraniani~ maCuqa, wignis gadaSlisTanave
TvalSi momxvda 20 wlis zRapruli mzeWabuki jadosnur myinvarze
aseTi mirqmiT:
`suraTebi bevri ara maqvs, magram erTi fotoa, hadiSis myinvarTan var gadaRebuli TofiT, _ es suraTi Zalian miyvars, radgan
arsebiTad iq moxda raRac... da mere ukve araferi aRar maCerebda.
ganvTa
ganvTavi
vTavisuf
visufldi
sufldi!
ldi
`martorqa~ maSin dawerili mqonda da mTeli ambebic gadatanili. iqidan dabrunebulma daviwye `Sesaqme~ da `gvelismWameli~...
mere arc micdia amis gageba da axsna _ miviRe rogorc xelis
dadeba da gavuyevi gzas...~
Zalian vwuxvar, rom, mZime avadmyofobis gamo, droulad ver
mivawode Cemi saiubileo krebuli `qalbatoni iza~, romelSic misi
ori statia da CvenTan erTad gadaRebuli ramdenime araCveulebrivi
suraTia dastambuli. masSi naTqvamia: `kodoris xeobis istoriuli
mexsiereba wignad Seikra da gaxsna momavlis imediani kari. am wigns
avtorebi hyavs, romelnic erTi saxeliT erTiandebian _ profesor
iza CantlaZis jgufi. iseve
iseve,
ve rogorc
rogorc leon
leonti
onti mrove
mroveli
veli amTli
amTlia
Tlianebs
sau
saukune
kuneeb
neebze
ebze gadafe
gadafenil
fenil qarTvel
qarTvel JamTa
JamTaaR
TaaRmwer
aRmwerTa
mwerTa saxe
saxelebs
xelebs,
lebs qalba
qalbabatoni
toni izac amTli
amTlia
Tlianebs am avtor
avtorTa
torTa _ mis mowa
mowafe
wafeTa
feTa _ krebuls
krebuls.
buls me
ar megu
da arc arsad
megule
guleba
leba saqarTve
qarTvelo
TveloSi
loSi (da
arsad!)
sad sxva msgavsi
msgavsi,
si Tavda
Tavdade
dadedebuli
buli da erTi
erTi mizniT
mizniT Sekru
Sekruli
kruli,
li jgufi
jgufi,
fi romel
romelmac
melmac saku
sakuTa
kuTari
Tari kulkulturis
turis Seswav
Seswavlas
swavlas dauT
dauTmo
uTmo mTeli
mTeli Tavi
Tavisi
visi cxovre
cxovreba
reba.
ba iza CantlaZe
qarTuli universitetis samocianelTa Taobaa. misi moRvaweoba is
samadlobelia, romliTac Cvenma Taobam upasuxa im did saCuqars,
romelic wina Taobebma mogvarTves qarTuli enis, qarTuli kulturisa da qarTuli cxovrebis wesis saxiT _ meti araferi!~
me misTvis madlobis Tqma ver movaswari (Soria, Zalian Sori
Tbilisidan niu iorkamde), amitomac mapatios mkiTxvelma, Tu iZulebuli gavxdi, vrceli amonaridi mometana Cemi saiubileo krebu322

lidan. jer isev Cven Soris trialebs janris suli da isic minda
xazgasmiT vTqva, rom swored janri kaSia iyo CemTvis qarTveli kacis
ideali, qarTuli keTilSobilebis gansaxiereba, maRali zneobisa da
inteleqtis mqone mamuliSvili, magram ratomRac misTvis amis Tqma
ver movaxerxe mTeli naxevari saukunis manZilze. rogorc iqna, erTerT interviuSi Zlivs amovidgi ena am mimarTulebiT, magram janrim
misi wakiTxva veRar moaswro. aRar vici, ase saSinlad awi raRam unda
matkinos guli, magram uimedobac xom tragediaa?! sxvebi waikiTxaven
momavalSi Cemeul Sefasebebs am TiTqos Cveulebrivi, magram mainc
saocari pirovnebis Rvawlis Sesaxeb da imedia, yvelafers damijereben,
imdenad gulwrfeli, faqizi da uzado iyo Cveni urTierToba studentobis wlebidan dRemde. janris wignebSi `ydidan ydamde~ asaxulia mxolod sinamdvile _ aseTi gaxlavT Cemi mogonebac, romelic
minda davamTavro laSa gaxarias janrisadmi miZRvnili leqsiT:
ulo ver movde
movde laR sala
salaRo
laRobos
Robos _
moRo
moRore
Rorebu
rebuli
buli damrCnen
damrCnen mkele
mkelebi
lebi;
bi
iqneb
iqneb es leqsi
leqsi mainc
mainc avRo
avRobo
Robo,
bo
Semoma
Semomawie
mawie,
wie lazo
lazo,
zo wknele
wknelebi
lebi!..
bi
balTas
balTas Sema
Semawyda
mawyda dRe qama
qamari
mariviT
riviT
da Ramec
Ramec mtkiva
mtkiva sibrZnis
sibrZnis kbili
kbiliviT
liviT...
viT
aw erTad
erTad vlokoT
vlokoT qvama
qvamari
marili
riliviT
liviT
samSob
samSoblo
mSoblo _ dedis
dedis bolo
bolo kivi
kivili
vili!
li

male daiwyeba `zeSTasoflis serobani~ Tbilisidan mcxeTamde

janri kaSiasi, laSa gaxariasi da mixeil qurdianisa... maTi
maTi ukvda
ukvdave
vdaveba
veba
mara
maradi
radiu
diulia.
lia

323

sarCevi
winasityvaoba . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

redaqtoris winasityvaoba . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

17

Sesavali . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

23

svanuri enis zogadi daxasiaTeba da misi leqsikis Seswavlis

Tanamedrove viTareba . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

etimologiuri

33

Ziebani

preqarTveluri enis diferenciaciis Semdgomdroindeli problemebi

.....................................................

56

axali qarTveluri etimologiebi da qarTul-zanuri erTianobis epoqis savaraudo monacemTa problema . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

75

qarTvelur enaTa etimologiur leqsikonebSi gamorCenil fuZeTa fonologiur-semantikuri analizi . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 82

qarTuli enis samxruli dialeqtebi komparativistikis TvalsazrisiT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
kvlav Suasibilanturi afrikatis refleqsebisaTvis qarTve-

101

lur enebSi . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
pirvelad da meoreul fonemaTSesatyvisobaTa urTierTmimar-

120

TebisaTvis qarTvelur enebSi . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

fonematur SesatyvisobaTa damatebiTi sailustracio monace-

123

mebi qarTvelur enebSi

.....................................

133

TanxmovanTa harmoniuli kompleqsis amosavali viTarebisaTvis . . .

135

Ziris semantikuri variaciebi qarTvelur enebSi . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

137

wul-/
wul WuSWuS ZirTa urTierTmimarTebisaTvis qarTvelur enebSi . . . .

144

saerToqarTveluri *mmS
ue formis refleqsebi svanurSi

152

.....

Jur-/
Jir-/ JrJur Jir
Jr Ziri qarTvelur enebSi . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 160
kvlav wy-al
wy al,
al wy-ar
wy ar,
ar wy-er
wy er-,
er wy-ur
wy ur da lic/nic
lic nic fuZeTa urTiermimarTebisaTvis qarTvelur enebSi

..........................

164

Zir-fuZeTa anlautSi cveTis tendenciebi qarTvelur enebSi . . 169

pirveli etimologiuri gamokvleva Coluruli (svanuri) leqsikis
Sesaxeb . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
324

174

sisina da SiSina sibilantTa problema qarTvelur enebSi . . . . .

182

gasvanurebuli qarTuli Zirebi

190

.............................

leqsema `xarj
xarj-~is
semantikisaTvis qarTvelur enebSi
xarj

.........

195

onomas
onomasti
mastikur
tikur leqse
leqsema
semaTa
maTa anali
analizi
lizi diaqroniul WrilSi
a) a n T r o p o n i m i a
*suf
suf-el
suf el/sub
el sub-ar
sub ar fuZeTa urTierTmimarTebisaTvis . . . . . . . . . . . . .

198

*qald
qald-
qald-an
qald r/*qqard-
ard r/qald
qald an fuZe

201

............................

be{n
d- / be{l
d- Ziri anTroponimebSi
be n}d
be l}d

......................

205

kidev erTxel -fxe

fxe > -xe
xe,
fxe > -fx
fx sufiqsisaTvis qarTvelur
xe -fxe
onomastikonSi

..............................................

209

gurul-aWaruli mat-at
mat-at
mat at-i
at i/mat
mat at-a
at a da qarTveluri anTroponimia . . .

216

samedicino leqsika qarTvelur anTroponimiaSi . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

223

b) t o p o n i m i a
kvlav kodor
etimologiisaTvis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
kodor-is
dor
labializacia-delabializaciis
dorul toponimiaSi

urTierTmimarTebisaTvis

228

ko-

........................................

232

zesxo
zesxo da WiTxa
WiTxaro
Txaro/Wu
ro WuTxa
WuTxaro
Txaro . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

237

lazur tiponimTa sistema `didi nenafonas~ mixedviT . . . . . . . .

242

ifx-/imfx
ifx imfx-/imx
imfx imximx Ziri nigalis xeobaSi, imerxevSi (SavSeTSi),
lazeTSi, aWaraSi, svaneTsa da raWaSi . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

249

literaturis sia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

256

rekviemi
zurab sarjvelaZis etimologiaTa mniSvneloba qarTvelologiaSi

275

didi enaTmecnieri da Rirseuli mamuliSvili . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

285

mecnierebis zvaraki . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

293

SesaniSnavi mkvlevari da uangaro moRvawe . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

303

umCa
umCa-ud
Ca udga
udgara
gara (`uberebel-ukvdavi~) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

313

325

Contents

Foreword

....................................................

11

Editor's foreword . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

13

Introduction

..................................................

29

General characterization of Svan and present studying situation of its

vocabulary (in German) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

59

Etymological studies
Posterior problems of Pre-Kartvelian language's differentiation . . . . . . . . .
New Kartvelian etymologies and the problem of supposed data of GeorgianZan unity epoch . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Phonological and semantic analysis of the stems omitted in the etymological
dictionaries of the Kartvelian languages . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Georgian southern dialects from comparativistic viewpoint . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Again on reflexes of a midsibilant affricate in the Kartvelian languages . . .
Toward the interrelation of primary and secondary phonemes correspondences in the Kartvelian languages . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Additional illustrative data of phonematic correspondences in the Kartvelian
languages . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Towards the initial picture of harmonic complex of consonants in the
Kartvelian languages . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Semantic variations of the root in the Kartvelian languages . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
On interrelation of wul-/yuS
wul yuS roots in the Kartvelian languages . . . . . . . . . . .

73

The reflexes of the Common Kartvelian ue form in Svan (in German) . .

The roots jur-/jjir-/jjr- in the Kartvelian languages . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Again towards the interrelation of wK
wK-al, wK
wK-ar, wK
wK-er-, wK
wK-ur and lic/nic
stems in the Kartvelian languages . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Reducing tendencies of roots and stems in anlaut in the Kartvelian languages
The first etymological studies on Cholurian (Svan) vocabulary (in Russian)
Problem of whistling and hushing sibilants in the Kartvelian languages . . .
Svanized Georgian roots . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Towards the semantics of the lexeme xarJ in the Kartvelian languages . . . .

159

326

81
100
119
121
130
134
136
142
151
163
166
173
180
189
194
196

Analysis of Onomastic lexemes from diachronic perspective

a) anthroponymy
Towards the interrelation of *sup-el/sub-ar stems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Towards the stem *kald-r/*kar-r/kald-an . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

204
204

The root be{n}d-/be{l}d- in anthroponyms . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

208

Again on -pxe > -xe, -pxe > -px suffix in Kartvelian onomastics . . . . . . . .

215

Gurian-Ajarian matt-att-i/matt-att-a and Kartvelian anthroponymy . . . . . . . . .

222

Medical vocabulary in the Kartvelian anthroponymy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

227

b) T o p o n y m y
Again towards the etymology of "kodor" . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Towards the interrelation of labialization and delabialization in Kodorian
toponymy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

230

On zesxo and yitxaro/yyutxaro

...................................

241

The system of Laz toponyms according to "Great Nenafon" . . . . . . . . . . . .

246

A root ifx-/imfx
ifx imfx-/imx
imfx imximx in Nigali gorge, Imerkhevi (Shavsheti), Lazeti,
Ajara, Svaneti and Racha . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

254

234

256

Requiem
Significance of Zurab Sarjveladze's etymologies in Kartvelology . . . . . . . . .
Great linguist and honorable partiot . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Victim of science . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Outstanding scholar and selfless public figure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Ever-youthful and immortal ("umcha-udgara") . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

275
285
293
303
313

327