Correlation of petrophysics to determine the potency of carbonate rock from

Kemadang, Wonosari.
Anugrah Hadi Pratama, Delta Cahyaputri, Harrymawan Pasca N, Indra Bayu, Johanes Halasan Sirait,
Khrisna Agung P, Moh. Fauzan Akbar A, Persadan Canisius Kaban, Widya S, M. Zain. as members of a
Team Research Chevron, Department of Petroleum Engineering,UPN Veteran Yogyakarta.
Abstract
Rock properties are determined by performing laboratory analyses on sample cores from the
reservoir to be evaluated. And sample of carbonate rock in this research was taken from
Kemadang, Wonosari, because there are many lithologies carbonate rock and in this area, the
carbonate rocks are easy to find because it has the deposition of carbonates. Rock sample that we
have had a good react with HCL solution that proves if the sample in this experiment is a
carbonate rock. The reaction was marked by the foam from the rock. Then the rock sample first
was cut into cubes 8cm3 before analyzed as many as 8 cubes. This research focused on the
Routine Core Analysis of the rock sample, including the measurement of effective porosity,
saturation measurement, measurement of absolute permeability, and rock solubility in acid.
Porosity and saturation measurement was performed to determine the amount of hydrocarbon
reserves filling rock formations with the calculation of OOIP and OGIP. Permeability analysis
aimed to determine the flow rate of fluid which can be produced. which in this experiment we
get the results of permeability of liquid 0,06676 and permeability of gas 0,31058. While the
analysis of the sample solubility in acid was performed as a reference in the acidizing
stimulation. This stimulation is necessary to enhance the production of wells that has started to
decline.
Introduction
The definition of Petroleum is a mixture
of naturally occurring hydrocarbons which
may exist in the solid, liquid, or gaseous
states, depending upon the conditionsof
pressure and temperatures to which it is
subjected.Virtually
all
petroleum
is
produced from the earth in either liquid or
gaseous form, and commonly, this material
canbe referred to as either crude oil or
natural gas, depending upon the state of the
hydrocarbon mixture.

The material of which a petroleum

reservoir rock may be composed can range
from very loose and unconsolidated sand to
a very hard and dense sandstone, limestone,
or dolomite. The grains may be bonded
together with a number of materials, the
most common of which are silica, calcite, or
clay. Knowledge of the physical properties
of the rock and the existing interaction
between the hydrocarbon system and the
formation is essential in understanding and
evaluating the performance of
given
reservoir.

Rock properties are determined by

performing laboratory analyses on cores
from the reservoir to be evaluated. The cores
are taken from the reservoir environment,
with subsequent changes in the core bulk
volume, pore volume, reservoir fluid
saturations, and, sometimes, formation
wettability. The effect of these changes on
rock properties may range from negligible to
substantial, depending on characteristics of
the formation and property of interest, and
should be evaluated in the testing program.
There are basically two main categories of
core analysis tests that are performed on
core samples regarding physical properties
of reservoir rocks.
We got the carbonate rock which will be
used in this observation from Kemadang,
Wonosari. In this area, the carbonate rocks
are easy to find because it has the deposition
of carbonates. Based on the law of
uniformitarianism that the geological
expansion history of Wonosari is formed
from the sea which is lifted become the
landing. The routine core analysis that we do
are to find the value of effective porosity,
saturation, permeability, and the rock
solubility on acid.
The porosity of a rock is a measure of the
storage capacity (pore volume) that is
capable of holding fluids. Quantitatively, the
porosity is the ratio of the pore volume to
the total volume (bulk volume). This
important rock property is determined
mathematically by the following generalized
relationship:
=

porevolume
bulkvolume

Where: is porosity
As the sediments were deposited and the
rocks were being formed during past
geological times, some void spaces that
developed became isolated from the other

void spaces by excessive cementation. Thus,

many of the void spaces are interconnected
while some of the pore spaces are
completely isolated. The effective porosity
is the value that is used in all reservoir
engineering
calculations
because
it
represents the interconnected pore space that
contains the recoverable hydrocarbon fluids.
eff =

interconnected pore volume

X 100
bulk volume

Saturation is defined as that fraction, or

percent, of the pore volume occupied by a
particular fluid (oil, gas, or water). This
observation of saturation used distillation
method by using dean and stark distillation
apparatus. This property is expressed
mathematically
by
the
following
relationship:
Saturation=

Pore volume filled wit h certain fluid

Total pore volume

Permeability measurements aimed to

determine the ability of the rock to drain the
fluid. Just as effective porosity, permeability
is also affected by the uniformity of grain
size, cementation and compaction of rock.
This permeability measurement used two
methods,
which
are
permeability
measurement by the gas permeameter and
permeability
measurement
liquid
permeameter. This rock property is
determined mathematically by the following
relationship:
Q L
k=
A P
The measurement of rock solubility in
acid is necessary for the data will be needed
to determine the concentration of acid that
needs to be injected into the reservoir while
doing a production well stimulation. In this
observation, we use HCL 5N without HF

because the rock does not contain clay. The

reaction is:
CaCO3 + 2HCl
CO2

=2,99 cc

CaCl2 + H2O +

Porosity ()

Vp
x
Vb

0,375
x
14,875

100%
Result
1. Effective Porosity measurement with
weighing method
Dry core weight (W1)
= 21,65
gr
Submerged core weight(W2) = 9,5 gr
Saturated core weight (W3) = 24,048
gr
Density of kerosene
=
0,8gr/cc
Bulk Volume (Vb)
W 3W 2
densityofkerosen
22,110,2
0,8

21,810,2
0,8

=18,17 cc
=

16,84-2,5

=
21,659,5
0,8
=15,18 cc

Pore Volume (Vp)

W 3W 1
densityofkerosen

=16,44%
2. Measurement of saturation
Dry Core weight (W1)
grams
Saturated Core weight (W2)
grams
Pore volume
Water volume obtained
Water weight (W3)
grams
Oil weight
W1-W3

=
24,0489,5
0,8

Grain Volume (Vg)

W 1W 2
densityofkerosen

2,99
x100%
18,17

= 21,28
= 5,55 cc
= 2,5 cc
=
2,5
=

W2-

= 21,28=
grams
Oil volume
1,94/0,8

1,94

=
= 2,425

cc
Sg + Sw + So = 1

=
S o=
=
21,810,2
0,8
24,04821,65
0,8

= 16,84

S w=

V o 2,425
=
100
V p 5,55
= 43,36%
V w 2,5
=
100 =45,04
V p 5,55

S g =1S wSo=100 45,04 43,36 =11,6

=
3. Permeability Measurement With Gas
Permeameter
a) Flow reading
=5,7
cm
Core length( L )
Core sectional area (A)
Gas viscosity( g )
cp
Pressure gap
atm
Flow speed(Qg )
cm/sec
Selector Valve
K1
.Q.L
A .P
0,0182 x 1,5 x 2
4 x 0,25

=2,5
cm
=4
cm2
=0,0183
=0,25
=

4,1

= Medium
=

=
0,0183 x 4,1 x 2,5
4 x 0,25
= 0,1824

Darcy

c) Flow reading
Core length( L )
Core sectional area (A)
Gas viscosity( g )
cp
Pressure gap
atm
Flow speed( Qg )
cm/sec
Selector Valve
K3
.Q.L
A .P
0,0182 x 2,3 x 2
4 x1

Darcy
b) Flow reading
Core length( L )
Core sectional area (A)
Gas viscosity( g )
cp
Pressure gap
atm
Flow speed( Qg )
cm/sec
Selector Valve
K2
.Q.L
A .P
0,0182 x 2,1 x 2
4 x 0,5

=
8,2
cm
=
2,5
cm
=4
cm2
=0,0183
=

0,5

6,8

= Medium
=

=
0,0183 x 6,8 x 2,5
4 x 0,5

0,1513

=
13,5
cm
=
2,5
cm
=4
cm2
=0,0183
=1
=

13

= Medium
=

=
0,0183 x 13 x 2,5
4 x1
=

0,144625 Darcy
value of absolute permeability (K abs)
can be known with plotting the value
of permeability and the value of 1/Pm
( Pm = P mean ). Where, the formula
( Ptrial + Pinlet ) + Poutlet
of Pm =
Pinlet + Poutlet
P inlet and P outlet = 1
1. P1 ( 0,25 atm )
0,25+ 1+ 1
2
Maka

1
Pm 1

=
= 1,125
1
=
1,125
= 0,89

2. P2 ( 0,5 atm )
Maka

1
Pm 2

0,5+ 1+ 1
2
= 1,25
=

Maka

1
Pm 3

=2,5
=4
=0,895

cp

1
1,25
3. P3 ( 1 atm )

a ) Core length( L )
cm
Core sectional area (A)
cm2
Liquid viscosity(g )

= 0,8
1+1+1
=
2
= 1,5
=

1
1,5
= 0,67
Absis
( 1 / Pm )
0,89
0,8
0,67

Pressure gap
= 0,25
atm
Flow time
=1337
sec
Ql
=0,0373cm/sec
Volume liquid
= 50
ml
Kabs
=
.Q.L
A .P
Ordinate
(K)
=
0,1824
0,0182 x 2,3 x 2
0,1513
4 x1
0,144625
0,895 x 0,0373 x 2
4 x 0,25

0,25+ 0,5+1
=
3
1,75
=
3
= 0,583 atm

=0,06676 Darcy

From the graphic (attached), we get

theequation of the lineis y = 0,163x +
0,031. If, 1/ Pm (x) = 0 , and then from the
equation above we get:
tan 0.163
b=
=
=5,258
K ab 0,031

K abs= K absolute from the graphic

K actual= Kabs(from graphic)x(1+(b/p))
= 0,031 x (1 + (5,258/0,583))
= 0,31058 Darcy
4. Permeability Measurement
liquid Permeameter

With

5. Measurement of Acid Solubility

Core type
=Limestone
Acid type
=HCl 0,15N
Weight before (W1)
=22,37 gr
Weight after (W2)
=21,65 gr
Weight reacted (W3)
=0,72 gr
W3
x
Acid Solubility
=
W1
100%
3,32
x
=
4.1
0,72
x 100%
22,37
=3,22 %
Discussion
Porosity measurement in this research is
done by weighing method. The porosity of

the core sample obtained is 16,44%.

Furthermore
from
the
saturation
measurement, the water saturation obtained
is 0,45 and oil saturation obtained is 0,43
while gas saturation is 0,116. On the field,
porosity is needed to determine the
hydrocarbon reserves which are contained in
a reservoir. Porosity and Saturation will be
used in the calculation of OOIP and OGIP
which are determined mathematically by the
following relationship:
OOIP=

7758 V b eff (1S wi )

Boi

OGIP=

43560 V b eff (1S wi)

B gi

The permeability measurement used two

methods,
which
are
permeability
measurement by the gas permeameter and
permeability
measurement
liquid
permeameter. Permeability of the rock
obtained from measurement by liquid
permeameter is 0,06676 Darcy.
And
permeability of the rock obtained from
measurement by gas permeameter is
0,31058 Darcy. In the field, permeability is
needed to calculate the reservoir production
capability
(productivity
index)
and
production rate of hydrocarbon.
PI =

K
0,007082 h K o
+ w
o Bo w Bw
r
ln e
rw

( )

Q=

1,127 KA dp

dx

The rock solubility acid is 3,22%. This data

will be usedin the field to determine the
amount of acid that should be injected at
acidizing process for dissolving sludge or
scale
that
reducepermeability
and
effectiveporosity of the rock. It is expected
that permeability and effective porosity can
be repaired so that hydrocarbon production
can be increased than before
Conclution
according to this research, we conclude that:
1. Effective porosity of the rock sample is
16,44%
2. Water saturation is 0,45
3. Oil saturation is 0,0,43
4. Gas saturation is 0,116
5. Permeability using gas permeameter is
0,31058 Darcy
6. Permeability
using
liquid
permeameteris 0,06676 Darcy
7. Rock solubility in acid is 3,22%