Jj508 Lab Sheet

POLITEKNIK SULTAN ABDUL HALIM MUADZAM SHAH
06000 JITRA, KEDAH

MECHANICAL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT
JJ508-ENGINEERING LAB 3 PRACTICAL RUBRIC
PRACTICAL TASK
Technical Skill /psychomotor(20 marks)
CRITERIA
NEED
SATISFACTORY
GOOD
EXCELLENCE
SCORE
IMPROVEMENT
(2)
(3)
(4)
(1)
SAFETY
Safety procedures
Lab is carried out
Lab is generally
Lab is carried out
were ignored.
with some
carried out with

with fully
attention to
attention to
attention to
___X 2. 5 =
relevant safety
relevant safety
relevant safety
procedures.
procedures.
procedures.
EXPERIMENT
Experiment are not
Experiment need
Experiment need
Experiment work
SETUP &
working
for major
for minor
properly
___ X 2. 5 =
COMPLETENESS
adjustment to
adjustment to
work
work
SCORE
ii. Leadership & Teamwork Skill (40 marks)
CRITERIA
NEED
SATISFACTORY
GOOD
EXCELLENCE
SCORE
IMPROVEMENT
(2)
(3)
(4)
(1)
TEAMWORK SKILLS
Inactive participate
Few members
Most members
All members take
members. Task
participate
contribute. Task
an active role.
assigned
actively.
are assigned to
Tasks are defined
___ X 2. 5 =
individually.
Tasks are assigned
some members.
by the group and
to few members.
assigned to all
members.
PARTICIPATION
Never willing to
Rarely willing to
Often willing to
Always willing to
participate or
participate or
participate
participate and
volunteer
volunteer
occasionally
consistently
information or
information or
volunteer
volunteer
opinion. Never able
opinion. Rarely
information or
information or
to respond to
responds to
opinion.
opinion.
questions or issues
questions or issues
Occasionally
Frequently give
___X 2. 5 =
raised.
raised but often
responds to
quick responds to
create issues.
questions and
questions or
contribute
issues raised.
opinion to issues
raised.
CONTRIBUTIONS
Rarely provides
Sometimes
Usually provides
Routinely
useful
provides
useful
provides
ideas when
useful ideas when

ideas when
useful ideas when
participating in the
participating in the
participating in
participating in
group and in
group and in
the
the
classroom
classroom
group and in
group and in
___X 2. 5 =
discussion.
discussion.
classroom
classroom
May refuse to
A satisfactory
discussion.
discussion.
participate.
group
A strong group
A leader who
member who does

member who
contributes a lot
what is required.
tries
of
hard!
effort.
DEMONSTRATE
Often arrive late
Occasionally arrive
Rarely arrive late
Always arrive on
__ X 2. 5 =
GOOD MANNERS
and rarely
late or
or unprepared.
time and
prepared.
unprepared.
prepared.
SCORE
2. TECHNICAL REPORT (40 marks)
CRITERIA
NEED
SATISFACTORY
GOOD
EXCELLENCE
SCORE
IMPROVEMENT
(2)
(3)
(4)
(1)
DATA
Presentation of the
Accurate
Accurate
Data are not
data in tables or
presentation of
presentation of
shown OR are
graphs is done
data in tables or
data in written
inaccurate.
correctly and
graphs. Graphs and
form, but no
____X 2.0=
accordingly. Graphs
tables are labeled
graphs or tables is
and tables are
and titled.
presented.
labeled and titled.
CALCULATIONS
All calculations are
Some calculations
Some calculations
No calculations
___X 2. 0 =
shown and the
are shown and the
are shown and the
are shown.
result are correct
result are correct
result labeled
and labeled
and labeled
appropriately.
appropriately.
appropriately.
Analyze the
Explain the trends
Explain very
Needs to explain
___X 2. 0 =
DISCUSSION (i)
findings. Explain
and oddities in the
briefly the trends
trends and
the trends and
data.
and oddities in the
oddities in the
oddities in the
data.
data.
data.
Analyze the
Explain the trends
Explain very
Needs to explain
___ X 2. 0 =
DISCUSSION(ii)
findings. Explain
and oddities in the
briefly the trends
trends and
the trends and
data.
and oddities in the
oddities in the
oddities in the
data.
data.
data.
CONCLUSION
Conclusion includes
Conclusion
Conclusions
No conclusion
____X 2.0 =
whether the
includes whether
includes what was
was included in
findings supported
the findings
learned from the
the report.
the hypothesis,
supported the
experiment.
possible sources of
hypothesis and
error, and what
what was learned
was learned from
from the
the experiment.
experiment.
SCORE
TOTAL SCORE
POLITEKNIKSULTANABDULHALIMMUADZAM
SHAH
06000JITRA,KEDAH
MECHANICALENGINEERINGDEPARTMENT
LABSHEET
JJ508
ENGINEERING LABORATORY 3
MECHANICOFMACHINE
THERMODYNAMICS2
METALLURGY2
06000 JITRA, KEDAH
MECHANIC OF
MACHINE
EXPERIMENT1:BELTFRICTION
EXPERIMENT2:COMPOUNDPENDULUM1
EXPERIMENT2:COMPOUNDPENDULUM2
POL ITEKNIK SULTAN ABDUL HALIM

MUADZAM SHAH
JABATAN KEJURUTERAAN MEKANIKAL
JJ508
TITLE EXPERIMENT
PROGRAMME
LECTURER NAME
DATE
A. STUDENT GROUP
NO.
NAME
REGIS TRATION NUMBER
B. MARKS:
SCORE
TECHNICAL REPORT
TOTAL
RUBRIC
(40%)
PROCEDURES
x 1.0
DIAGRAMS
x 1.0
DATA
x 1.0
CALCULATIONS
x 2.0
ANALYSIS/DISCUSSION
x 2.0
ERROR ANALYSIS
x 1.0
QUESTIONS
x 1.0
CONCLUSION
x 1.0
TOTAL MARKS (%)
POLITEKNIK SULTAN ABDUL HALIM

Page
:
5
MUADZAM SHAH
Laboratory Practise
:
ENGINEERING MECHANICS
06000 JITRA,
Semester
:
5
KEDAH DARUL AMAN
Programme
:
DKM5A/5B/5C/5D/5E

Time
:
2 HOURS per week
Code & Course :
JJ 508- ENGINEERING LABORATORY 3
(MECHANIC OF MACHINE)
1.0 TITLE
Belt Friction Apparatus
2.0 OBJECTIVE:
To determine different type of belts friction.
To compare different type of belts friction.

Influence of belt force and angle of contact.
COURSE LEARNING OUTCOME
Analyze critically the experimental data in relation to the theoretical aspects. (C4)
Organize appropriately electrical and engineering mechanics experiments in groups according to the
standard of procedures. (P4)
Write critically the appropriate report in group based on the experiment results. (A2)
4.0 INTRODUCTION
Belt is a flexible band which is in power transmission. It is able to transfer the power from one point to
the other points with minimum power loss. The belt is able to work smoothly and quietly even without
the requirement of lubrication.
Belt friction is a term describing the friction forces between a belt and a surface, such as a belt
wrapped around a bollard. When one end of the belt is being pulled only part of this force is
transmitted to the other end. The friction force makes that the tension in the belt can be different at
both ends of the belt. Belt friction can be modeled by the Belt friction
equation. The equation used to model belt friction is, assuming the belt has no mass and its material is
a fixed composition.
V-Belt
where
: T2 = T1e.kosek.
Flat Belt : T2 = T1e
is the tension of the pulling side, which is typically the greater force,
resisting side,
is the tension of the
is
the static friction coefficient, which has no units, and
is the angle, in radians formed by the first and
last spots the belt touches the pulley, with the vertex at the center of the pulley.
5.0 EXPERIMENT DIAGRAM
Figure 1: Experimental Setup For Belt Friction Apparatus
Formula:
V-Belt
: T2 = T1e.kosek.
Flat Belt : T2 = T1e

Where:
2
: convert to radian unit.
6.0 APPARATUS:
LS-12001-BF Belt Friction Apparatus main frame.
V-belt.
Flat Belt
Spring scales.
PROCEDURES
Place the LS-12001-BF Belt Friction Apparatus on a level table.
Fix the belt brackets to both end of the V-belt. Tighten it by screws.
Fix both ends of the belt brackets to spring scales. One end is normal spring scale (A) while the
other end is spring scale with screw strut (E). Tighten it with screws and nuts.
Open the safety acrylic door using the door handle. (Do not open the door using the bottom right
end as it may break the acrylic)
Insert the spring scale screw strut into the inner side hole of the screw strut holder (F). Tighten it
with wing nut (G). (Do not fully tighten the wing nut)
Place the spring scale to the spring scale holder (D) at desirable angle (i.e. 30 0, 600).
Close the safety acrylic door.
Apply the load to V-belt by turning the wing nut. Use a hand to hold the screw strut while the other
hands to turn the wing nut.
Keep an eye on the spring scale reading. Turn the wing nuts until the load apply reached desirable
value.
Take the reading at the other spring scale and record it into the table.
Loosen the wing nut and repeat the experiment with other angles. (Do not repeat with the angle
close to previous angle as this would not give significant difference).
8.0 RESULTS:
Angle (
Spring Scale 1 (N)

Spring Scale 2 (N)
Coefficient of Friction,
45
90
180
TABLE 1: V-BELT
Angle (
Spring Scale 1 (N)

Spring Scale 2 (N)
Coefficient of Friction,
45
90
180
TABLE 2: FLAT-BELT
9.0
CALCULATION
S:
DISCUSSION:
From this experiment;
What is the different between the V-belt and Flat belt?
______________________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________________
Briefly describe your observation on belts friction with respect to the position angle.
______________________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________________
CONCLUSION:
_________________________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________________________

MUADZAM SHAH
JJ508
TITLE EXPERIMENT
PROGRAMME
LECTURER NAME
DATE
A. STUDENT GROUP
NO.
NAME
B. MARKS:
SCORE
TECHNICAL REPORT
TOTAL
RUBRIC
(40%)
PROCEDURES
x 1.0
DIAGRAMS
x 1.0
DATA
x 1.0
CALCULATIONS
x 2.0
ANALYSIS/DISCUSSION
x 2.0
ERROR ANALYSIS
x 1.0
QUESTIONS
x 1.0
CONCLUSION
x 1.0
TOTAL MARKS (%)

Page
:
7
MUADZAM SHAH
Laboratory Practise
:
06000 JITRA,
Semester
:
5
KEDAH DARUL AMAN
Programme
:
DKM5A/5B/5C/5D/5E

Time
:
2 HOURS per week
Code & Course :
1.0 TITLE
Compound Pendulum (Frequency of the rod motion)
2.0 OBJECTIVE:
To determine the frequency of motion of a compound pendulum.
4.0 INTRODUCTION
A compound pendulum, in its simplest form, consists of a rigid body suspended vertically at a point
which allows it to oscillates in small amplitude under the action of gravity.
Consider a bar suspended at point O and is free to oscillate.
Centre of Suspension
Rod
Screw to tightened bob weight against the rod
Bob weight
Figure 1: Experimental Setup For Compound and Simple Pendulum
A compound Pendulum
O is the point of suspension G is the centre of gravity
m is the mass of the body
is the angular displacement is the angular acceleration
I0 is the mass moment of inertia of the body
When the body is given a small displacement , the restoring moment about O to bring the
body back to its equilibrium position is given by:
Restoring moment, Mr = m*g*h sin Disturbing moment, Md = I0 *
Since is small, sin = , therefore; m*g*h = I 0 *
= (m*g*h ) / I0 periodic me = 2 * (Displacement / acceleraon)
2 * ( / )
2 * [I0 / (m*g*h)]
Frequency of motion, n = 1/ (periodic time)

= (1/2) * [ (m*g*h) / I0]
From parallel axis theorem,

I0 = Ig + mh2
I g = m k2
Where k is the radius of gyration
APPARATUS:
A simple compound pendulum consisting of a rod and a cylindrical bob weight.
A stop watch
7.0 PROCEDURES
I. If the bob weight is attached to the rod, remove it.
II. Measure and record the diameter of the rod at least at 5 locations.
III. Measure and record the length of the rod to obtain the position of centre of gravity.
IV. Measure and record the distance the point of suspension from the end of the rod (close to the
point of suspension). V. Weigh and record the weight of the rod.
VI. Hang the rod at the point of suspension.
VII. Take a stopwatch and set it to zero. Familiarized yourself with the operation of the stopwatch.
VIII. Displace the rod at a small angle.
IX. Release the rod and start the stopwatch simultaneously.
X. Stop the watch after the rod has excuted 5 cycles of oscillations. XI. Record this time in the
Table provided.
XII. Repeat step 6 to 10 for a few more times to get the average readings of time over 5
oscillations.
XIII. Remove the rod and hang it at a new point of suspension. Measure and record the distance
the point of suspension from the end of the rod (close to the point of suspension).
XIV. Repeat step 7 to 12
8.0 RESULTS
Weight of rod
=
kg
Length of rod
=
m
Distance of point of suspension from the top end of the rod =

m
Rod Diameter (m)
Reading 1
Reading 2
Reading 3
Reading 4
Reading 5
Average
TABLE 1: AVERAGE DIAMETER OF ROD
No. of Oscillations
Time 1
Time 2
Average Time
sec
sec
sec
10
15
20
TABLE 2: TIME OF OSCILLATION
Plot the graph of average time Vs no of oscillations
Plot the trend curve (best fit curve) with equations.
Slope of the graph represents the periodic time
Time per cycle(oscillation), periodic time = sec
Calculate the mass moment of inertia about the point of suspension
Calculate the theoretical periodic time and hence the frequency of motion.
9.0
CALCULATION
S:
DISCUSSION:
What is the frequency of motion when the distance of the point of suspension from the centre of gravity of the rod
is decrease?
______________________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________________
Briefly describe your observation on pendulum with respect to the position angle.
______________________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________________
CONCLUSION:
_________________________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________________________

MUADZAM SHAH
JJ508
TITLE EXPERIMENT
PROGRAMME
LECTURER NAME
DATE
A. STUDENT GROUP
NO.
NAME
B. MARKS:
SCORE
TECHNICAL REPORT
TOTAL
RUBRIC
(40%)
PROCEDURES
x 1.0
DIAGRAMS
x 1.0
DATA
x 1.0
CALCULATIONS
x 2.0
ANALYSIS/DISCUSSION
x 2.0
ERROR ANALYSIS
x 1.0
QUESTIONS
x 1.0
CONCLUSION
x 1.0
TOTAL MARKS (%)

Page
:
7
MUADZAM SHAH
Laboratory Practise
:
06000 JITRA,
Semester
:
5
KEDAH DARUL AMAN
Programme
:
DKM5A/5B/5C/5D/5E

Time
:
2 HOURS per week
Code & Course :
1.0 TITLE
Compound Pendulum (Frequency of the rod motion with bob weight)
2.0 OBJECTIVE:
To determine the frequency of motion of a compound pendulum.
4.0 INTRODUCTION
A compound pendulum, in its simplest form, consists of a rigid body suspended vertically at a point
which allows it to oscillates in small amplitude under the action of gravity.
Consider a bar suspended at point O and is free to oscillate.
Centre of Suspension
Rod
Screw to tightened bob weight against the rod
Bob weight
Figure 1: Experimental Setup For Compound and Simple Pendulum
A compound Pendulum
O is the point of suspension G is the centre of gravity
m is the mass of the body
is the angular displacement is the angular acceleration
I0 is the mass moment of inertia of the body
When the body is given a small displacem ent , the restoring moment about O to bring the bod
y back to its equilibrium position is given by:
Restoring moment, Mr = m*g*h sin Disturbing moment, Md = I0 *
Since is small, sin = , therefore; m*g*h = I 0 *
= (m*g*h ) / I0 periodic me = 2 * (Displacement / acc eleration)
2 * ( / )
2 * [I0 / (m *g*h)]
Frequency of motion, n = 1/ (periodic time)

= (1 /2) * [ (m*g*h) / I0]
From parallel axis theorem,

I0 = Ig + mh2
I g = m k2
Where k is the radius of gyration
APPARATUS:
A simple compound pendulum consisting of a rod and a cylindrical bob weight.
A stop watch
PROCEDURES
I. Take the bob weight and weight it. Record its weight
Measure and record the diameter of the bob weight to obtain the position of centre of gravity. III. Measure
and record the thickness of the bob weight.
IV.
Decide the position of the bob weight on the rod.
Insert the rod through the hole in the bob weight until the decided location.
VI.
Tightened the screw on the bob weigth against the rod to hold the bob weight in position.
VII.
Measure the distance of the centre of gravity of the bob weight from the point of suspension
VIII.
Take a stopwatch and set it to zero. Familiarized yourself with the operation of the stopwatch.
IX.
Displace the rod at a small angle.
Release the rod and start the stopwatch simultaneously.
XI.
Stop the watch after the rod has excited 5 cycles of oscillations.
XII.
Repeat step 8 to 11 for a few more times to get the average readings of time over the measured
oscillations.
XIII.
Record the time in the Table provided.
XIV.
Repeat step 10 to 11 for 10, 15 and 20 oscillations.
XV.
Repeat with a few more positions of the bob weight.
8.0 RESULTS
Weight of rod
=
kg
Length of rod
=
m
Distance of point of suspension from the top end of the rod =

m
Rod Diameter (m)
Reading 1
Reading 2
Reading 3
Reading 4
Reading 5
Average
TABLE 1: AVERAGE DIAMETER OF ROD
No. of Oscillations
Time 1
Time 2
Average Time
sec
sec
sec
10
15
20
TABLE 2: TIME OF OSCILLATION
Plot the graph of average time Vs no of oscillations
Plot the trend curve (best fit curve) with equations.
Slope of the graph represents the periodic time
Time per cycle(oscillation), periodic time = sec
Calculate the mass moment of inertia about the point of suspension
Calculate the theoretical periodic time and hence the frequency of motion.
9.0
CALCULATION
S:
DISCUSSION:
What is the frequency of motion when the bob weight is added to the rod?
______________________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________________
What is the frequency of motion when the bob weight moves closer to the point of suspension?
______________________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________________
CONCLUSION:
_________________________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________________________
06000 JITRA, KEDAH
THERMODYNAMI
CS 2
EXPERIMENT1:VALVETIMING
EXPERIMENT2:HEATEXCHANGER1
EXPERIMENT3:HEATEXCHANGER2

MUADZAM SHAH
JJ508
TITLE EXPERIMENT
PROGRAMME
LECTURER NAME
DATE
A. STUDENT GROUP
NO.
NAME
B. MARKS:
SCORE
TECHNICAL REPORT
TOTAL
RUBRIC
(40%)
PROCEDURES
x 1.0
DIAGRAMS
x 1.0
DATA
x 1.0
CALCULATIONS
x 2.0
ANALYSIS/DISCUSSION
x 2.0
ERROR ANALYSIS
x 1.0
QUESTIONS
x 1.0
CONCLUSION
x 1.0
TOTAL MARKS (%)
POLITEKNIK SULTAN ABDUL
Page
:4
HALIM MUADZAM SHAH
Laboratory Practise: EXPERIMENT 1
06000 JITRA,
KEDAH DARUL AMAN
Semester
:5
Jabatan Kejuruteraan Mekanikal

Programme
: DKM
Duration
: 2 Hours per week
Code & Course:
JJ508 ENGINEERING LAB 3
VALVE TIMING (4 stroke)
PRACTICE: Valve Timing
OBJECTIVE
The objectives are:
i.students may know how valve timing works
ii.students know how to determine the valve timing of a 4-stroke reciprocating engine iii.students able to construct the
valve timing diagram
COURSE LEARNING OUTCOMES :
Analyse critically data of the experimental data in ralaton to the theoretical aspects.
Organize appropriately experiments in groups according to the standard of procedures.
Write critically the appropriate report based on the experiment results.
THEORY
Figure 1 show a typical valve timing diagram and the associated terminology for example.
Figure 1
Page
:4
HALIM MUADZAM SHAH
06000 JITRA,
KEDAH DARUL AMAN
Semester
:5

Programme
: DKM
Duration
: 2 Hours per week
Code & Course:
A= inlet valve lead
B=inlet valve lag
C= exhaust valve lead
D= exhaust valve lag
A+D= valve overlap
The sequence of opening and closing the inlet and exhaust valve is designed to increase the breathing or volumetric
efficiency, of the engine, and achieved by arrangement of the valve train components, in particular the cam drive and
shape of the cam lobes.
However, since the timing does not vary with the speed engine, the maximum charging and scavenging of the cylinder
during a cycle are obtained only around a certain engine speed. Consequently, a racing engine with large valve leads and
lags which will permit good volumetric efficiency at high speed must have a relatively high idling speed and economical
fuel consumption at the lower engine speed.
5. APPARATUS:
The apparatus needed are:
single clylinder 4-stroke spark ignition engine
dial indicator
magnetic base
masking tape
pen knivel
sciencetific calculator
METHOD
Expose the flywheel and the valve by removing the flywheel cover and the cylinder head.
Attach masking tape around the circumference of the flywheel
Using a suitable datum on the cylinder block, mark TDC and BDC on the masking tape by observing the position of piston
in the selected cylinder as flywheel is turned over.
Identify the inlet and exhaust valve and determine the direction of rotation of the engine.
Set up the dial indicator with the magnetic base on the top of the block. the shaft of the indicator should rest on the
appropriate valve whose opening and closing to be observed.
Turn the flywheel clocewise slowly by hand and proceed to mark on the masking tape the point in the circle when inlet
valve opens, inlet valve closes , exhaust valve opens and exhaust valve closes respectively.
Remove the masking tape and measure the valve leads and lags.
Constuct the valve-timing diagram using the cardboard.
Page
:4
HALIM MUADZAM SHAH
06000 JITRA,
KEDAH DARUL AMAN
Semester
:5
Programme
: DKM
Duration
: 2 Hours per week
Code & Course:
5.
OBSERVATION
Calculate
length of masking tape
(l)
:
mm.
length from inlet valve open (IVO) to inlet valve close (IVC)
(a)
:
mm.
length from inlet valve close (IVC) to ignition time (IG)
(b)
:
mm.
length from ignition time (IG) to exhaust valve open (EVO)
:
mm.
length from exhaust valve open (EVO) to exhaust valve close (EVC) (e):
mm.
length from inlet valve open (IVO) to exhaust valve close (EVO) (d)
:
mm
Calculate the valves duration for:
a)
induction stroke
b)
compression stroke
c)
power stroke
d)
exhaust stroke
e)
overlap
6. DISCUSSION
a.
Draw the valve-timing diagram
Page
:4
HALIM MUADZAM SHAH
06000 JITRA,
KEDAH DARUL AMAN
Semester
:5

Programme
: DKM
Duration
: 2 Hours per week
Code & Course:
b) Conclusion
REFERENCES:

MUADZAM SHAH
JJ508
TITLE EXPERIMENT
PROGRAMME
LECTURER NAME
DATE
A. STUDENT GROUP
NO.
NAME
B. MARKS:
SCORE
TECHNICAL REPORT
TOTAL
RUBRIC
(40%)
PROCEDURES
x 1.0
DIAGRAMS
x 1.0
DATA
x 1.0
CALCULATIONS
x 2.0
ANALYSIS/DISCUSSION
x 2.0
ERROR ANALYSIS
x 1.0
QUESTIONS
x 1.0
CONCLUSION
x 1.0
TOTAL MARKS (%)
POLYTHECNIC SULTAN ABDUL HALIM
Page
:5
MUADZAM SHAH
Laboratory Practise: EXPERIMENT 2 (THERMODYNAMICS 2)
06000 JITRA,
Semester
:5
KEDAH DARUL AMAN
Programme
: DKM / DMK / DJL / DTP / DEM
Duration
: 2 Hours per week
Code & Course:
1.0 TITLE: SHELL AND TUBE HEAT EXCHANGER
OBJECTIVES:
Calculate heat transfer rate, Q.
Determined the overall coefficient of heat transition, U ( kW/m K )
Examine the effect of fluid exchanger rate to the coefficient value, U and heat transfer rate, Q.
Describe the differences of heat transfer rate between one way flow ( co-current ) and opposite flow ( counter-current ).
Define efficiency of heat transfer process
To compare heat transfer rate for different method.
Conduct appropriately experiments in groups according to the standard of procedures.
Analyse critically the data of the experimental data in relation to the theoretical aspects.
4.0 INTRODUCTION:
Purpose of heat exchangers
Heat exchangers are used for heat transfer between two media. The media do not come into direct contact and there is no
mixing. Heat is transported from the hot medium to the cold medium by way of a heat-conducting partition. Some examples of
heat exchangers are car radiators ( media : water / air ), oil coolers (media : oil / air or water ) and cooling coils in refrigerators
( media : air / refrigerant ). The Heat Exchangers Service Unit uses water for both media.
Function of heat exchangers
As it flow along the partition, the hot medium emits heat to the partition and cools down in doing so. In turn, the heated partition
passes heat to the cold medium flowing along the other side of the partition. This medium is thus heated. The heat transfer
process at the partition can therefore can be described in term of three separate stage :
Hot medium emits heat to the partition.
partition conducts heat from the hot surface to the cold surface.
partition emits heat to the cold medium.
Figure 1.1 provides a schematic view of the temperature profile at the partition. Each of the three heat-transfer stage is
assigned a temperature difference T1 , TW and T2.
The efficiency of a heat exchangers is determined by the level of heat transport in the three heat-transfer stages.
Hot side
Cool side
partition
Medium 1
Medium 2
T1
W1
TW
W2
T2
T2
Distance
Fig. 1.1 Temperature profile with heat transfer and heat conduction at partition
Water (H20) physical properties
Temperature
Density
Specific Heat Capacity, Cp
K
3
[kg/dm ]
[kJ/kg.K]
273
0.9998
4.220
20
293
0.9982
4.183
40
313
0.9921
4.178
60
333
0.9830
4.191
80
353
0.9720
4.199
100
373
0.9580
4.216
Related Formulas:
i.
Mass flowrate, [kg/s] = vc
ii.
Heat supplied, Qh [kJ/s] =
Cp Th
C (T
iii.
Heat recieved, Qc [kJ/s] = Cp Tc
h-in
h-out
C (T
iv.
Average heat transferred, [kJ/s] = (Qh + Qc )/2
c-in
c-out
Tm [C] = ( Tmax Tmin ) / ln (Tmax/Tmin)

For uni-directional flow; Tmax = (Th-in Tc-in)
min
= (T
h-out
c-out
= U Am Tm
2
U [kJ/m sK] = / (Am Tm )
Heat profile for uni-directional flow
5.0
APPA
RATU
S:
max
T4
T3
min
Heat Exchanger Services Unit
Shell and tube
Medium- pipe water
Apparatus specification
Heat Exchanger Type

2
Area, Amin [m ]
Shell and tube
0.0200
Tubular
0.0227
Plat
0.0400
6.0 PROCEDURES:
Heating of hot-water tank .
Check of water level in tank and top up if necessary.
Switch on master switch.
Set the desired hot-water temperature at temperature controller.
Switch on heater. Heating from an ambient temperature of 20 0 to 60 0 C requires approx. 20 min. While heating up start
with bleeding procedure.
Bleeding of heat exchanger
Set uniflow or counter-current by connecting hose with base apparatus. Only change cold-water hoses! Otherwise there is a
danger of scalding!
Set a high cold-water flow rate with flow control valve ( 4 L/ min ). Allow water to run until no more bubbles are visible.
Switch on pump.
Use flow - control valve to set high hot-water flow rate. Allow water to run briefly.
Carefully open bleeder valve for hot water flow and allow water to run for a short while.
Experiment
Set desired hot flow rates, Vh at flow-control valve same as in the table 1.
Set the first rates for cold water , Vc . Wait until Thermal equilibrium is attained or stable. Take Flow rates value in the table 1.
Take the inlet and outlet temperature readings for hot and cold flow.
Repeat the step above with changes the cold flow rates at low value.
7.0 RESULTS:
Complete the result in the table 1 by using the data table given.
Sketch the temperature profile for the both flow.
DISCUSSIONS:
Sketch the schematic diagram of heat exchanger which its shows the directions of liquid flow.
It is the outlet heat energy same with the inlet heat energy. Describes.
What is the effect of the heat exchanger flow rate to heat transfer rate and overall coefficient heat transition value, U.
Describe the effect of flow direction changes to heat transfer operation and its relationship with the design aspect.
9.0 CONCLUSION :
Conclude the short conclusion / result that you get with refers to the experiment objectives.
REFERENCES:
APPENDIX 1
Heat exchanger type:
TABLE 1
Unidirectional flow
Specific
Water
Heat
Heat
Average
Heat
Heat
Water
mass
transfer
Hot flowrate, vb = 2.5 L/min
supplied
received
heat
Tm
Note
Capacity
Density
flowrate
coefficient,
, Qh
, Qc
transferred
,C
,m
Cool
No
flowrate,
T
T
c-out
T
h-in
T
h-out
[kJ/kg.K]
[kg/m3]
[kg/s]
[kJ/s]
[kJ/s]
[kJ/s]
[C]
[kW/m2.K]
c-in
.
vc

MUADZAM SHAH
JJ508
TITLE EXPERIMENT
PROGRAMME
LECTURER NAME
DATE
A. STUDENT GROUP
NO.
NAME
B. MARKS:
SCORE
TECHNICAL REPORT
TOTAL
RUBRIC
(40%)
PROCEDURES
x 1.0
DIAGRAMS
x 1.0
DATA
x 1.0
CALCULATIONS
x 2.0
ANALYSIS/DISCUSSION
x 2.0
ERROR ANALYSIS
x 1.0
QUESTIONS
x 1.0
CONCLUSION
x 1.0
TOTAL MARKS (%)
Page
:5
MUADZAM SHAH
Laboratory Practise: EXPERIMENT 3 (THERMODYNAMICS 2)
06000 JITRA,
Semester
:5
KEDAH DARUL AMAN
Programme
: DKM / DMK / DJL / DTP / DEM
Duration
: 2 Hours per week
Code & Course:
1.0 TITLE: SHELL AND TUBE HEAT EXCHANGER
OBJECTIVES:
Calculate heat transfer rate, Q.
Determined the overall coefficient of heat transition, U ( kW/m K )
Examine the effect of fluid exchanger rate to the coefficient value, U and heat transfer rate, Q.
Describe the differences of heat transfer rate between one way flow ( co-current ) and opposite flow ( counter-current ).
Define efficiency of heat transfer process
To compare heat transfer rate for different method.
Analyse critically the data of the experimental data in relation to the theoretical aspects.
4.0 INTRODUCTION:
Purpose of heat exchangers
Heat exchangers are used for heat transfer between two media. The media do not come into direct contact and there is no
mixing. Heat is transported from the hot medium to the cold medium by way of a heat-conducting partition. Some examples of
heat exchangers are car radiators ( media : water / air ), oil coolers (media : oil / air or water ) and cooling coils in refrigerators
( media : air / refrigerant ). The Heat Exchangers Service Unit uses water for both media.
Function of heat exchangers
As it flow along the partition, the hot medium emits heat to the partition and cools down in doing so. In turn, the heated partition
passes heat to the cold medium flowing along the other side of the partition. This medium is thus heated. The heat transfer
process at the partition can therefore can be described in term of three separate stage :
Hot medium emits heat to the partition.
partition conducts heat from the hot surface to the cold surface.
partition emits heat to the cold medium.
Figure 1.1 provides a schematic view of the temperature profile at the partition. Each of the three heat-transfer stage is
assigned a temperature difference T1 , TW and T2.
The efficiency of a heat exchangers is determined by the level of heat transport in the three heat-transfer stages.
Hot side
Cool side
partition
Medium 1
Medium 2
T1
W1
TW
W2
T2
T2
Distance
Fig. 1.1 Temperature profile with heat transfer and heat conduction at partition
Water (H20) physical properties
Temperature
Density
Specific Heat Capacity, Cp
K
3
[kg/dm ]
[kJ/kg.K]
273
0.9998
4.220
20
293
0.9982
4.183
40
313
0.9921
4.178
60
333
0.9830
4.191
80
353
0.9720
4.199
100
373
0.9580
4.216
Related Formulas:
i.
Mass flowrate, [kg/s] = vc
ii.
Heat supplied, Qh [kJ/s] =
Cp Th
C (T
iii.
Heat recieved, Qc [kJ/s] = Cp Tc
h-in
h-out
C (T
iv.
Average heat transferred, [kJ/s] = (Qh + Qc )/2
c-in
c-out
Tm [C] = ( Tmax Tmin ) / ln (Tmax/Tmin)
For counter-directional flow; Tmax = (Th-in Tc-out)
min
= (T
h-out
T )
c-in
= U Am Tm
2
U [kJ/m sK] = / (Am Tm )
Heat profile for counter-directional flow
T1
T2
max
min
T3
T4
APPARATUS:
Heat Exchanger Services Unit
Shell and tube
Medium- pipe water
Apparatus specification
Heat Exchanger Type

2
Area, Amin [m ]
Shell and tube
0.0200
Tubular
0.0227
Plat
0.0400
6.0 PROCEDURES:
Heating of hot-water tank .
Check of water level in tank and top up if necessary.
Switch on master switch.
Set the desired hot-water temperature at temperature controller.
Switch on heater. Heating from an ambient temperature of 20 0 to 60 0 C requires approx. 20 min. While heating up start
with bleeding procedure.
Bleeding of heat exchanger
Set uniflow or counter-current by connecting hose with base apparatus. Only change cold-water hoses! Otherwise there is a
danger of scalding!
Set a high cold-water flow rate with flow control valve ( 4 L/ min ). Allow water to run until no more bubbles are visible.
Switch on pump.
Use flow - control valve to set high hot-water flow rate. Allow water to run briefly.
Carefully open bleeder valve for hot water flow and allow water to run for a short while.
Experiment
Switch off the pump.
change the flow direction from the co-current to counter-current. Only
change cold water hoses.
Switch on pump and rewind step above in experiment 1.
take down the flow rates and temperatures reading in the table 1.
7.0 RESULTS:
Complete the result in the table 1 by using the data table given.
Sketch the temperature profile for the both flow.
DISCUSSIONS:
Sketch the schematic diagram of heat exchanger which its shows the directions of liquid flow.
It is the outlet heat energy same with the inlet heat energy. Describes.
What is the effect of the heat exchanger flow rate to heat transfer rate and overall coefficient heat transition value, U.
Describe the effect of flow direction changes to heat transfer operation and its relationship with the design aspect.
9.0 CONCLUSION :
Conclude the short conclusion / result that you get with refers to the experiment objectives.
REFERENCES:
APPENDIX 1
Heat exchanger type:
TABLE 1
Counter-directional flow
Specific
Water
Heat
Heat
Average
Heat
Heat
Water
mass
transfer
Hot flowrate, vb = 2.5 L/min
supplied
received
heat
Tm
Note
Capacity
Density
flowrate
coefficient,
, Qh
, Qc
transferred
,C
,m
Cool
No
flowrate,
T
T
c-out
T
h-in
T
h-out
[kJ/kg.K]
[kg/L]
[kg/s]
[kJ/s]
[kJ/s]
[kJ/s]
[C]
[kW/m2.K]
c-in
.
vc
06000 JITRA, KEDAH
METALLURGY
EXPERIMENT1:METALLOGRAPHYSTRUCTURE
EXPERIMENT2:HARDNESSTESTING:ROCKWELL

MUADZAM SHAH
JJ508
TITLE EXPERIMENT
PROGRAMME
LECTURER NAME
DATE
A. STUDENT GROUP
NO.
NAME
B. MARKS:
SCORE
TECHNICAL REPORT
TOTAL
RUBRIC
(40%)
PROCEDURES
x 1.0
DIAGRAMS
x 1.0
DATA
x 1.0
CALCULATIONS
x 2.0
ANALYSIS/DISCUSSION
x 2.0
ERROR ANALYSIS
x 1.0
QUESTIONS
x 1.0
CONCLUSION
x 1.0
TOTAL MARKS (%)
Page
:4
MUADZAM SHAH
06000 JITRA,
Semester
:5
KEDAH DARUL AMAN
Programme
: DKM
Duration
: 2 Hours per week
Code & Course:
1.0 TITLE: Metallurgy Structure
2.0 OBJECTIVES:
Understand the procedure for basic metallographic.
Draw and identify the different material gain structure.
Heat treatment may be influencing the properties of carbon steel.
Analyse critically data of the experimental data in ralaton to the theoretical aspects.
Organize appropriately experiments in groups according to the standard of procedures.
4.0 INTRODUCTION:
The science and technology of metals and alloys. Process metallurgy is concerned with the extraction of metals from their
ores and with refining of metals; physical metallurgy, with the physical and mechanical properties of metals as affected by
composition, processing, and environmental conditions; and mechanical metallurgy, with the response of metals to
applied forces
5.0 APPARATUS:
Equipment
: mounting machine, grinding machine, polishing machine, microscope
Specimen
: steel, alloy copper, aluminium and other select materials
X1A - Less Pure Zinc base sand casting form
X2 - Copper Alloy tin
X4 copper alloy zinc
6.0 PROCEDURES:
Grind surface of the mounting specimen follower right method by grading machine
Polish the specimen by polishing machine, with polishing liquid on matron cloth.*
clean the specimen with detergent liquid and after that dry at the dryer machine
Etching the specimen in mixed solution agent. **
microstructure view under microscope.
gilap dengan menggunakan larutan BRASSO di atas kain metron dan jika tidak berkesan bolehlah
menggilapkannya
dengan menggunakan adunan intan (diamond paste) saiz 1 mikron .
punarkan dengan menggunakan larutan 2% Nital or alcoholic ferrit chloride ( larutan yang mengandungi 5 gm
FeCl, 2 ml
7.0 RESULTS:
HCl pekat, 95 ml alkohol )
A) base on microscope visual, draw the grain structure below .
Bil
Spesimen
Bahan , kandungan
Proses pemejalan atau
Bentuk struktur
aloi & ( jenis

produk.
struktur ).
X1A
Zink (Zn) yang
Proses pendinginan drp
kurang tulin
tuangan pasir.
( 1 fasa )
Struktur bijian boleh
dilihat tanpa
mikroskop
Aloi kuprum dgn

4% Sn(struktur
tuangan pasir. Penerasan
X2
larutan pepejal 1
(coring) pada bijian berlaku
fasa)
semasa pemejalan
X4
Aloi kuprum (loyang)
kadungan 52% Cu,

tuangan pasir. Drp rajah fasa
48% Zn(struktur
aloi Cu/Zn hanya fasa yang
larutan pepejal 1
diperolehi untuk aloi ini.
fasa)
8.0 DISCUSSIONS:
9.0 CONCLUSION :
REFERENCES:

MUADZAM SHAH
JJ508
TITLE EXPERIMENT
PROGRAMME
LECTURER NAME
DATE
A. STUDENT GROUP
NO.
NAME
B. MARKS:
SCORE
TECHNICAL REPORT
TOTAL
RUBRIC
(40%)
PROCEDURES
x 1.0
DIAGRAMS
x 1.0
DATA
x 1.0
CALCULATIONS
x 2.0
ANALYSIS/DISCUSSION
x 2.0
ERROR ANALYSIS
x 1.0
QUESTIONS
x 1.0
CONCLUSION
x 1.0
TOTAL MARKS (%)
Page
:4
MUADZAM SHAH
Laboratory Practise: Experiment 2
06000 JITRA,
HARDNESS TESTING ROCKWELL
KEDAH DARUL AMAN
Semester
:5
Programme
: DKM
Duration
: 2 Hours per week
Code & Course:
1.0 TITLE: HARDNESS TESTING ROCKWELL
2.0 OBJECTIVES:
Perform properly Rockwell test methods
Compare the value of Rockwell hardness of metals methods
Analyze critically the data of the experimental data in relation to the theoretical aspects.
4.0 INTRODUCTION:
Rockwell & Rockwell superficial tests consists of forcing an indenter (Diamond or Ball) into the surface of a test piece in two
steps i.e. first with preliminary test force and thereafter with additional test force & the measuring depth of indentation after
removal of additional test force (Remaining preliminary test force active) for measurement or hardness value
EQUIPMENT AND SPECIMENT :
Rockwell machine , Model : ATK F1000
Steel, alloy copper, aluminum and other select materials
LCD display
beban pertama
lampu
pelekuk
andas
beban utama
handle
suis
FIGURE 1 : Rockwell Machine
PROCEDURES:
Set the power on (lamp lights)
Set the scale, type of scale, total test force values and indenters. (referred lecturer)
= select the total test force.
= select indenter type
To check or change testing condition, press the MODE switch to select a desired menu. MENU1 5
Replace the indenter right ( size and scale )
Total test force die is in right position
Automatic measurement function.
Place a sample onto the avail/table
Rotate the handle slowly to make the sample press against the indenter. While applying the preliminary test force, brake is
automatically.
Sure AUTO and LODING lamp light. Waiting tim e
Lording lamp goes out, various data are display or out put.
Read indicated values, and rotate handle down.
Repeated step a again for another sample
7.0 RESULTS:
materials
HR__
materials
HR__
materials
HR__
Test
reading
Test
reading
Test
reading
number
number
number
Average
Average
Average
DISCUSSIONS:
st
Why that the 1 reading should be ignored? Give your reason
Discuss, why the data obtained different?
Short listed the advantages and disadvantages Rockwell testing.
9.0 CONCLUSION :
REFERENCES:
G.L. Kehl, The Principles of Metallographic Laboratory Practice, 3rd Ed., McGraw-Hill Book Co., 1949, p 229.
Smith, William F.; Hashemi, Javad (2001), Foundations of Material Science and Engineering (4th ed.), McGraw-Hill, p. 229,
ISBN 0-07-295358-6
www.gordonengland.co.uk/hardness/rockwell.htm

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POLITEKNIK SULTAN ABDUL HALIM MUADZAM SHAH

06000 JITRA, KEDAH

JJ508-ENGINEERING LAB 3 PRACTICAL RUBRIC

Technical Skill /psychomotor(20 marks)

Lab is carried out

carried out with

ii. Leadership & Teamwork Skill (40 marks)

All members take

Tasks are defined

Tasks are assigned

by the group and

opinion. Never able

raised but often

useful ideas when

useful ideas when

member who does

2. TECHNICAL REPORT (40 marks)

Data are not

graphs. Graphs and

tables are labeled

and tables are

labeled and titled.

All calculations are

shown and the

are shown and the

are shown and the

result are correct

result are correct

Explain the trends

and oddities in the

briefly the trends

the trends and

and oddities in the

Explain the trends

and oddities in the

briefly the trends

the trends and

and oddities in the

includes what was

learned from the

error, and what

what was learned

was learned from

POLITEKNIK SULTAN ABDUL HALIM MUADZAM SHAH

06000 JITRA, KEDAH

MECHANICAL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT

POL ITEKNIK SULTAN ABDUL HALIM

REGIS TRATION NUMBER

TOTAL MARKS (%)

POLITEKNIK SULTAN ABDUL HALIM

KEDAH DARUL AMAN

JABATAN KEJURUTERAAN MEKANIKAL

Code & Course :

JJ 508- ENGINEERING LABORATORY 3

Belt Friction Apparatus

To determine different type of belts friction.

To compare different type of belts friction.

COURSE LEARNING OUTCOME

Flat Belt : T2 = T1e

is the tension of the

the static friction coefficient, which has no units, and

is the angle, in radians formed by the first and

5.0 EXPERIMENT DIAGRAM

Restoring moment, Mr = mgh sin Disturbing moment, Md = I0 *

Since is small, sin = , therefore; mgh = I 0 *

= (mgh ) / I0 periodic me = 2 * (Displacement / acceleraon)

Restoring moment, Mr = mgh sin Disturbing moment, Md = I0 *

Since is small, sin = , therefore; mgh = I 0 *

= (mgh ) / I0 periodic me = 2 * (Displacement / acc eleration)