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GUIDELINES
IRC:SP:102-2014
GUIDELINES
FOR
DESIGN AND CONSTRUCTION OF
REINFORCED SOIL WALLS
Published by:
INDIAN
ROADS CONGRESS
Kama
Koti
Marg,
New
Delhi-11 0
022
August, 2014
Price
(Plus Packing
^ 800/-
& Postage)
IRC:SP:102-2014
First
Published
(All
August, 2014
Rights Reserved.
translated or transmitted in
shall
be reproduced,
1000 Copies
IRC:SP:102-2014
Contents
Page No.
Personnel of the Bridges Specifications and Standards Committee
Background
1.
Introduction
2.
Scope
3.
Elements of
4.
13
5.
Design Principles
15
6.
Construction of
7.
Common Causes
8.
References/Bibliography
RS
RS
27
Walls
29
30
Normative Annexures:
Annexure AO:
Annexure A1:
Annexure A
Adherence Check
for the
Annexure A3:
Seismic Forces
be Considered
Annexure A 4:
RS
Annexure A
2:
5:
Wall of
to
for
Resistance
Reinforcement
in
Complex Geometries
32
33
35
38
45
50
2014
https://archive.org/details/govlawircy2014sp102
IRC:SP:102-2014
2.
3.
6*^
January, 2014)
Kandasamy, C.
(Convenor
Director General (RD) & Spl. Secy, to Govt, of India, Ministry of Road
Transport and Highways, Transport Bhavan, New Delhi
Patankar, V.L.
Addl.
(Co-Convenor)
Transport Bhavan,
Director General,
New
Ministry of
Delhi
Pathak, A.P.
(Member-Secretary
Transport Bhavan,
New
Delhi
Members
CPWD
4.
Agrawal, K.N.
DG(W),
5.
Alimchandani, C.R.
(Retd.)
Ghaziabad
STUP
Director,
Consultants (P)
Ltd.,
Mumbai
MORTH, New
6.
Arora, H.C.
7.
8.
Bandyopadhyay,
Dr. N.
Director,
9.
Bandyopadhyay,
Dr. T.K.
Joint Director
STUP
Consultants (P)
Ltd.
Delhi
New
Delhi
New
Delhi
10.
Banerjee, A.K.
MoRT&H, New
Delhi
11.
Banerjee, T.B.
MoRT&H, New
Delhi
12.
Basa,Ashok
13.
Bhasin, P.C.
ADG
14.
Bhowmick, Alok
Managing
(B), (Retd.),
&
Builders Ltd.,
MoRT&H, New
Director, Bridge
&
Bhubaneswar
Delhi
Noida
Mumbai
15.
Bongirwar, P.L.
Advisor, L&T,
16.
Dhodapkar, A.N.
17.
Ghoshal.A.
Director
18.
Joglekar, S.G.
Vice President,
19.
Kand, C.V.
20.
Koshi, Ninan
21.
Kumar, Ashok
22.
Kumar, Prafulla
DG
23.
Kumar, Vijay
24.
Manjure,
25.
Mukherjee, M.K.
26.
Nagpal, A.K.
Prof. NT,
27.
Narain.A.D.
DG
P.Y.
MoRT&H, New
New
STUP
STUP
Delhi
Consultants (P)
Consultants (P)
PWD
Secy., (Retd)
Bhopal
MOST New
(Retd.)
Mumbai
Ltd.,
MoRT&H, New
MoRT&H
New
Delhi
Delhi
Delhi
PWD,
Concrete Co. Mumbai
MoRT&H, New
Delhi
Delhi
Ltd.
MoRT&H
(Retd.)
New
Delhi
Kolkata
iRC:SP:102-2014
MoRT&H New
Ninan, R.S.
on
Pandey, R.K.
30.
Parameswaran,
31.
Raizada, Pratap S.
32.
Rao,
33.
Dr.
Dr. (Mrs.)
Lakshmy Chief
M.V.B.
Dr.
New
New
Affairs).
Delhi
Dellii
Gamnnon
India Ltd.
Mumbai
Delh
Saha,
MoRT&H, New
CRRI,
Scientist (BAS),
Delhi
G.R
Gurgaon
35.
Sharan, G.
DG
36.
Sharma, R.S.
MoRT&H, New
37.
Sinha, N.K.
MoRT&H New
38.
Subbarao,
Harshavardhan
Dr.
(RD) &
Spl.
Secy
(Retd.)
(Retd.)
MoRT&H, New
Director,
Ltd.
Mumbai
Dellhi
Delhi
Delhi
'
Construma Consultancy
(P) Ltd.
Mumbai
Tandon, Mahesh
Managing
Prof.
Director,
Tandon Consultants
(P) Ltd.,
Thandavan, K.B.
MoRT&H, New
Delhi
41.
Velayutham,
DG
MoRT&H, New
Delhi
42.
Viswanathan,
43.
44.
The
Director
V.
SS
(Retd.)
T.
and Head,
(RD) &
(B&S)
(Civil
New
Delhi
RDSO, Lucknow
Bureau
of Indian Standards,
New
Delhi
Engg.),
Corresponding Members
1.
Consultant (W.B.)
2.
Singh, R.B.
EX'Officio
1.
President,
Delhi
Members
New
New
of
Delhi
Special Secretary
2.
Secretary General
New
Delhi
ii
Roads Congress,
IRC:SP:102-2014
Notations and Symbols
Angle of
G^.
is
B.
can be taken as
is
internal friction of
soil/fill
offset
D>
(h.
+ b
if
h.
i*''
< (2d-b) or
tan(45-^) or
(h,
<
reinforcement
+ b
/2
+ d
if
h.
> (2d-b)
20
'
level of
where,
is taller
wall
and H2
is
shorter wall
Kq.
LTD
is
is
S^.
is
r^g^
is
T.
Distance of
f\
is
is
is
CG
is
(p/2)
/ (
d + b/2)
i'^
level of
reinforcement
due
to
manufacturing processes
(1 .2
for
combination A)
life
and design
temperature
is
fill
material particle
h.
is
is
i'^
damage
layer
where,
P. is
the horizontal width of the top and bottom faces of the reinforcement element
at the
7.
is
the
j*^
maximum
in
section 3. 2. a
above
IRC:SP:102-2014
the partial load factor applied to
is
f^^
as
same
soil
load combinations
is
T.
section 3.3
load combination
same combinations as
- load combinations
is
H/
is
the surcharge
is
is
a'
is
c'
is
f^^
is
fj
be
h.
Depth of the
is
j'^
due
to
fill
and the
reinforcing
element
soil
soil
.3
may be
taken as
.6
the horizontal width of the top and bottom faces of the reinforcement element at
the
layer per metre run
IRC:SP:102-2014
Prof.
Soil Walls"
FHWA,
for
last
In
British
During the deliberations the sub-committee received diverse suggestions from stakeholders
based on their understanding, experience and interest. However, while drafting the guidelines
it has been ensured that the design as well as construction proceeds in a safe and conservative
manner, keeping in mind the complications faced in addressing serviceability issues postconstruction. Experience gained in adopting RS Wall technology on several projects in the
country helped the group in drafting these guidelines. State of construction practices as well
as QA and QC procedures followed in the country have been uppermost in the mind while
drafting the provisions of the guidelines.
like
and retained
testing, reinforced
soil/fill
testing,
the guidelines.
The initial draft document on "Guidelines for Design and Construction of Reinforced Soil Walls"
was discussed in number of meetings of B-3 Committee and document was approved by the
B-3 Committee in its meeting held on 14.05.2013 for placing before the BSS Committee.
BSS Committee in its meeting held on 18.7.2013 decided that B-3 Committee should first
finalise the document based on the comments received and forward the same to IRC Sectt.
for circulating amongst H-4 Committee members for holding the joint meeting of B-3 and H-4
Committees.
Accordingly, draft
in
number
of
and
Promulgation of these guidelines will ensure that the RS Walls will be designed and
constructed with great care and diligence, and would stand the test of time.
1
IRC:SP:102-2014
The BSS Committee approved this document in its meeting held on 6'^ January, 2014. The
Executive Committee in its meeting held on 9*^ January, 2014 approved this document.
Finally, the document was considered and approved by the IRC Council in its 201^' meeting
held on 19*^ January, 2014 at Guwahati (Assam) for publishing by IRC.
The personnel
of Foundation
Committee (B-3)
appended.
INTRODUCTION
more than 40 years world over and
25
years in India and are increasingly being adopted in highway and bridge construction. These
applications call for use of relatively new technology and materials. The developments in the
theory, design methods and experience of the behaviour of RS Walls gained in laboratories,
full scale tests and field applications in India and abroad have brought knowledge from
developmental stage to widespread applications in hands of practicing engineers. This
powerful method will be increasingly adopted in road and bridge projects. Publication of
these guidelines (referred as 'Guidelines' hereafter) covering the design and construction
methods for benefit of the new as well as existing users is overdue, as need is felt to bring
consistency in design and philosophy adopted by various system suppliers and to ensure
minimum standard and criteria for acceptance of materials so that design life of 100 years
is assured and to bring uniformity in partial load factors and partial material safety factors
fulfilling a long standing need in the field of Highways and Bridges Engineering.
Reinforced Soil (RS) Walls are
in
use
for
SCOPE
of
approaches
retaining
soil/fill
and
leading to the
open spans
fills
of
road
for
The coverage
in
is
not limited
to:
soil
in
its
construction
Types
Testing of materials
Design methods
RS
of reinforcements,
and facings
fills,
and behaviour of
Walls
in
RS
IRC:SP:102-2014
3
Fig.1
used
characteristics of materials
in
construction of
soil
RS
Walls.
in
In
fill,
measures used
reinforced
for
ensuring
drainage.
Fig.
3.1
Retained
RS
Wall
soil/fill
case of 2 lane and 4 lane highway projects where the total width is not
very significant shall be of same specification as reinforced fill. However, in the case of six
lane projects or four lane with slope surcharge it is experienced that large quantity of fill is
required. In case the retained fill is not available in requisite quantity, fill meeting the criteria
The
retained
fill
in
The
Recommended
i)
Angle of
ii)
Plasticity
configuration of retained
properties:
25
Index < 20
fill
is
shown
in
Figs.
2A and
2B.
IRC:SP:102-2014
Fig.
Fig. 2
Retained
Fill
Fig.2B
of Different Specifications
in
soil
Hence the earth pressure acting on reinforced soil mass will be more than
the earth pressure compared to the case where the
material in both zones are identical.
Another possible configuration of retained
is shown in Fig. 2B. In this arrangement since
reinforced
fill.
fill
fill
the retained
fill
is
soil/fill
zone
like
is
same as
failure
fill.
Properties
approach
3.2
The
soil,
Reinforced
reinforced
soil/fill
as outlined
in
in
Soil/Fill
is
RS
The
in
soil is
component derived from internal friction. The desirable gradation of the reinforced
is shown
in Table 1. The gradation proposed would ensure that the
is well graded, free draining
and has adequate shear strength once
is compacted. Properties of the reinforced soil
fill
fill
it
like
grain size distribution, Atterberg limits, drained shear strength (peak as well as residual
value), permeability,
maximum
OMC
IRC:SP:102-2014
Table
Percentage Finer
Seive Size
mm
4.75 mm
75
The
425 micron
75 micron
< 15
with
As a
Cu >
2.
PI is less
on construction
reinforcements,
reduced to%-
%)
(in
100
85-100
60-90
backfill
Soil/Fill
Fill
it
in.
is
(19
recommended
survivability of geosynthetics
maximum
that the
steel reinforcements
tests
are or have
While using metallic reinforcement or metallic connection system, it should be ensured that
electro-chemical properties of the fill are satisfactory and would not cause or trigger corrosion
of the reinforcement. It is desirable that soil should have a resistivity > 5000 ohm-cm at
pH
200
mg/l,
mg/l.
The
and compliance
In
many
ensure consistency
to specifications.
Sandy Gravel
to
fill.
(residual soil)
as mentioned above
fill
classifying as
GC,
GM
or
is
provided the
does
not exceed 20 percent. At the same time additional precautions, if required, to ensure that
hydrostatic as well as pore pressure is not developed by providing adequate surface and
sub-surface drainage system should be undertaken.
It
is
emphasized
a)
combined percentage
of
silt
and clay
Clean,
free
draining,
non-plastic
fill
fill
is
i.e.
-75 micron
soil)
as follows:-
meeting
gradation
and
plasticity
IRC:SP:102-2014
b)
c)
Residual/soil
with
due precautions
mentioned above.
Any
d)
soil,
also used.
In
many
fill
and retained
soil is
and
friction
It
is
For
lateral
^design
The value
as prescribed by IS 2720
should be taken as
Op^^^.
may be
of
The
Direct
that
adequate drainage
shear test
part
IV.
is
ensured
in
the
The value
of phi
Where
soil classifies
and
the
as
ensured that 80
GM
or
GC,
is
plasticity
norms
is
3.3
Drainage Bay
Normally,
RS
pressures are
due
Where
hydrostatic
to
bay.
IRC:SP:102-2014
Table 2 Gradation for Drainage Bay
Sieve Opening,
mm
Percentage Finer
37.50
90-100
20.00
80-100
12.50
0-20
Alternatively,
be considered as a
retained fill. To ensure that the run -off and sub-surface water is drained, a drainage bay should
be provided between the retained soil and the reinforced soil to ensure proper drainage. The
drainage bay should be designed to carry the discharge and should be provided vertically at
the back of the retained fill and continued in a horizontal extent to a depth well below the toe
of the RS Wall and lead to a drain meant to carry the discharge away from the RS Wall.
support
hill
cut
hill
is
to
Facing Elements
3.4
The
to
facing
is
provided to prevent
over of the
spilling/falling
and also
fill
to provide firm
anchorage to the reinforcement. Facings should be tough and robust. Facing also provides
an aesthetic architectural finish to the RS structure.
The
MORTH
specifications -2013)
a)
b)
c)
Gabion facing
d)
Wrap around
e)
and woven
f)
The
one
steel wire
in
different
grid
mesh
it
is
subjected
it
to.
Typically the
Connection between the facia panels and the reinforcing element shall be done by using
either nut or bolt, HDPE inserts with bodkin joint, hollow embedded devices, polymeric/steel
strips/rods/pipes, fibre glass dowels or any other material shown in the drawings. Several
types of connections are being used.
case of modular block facing where the reinforcement is held by friction between the facia
block and the reinforcement, the results of pullout test as per ASTM D 6638 shall satisfy the
requirement of the Long Term Design Strength of the primary reinforcement.
In
In
is
is
based on the
friction
IRC:SP:102-2014
and reinforcement as well as block to block friction. Typical cross sections of walls using
modular, gabion and panel facing using geogrids is shown in Figs. 3A, 3B and 3C Few
varieties of blocks panels (not exhaustive) used in practice are shown in Figs. 4A and 4B.
6.L.
Fig.
3A
RS
Reinforcement Length
Fig.
3B
RS
Tail
IRC:SP:102-2014
Crash bamer
LevelHng pad
Fig.
3C
RS
1-
Fig.
4A Modular
Fig.
4B Panels
IRC:SP:102-2014
Concrete (minimum
mm.
thickness
Modular blocks should be manufactured using a block making machine and cast from a
cement sand mix to attain a minimum concrete strength (M35) of 35 N/mm^. In case of blocks,
the hollow area shall not exceed 40 percent of the cross sectional area. The outer side of
the block shall have a minimum thickness of 85 mm and the inner side 45 mm. Blocks may
also be profiled to create hollows between adjacent blocks The hollow space shall be filled
with clean, 20 mm. down sound, aggregate to add to friction between the reinforcing grid
and facia blocks. The blocks and panels manufactured should have consistency/uniformity
in
The
if
it
has
certification for
IRC:113-2013andTabfe3.
In addition,
it
desirable to have a
is
CE
marking
shall not
Once a system
is
in
to
is
no
"falling of blocks",
in
Connections of the panel/block with the reinforcement should be clearly defined and tested
using relevant ASTM standards. ASTM D-6916 and D-6638, gives test procedures for
evaluating block to block friction and block to reinforcement connection strength (Fig.
5).
The connection
BS: 8006-2010.
once again
addition, the
It
is
method
of construction shall
MORTH
2013
have
quality
Specifications.
10
IRC:SP:102-2014
2,
PRECAST BLOCKS
GEOGiUD
J.
LO/SDING PLAItN
1.
ROLLER
5.
e,
7,
a,
9.
to,
Fig.
LVDT CLAMP
SURCHARGe ACTUATOR
LOADING FRAME
V^IRE-UNE LVDT
COMPUTER CONTROLLED
Reinforcement
3.5
used
Metallic
elements
in
Metallic reinforcement
Polymeric elements
All
OAMP
4.
in
plates etc.
form of mesh
mesh
etc.
types of Reinforcements are taken beyond the Rankine zone into the resistant zone to
ensure
sufficient
Reinforcement used
to
resist
lateral
is
woven
steel wire
mesh).
Ail tests
The
031 9 or ASTM
D 6637or EN
is
be performed
11
be
1 0223-3
in
an
IRC:SP:102-2014
term design strength. While accounting for
creep, design life of the adjoining super structure should be taken in to account. For example,
since all the elements of a bridge are designed for 100 years, the strength of the polymeric
reinforcement should also be estimated at the end of 100 years. Creep should be estimated
Partial safety factors are
used
mind the ambient temperature which in many parts of the country exceeds 40C
during summer, though in-situ temperatures may not exceed 30 - 35C, that too for a short
period of the year. The designer shall provide partial safety factors for creep, for 20, 30 and
40C degrees. These results should also include creep rupture and creep strain at these
temperatures. Partial Safety factor used in design should correspond to the temperature
calculated by the procedure given in EN/ISO 20432. The design temperature should be
taken as halfway between the average yearly air temperature and normal daily temperature
(shade temperature) for the hottest month at the site. For obtaining the shade air temperature
in a zone as given by IRC-6 may be referred. Creep factors for different temperature should
be arrived at by conducting tests as per ISO 20432 in independent accredited laboratories.
keeping
in
Polymeric reinforcement shall have minimum of 10000 hours creep test data or SIM test data
at different temperatures to evaluate partial material factor for creep. It is essential that SIM
test results
to
some
limited hours.
Manufacturing of reinforcement should confirm to ISO 9001 standard, to ensure that quality
processes are stringently followed during manufacturing processes.
LTD = T,
/{f/f2 *f3 *fj
char
>
4-'
where,
T
f^
j^g^
is
is
is
due
to
is
f^
is
particle
of tensile strength
manufacturing processes
temperature
fg
limit)
damage
life
and design
fill
material
damage
Care shall be exercised during compaction of granular fill with zinc coated metal strips to
ensure the integrity of the coating. Metallic reinforcement should be manufactured in a facility
having ISO certification. Metallic elements and fasteners connections should be coated by
zinc coating of 80 micron.
12
IRC:SP:102-2014
Traffic Barriers
3.6
Commonly, a
friction
slab
is
used
due
to
2500
mm
impact of vehicles on
mm
thick
depending on the type of crash barrier provided. One aspect to be taken care of is the 'Friction
slab' in the approach embankments. Unlike the approach slab which extends throughout
the width of the embankments, the friction slab width depends upon the design adequacy
extending only for the part of the embankment width. It is necessary to make detailed design
for the friction slab taking care of adequate factor of safety against sliding, overturning etc. in
addition to the structural design of crash barrier.
the barrier
is
lateral force
the impact shall be distributed equally to the upper two rows of the
the reinforcements resist over their
full
length.
A typical arrangement
It
soil
reinforcement, which
shown in
RS Walls due
failure of
is
improper design, detailing and construction of Traffic/Crash barriers. Friction slab shall be
designed
in
manner consistent
Ncoprcne Sponge
Joint Material
Minimmn 700nim
1
Top two
Wall Facia
Reinforcement layer
The
different
-Top of Pavement
Friction slab
Reinibrccd Soil
Fig.
Pavement
components
that
go
to
make up
RS
carrying out appropriate tests. Besides the quality control tests should be also undertaken
with stringent control with reference to the tests
13
and
their frequency.
IRC:SP:102-2014
Before proceeding with the design of RS Walls, adequate geotechnica! exploration should be
carried out to ensure that the all necessary soil properties required for design of the wall are
available. 1RC:78 may referred for details of extent and depth of exploration.
new
retaining wall.
Subsurface investigations are required not only in the area of the construction but also
behind and in front of the structure to assess overall performance behaviour. The subsurface
investigation shall enable study of conditions that prevail throughout the construction of the
structure, such as the stability of construction.
Tests for Resnforcement
4.1
The reinforcement
is
Tests should include Tensile tests, (Stress strain graph), creep test results, tests to determine
resistance to mechanical and environmental
damage, raw
material used
The tests performed to evaluate the in-situ/life time performance like resistance to installation
damage, environmental damage, creep, type of raw material, carboxyl end group and
molecular weight, should be also provided by the supplier. Creep test results for 20, 30 and
40C should be provided. The testing should also include tests to evaluate block to block and
block to reinforcement testing as specified by ASTM tests mentioned earlier. The supplier
should also clearly indicate the methodology of identifying the reinforcement vis-a-vis
strength
in
the
its
field.
in their final
Polyester geosynthetics shall have molecular weight greater than or equal to 25000 g/mol
and carboxyl end groups less than or equal to 30 mmol/Kg. Manufacturer shall furnish test
results of these
same raw
material
is
used
in
the
finished product.
approved the reinforcement arriving at the site should be tested for tensile
strength, in an independent accredited laboratory, at frequency of 1 set per 5000 sq. m. of wall
facia area or two sets of samples whichever is higher. Samples should be drawn randomly
from the reinforcement at site in presence of the user or his representative.
is
14
IRC:SP:102-2014
Clause 3103 of
4.2
The
soil
which
proposed
to
required quantity,
suitability for
The
is
MORTH
2013
Specifications.
Fill
be used as retained fill behind the reinforced fill, in case it is not natural soil, shall
be tested for its shear characteristics and permeability to evaluate earth pressure, drainage
soil to
The backfill
is
second stage
backfill
envisaged
in
design
is
fill
while the
To ascertain the suitability of the fill, samples should be drawn from the borrow area by
drawing a grid of 25 m c/c to full depth, logging and sampling for ascertaining suitability of
the borrow material as per MORTH 2013 Specifications. Following tests shall be carried out
as per Indian Standards.
i)
Sieve Analysis -
ii)
iii)
Compaction Tests -
iv)
IS:
2720 Part
IS:
2720
Part-
5-2 tests
soil
soil
fill
During construction the quality control should be exercised by conducting one set of density
compaction in reinforced
soil walls. (Clause 903.2.2 of MORTH 201 3) One set shall consist of 6 tests. The density tests
shall be carried out in accordance with IS-2720 Part 28. Density measurement by nuclear
gauge may be carried out as an alternative. For such a test the number of tests per set shall
be doubled. If the retained fill is borrowed tests mentioned above should be carried out at
same frequency of reinforced fill. Frequency during construction shall be as per MORTH
test of
2013
4.3
3000 sq.m.
of
of
Specifications.
iVIaterials for
Concrete
Materials used for making concrete blocks and panels shall be as per specification and tests
as specified
in
IRC: 11 2.
5
Limit state principles are
in
used
in
DESIGN PRINCIPLES
Two
limit
states considered
design are:
state (collapse loads)
a)
Ultimate
b)
limit
limits).
15
IRC:SP:102-2014
Limit state design for reinforced soil walls
uses
consequences
state approach, disturbing loads are increased by multiplying specified load factors to arrive
design load, while resisting forces are reduced by dividing by the specified materia! factors
to arrive at the design strengths. In addition, for Reinforced Soil walls, a partial safety factor,
f^ is used to account for consequences of failure, frequency of occurrence of loads etc., while
at
and external
limit state,
stability is
addition to normal principles of design on the basis of which earth retaining structures are
Reinforced
soil structures.
Analysis
done
is
in
two
and
Internal Stability.
mechanisms
unit,
involved.
Once
reinforcement such as bars, plates etc. at an axial strain less than the strain
reinforcement
is
classified
in
the
soil,
the
are characterised by temperature and time dependent strains (creep) are normally classified
as extensible reinforcements. However, Polymeric and other reinforcements which show less
strain
as compared
when
Normally,
reinforcement
is
to soil strain
may be
is
sustained at a
exceeding
is
classified
is
sustained at
as extensible.
Two methods
commonly used for analysing the internal stability of the reinforced soil
structures. The "tie back wedge method" follows principles used in classical analysis of
anchored retaining walls. The "coherent gravity method" is based on monitored and observed
are
behaviour of reinforced
structures
using
inextensible
reinforcement.
i.e.
For inextensible
and
shall
16
is
used
for
design of reinforced
soil
structures
IRC:SP:102-2014
External Stability
5.1
RS
in
20
15
if
polymeric
Bearing and
mass on
against
the
tilt
mass/block
soil
is
failure.
more.
It
of at least
It
.4 in
should
development
be considered
in
of
the
Minimum depth
stability calculations.
is
in
is
margin
sufficient
whichever
is
is
checked
of
height of the road crust. While constructing retaining walls on existing roads,
especially concrete roads, the requirement of
of
mm
600
may be
relaxed to
and
in
sufficient resistance
is
is
Arrangement shown
wall,
Where
to
ensure adequate
measures need
lateral
is
to
be
to
strictly
prohibited as
it
is
likely to
in
reduce the
stability of
the wall.
improvement methods
is
to
highlight
due
the
c)
Sliding
to lateral
limit
Global
least
and overturning
state should
stability:-
in
be achieved.
FS
against a
should be checked.
FS
of at
check possible
The
failure
modes
and
failure
modes.
17
IRC:SP:102-2014
The
soil
calculations are
shown
in
Figs. 7
soil,
retained
and 8 shows
soil
in
the stability
stability.
Foundation
Fig.
IJ
2010)
1.5
1.5
IJllMlilUJU
b)ExtemaI and
Internal Stablity
Fig.
18
2010)
IRC:SP:102-2014
5.2
tnternai StabHity
a)
Tie
The maximum
ultimate
limit
in
T.
to
can be
where,
Eqn.
...
Kg
is
may be
(1 - sin cD)/(1
+ sin O)
equation
Kg = {(Sin2(a + 0))/[sin2a
* (sin
(a
sin (<D
P) )/(sin (a +
(S))]^}
where,
is
is
the slope
O
6
Q^. is
makes
makes
is
friction
soil
distribution
eccentricity.
i.e.
due
vertical stress
i*^
A distribution
and the
level of
wall
0.67*cj)
of 2v:1h should
be considered
Note: a^ = R/(L-2e).
S^. is
is
i'^
level of reinforcement
the partial load factor for applied concentrated loads (1.2 for combination A)
is
the distance from the inner face of the wall to the centre of the strip load
is
h. is
B.
F|^
Q
Reduction
in
can be taken as
(h.
+ b)
if
h.
i**"
layer
< (2d
b) or
(h.
+ b
)/2
+ d
if
h.
> (2d
b)
lateral
0/2)
/ (
d + b/2)
may be
lost
is
i'^
19
IRC:SP:102-2014
ensured when friction forces acting on a potential failure plane and the
tensile resistance offered by the reinforcement are able to resist loads tending to cause
Wedge
stability is
movements.
Annexure A2
These checks
Wedge
in
stability
checks.
adequate.
Fig.
9A
Fill -
Tie
8006-2010)
(BS:
Ft
mil
JIL
H
J-
H
Fig.
9B
Internal Stability
(Tie
Back Wedge
Loads
be Considered
Method (BS:8006-2010)
Effects of
20
to
is
IRC:SP:102-2014
b)
limit
reducing to
linearly
reinforcement the
as
state
sin
())
to
and
at 6.00
lateral earth
at 6
serviceability
and below
taken as
is
and
at
case of inextensible
top should be taken
may be used
this depth. In
pressure coefficient
depth. Equation 2
at the top
force/m Adherence capacity of the reinforcement and long term rupture should be
checked. (Refer Figs. 10 and 11).
is
S^.
+ (2F,F,
) ...
Eqn. 2
where,
given by (d + b/2)
is
is
y =
(d'
S^. is
b')
is
may be
b')
where
tan-^
is in
jth level
radians
shown
in
Fig. 8.
F2
is
F^
is
in lateral
lost
And
(y/h.)
hj is
Reduction
(d'
Fg = (2/n)
and z =
is
Mill
Fig.
(BS:8006-2010)
21
Fig. 11
IRC:SP:102-2014
Maximum Tension
Fig. 12. This
line for
commonly
is
line
Tension
defined
line
is
three positions
i.e.
needs
another tension
in
to
be considered. This
Fig. 13.
The tension
in
line is called
as tension
line
(BS-8006).
in
and tension
line 2.
Maximum Tension
Line 2
^ layer
0.4H
Fig.
line
Zo
Tension Line
Zo= minimum
Fig.
13 Tension Line
for
of 2(d +b/2) or Hi
be multiplied by a constant
a^ while other components would remain unchanged. The value of a^ may be taken as
- 3Y) where Y is the width of the active zone below the strip loading and
0.85 for h. < (1 .5
can be taken as 1- 0.15 (H^ - h.) (H^ - (1 .5
- Y)).
first
22
IRC:SP:102-2014
For the tensile force along tension
line
the
first
be multiplied by
a constant a^ while the other components would remain unchanged. The value of a^
taken as 1 for K < b or a^ + (1 - a^) (Z^ - b) if b < h, <
and equal to a^ if h. >Zq.
may be
line
i'^
Wedge
stability is
ensured when
friction
to resist
movements.
For both the methods described above global
to local stability
As
in
addition
checks.
as rupture
far
stability
is
concerned
it
TJf
>T.
D n
J
where,
Tp
The check
is
f^ is
T. is
for rupture
j*^
life
layer
should be carried out for both the methods (tie-back and coherent
gravity).
Some
taken
level
level.
5.3
in
in
The design
calculations
may
A partial FS (fJ
the
RS
Walls
is
large.
Such a
strain
and Load
b)
in
is
be
to derive the
account
Reinforcement
i)
Polymeric
1.
Partial
Safety
Factor
(f^)
for
Manufacturing,
quality
control
estimated
strength
23
IRC:SP:102-2014
Summary
Table 3
Sr.
Case
No.
Design
Ramifications of failure,
Loads
in different
1.1
load combinations
Case A
Dead Load
1.5
Lateral Pressure
1.5
Load
Case B
Dead Load
1.5
Lateral Pressure
1.5
Traffic
Traffic
1.0
1.5
Case C
Dead Load
1.0
Lateral Pressure
1.0
Earthquake Load
1.0
4.
Material Properties
Soil
Annip nf
^1 Intprnal
IL^I lOI
fVI IVJIO
II
->
friptinn
Hi
W,
II lOllwl
1
"design
Reinforcement
As per ISO
recommendations
Creep
Mechanical
Environmental
10
Metallic reinf.
11
12
1.0
13
reinforcement for
1.3
14
effects
(f^)
for
(f^)
if
polymeric Reinf.
Damage
(fj)
Damage
for
(f^)
polym. Reinf.
Reinforcement
1.5
State
1.3
ult.
State
1.0
Bearing and
16
Sliding
14
Tilt
1.2
17
Slip circle
18
in
dynamic
(with
no load
1.3
factor)
1.1
in
Tests for Tensile strength should be recent, (not more than a year old at the time of proof
checking)
Connection tests can be done at IIT Madras, NT Delhi or any other accredited laboratory
where such facilities are available in the country.
Tensile
Tests on
IRC:113-2013.
24
be conducted
in
laboratories
listed
in
IRC:SP:102-2014
Partial Safety factor
2.
(f^)
account
to
out
in
for
will
to
earlier
in
sections.
Partial
3.
Safety
Factor
should
construction
damage
mechanical
for
(f^)
during
by
out
an
fill.
4.
(f^)
on tests carried
based
environmental
for
an
by
out
damage
should be
independent accredited
laboratory.
Above
and applied
to the
ii)
Minimum Average
Roll
Metallic
A partial FS
(f^)
of
.5
ISO
a)
test
method.
is
'
'
"
'
'
The
combinations
Combinations
1
.5 *
Dead Load +
(generates
1
maximum
.5 * Lateral
tension requirements)
Pressure
.5 * Traffic
load behind
+Dynamic Load
(Earthquake)
maximum
eccentricity
load behind
Combination B
of resultant at
1
(critical for
overturning and
base
.0 *
the
Combination C
1.0
Dead Load +
1.0
deformations)
Dynamic Load
(Earthquake)
Annexure A3
stability
due
to
external stability
and
Partial
i)
A partial FS
of
.0
soil
may be used
25
for
internal
in
angle of internal
friction.
IRC:SP:102-2014
Partial Safety factor for
c)
reinforcement interaction
i)
and
.0
ultimate
and
.0
.3 for
for serviceability
Pull out resistance of
ii)
,.-
for serviceability.
Few cases
.3 for
state
limit
principles.
Serviceability
5.4
mentioned
reinforcement
and Settlements
soil
towards the total settlement of a reinforced soil structure. Settlement of the founding soil
can be estimated by conventional theories. Post construction settlement of the founding soil
should not exceed 100 mm for discrete panels/and blocks which result in flexible structures.
Settlements arising due to internal compression are normally small once compaction is done
effectively. However the facing should be able to cope up with the internal compression.
Typical safe vertical
movements
in
in
150. Total
severe effects on the completed structure (although reinforced soil mass is known to be
more accommodative as far as differential settlements are concerned), Typically differential
settlement of
for
full
in
for discrete
(1
500
in
height panels).
5.4.1
Construction tolerances
Reinforced
soil
and
serviceability
if
proper care
is
compaction and erection. Due consideration should be given to ensure that during construction
and post construction deformations and strains are within limits. Reinforced structures.
1)
ii)
iii)
deform
to
erratic alignments.
cause spalling/cracking
of face panel/s,
closing/opening of joints.
Specifications outlined
in
5.5
MORTH~2013 document
be referred
tolerances, dimensional tolerances of panels and blocks.
section 3106.6 of
The spacing
in
shall
for
of reinforcement shall
soil
26
mass, the
mm,
in all
vertical
spacing of primary
types of reinforcement.
IRC:SP:102-2014
ii)
For walls constructed with modular blocks and deriving their connection
capacity by friction, and also for any other facia configurations, where
connection
capacity
is
by
friction,
maximum
the
vertical
spacing
of
reinforcement shall be two times the block width (measured from front fact to
back face of the block). Further, the maximum spacing of reinforcing elements
shall not
exceed 800
The maximum
ill)
mm
in all
height effacing
cases.
left
unreinforced
a)
b)
below the lowest reinforcing layer, shall not exceed the width of the
block (measured from the front face to back face of the block.)
reinforcing layer
and
case modular blocks are used for facia, no more than one intervening
block shall be left without having primary reinforcement.
In
iv)
v)
Where panels are used, the maximum spacing of reinforcement shall not
exceed 800 mm. The spacing of nearest reinforcing element shall be such
that maximum height of facing above uppermost reinforcement layer and
below the lower most reinforcement layer does not exceed 400 mm.
vi)
In
configured to
Whereas the
fit
shall
be
is
fill,
secondary reinforcement may be required to protect the slope face from local sloughing and
instability depending upon the facia configuration adopted. Where secondary reinforcement
is used, stability of the area near the slope face shall be checked separately.
elements are used, the lower part of the facia element may be
extended into the fill to serve as a secondary reinforcement. In other types of facia, geogrids
may also be used as a secondary reinforcement. The length of the secondary reinforcement
shall be adequate to provide local stability in the vicinity of the slope face.
Where
CONSTRUCTION OF RS WALLS
The performance
of the
RS
The
is
RS
Wall
will
it
contractor.
Steps involved
A)
in
Foundation treatment,
if
structures
required, shall be
It
in
first
27
main
is
required."
IRC:SP:102-2014
2)
The
drawings.
3)
Excavate and compact the base the ground to the embedment depth
and required width, to a dry density of 95 percent of the Modified Proctor
Density.
4)
to
5)
reinforced
An
initial
levelling
pad of 150
mm
fill,
levelled
Maximum Dry
Density.
thick using
6)
The
first
envisaged
in
to
level
the drawing.
7)
The alignment
make
8)
The
of the block/facing
is
block/panel and
in
The drainage
material shall be
compacted with vibratory plate compactor and within the block cavities. No
heavy compaction equipment should be allowed to operate within 1.5 m of
the back of face panel.
9)
minimum
Density. The
soil backfill
to
10)
When
in
of
In
shall
geotextile.
12)
be repeated
until
the
final
layer of reinforcement
backfill,
is
reached.
be cut to length and placed on top of the face block. The reinforcement should
be stretched to ensure that there are no wrinkles and the reinforcement is
taut.
1
3)
to
14)
Second
is
slightly
away from
the external
is
will
subsequent geogrid
is
layers.
28
laid
IRC:SP:102-2014
Where panels
embedded in
5)
indicated
in
be changed.
1
When
6)
it
desirable to keep an
is
initial
inward better.
It
should
'
in
Where
17)
the retained
fill
is
borrowed and
different
is
fill
the
is
desirable that face of the blocks be profiled to have an inward batter of 2-4 degrees.
COMMON CAUSES OF
Design and construction of Reinforced Soil walls is an involved process requiring due
diligence and quality control. Moreover, repairs and remedial are often laborious, difficult, time
consuming, expensive, often ineffective in the long run and in most of the cases impossible
to implement. The designer and the owner should therefore be cautioned that while there are
several advantages of using RS Walls these are not realised unless careful consideration is
given to design as well as construction procedures. Failures can be in serviceability as well
as collapse.
Common
failures are
summarised below.
Cause
Effect
Design Stage
Inadequate Investigations regarding founding
soil
typically
classification,
for
Excessive
in
differential/total
settlement resulting
stratification
Inadequate
investigations
borrow
regarding
soil
Difficulty in
pressure
if
the
of fines resulting
fill
in
fascia.
fill
Inadequate
properties
inputs
-
regarding
reinforcement
strength
etc.
29
Excessive
in
in
IRC:SP:102-2014
Cause
bay design
drainage
Inadequate
Effect
ensure
to
fill
of fascia.
Construction Stage
Excessive
as
far
as
is
settlement
resulting
in
distortion/
concerned
fill
not
meeting
specifications
in
'
etc.
like
in
perforated pipe
respect to specifications/drawing
Change
in
Connection details
.5
within
bay
Drainage
not
material
meeting
specifications
Initial
in
panels
A)
REFEREMCES/BIBLIOGRAPHY
Internationai Standards
1)
"Code
of
BS8006
2)
Practice
for
Strengthened/Reinforced
Soils
and Other
fills",
1:2010.
and
II",
US
DoT,
2009.
3)
B)
Other Standards
1)
MORTH
Edition,
Specifications for
2013.
2)
"Plain
3)
30
of Practice", 1S:456,
1", IS:
2000
1893, 2002
5'^
!RC:SP:102-2014
4)
"Compendium
Part-1,
of Indian Standards
1987.
5)
6)
"Guidelines for
7)
Use
of Flyash
in
II
Code
of Practice for
Road
Edition) IRC:78-2014.
8)
"Code
9)
of Practice for
Embankments on
10)
IRC: 11 2-2011.
for
11)
2)
Standard Test Method for Determining the Shear Strength Between Segmental
Concrete Units (Modular Concrete Blocks) ASTM D 6916-6c-2011.
13)
for soil
14)
Geosynthetics
15)
Certification (Quality
Management System)
ISO-9001-2008.
Bibliography
1)
"Reinforced
Soil
and
its
Engineering Applications",
Swami Saran,
I.K.
and
3)
2, Xlibris
6*''
Edition,
Volumes
Corporation, 2012.
"Geotechnical
Earthquake
Steven
Engineering",
K.
Kramer,
Pearson
Education, 1996.
4)
5)
6)
Indian
7)
A Comprehensive
&
Vol. 67-1,
2007.
31
in
IRC:SP:102-2014
AnnexureAO
(Refer Clause 5.1)
depth of 400
lateral
due
A 300 mm
300
bars be provided
be designed
beam
emebd
to
resistance arrangement
is difficult
it
the wall to a
mm RCC
in
that
generated
in
the
RE
Wall.
RE wall Pane
is
shown
in
Fig.
AO below
Bearr
Backfill
.,^n:hor Rod
4 Bars of
10mm
Existing
PQC Road
300
Section of
Beam
Wo. of Rods
'
Beam
Backfjif
RE
Fig.
for
32
RS
wall Pan!
IRC:SP:102-2014
Annexure A1
(Refer Clause 5.1)
CohesionSess Soils
Common methods
a)
of improving
deep cohesionless
Heavy Tampingimproved up
It
is
way
to a substantial depth, of
of dropping a weight
W*H
'
W through
'
soils are:
in
per blow. The entire area can be covered by this method to improve the
ground
to desired
shear strength.
need
Initial trials
to
be carried out
prove
to
the efficacy of the method and also to fine tune the coverage of the entire
.
area. This
do not
Igniting
change
in
in
and
a borehole
cause
to
initial
soil to settle to
and
liquefaction
new compact
to
be
relative
resulting vibrations
utilities
likely
affected.
the
do not
Vibrofloatation
In
/or
utilities.
in
vibrations
d)
a charge
affect structures
c)
urban settings.
in
Blasting
density. This
in
soil
is
is
maximum
reinforcement
and
backfilling
it
with reinforcement
(commonly
distribution of forces
possible, the
by
bi-axial geo-grids)
soil
layer.
not
fully
limit
understood,
it
The reinforcement be
is
recommended
that,
T should be provided
restricted to a
maximum
where
in
one
2 layers.
in
and the
known.
It
cohesive
is
which
the unreinforced
BCR
(p^)
soil at
soils.
33
same
settlement.
The
is
method
of
IRC:SP:102-2014
Use
e)
cohesionless
and
soils.
i)
made up
filled
Geocells are placed directly on the subsoil surface and propped open
ii)
In
iii)
assess.
One can
approaches
in
iv)
mattresses.
v)
f)
is
.00 to
is
required for
.50 m.
the
soil
cohesive
A1.2
soils.
Cohesive Soil
Deep cohesive
1
soils
by:-
2.
Stone Columns
3.
Band drains
4.
Chemical
with preloading
stabilisation
IRC:113-2013
shall
be referred.
34
HRB SOAR
No. 13,
HRB SOAR
No. 14 and
IRC:SP:102-2014
Annexure A2
(Refer Clause 5.2)
7^
lore
Active
-Laj-
Resistan: Zone
-Lej-
La]
= Length
of
Lej
= Length
of
Fig.A2.1
The
reinforcement
reinforcement
Parameters
for
active
resistant
is
zone
zone
In
ii
in
the
in
passive zone
in
is
p^>
U){ffsYih| +ffWs)
a'bcCLe,
fmsfpf n
where,
the horizontal width of the top and bottom faces of the reinforcement
is
element
the
is
at the
j**"
maximum
in
section
5. 2.
above
the partial load factor applied to
is
combination as
T. refer
soil
same
load
is
as
T.
Section 5.3
same combinations
load combinations
is
is
is
is
is
be
and the
is
soil
fill
pull
reinforcing
out resistance
soil
-1.3
35
element
IRC:SP:102-2014
is
h - Depth
of the
j*''
may be
c'
taken as
.6
For inextensible reinforcement the adherence should be checked beyond line 1 and 2 and
checked with reinforcement tension at each of these points. The adherence capacity of T. of
each layer of reinforcement can be calculated using the equation given below:L
T.
< ((2BM)/(f;j)
f,oJx)6x
L-Laj
where,
is
the
maximum
the reinforcement
by the
j'''
"
.3)
(1 .1
s the partial load factor for different combinations refer Section 5.3
'fs
Wedge
stability
Sl
Ws
La
-45-0/2 /
Fig.
A2.2 Forces
for
Wedge
36
Stability
Check (BS:8006)
IRC:SP:102-2014
The
stability of
ensures that
wedge
the
friction
and
at
satisfied
soil
level of
tensile resistance
For reinforced
each
Wedge
of the reinforcement
is
stability
sufficient
wedge
is
by
n layers
or
n layers
I {[(PI
j
Wn)]
is
T.
is
Mm
Ma',/
c^^^^^^^
Y hp
in
the
summation
to
assess the
maximum
j*^
stability
layer
in
Section
5. 2.
above
is
ffg
soil
same
load
is
the horizontal width of the top and bottom faces of the reinforcement
element
is
f^
at the
j*^
same combinations
is
is
is
c'
is
f^g
is
pull
out resistance
.3
f^
a'
be
soil
soil
37
c'
may be
taken as
.6
IRC:SP:102-2014
AnnexureAS
(Refer Clause 5.3)
IN
(Refer FHWA-NHI-00-043)
RE
wall as provided by
FHWA-NHI-00-043 approach. Designer can adopt seismic analysis as per AFNOR and other
FHWA guidelines as an alternative. As reinforced earth wall is more flexible compared to
a relatively rigid R.C.C retaining wall the inertial effects due to horizontal acceleration is
considered on part of reinforced volume of earth and vertical acceleration is neglected. Also
is considered. No
only 50 percent of dynamic increment on the earth pressure of retained
dynamic increment on earth pressure due to live load surcharge is considered unlike gravity
fill
Peak
horizontal acceleration
is
Maximum
I.
acceleration developed
in
the wall
is
A^ = (1.45-A)A
(Eqn. A3.1)
where,
A
A
maximum ground
maximum
acceleration co-efficient
IR
fill
Fig.
1)
P|p,
and
=0.5A m xyxH2
(Eqn. A3.2)
'
P^^ =
in
0.5AK^^xyxH2
(Eqn. A3.3)
R^iftforcemenft Layer
Maiifor
Inertiat
rrrn
Forces CVll
BsckfWI
so
% P*if
q4 m
M/3
Fig.
A3.1
38
Backfill)
H
IRC:SP:102-2014
AK^^
(3
KAE
obtained by calculating
is
cos^(^-A-90 +
a)
=T
cosAcos^i90-a)cosiP + 90-a+ A).(l+ ^^^^^^S=]
(4)
(Eq. A3.4)
where,
(3
1),
soil friction
angle.
Both these forces are horizontal and added to the horizontal static forces. Full inertia force
on the part of reinforced soil and only 50 per cent of dynamic thrust due to earth pressure by
retained
fill
shows the
static
case of sloping
backfill
the inertia force and dynamic earth pressure increment are obtained
seismic condition.
H=H+
,
tanB 0.5
(Eqn.A3.5
1-0.5 tanp
'
Fig.
A K^^
Backfill)
Shall
putting
(3
P IR = P + P
'
ir
(Eqn.
A3.6)/
M
\
is
P =0.5 A m YH,2
ir
P^^ = 0.5
'
YH/tanp~
Y H/ A K^^ (Sloping
P =0.125 A m
IS
(Eqn.A3.7)
H,
(Eqn.A3.8)
\
backfill)
(Eqn. A3.9)
the inertia force caused by acceleration of the reinforced backfill and P.^ is the
inertia force caused by acceleration of sloping soil surcharge above the reinforced backfill
Where
P.^ is
where width
of
The analysis
considering
mass
contributing to
P^^, is
equal to 0.5
is
all
39
IRC:SP:102-2014
block as detailed for static/dynamic analysis of normal retaining wall. Inclined slope
supposed to have live load surcharge and will need no consideration.
be analyzed as follows:
Internal failure
The
not
Internal Stability
A3.1
The
is
in
two ways.
needed
element
1)
2)
Location of
3)
Maximum
tensile force at
4)
Maximum
5)
Pull-out capacity at
critical failure
surface
each reinforcement
each reinforcement
level, static
and dynamic
level
Based on research and experiments the critical failure surface has been established to depend
on type of reinforcements whether the same is extensible or inextensible. Figs. A3. 3(a) and
A3.3(b) shows these two cases giving relevant details. The maximum tensile forces T^^^ in
the element occurs along the line shown in Figs. A3. 3 (a) & A3. 3 (b). The anchorage and
strength (shear and bending) of the face panel are also required to withstand the forces to
which these are subjected
The
failure of tensile
to
backfill.
at the
maximum
and solely is a function of its tensile strength. The tensile force is a function of earth pressure
due to self-weight of earth above the element and other super imposed loads, may be live
or dead load, and coefficient of earth pressure. The pull out resistance depends on the
embedment length of tensile element beyond the failure line (effective length), the inter face
friction coefficient and the vertical loads (resultant pressure, of all loads above the level of
element). The first step is evaluation of T^^^ in the tensile element at particular level. Then
the strength of the element after allowing for various reduction factors is checked whether
the same can safely
withstand T max Then the "
pullout resistance of the tensile element in the
'
resistant zone is evaluated to check whether the element can withstand T^^^ without getting
pulled out. The FoS is also evaluated against strength of reinforcement as well as pullout
resistance. Thus internal stability of the wall at this level of reinforcement is ensured. Similar
checking is done at levels of all the tensile elements to ensure safety of the R.E Wall. These
steps are mentioned in Para A3.1 .1 A3.1 .2 & A3.1 .3.
.
A3.1 .1
Calculation of
Maximum
is
obtained as
o, =
Ka
(Eqn.A3.10)
40
IRC:SP:102-2014
= y^Z +
Where,
q,
by the area of the wall affecting the reinforcement known as tributary area
multiplied
is
and
this
leads
T max
to
T. =
(Eqn.3.11)
<^hA,
Kg should be evaluated for extensible and inextensible reinforcement based on the approach
given
in
Section 5.2
Internal stability with respect to rupture (breakage of reinforcement)
A3.1 .2
strength
is
obtained from
its
various reduction factors and applying a factor of safety. For wall to be safe against rupture
of reinforcement the allowable strength
required to be
is
more than
reinforcement then
(Eqn.A3.12)
where, RF^
RF^
is
is
is
damage,
the reduction factor due to creep and coverage ratio R^ = b/S^, with b the gross width of
reinforcing
(in
A3. 1.3
The
tensile
element
to
be safe against
pull
is
satisfied.
T.a,^?i:^>ZpLeCR,a
(Eqn.A3.13)
where,
FSpQ
T max
maximum
2 for
F*
R^
Coverage
If
the criterion
is
ratio
live
load
(traffic
Length of embedment
Lg
reinforcement tension.
strip, grid
neglecting
all
1 .5.
in
distributed
load)
increased and/or reinforcement with a greater pullout resistance per unit width must be used,
or the vertical spacing may be reduced which would reduce T^^^.
The
total length of
reinforcement,
L=L
L,
is
determined from.
(Eqn.A3.14)
+ L
e
41
IRC:SP:102-2014
Where,
For
RE
is
obtained based on the relationship as drawn from the Fig. (A3. 3).
La
Where, z
is
and horizontal
backfill:
(45-0)
^^
-z)tan
rri
= {H
(Eqn. A3.15)
Internal stability
forces
T max
in
(Eqn. A3.16)
= 0.3H.
A3.1.4
0.6(H-z)
inertial
resulting
in
in
increase
in
the
maximum
tensile
the reinforcements.
assumed
maximum
shown
&
is
that the
P, is distributed
among
in
(T^^) to their "resistant area" (L^) per unit wall width basis.
|0.3 HI
of Moximum Stress or
Potential Failure Surfoce
Zone
H +
H1
tonpx 0.3 H
- 0.3 tonp
Reinforcement
Layer
HI/2
Retained Earth
^oil
HI
Zb-R,e
/ Zone
Reinforcemnet
HI/:
Inextensible Reinforcement
Fig.
in
is
added
in
Inextensible Reinforcement
T^^^^,
is
of the reinforcement
seismic factor of
of the
following procedure
is
in
minimum allowable
followed.
42
stability
The
IRC:SP:102-2014
Zone
of
Potential
Maximum
Stress or
Failure Surface
For vertical
walls
45 + W2-
v,j=
Extensible Reinforcement
Fig.
1)
Calculate
acting
maximum
acceleration
in
in
Extensible Reinforcement
P,
P,=A^W,
A^ = (1.45-A)A
Where,
3(b)),
is
is
the
in
maximum ground
A^
Figs. 3(a)
is
&
maximum
2)
in
P,
in
proportionally to their "resistant area" {LJ on a load per unit wall width basis.
This leads
to:
(Eqn. A3.18)
The
level divided
by the
3)
T may
4)
The maximum
sum
total
T.,
,
Total
is
is
all
reinforcement levels.
explained.
already
/
I
is
T max + T md,
T <
(Eqn. A3.19)
stability is
calculated as
Trotal (0-75)
(Eqn. A3.20)
For geosynthetic reinforcement rupture, the reinforcement must be designed to resist the
static
follows:
43
IRC:SP:102-2014
T.3.S5^^
(Eqn.A3.21)
is
not
is
(Eqn.A3.22)
T..^J^?^fe
Therefore, ultimate strength of geosynthetic reinforcement required
T =
Where
S^^ is
load and
S,3
is
+ S,
(Eqn.A3.23)
needed
to
of load.
reduced
to
80 percent of the
static
all
reinforcements, the
value leading
F* should be
to:
^S^HD.yz'i^R^a
J Total <-Jr3L-=
^ ^
0.75 FSpo
0.75X1.5'^
44
friction coefficient
(EqnA3
.
24)
--t
IRC:SP:102-2014
AnnexureA4
(Refer Clauses 5.3)
1.
This geometry
is
regarding change
in
slope of back
near the
fill
RE
Wall.
Two
situations
can arise at site depending on the distance from the wall where the slope changes. Where,
however, the change in slope takes place beyond 2H (Height of the wall) all computation of earth
pressure co-efficient etc. shall be done taking surcharge slope without any modification.
There could be two situations, first where the slope changes within the length of reinforcement
and second where the slope changes beyond the reinforcement length but before 2H distance
from the wall. Both these cases are covered in following sketches. In both cases the surcharge
angle (p) is required to be modified by angle (I) and all computation of earth pressure coefficient etc. are done using modified surcharge angle. Rest of the computation is same as
for wall without broken slope.
Fig.
A4.1
2H
l.^^-^Tl"
Fig.
is
45
(i.e.
5 = p =
I).
IRC:SP:102-2014
Back
2.
to
Back Wall
back wall are those which are near each other such that the reinforced portion of
wall come within the active failure wedge which might form beyond the reinforced soil volume.
As the walls comes closer the earth pressure by the back fill on the reinforce block decreases
and at a point when the reinforcing element of the two wall overlap by O.3H2 (where H2 is the
The back
to
D >
zero.
In
will
where there
-t^
A4.3 D >
shall
be
linearly interpolated
situations.
),
-^0
L-
3 Ht*-!-
L-
Hi
Fig.
A4.4 Overlap
at
is
In
Fig.
is
tan(45-(j)/2)
accordingly.
for
becomes
is
wall,
Back
to
H2
is
shorter wall
Back Wall
46
Fill
IRC:SP:102-2014
Superimposed Walls
Where
i)
<
shall
j'
20
\^
H =
D > H2
any
ill)
tan (90
<
more than
or = 0.7H^
&
is
more than
H2
wall.
shall
be designed as superimposed
iv)
H2 tan (45
lines are
These
The
relationships are
or
on the lower
effect
20
is
to
- y) < D < H2
as indicated
somewhat
in
tan (90
figure
-(t)r).
and
The
vertical
4.6.
The
pressure as given
in
Fig. 4.8.
checked
considering all the walls in different tires together for all cases covered by (i), (ii), (iii) and (iv)
above. The upper wall is considered as a surcharge for the lower wall in computing bearing
global stability of the system (slip circle failure through backfill) has to be
The
0.3(Hi+Hz)
is
and
considered
as given
-|
Inextensible
Reinforcement
Hi
Extensible
Reinforcement
0.5{Hi+H2)
Ha
Fig.
A4.5 D <
47
H1+H2
20
'
in
Fig.4.8
where
IRC:SP:102=2014
0.3Rf,(Hi+H.)
-D*-
Hi
Reinforcement
Reinforcement
H2
y
/
I
0.5Re(Hi +Ha)
D' =
Fig.
Re =
2D
A4.6
^hlM^
<
20
D < H,2
(j)-(t),
90 -oe.
45--^
tan
V
2 J
asHt
-Tmax
line for
Inextensible
0.5H,
Reinforcerrjent
Hi
Reinforcement
0.3H2
0.5H2
O.SHs
Fig.
A4.7 D >
48
tan (45-^)
0.5Hi
IRC:SP:102-2014
3,
= Dtm^r,
3,
= Dtan (45+^), Of =
<
Fig.A4.8 Htan
49
D < HJan
(90
T^i
- Or)
IRC:SP:102-2014
Annexure A5
Typical Calculations for Reinforced Soil Wall (Static)
Title
Hand
Reference
BS 8006-1:2010
Date
Designed by
Checked by
Approved by
32
Internal friction
18.5 kN/cu.m
Unit wt
30
Internal friction
18.5 kN/cu.m
Unit
OkPa
Angle of
30
Internal Friction
Unit wt
18.5 kN/cu.m
due
to
crash barrier
Live Load
Live
15.45 kPa
Ql
23 kPa
Water table
is
is
considered.
50
IRC:SP:102-2014
For reinforced
kg
10.75
soil
= (l-sin0)/(l+sin0)
=
0.307
01
32
6 =
Wall batter
4.23
0.333
ka2
7.60
m
m
10.75
Length of reinforcement
i.e
10.15
+0.6
road crust
Foundation properties
=
Summary
soil
18 kN/m^
Vf
Ultimate
Serveciability
limit state
limit state
1.0
1.0
1.6
1.0
1.0
1.0
1.3
1.0
1.3
1.0
1.4
NA
1.2
NA
Partial factors
to be applied tan0'p
Soil
material factors
to be applied
(f^s)
(f^s)
to be applied
(f^s)
quit
(fp)
to be applied
(fms)
horizontal surface
contact
where there
is
any
soil-soil
(fj
wa
Is
combinations
Effects
Mass
Mass
body
On
reinforced
Behind reinforced
soil
soil
block
block
(ffj
(ffs)
(ffs)
(fq)
(fq)
51
1.5
1.0
1.0
1.5
1.0
1.0
1.5
1.5
1.0
1.5
1.5
1.5
IRC:SP:102-2014
CASE
:A
LOADS
Self
weight of Reinforced
Soil
Wall
Lever
Vi=
Vi*H*L*ff5
kN/m
2267.18 kN/m
= 18.5*10.75*7.6*1.5
Strip load
1.5
Arm
due to Crash
XI =
3.8
b=
1.6
X2 =
0.8
m
m
1.5
iUUiiiiiUil
Barrier
V2 = Qxb*ffs
37.08
Vertical
load due to
V3 = Ql X
Live
Load
kN/m
kN/m
:)
L*ff3
262.2
kN/m
kN/m
2566.46
kN/m
= 23*7.6*1.5
X3 =
3.8
V1+V2+V3
Horizontal Forces
Earth pressure behind reinforced
Pi = 1/2
* k^2
soil
block
*Y2 * H^*ffs
= 0.5*0.333*18.5*10.75*10.75*1.5
534.22
Earth Pressure
due to
Load
Live
kN/m
P2 = ka2
* Ql *
ff;
= 0.333*23*10.75*1.5
123.56
kN/m
CASE:B
where there
is
soil
to
soil
(Critical
the structure
fA<
Rv(tan0V/U)+(C'*L/f^,)
Rh
is
Rv
is
0'p
is
f^.
ms
is
fs
is
is
Resisting force
P1+P2)
657.78
kN/m
886.91
789.34
Hence structure
<
is
kN/m
O.K
886.91
safe in sliding stability
52
IRC:SP:102-2014
Mo
Mr
:A
(Pl*H/3 + P2*H/2)
2578.4
Resisting
CASE
Moment
kN-m/m
Moment
= (VI
* L/2
+Lc/2 X V2+V3*L/2)
9641.3
KN-m /m
line of
(Mr-Mo)
e=
L/2I(Vi+V2+V3)
7062.8
3.8
2566.46
3.801.048
2.752
<
L/6
<
due to Meyerhof
Bearing pressure
Qr
O.K
1.27
distribution
Rv
L-2e
L
Rv
is
is
the resultant of
all
2566.46
5.504
466.29 kN/m^
Pr
fms
is
<
Puit/fms
+V*
Dm
q^n =
soil
for(p = 30
{Cf
Nc +q Nq+ 0.5
(L-2e)
Vf
N^}
Nc = 30.14
Nq = 18.4
Ny = 22.40
L-2e= 5.50
quit=
qNq+ 0.5
(L-2e) Vf Ny
= 1440.80
Hence foundation
is
kN/m^
q,<
1047.14
466.29 <
1047.14
kN/m^
53
O.K
IRC:SP:102-2014
10.75
soil
0.307
32
soil
ri
18.5
KN/m^
0.3 3 3
10.55
7.60
m
m
'
Foundation Properties
Dm
18 kN/m^
LOADS
Self
weight of Reinforced
wall
soil
Lever
Vi = Vi*H*L
Arm
1483.33
due to
Vertical load
kN/m
where
V2 =
24.72
due to
3.8
1.6
X2 =
0.8
X3 =
3.8
strip load
Qxb
Vertical load
XI =
live
V3 = Q| X
kN/m
load
174.8
kN/m
343.02
kN/m
Horizontal Forces
*
Pi = 1/2 * ka2 *Y2
4) E.P
dueto LL
P2 = k32 * Q, *
80.84
kN/m
bottom
layer of Geogrid
where there
is
reinforcement to
soil
contact at the
Rv(a'*tan0Vf^,)+(C'*L7f^3)
Rh
is
Rv
is
0'p
is
fms
is
fs
is
L'
is
Rh
(Pl+P2)*ffs
635.80
Rv
(V1 +
V2)
1508.05
826.53
kN/m
kN/m
<
848.57
54
1.3
IRC:SP:102-2014
MOMENTS
Overturning
Mo
Mo
Moment
(Pi * H/3*ffs + P2 *
H/2
2449.1
*ff3)
kN-m/m
from Table 12 of BS 8006-1
1.5
Resisting
Mr
2010
moment
Mr
9481.0
KN-m/m
Eccentricity, e =
(Mr-Mo)
L/2
I(Vi+V2+V3)*1.5
7031.9
3.8
2524.28
3.801.014
2.786
<
<
El
0.2
0.81
E2
S
L/6
m
m
layer
First
1.27
from bottom
0.5*(E2-E1)+E1
0.505
a,j
R,j
/ (L-2e)
446.42 kH/rn
ka^^ *
* Syj
69.23
kN/m
(for
bottom
grid)
Considering the crash barrier as a strip load and calculating the tension due to the strip load of width 1.6m
(k3*S,j*f,*SL)/Dj
where
calculating
Ts,
((hj+b)/2) + d
for the
layer
Ka
0.307
0.505
1.5
Sl =
24.73
ff
KN/m
1.6
where Crash
0.8
m
m
25 KN/m'
D,
Tj
=Tpj +
Tj
6.875
0.836
KN/m
70.07
KN/m
where
T3j
55
hj
(10.75-0.2)
rn
=A*y,
for
bottom
grid
IRC:SP:102-2014
Geogrid Data
Geogrid
Geogrid
Geogrid
Geogrid
Geogrid
Geogrid
Type #1
Type #2
Type #3
Type #4
Type #5
Type #6
40.0
60.0
80.0
100.0
120.0
IDU.U
1.15
1.15
1.15
1.15
1.15
1.15
1.1
1.1
1.1
1.1
1.1
1.1
1.51
1.51
1.51
1.51
1.51
1.51
20.94
31.41
41.88
52.35
62.82
78.53
Tult(kPa)
Creep
(RF^r)
Tdesign
(kPa) =T,it/(RFdXRFidXRF,,)
For Type #6
temp
of
Tq =
soil)
soil)
Tult
/(RF/RFj/RFj
78.53
kN/m
fn=TD/Tj
from Table 9 of
1.1 >1.1
BS:
8006
O.K
Elevation from
bottom
:-
El
4.23
0.203
61
Active
Resistant
zone
Le = L
X Tan((t>)
Tan{if/)
Effective Length
Le
7.47
m
^(45
Perimeter of the
a:^}
layer
cohesion of the
soil
=0
KN/m'
1.5
from Table 11 of
BS:
8006-1
fp
1.3
from Table 11 of
BS: 8006-1
fn
1.1
from Table 9 of
Pj
ffs
from Table 11 of
\x
0.5
hj
10.55
ff
fp <
fp
BS: 8006-1
<
1.5
Pj *
BS:
8006-1
2010
a' tan
2010
<p'p
2010
2010
where
a'
0.8
m
from Table 11 of
BS:
8006
Le*(ff,*Yi*hj)/Tj*f,
28.4
Where
fp = 1.3
O.K
56
from Table 11 of
BS:
8006-1
2010
1RC:SP:102-2014
Case
T^itconn
(n)
at
be calculated as
~ ^cs + Wv(n)tanAcs
(n)
where
T^itconn
(n)
= apparent
a^s
minimum connection
= apparent angle of friction for connection of geogrid reinforcement and block unit
Aj-s
a^s
Acs
shall
(H-Ei)*Yu*Wu
w(n)
10.15
wall height
Wu
w(n)
24 KN/m-
Yu =
shall
72.81
KN/m
19.71
KN/m
0.305
0.203
30
'
ultconn (n)
From Case A
As
Tj
is
greater than
Therefore
S^j
for the
Tuitconn(n)
61.77
KN/m
70.07
KN/m
bottom most
is
0.203+((0.609-0.203)/2)
0.406
70.07*0.406/0.505
KN/m
56.3
Tj
56.3
Tultconn
(n)
O.K
61.8
57
IRC:SP:102-2014
CRASH BARRIER
COPING BEAM VARIES
^FRL
DRAINAGE MEDIA
i 50
GEOGRID
GG60(7900)
43
4S
47
46
f45
GG40
GG40(7900)
GG40
GG60(7900)
i44
;43
f42
i41
140
39
GG60(7900)
GG40
'
GG60(7900)
[-38
|37
:3e
GG60(7900)
35
34
33
.
GG40
GG80(7900)
32
31
30
29
28
27
GG80(7900)
GG60
GG 100(7900)
26
25
24
23
22
GG 100(7900)
G660
GG 100(7900)
20
19
18
;
GG120(7900)
17
16
Sl5
14
Grids
1000
long
21
All
Secondary
GG60
GG120(79Q0)
GG150(7900)
GG80
GG 150(7900)
S.R.L/O
GG 150(7900)
QG80
GG150(7900)
DESIGN SECTION
58
IRC:SP:102-2014
Hand
Title
LI w
1
(Seismic)
Deference
Date
Designed by
Checl<ed by
Approved by
32
wt
Vi
Retained Backfill
Angle of Internal
Soil
O2
friction
Y2
Soil
C3
friction
Unitwt
Dead load
Live
for
0.6m road
crust
Load
Total Load
Water table
is
30
18.5 kN/cu.m
Data
18.5 kN/cu.m
Data
Unitwt
Foundation
0 kPa
O3
30
Y3
18 kN/cu.m
Qd
15.45 kPa
QI
23 kPa
38.45 kPa
is
considered.
59
IRC:SP:102-2014
fill
0.33
Max
- III,
soil
H=
wall
Am
10.15
'
L=
7.60
FOUNDATION SOIL
LOADS
Self
weight of Reinforced
Soil
Wall
Vi= Yi*H*L
1427.09
Vertical Load
Qd
X L
117.42
Vertical Load
kN/m
V2 =
due to
Live
V3 = Ql X
kN/m
Load
174.8
kN/m
1719.31
kN/m
R = ZV=
0.1
V1+V2+V3
60
m
m
1RC:SP:102-2014
Horizontal Forces
Earth pressure due to backfill
1/2
Pi
soil
* K32
*V2
314.48
kN/m
= K32
q * H
128.79 klM/m
*
1/2
*Yi
95.30
Pae
(50%)Pae
0.375*V3
69.54
34.77
where,
PiR
Pae
kN/m
*
H^*Am
kN/m
kN/m
- Seismic thrust
Resisting Force
> 1 125
Sliding Force
Sliding force =
Pi+Pz+Pir+Pae
Resisting force
573.34
kN/m
ZV*tanO
891.73
Fsl
'
kN/m
891.73
573.34
OK
Hence structure
is
Overturning
Mo
Pi *
Moment
H/3 + P2
H/2 +
Mo =
Resisting
P|R *
2413.0
0.6*H
kN-m/m
moment
Vi * L/2 +L/2 X V2
Mr
5869.1
F.Sovr
Reisting
F-Sovr
Mr
H/2 + 0.5*Pae
kN-m /m
Moment
Overturning
> .1.125
Moment
Mr /Mo
5869.1
2413.0
OK
Hence structure
is
61
(^-^^S
is
75%
of 1.5
IRC:SP:102-2014
MRgp
Vi * L/2 +V2
L/2 + V3 * L/2
6533.378 KM-m
/m
Eccentricity, e
L/2-
Z(V1+V2+V3)
4120.4
3.8
1719.31
3.801.403
2.397
< L/3
< 2.53
O.K
of Bearing Pressure
Mayerhoff stress
L-2e
L-2e
1719.31
4.793
358.71 kN/m^
(p
(L-2e) Vf
= 30
Ne= 30.14
Nq = 18.4
Ny = 22.40
q,it=
qNq+0.5
(L-2e) Vf
kN/m^
= 1297.49
factor of safety
FS =
> 1.875
Mayerhoff stress
1297.49
358.71
3.62
> 1.875
O.K
Hence foundation
is
62
IRC:SP:102-2014
soil
wall
- III,
H =
grid
L =
7.60
-q^=
-q^
9.947
(i.e.
10.15-0.203)
m
0.1
Live Load
Surcharge
- Dead Load
Surcharge
REINFORCED SO
RETAINED BACKFILL SOIL
H
0.6H
GEOGRID
REINFORCEMENT
PiR
Gl,
LOOM
Ka.q
K.(7)H
FOUNDATION SOIL
LOADS
Self
weight of Reinforced
Soil
Wall
Vi= Yi*H*L
1398.55
Vertical
kN/m
QdxL
117.42
Vertical Load
due to
Live
V3 = Ql X
kN/m
Load
174.8
kN/m
1690.77
kN/m
R = ZV=
V1+V2+V3
Horizontal Force
Earth Pressure
Pi -
due to
1/2
backfill soil
*
* K32
*Y2
302.03
kN/m
63
IRC:SP:102-2014
Earth pressure
due to Surcharge
=
Pl
K,,
1/2
*Yi
(50%)Pae
kN/m
91.52
Pae
kH/m
126.22
PiR
0.375*V3 * H'*Am
66.79 kN/m
kN/m
33.39
where,
PiR
Pae
= Seismic thrust
Resisting Force
> 1.125
Sliding Force
Sliding force
Pi+P2+Pir+Pae
Resisting Force
XV*tan(l)
=
=
553.17
259.84
875.25
=
Fsl
kN/m
tan 30
kN/m
875.25
<
553.17
=
1.6
> 1.125
OK
Hence structure
is
Wa*
P|
acting Horizontally
Am
where,
WA
0.5*Yl*tan(454)/2)H2
kN/m
507.6
=
Pi
182.8*0.1
kN/m
50.76
The
total
maximum
= Sv* Oh
Tmax
Kai*Ov*Sv
Where,
Ov
Sv
Vj
Volume
Tmax =
of contributory area
kai*(vi*H+q)*Vi
34.49
kN/m
64
in
Dynamic Increment
(Tmd)
P| in
Maximum
4.40
Tmd
The maximum
tensile force
kN/m
=Tmax + Tmd
Ttotai
38.89
Tui,
kN/m
kN/m
/(RFd*RFid*RFcrxfs)
78.53
For type6
la
F.S against
rupture
Ttotai
2.0
Check
Where,
C = reinforced effective unit perimeter
a =scale
geogrid
80%
e.g.,
C=2 for
strips,grids
and sheets
its
value
in
tan0i*Ci* (vz)*Le*C*a
seismic conditions
1100.0
kN/m
_Pr
28.29
'
conn
of
static
conn
80%
its
Tc,
Ttotai
61.77
KN/m
49.416
KN/m
49.416/31
1.6
Factor of safety
65
!RC:SP:102-2014
CRASH BARRIER
DRAINAGE MEDIA
i
GEOGRID
GG60{7900)
50
49
4S
GG40
46
f4S
[44
43
42
GG40(7900)
GG40
GG60(7900)
GG60(7900)
j41
:40
JSG40
39
GG60(7900)
38
137
36
GG60(7900)
f35
34
33
J3G40
GG80(7900)
32
31
30
29
28
GG80(7900)
J5G60
27
GG 100(7900)
!26
25
24
GG 100(7900)
!23
<22
G660
GG 100(7900)
|19
ri8
GG120(7900)
fl7
jie
G660
GG120(7900)
14
13
il2
1
GG150(7900)
P
10
GG80
GG 150(7900)
S.R.l/O .G.L
<^
GG 150(7900)
GG80
GG150(7900)
Si
Grids
1000
long
!21
20
All
Secondary
DESIGN SECTION
66
IRC:SP:102-2014
APPENDIX
Personnel of the Foundation Sub-structure Protective Works and Masonry Structures
Committee (B-3)
Bongirwar, PL.
Convenor
Joglekar, S.G.
Co-Convenor
Kanhere, D.K.
Member-Secretary
Members
Bagish, B.P
Kand,
Chonkar, Ravindra
Dhiman, R.K.
Marwah, M.P
Deshmukh,
Nashikkar, Jayant
Dr. V.V.
Dr.
Elavarson R,
Nayak,
Ganpule,
Ray, S.
Dr. V.T.
C.V
Dr. N.V.
(expired on 14.03.2013)
Subbarao,
Jaigopal, R.K.
Saha,
Singh, M.N.
(expired on 30.12.2012)
Singh, Rajeev
Karandikar, D.V.
Velyutham,
Dr.
Dr. H.
G.P
V.
Corresponding Members
Basa, Ashok
Paul, Dipankar
Dey, Prof. S.
Pitchumani,
Heggade, V.N.
Sarma, R.H.
Mazumder,
Prof. S.K.
Viswanathan,
Ex-Officio
President,
T.
Members
IRC &
Director General
Dr. N.
(Kandasamy, C.)
(Road
Ministry of
Highways
Secretary
(Prasad, Vishnu Shankar),
Secretary General
Indian
67
Roads Congress
IRC:SP:102-2014
Convenor
Rao,
Co-Convenor
P.J.
Member
U.K. Guru
Vittal,
Secretary
Members
Shahrokh
Bagli,
Lai, B.B.
P.
Chand, Faquir
Gajria, Maj.
Mathur, Sudhir
Gen.
Mazumder,
K.T.
Prof. S.K.
Gupta, A.K.
IVIishra,
Gupta, Sanjay
Pradhan, B.C.
Jain, N.S.
Ranjan, Gopal
Jain,
Sangal, M.M.
Naresh Ciland
Seehra,
Khan,
IVIs.
Korulla,
Shabana
IVlrs.
Digvijay
Dr. S.S.
Sen, Samiren
Shahu,
IVIinimol
Dr. J.T.
Kumar, Jaswant
Sharma,
Kumar, Satender
Sreedliar,
Verma,
Dr.
Ram
Prasad
IVI.S
Corresponding Member
Madhav,
Thomas,
Dr. IVl.R.
Venkatappa,
Rajgopal, Dr. K.
Ex-Officio
President,
Dr.
Jimmy
Dr.
G. Rao,
Members
(Kandasamy, C) Ministry of Road
&
Special Secretary
Secretary General
Roads Congress
68
&
he Official amendments to
the
IRC
in its periodical,