ADA Round 1 Speeches

1NC

Off Case

1NC DA 1
Expanding gambling in Florida violates the exclusivity of the
Seminole gaming compact ending the compact.
Rosica 13, James, Tampa Tribune staff writer, 10/5/13, State eyes gambling
expansion gingerly, fears losing Seminole money,
http://tbo.com/news/business/state-eyes-gambling-expansion-gingerly-fears-losingseminole-money-20131005/, Accessed 7/26/14
$200 million or so a year is usually impossible to
resist. But thats what your state lawmakers could be passing up if they choose to expand
gambling in Florida. The states deal with the Seminole Tribe of Florida guarantees it
a minimum $1 billion cut of revenue from the tribes gambling income over five years. The tribe
operates Tampas Seminole Hard Rock Hotel & Casino and other gambling facilities across the state. But the
agreement, known as the Seminole Compact, also guarantees the Seminoles exclusive
TALLAHASSEE Money is addictive, and a cool

rights to offer Las Vegas-style gambling outside Miami-Dade and Broward counties. If they lose that
exclusivity through expanded gambling, the Seminoles dont have to pay another
dime. Their 2013-14 payment alone is estimated at $233 million, with $226 million going to the state and $7
million to local governments. With a new study suggesting a minor economic lift overall from more gambling in
Florida, lawmakers may have to think hard before pulling the trigger on new gambling. The study and comments
from upcoming public workshops are supposed to be blueprints for a big gambling bill during the 2014 legislative
session, including whether to allow Las Vegas-style destination casino-resorts. Last year, a bill died in the
Legislature that would have permitted the construction of three destination hotel-casinos in South Florida. The
Senate gaming committee is scheduled to meet Monday to discuss a working draft of the gambling report, authored
by New Jersey-based consultant Spectrum Gaming Group. The final version is due Nov. 1. The public workshop
closest to Tampa is 3 p.m. Oct. 30 at the George Jenkins High School auditorium in Lakeland. *** Spectrum

the introduction of casinos, whether standalone destination resorts, or addition of slot

will lead to modest economic benefits, its report said. The
part of the compact that gives the Seminoles the right to offer certain card games ,
such as blackjack, expires in 2015 unless reauthorized. They do not want to let it go and
are willing to spend big to keep it, recently contributing $500,000 to Gov. Rick Scotts re-election, for
suggests that

machines at existing parimutuels,

example. The Seminole Tribe worked for two decades to secure a gaming compact with the state of Florida that
provided a more stable future for the Tribe and its members and allowed for significant sharing of gaming revenue
with the state, tribal spokesman Gary Bitner said. The tribe wants to maintain that steady, stable course through
2015 and beyond. State Sen. Bill Galvano, a Bradenton Republican who represents parts of Hillsborough County,
sits on the gaming committee and worked on the compact when he served in the House. These issues are so
complex and there are so many competing interests; its not something you can rush, Galvano said. The idea is to
really understand the gaming industries within the state of Florida and their potentials. Also, the gaming laws are
not uniform; theyve been put together piecemeal. The problem with cleaning up the regulations is that

any

changes could run afoul of the compact. A change to the compact is not something that
can be accomplished overnight, Galvano said. Youre talking about a negotiation between two
sovereigns and (it) has to have federal approval.

Seminole casino revenue is key to Everglade restoration and

protection
Cattelino 09, Jessica, associate professor of anthropology at UCLA and a member in the School of Social
Science at IAS in 2008-09; previously, she was an assistant professor of anthropology at the University of Chicago,
Wrote a book about Seminoles, May 2009, Florida Seminoles and the Cultural Politics of the Everglades,
https://www.sss.ias.edu/files/papers/paper36.pdf, Accessed 7/28/14

The water compact ushered in a new era of Seminole control over natural resources and of
increased interdependency among the Tribe, the State of Florida, federal agencies, and the South Florida
Water Management District. Although the compact was a serious compromise, it resulted in tribal bureaucratic
control and technical expertise that would buttress subsequent environmental
claims (see Clow and Sutton 2001). Craig Tepper, a non-Seminole soil conservationist who directs the Tribes Environmental
Resource Management Department, operates offices at Hollywood, Big Cypress, and Brighton that employed approximately thirty
people in 2009. In the wake of the water rights compact, he explained, his department took responsibility for reservation water
sampling and quality assessment, research, surveying, maintenance of large systems (dikes, pump stations), and issuance of well
permits. His staff regulates on-reservation water use, oversees cleanup of underground fuel tanks and other pollutants, participates

The
federal Environmental Protection Agency has delegated to the Tribe the
authority to implement the Clean Water Act within the Tribes jurisdiction,
and so the Tribe sets and enforces it own water quality standards, much like a state would.
in federal wetlands protection programs, and consults in planning for tribal development projects (August 31, 2000).

Technical language and red tape abound, whether in tribal council resolutions about water monitoring or small-font Environmental
Impact Statements published and generally ignored in just about every issue of the widely-read Seminole Tribune. Other
departments now establish and enforce hunting and fishing regulations, although the scope of permissible Seminole hunting
became a hotly-contested issue in the mid-1980s, when then-Tribal Chairman James Billie was arrested and tried for killing an
endangered Florida panther for religious purposes. Jim Shore, general counsel, acknowledged to me that many Seminoles stand at a
distance from the compact and related legal issues because The general Seminole public doesnt feel as though they are part of
the destruction of the environment. They dont necessarily care about the compact, he added, and they may feel as though they
shouldnt have to worry about cleaning up after others (December 6, 2000). No doubt in reference to its bureaucratic demands,
chairman James Billie once in a tribal council meeting referred to the compact as a pain in his behind (March 8, 2001).

The water compact has given the Tribe unprecedented control over the movement of water on its
lands, not just over boundaries but over quantity, distribution, timing, quality. These are the four key terms used in Everglades
restoration circles to describe the components of getting the water right. Increased control over water movement has brought the

through this
interdependency that Seminoles have secured a prominent place at the environmental
negotiating table, a position they leverage to protect and extend their interests, but also from which their interests develop in
Tribe into new relations of negotiation and cooperation with other large land managers. 16 It is

the first place.

In 1999, the Tribe partnered with the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers to
undertake a major water conservation project at Big Cypress that incorporated storage, quality
treatment, conveyance, and flood control. This was the largest-ever joint effort by the Corps and an American Indian tribal

the Seminole Tribe provided matching funds

the Tribe was directing casino revenues toward
environmental stewardship, and Seminoles emphasized that gaming finally was enabling them to
regain control over their territory and its environmental quality. A January 2002 groundbreaking ceremony featured
speeches by elected tribal leaders and readings by Seminole children about the importance of protecting the Everglades
government and, in order to secure decision-making power,
of $25 million. Local newspaper coverage noted that

(Weinberg 2002). Councilman Max Osceola, Jr. told The Miami Herald: Its ironic that the military forced us here and pushed us here
[to South Florida], and now the military is working hand in hand with us (Cabral 2002). Such intergovernmental collaboration
represents a shift from hostility and neglect to cooperation, a change made possible only after Seminoles had legally secured their
water rights and achieved gaming-based economic and political power. In 2000, Congress authorized the Comprehensive Everglades
Restoration Program (CERP), an extraordinarily complicated multi-component project, which, at estimated tens of billions of dollars,
is the worlds largest ecological restoration project and is touted as a model and a test of Americas commitment to its future.

CERPs logo includes text about the efforts many partners and mentions tribal partners along with
federal and regional agencies and other governments. Though not as prominent in this effort as their Miccosukee neighbors,
Seminoles are at the table again, staking a claim to this massive ecological, social, and political experiment. Theories of sovereignty

in the era of Everglades restoration, Seminoles increasing

interdependency with other governments in natural resource management facilitates their
sovereignty claims.1
often unduly privilege autonomy, but

Everglades restoration key to prevent extinction and serves as

a global environmental model
Towery and Regalado 09 [Chris U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, and Nanciann U.S. Army Corps
of Engineers, Getting the Water Right, July-August themilitaryengineer.com/index.php?
option=com_content&task=view&id=62]

Industrial initiatives, so often hailed as progress, have come at a price. Much of Floridas native
landscape was dramatically changed; perhaps the most severely damaged was the
Everglades . The U.S. Army Corps of Engineers (USACE) is one of the principal agencies in a joint effort to restore the
Everglades, the Comprehensive Everglades Restoration Plan (CERP), the worlds largest restoration project ever. The plan is
designed to create a sustainable future for the state and its residents. It will not only
restore much of the South Florida ecosystem, but it also will enhance urban and
agricultural water supplies.
This task is not easily accomplished . It will take many years to complete and success will require
that all involved use cutting-edge science and engineering. The plan is likely to have
a major impact on both the future of the environment and the future of our
country. It stands to be a model for all succeeding restoration efforts; it stands to
alter mans symbiotic relationship with nature; and it stands to change the way in which agencies like
USACE do business. Ultimately, CERP may even influence mans ability to survive on Earth .

1NC CP 2
Text: The United States should legalize the placing of bets by
citizens of the United States on any website not based in the
United States that agrees to meet standards set by selfregulating industry entities, and subscribes to an international
dispute resolution agreement. The United States should
legalize the transmission of bets to these operators by
relevant financial entities. The United States should
-remove regulations that prevent bitcoin access
-promote integration of bitcoin as legal tender and currency.
-fund manufacturing to prevent disease outbreaks
-assist African nations with integration of bitcoin.
-develop a comprehensive plan for geolocation, attribution,
intelligence analysis and impact assessment technologies
related to cyber-attacks.
-establish jurisdictional differentiation for internet
technologies as per the 1AC King evidence.
-implement a smart grid system as per the 1AC Eisen evidence.

We reserve the right to clarify and amend.

Online gambling occurs at the location where the operator

providing the service has physical infrastructure --- legalizing
online gambling in the United States means allowing both the
placing of bets and the reception of those bets by operators
based in the U.S.
Bernhard Maier, March 2010. LLB (Hons) 2008 Southampton University, LLM (Distinction) 2009
University College London. How Has the Law Attempted to Tackle the Borderless Nature of the
Internet? International Journal of Law and Information Technology 18.2, p. 142-175.

In Britain, the Gambling Act 2005 has introduced a licensing scheme using a connecting
factor similar to that adopted by article 4(1)(c) of the Data Protection Directive. Essentially, the Act

makes licensing for providers of gambling facilities in accordance with its

provisions compulsory171. However, as for the provision of facilities for

remote172 gambling, section 36(3) states that the licensing scheme shall
only apply if at least one piece of equipment used in the provision of the
facilities is situated in Great Britain.173 In other words, even though providers
established in Britain will be subject to the licensing requirement when
offering their services to customers abroad, providers established in a
different jurisdiction will only be caught by the regime if there is
a physical link with the territory.
The personal computer of a customer taking advantage of a gambling
website whose provider is physically established abroad is explicitly
excluded from constituting such a link.174 Effectively, this means that where there
is no physical connection with Great Britain apart from the website being
available to customers on British soil, the government has decided to
defer regulation of these activities to the jurisdiction in which the provider
is physically established.
Unfortunately, there is ambiguity concerning this deference within the wording of the Act itself. The Explanatory Notes to the Draft Bill explained that a
person providing gambling by means of remote communication, who has no relevant equipment within Great Britain, will not fall within the scope of the
draft Bill or any of its provisions, even if people within Great Britain can receive the gambling he is providing.175 As Kohl points out176, this assertion is
inconsistent with the wording of the Act as section 36(3) itself states that it is the licensing requirement enunciated in section 33 that only applies to the
provision of facilities for remote gambling if at least one piece of equipment is situated in Great Britain. Also, section 46(1) makes it an offence to invite,
cause or permit a child or young person to gamble177 and the wording used suggests that the section applies to domestic and foreign providers alike.
Following the narrow interpretation of section 36(3), one must presume that a provider physically established abroad would be committing an offence by
providing a website accessible on British territory allowing a child or young person to gamble or even advertising on a site known to be frequently visited
by minors.
5.4 U.S. Law
Instead of attempting to regulate online gambling, the U.S. has taken an approach of outright prohibition.178 The three main criminal statutes
having this effect before 2006 were the Wire Act of 1961, the Travel Act and the Illegal Gambling Business Act.179 In October 2006, a further
controversial180 federal statute was enacted which was specifically aimed at limiting U.S. access to Internet gambling sites hosted on offshore
servers.181 To accomplish this goal, it effectively prevents Internet gambling businesses from accepting credit, electronic funds transfers, checks, or
drafts from U.S. Internet gamblers [and] holds financial institutions responsible that knowingly act as intermediate agents between the Internet gaming
business and gamblers.182
As the above provisions then outline, it is very difficult to legally supply online gambling services to U.S. citizens on U.S. territory via the
Internet. Returning to the principle identified in Chapter II, this can certainly, to some extent, be described as an act of regulatory overreaching, only this
time applied in a quite different context. Effectively prohibiting any form of online gambling to reach U.S. territory subjects every provider in the world to
U.S. law, provided it has customers on U.S. soil amongst its clientele. Even though there have been numerous183 high profile arrests of individuals related
to the provision of offshore gambling services, it appears that at this stage in time the small amount of federal case law [] is not sufficient to form a
comprehensive pattern184 regarding the prosecution of foreign providers.
Furthermore, it is essential to underline that it is an established principle of international law that failing the existence of a permissive rule to the contrary
[a state] may not exercise its power in any form on the territory of another state.185 However, international law does not prohibit a state from exercising
jurisdiction in its own territory, in respect of a case which relates to acts which have taken place abroad.186 Accordingly, there is the possibility of the U.S.
legitimately enforcing their criminal law by prosecuting individuals responsible for enterprises making available online gambling facilities on U.S. territory
if these persons enter American sovereign territory. Given the economic and political might of the U.S., it appears187 that many major gambling providers
have chosen to implement steps so as to avoid U.S. customers and the liability associated with them.
The net result of the prohibition is therefore the construction of artificial borders through regulation drafted to prevent online gambling services from
abroad to reach U.S. customers. On the surface, this is justified with altruistic motives such as the protection of minors. However, the real motivation
behind the measures undoubtedly is the protection of tax revenues and the traditional gambling industry from the competition posed by this new form of
borderless entertainment.
U.S. gambling law has also had severe detrimental effects on other economies seeking to offer their services to customers in America. In the trade dispute
brought against the U.S. before the World Trade Organization, the small Caribbean island state Antigua alleged that U.S. efforts to prohibit Internet
gambling, such as laws criminalizing the taking of offshore bets, caused the decline of [Antiguas] gambling industry188and that this was contrary to
commitments of the U.S. under the General Agreement on Trade and Services (GATS).189 After a first ruling in Antigua's favour190, an appeal panel
confirmed that indeed some of the U.S. gambling laws constituted disguised restrictions on trade and were therefore inconsistent with WTO
commitments.191 Interestingly, the panel also rejected the U.S. contention that the measures in question fell under one of the exemptions of the treaty
because even though they were on their surface necessary to protect public morals, they did not apply to national and foreign providers
alike.192 Effectively, the U.S. could not justify why in certain circumstances local providers could offer remote gambling services when Antiguan
companies were not allowed to do so. Because of the U.S. failure to ensure full compliance with the panel findings, the dispute between the two countries
continues until the day.193
Concluding, it seems that one can sympathise with the argument that the protection of public morals should not be capable of being overridden by
international trade commitments. On the other hand, where this protection is merely held out to distract from the ulterior motive of protecting the national
economy in the form of tax revenues, international bodies such as the WTO should not be hesitant to remind the U.S. that it, after all, is the biggest
proponent of the concept of capitalistic free exchange.194
5.5 Conclusion

From this brief analysis it can be seen that there are a number of different regulatory approaches to gambling, each of which has its merits and demerits.
The EU decision to exclude gambling from the country of origin approach in the E-Commerce Directive was taken before the advent of the commercial
Internet as we know it today and its adequacy in the light of modern technology can certainly be challenged. However, given the complexity of the
different national legal systems based on different moral but also economic arguments, it remains questionable whether adopting a country of origin
approach such as the one to be found in the ECD would be workable in practice. The approach adopted by the UK, namely to make licensing applicable to
remote gambling providers only if they have a physical link with the territory on its surface certainly seems a wise one to take. After all, it implicitly
acknowledges that regulation of providers established abroad is at best utopian. Nevertheless, as can be seen from the inconsistencies in the wording,
despite the initial deference this concept too seeks to retain its ultimate control over harmful content having effects on sovereign territory. Having drawn
up only very few of the countless problems involved in the U.S. prohibition of online gambling, one could easily see that erecting artificial borders through
regulation to tackle the Internet's ubiquitous and seamless nature does not make for a viable long-term solution.
CHAPTER VI
6 Analysis Reflection

Having looked at various areas in which the law has attempted to tackle
the borderless nature of the Internet, a variety of common themes can be
extracted. Jurisdiction has been allocated to and exercised by the forum of
the country of origin, in most contexts this place being the location of
establishment. Also, the physical location of equipment used for a given
activity has been used as a connecting factor. Furthermore, the place envisaged or targeted by actions
has been emphasised. In addition, reference has been made to localities in which material was accessed or, for the purposes of the relevant law
published. Finally, the territory on which an act produced its effects has also been vested with jurisdiction over the perpetrators of the relevant act.
Perhaps the most controversial concept illustrated was the erection of artificial borders through regulation. In the case of gambling, these borders
amount to trade barriers which deter and prevent the free flow of information and thereby obstruct the development of cross-border commerce and wholly
undermine the borderless nature of the Internet. Each of the above concepts has its merits and demerits and must be visualised in the context of its
respective underlying policy objective.
6.1 Country of Origin
Given that the country of origin model has been utilised in ways only subtly differing from each other, it comes as no surprise that its meaning and scope
have troubled commentators.195 Ideally, as the Electronic Commerce Directive has done, the concept makes certain activities subject to the law in which
the persons or entities responsible are established. The gist of this notion is that its effectiveness and desirability really depend on harmonisation.196 Only
if the substantive laws of the country in which the perpetrator of whatever activity is physically located assumes jurisdiction are broadly equivalent197 to
the laws of the place in which the activity had its effect can adverse consequences on the rights and interests of the latter's residents and industry be
prevented.198
Although not a rule for determining the forum as such, the single publication rule to be found in American jurisprudence is also an interesting concept
worth mentioning here. On an inter-state level, it allows potential claims in a number of states to be entrusted to only one jurisdiction; the place where the
global cause of action arises. Despite seemingly practical on a national level, the notion does not appear to be a desirable one for the implementation
on a global scale given the significant differences in national substantive laws around the world. Most likely, it will therefore remain to be a peculiarity of
multi-jurisdictional defamation cases within the US alone.
One can at this stage contrast the European system established by the combined effect of Article 5(3) of the Brussels Regulation and the Shevillruling.
Here, even though there is an incentive for the plaintiff to sue in the Member State in which the defendant is established, an alternative route is provided
in which the plaintiff can sue in the place where harm was done to his or her reputation for the damage done within that forum. Limited exclusively to the
EU, this rule has its foundations in reciprocity. Judgments rendered in one European jurisdiction will be recognised and enforced in any other European
jurisdiction without the need to resort to complicated formal procedures. Such reciprocity being absent on the international plane, the usefulness of this
particular mechanism is therefore limited to dealing with the borderless nature of the Internet within the borders of the European Union.
As regards data protection and privacy, within the EU both article 29(6) and article 4(1)(a) have the effect of allocating jurisdiction to the courts of the
forum in which the data controller is established. This, within Europe has the advantage of preventing a multiplicity of suits as well as to give established
data controllers certainty as to their liability. No such mechanism regarding the allocation of jurisdiction existing199 between European and other fora,
other concepts of determining jurisdiction had to be found.
6.1.1 Location of equipment

The next concept makes the location of the processing equipment used
200 the decisive connection to allocate jurisdiction. In the context of data protection,
it was aimed at protecting individuals within the European Union from the misuse of their data by
controllers established outside the Community. Viewing cookies and their like as qualifying, this
connection became very broad in scope and raised familiar issues such as unpredictability, liability
under a multitude of legal systems and the most obvious one, enforcement. The additional provision
prohibiting data exports into countries not deemed to provide adequate protection deviates from a
pure concept of allocating jurisdiction according to the location of the equipment. Even though their
interplay is not entirely certain, the latter's structure on its surface provides a mechanism for
artificially erecting borders in cyberspace so as to prevent data from illegitimately being extracted
from within the Community.

In the context of online gambling, using the connecting factor equipment

was aimed at giving effect to the British policy angle that the regulated
activity is taking place where the operator is based .201 The legislation

treats the location of equipment for the provision of gambling services as

decisive for the application of the licensing requirement and thus
jurisdiction. However, if that link with the territory is absent, the regime defers regulation to the
country where the provider is established. In other words, the concept again includes elements of a
nuanced country of origin approach. Excluding from this deference the protection of minors, the
regulation also adds the connecting factor of an effect had within the territory as theoretically enabling
the courts of the forum to exercise jurisdiction over the foreign provider so as to protect its most
vulnerable citizens.

Allowing foreign operators with self-regulated certification and

dispute resolution solves.
Katherine A. Valasek, 2007. B.A., Political Science, Drew University; J.D. Candidate, Michigan
State University College of Law, 2008. WINNING THE JACKPOT: A FRAMEWORK FOR SUCCESSFUL
INTERNATIONAL REGULATION OF ONLINE GAMBLING AND THE VALUE OF THE SELF-REGULATING
ENTITIES, Michigan State Law Review, 2007 MICH. ST. L. REV. 753, http://msulawreview.org/wpcontent/uploads/2012/10/Valasek.pdf.

The United States could then take a step no other country has taken. It could allow
gambling on any international website that agrees to meet the standards
established by the United States and the self-regulating entities, and
subscribes to an international dispute resolution agreement . Then, much like
the ILOs monitoring of labor standards in Cambodia, the selfregulating entities should
monitor the websites to ensure that they are meet- ing the now
internationally established standards. 216 Like the standards established in Cambodia,
certification should be voluntary and there should be no formal
punishment for failure to meet the standards, save a revocation of
certification. 217 Compliance and certification would bring to international
websites the benefit of the United States Internet gambling market.
CONCLUSION
Regulating Internet gambling is possible as evidenced by the increased number of nations beginning to
do so. The creation of self-regulating entities within the Internet gambling

community shows the desire of Internet gambling sites to become

legitimate business entities. The knowledge these entities have and the progress they have
made in developing standards should be used when creating a regulatory scheme. However,
selfregulating entities alone are insufficient to create effective regulation, as they have no mechanism
for enforcing compliance. The United States government should use existing standards to begin
regulating, rather than prohibiting, Internet gambling. The federal government should establish criteria
for certification based on the self-regulating entities standards and allow United States citizens to
gamble on Internet sites that meet these standards and are certified by these self-regulating entities.
Industry regulation, however, needs to go further than domestic regulation within the United States or
any other country. Unfortunately, the United States is not eager to join the rest

of the international community in accepting Internet gambling as a

legitimate business. As such, countries continue to create separate methods of regulating
Internet gambling, leaving the jurisdictional problems on Internet gambling unsolved, if not more
complicated. Instead, the United States should help establish a cohesive, crossjurisdictional regulatory
scheme, and open the door to legal, international gambling. Additionally, the United States

should expand the definition of legal Internet gambling to include any

international site that meets the minimum American standards, is certified
by the self-regulating entities, and agrees to international criteria for
dispute resolution.

UK model proves the CP solves trade --- can be harsher against

domestic providers.
Lorraine Harrington, 2007. Candidate for J.D., 2008, University of Arizona, James E. Rogers
College of Law; B.S. Mathematics, 2005, University of Nevada, Reno. LOADED DICE: DO NATIONAL
INTERNET GAMING STATUTES VIOLATE WORLD TRADE ORGANIZATION FAIR TRADE ACCESS
STANDARDS? Arizona Journal of International & Comparative Law 24.3,
http://www.arizonajournal.org/ajicl/archive/AJICL2007/5.%20Harrington%20Text%209x6.pdf.

The U.K. Gambling Act 2005 sets higher regulatory standards for local
service providers. 384 To obtain a remote operating license, a local provider
must satisfy all mandatory conditions imposed by governmental
regulations, and any individual license conditions imposed by the
Gambling Commission. 385 In contrast, all a foreign service operator has to
do to avoid regulatory requirements is not locate his remote gambling
equipment 386 within U.K.-controlled territory. 387 There are no grounds
upon which a foreign service provider would be able to show lack of fair
market access in comparison to a local provider.
V. CONCLUSION

When determining if they are in compliance with the WTO requirements of

fair-market access for foreign service providers, WTO Members should evaluate not
only their federal regulations, but any legislation passed by state or local authorities that impacts
online gambling activities. Even if a Member plans to raise a defensive public morals claim under
Article XVI, the Member must first show that equal market access was granted to all gambling service
providers.

Countries that do not currently provide the same level of access to local
and foreign online gambling service providers have several options when deciding
how to achieve compliance. They can expand coverage to permit foreign providers
to enter the market, restrict the market so that local providers can no longer provide services,
or remove the market entirely by limiting gambling activities to nonInternet channels. Or, as shown by
the United States actions in the past year, they may elect to remain noncompliant and instead pay
trade sanctions to the petitioner. While this may be economically feasible when the noncompliant
country is significantly larger than the petitioner, the number of countries offering online gambling
services suggests that this is not a viable long-term solution.

Legalization of U.S. operators would crush the European

market.
Siddiqi 10, Ishaq, Wall Street Journal Financial Markets Analyst, 9/20/10, Online Gambling Awaits
U.S. Move, http://online.wsj.com/news/articles/SB20001424052748704858304575497350423397366,
Accessed 7/22/14

The closure of the U.S. online-gambling market highlighted the regulatory and
legal risk of the online-gaming industry for many investors. PartyGaming's shares fell nearly
70% when it exited the U.S. market after the gambling act passed. But online-gambling operators
outside the U.S. reoriented themselves to focus on non-U.S. markets. That move has
paid off. In recent weeks, Ireland's PaddyPower PLS.DB +0.77% PLC and the U.K.'s William Hill WMH.LN +1.11% PLC

One
risk in U.S. legalization for European online-gambling operations would be the
likely entry into the online market by Las Vegas casino behmoths. Las Vegas Sands
LVS +2.30% (market value $19 billion), Wynn Resorts WYNN +2.36% ($10 billion) and MGM
Resorts ($4 billion) all dwarf the main European players. "Although this could be good for
said strong World Cup gambling revenue helped sustain business in the face of the economic downturn.

foreign players,

it would mean creditable [domestic] competitors will appear

overnight," which would make it tougher for foreign players to get their
foot in the market,

said Daniel Pasini, portfolio manager of ACPI Investment Managers Richard

Greenwood, a fund manager at Bedlam Asset Management, believes the American market will eventually open up,
because online gambling is both a global trend and an "easy voluntary tax generator in harsh fiscal times." Analyst
Simon Davies at Collins Stewart said Italy's Lottomatica would benefit if online gambling were legalized in the U.S.,
due to its acquisition of Gtech, a U.S. gambling company. "The PartyGaming/Bwin entity will also benefit" due to
size and product offerings, Mr. Davies said.

"In order for other European players to benefit

from U.S. legislation, they would need to offer business-to-business software to
U.S. companies via joint ventures. It would be expensive to enter the U.S.
market, so operators would have to merge in order to benefit."

Key to Europes Economy Britain's leading the rest of Europe.

Pfanner 10, Eric, Senior corporate correspondent Wall Street Journal, 7/27/10, Europe
Unleashes Online Gambling to Fill Coffers,
http://www.nytimes.com/2010/07/28/technology/28eurogamble.html?pagewanted=all&_r=1&,
Accessed 7/25/14

PARIS

Across Europe, cash-strapped governments looking for ways to reduce

yawning budget gaps are embracing online gambling, a source of revenue they once
viewed with wary skepticism. While U.S. opposition to Internet betting has centered on
concerns about gambling addiction, European politicians previously objected for a different reason:
liberalizing the practice, they feared, would undermine state-sponsored lottery monopolies and gambling
operators. But more and more gamblers are spurning land-based casinos anyway, and logging on to Internet poker

As public
finances worsen, governments are trying to bring this once-shadowy business into
the mainstream of Europes digital economy, where it can be regulated and
taxed. Whats happened is a realization that you cant uninvent the Internet, said David Trunkfield, a
consultant at PricewaterhouseCoopers. People are gaming online. You either try to regulate and tax
it, or people are going to go to the offshore operators, where you dont get any revenue.
France, which only four years ago jailed the top executives of an Austrian Internet gambling company, Bwin,
when they visited France, last month permitted private companies like Bwin to start taking bets
and sports betting sites many of them based in places that are out of reach of tax collectors.

online, in competition with publicly owned gambling sites. Denmark approved legislation in June
authorizing a similar shift. Greece plans within weeks to introduce a bill legalizing
online gambling, which is currently banned. Others considering liberalization include
Switzerland, Spain and Germany. They are all following Britain , which in 2005 became
the first big country in Europe to confer respectability on the business, and Italy, which has been phasing in
legalized Internet betting over the past three years. Europe has grown into the biggest online
gambling market in the world, accounting for an estimated $12.5 billion of the
industrys $29.3 billion total revenue this year, according to H2 Gambling Capital, a consulting
firm. If all of that activity were taxed, it could potentially raise billions every year, though the exact
amount is hard to predict, given uncertainty over the tax rates that might be applied. The growth online contrasts
with the state of the old-fashioned casino business in many European countries. In France, for instance, land-based
casinos have suffered double-digit revenue declines in recent years. In Britain, plans for a giant, Las Vegas-style
casino in Manchester were scrapped two years ago, and even the countrys ubiquitous betting shops have started

In other big gambling markets like the United States and China, online betting is
also widely practiced, though officially banned. A U.S. law banning financial transactions related
to suffer.

to online gambling, which was passed in 2006, took full effect this year.

European economic collapse causes multiple scenarios of

global war.
Wright 12, Thomas, fellow with the Managing Global Order at the Brookings Institution, Summer
2012, What if Europe Fails? The Washington Quarterly,
http://csis.org/files/publication/twq12SummerWright.pdf, Accessed 7/25/14

Yet, verbal warnings from nervous leaders and economists aside, there has been remarkably little analysis of what

the end of European integration might mean for Europe and the rest of the world. This article
does not predict that failure will occur it only seeks to explain the geopolitical
implications if it does. The severity and trajectory of the crisis since 2008 suggest that failure is a
high-impact event with a non-trivial probability. It may not occur, but it certainly merits
serious analysis. Failure is widely seen as an imminent danger. Would the failure of the Euro really
mean the beginning of the end of democracy in Europe? Could the global economy
survive without a vibrant European economy? What would European architecture look like after the end of
European integration? What are the implications for the United States, China, and the Middle East? Since the
international order has been primarily a Western construction, with Europe as a key pillar,
would the disintegration of the European Union or the Eurozone have lasting and
deleterious effects on world politics in the coming decade? Thinking through and prioritizing
the consequences of a failed Europe yield five of the utmost importance. First, the most immediate
casualty of the failure of the European project would be the global economy. A
disorderly collapse (as opposed to an orderly failure, which will be explained shortly) would probably
trigger a new depression and could lead to the unraveling of economic integration as
countries introduce protectionist measures to limit the contagion effects of a
collapse. Bare survival would drag down Europes economy and would generate increasing
and dangerous levels of volatility in the international economic order. Second, the
geopolitical consequences of an economic crisis depend not just on the severity of the crisis but also the
geopolitical climate in which it occurs.
reasonably

Europes geopolitical climate is as healthy as can be

expected. This would prevent a simple repeat of the 1930s in Europe, which has been one of the
although certain new and fragile democracies in

more alarming predictions from some observers,

Europe might come under pressure. Third, failure would cement Germanys rise as
the leading country in Europe and as an indispensable hub in the E uropean Union and
Eurozone, if they continue to exist, but anti-Germanism would become a more potent force in
politics on the European periphery. Fourth, economic downturn as a result of disintegration
would undermine political authority in those parts of the world where the legitimacy of
governments is shallow, and it would exacerbate international tensions where the
geopolitical climate is relatively malign. The places most at risk are the Middle
East and China. Fifth, disintegration would weaken Europe on the world stageit
would severely damage the transatlantic alliance , both by sapping its resources and by
diverting Europes attention to its internal crisisand would, finally, undermine the
multilateral order. Taking these five implications in their totality, one thing is clear. Failure will
badly damage Europe and the international order, but some types of failuremost notably a
disorderly collapseare worse than others. Currently, the pain is concentrated on the so-called European periphery

Disorderly collapse would affect all European

countries, as well as North America and East Asia. If a solution to the Eurocrisis is perceived as
(Greece, Portugal, Spain, Italy, and Ireland).

beyond reach, leaders of the major powers will shift their priorities to managing failure in order to contain its
effects. This will be strenuously resisted on the periphery, which is already experiencing extremely high levels of

electorates will
become more risk-acceptant and will pressure Germany and other core member
states to accommodate them through financial transfers and assistance in exchange for not
deliberately triggering a break-up. This bitter split will divide and largely define a failing Europe.
pain and does not want to accept the permanence of the status quo. Consequently, their

Absent movement toward a solution, EU politics is about to take an ugly turn.

1NC DA 2
Gambling growths stable and key to tribal economies and selfdetermination the plan crushes it
Washburn 12 Kevin K. Washburn, Dean of the University of New Mexico School
of Law, WHATS AT STAKE FOR TRIBES? THE U.S. DEPARTMENT OF JUSTICE OFFICE
OF LEGAL COUNSEL OPINION ON INTERNET GAMING, Congressional Testimony
Before the Senate Committee of Indian Affairs, 2-9,
http://www.indian.senate.gov/sites/default/files/upload/files/Kevin-Washburntestimony020912.pdf
Indian casinos constitute 40% of the American gaming market. For a large
number of American Indian nations, Indian gaming has been a key
resource in facilitating tribal self-governance and self-determination .
Approximately 237 tribes operate 442 Indian gaming facilities in the United States.1 Given the
importance of Indian gaming to tribal governments, Congress must
consider how online gaming will affect Indian tribes and insure that any federal laws
enacted to regulate Internet gaming give Indian tribes a fair opportunity to share in the Internet gaming boom. The
Supreme Court recognized that tribes had inherent powers to regulate gaming on their own lands in California v.
Cabazon Band of Missions Indians2 in 1987. That decision produced a nationwide debate on Indian gaming that was
largely resolved the next year when President Ronald Reagan signed the Indian Gaming Regulatory Act into law. The
Reagan administration was strongly supportive of Indian gaming even before the Cabazon decision. The Reagan
Administration believed that

revenues from Indian gaming could increase tribal self-

sufficiency and reduce tribal dependence on federal appropriations. When it

enacted IGRA, Congress recognized the exclusive right of tribes to regulate gaming on their lands and sought to
promote tribal economic development, self-sufficiency and strong self government.3 Moreover, Congress refused to
privatize the benefits of Indian gaming. It mandated in IGRA that gaming revenues must be used primarily for public
purposes, naming five authorized uses: (i) to fund tribal government operations or programs; (ii) to provide for the
general welfare of the Indian tribe and its members; (iii) to promote tribal economic development; (iv) to donate to
charitable organizations; or (v) to help fund operations of local government agencies.4

The legal regime

set forth in IGRA has allowed many tribes to prosper . The Reagan Administrations
hopes for Indian gaming have been realized , probably beyond their wildest
expectations . Indian gaming has been the greatest economic engine on
Indian reservations that the U nited S tates has ever seen. From 1998 to 2010, Indian
Gaming grossed more than $246.2 billion nationwide.5 Consistent with the purposes
specified by Congress, most of these have been used to fund tribal operations and
promote the economic development and welfare of tribes and Indian people. For
instance, according to the National Indian Gaming Associations (NIGA) Economic Impact Report for 2009, 237

Indian tribes in 28 states had used Indian gaming to create new jobs , fund
essential government services and rebuild communities . In 2009 tribal
governments generated $26.2 billion gross revenue from gaming alone - 20% of that net revenue was
dedicated to education, children and elders, culture and charity , 19% to
economic development, 17% to health care, 17% to police and fire protection, 16%
towards infrastructure and 11% towards housing.6 While tribal revenues allocation plans that provide
for per capita payments to individual tribal members have been approved by the Secretary of the Interior and have
earned a great deal of press attention, most of these payments have done little more than to increase household

income and lift some Indian citizens out of poverty. In addition to gaming revenues, tribes generated $3.2 billion in
gross revenue from related hospitality and entertainment services such as resorts and entertainment complexes.7
As of 2009, tribal governments had directly or indirectly generated 628,000 jobs nationwide for American Indians
and others.8

As a result of gaming, tribes have experienced extensive

economic development and built strong governmental infrastructures. In

sum, gaming has assisted in producing strong tribal governmental
infrastructures. Tribal gaming revenues have been a boon to the federal government as well. In light of the
federal governments trust responsibility to the tribes, it would likely have had to spend more on federal Indian
programs in the absence of Indian gaming. In addition, Indian gaming revenues have produced tax revenues for the
federal government, both directly and indirectly, and revenue shares for state governments. Although predictions
are difficult, especially about the future,

Internet gaming poses some magnitude of

threat to the brick and mortar casino industry, including tribal casinos.
Federal policy toward Internet gaming going forward should recognize the
significant risk to the stable revenue stream upon which many tribes
have been able to depend . Under the worst case scenario, a shift in the market for
toward Internet gaming could vastly increase
revenues to private and even off-shore Internet gaming companies and
decrease tribal governmental revenues, plunging some tribal nations
gaming away from land-based casinos and

back into poverty . Federal policy must recognize and seek to mitigate this risk, so as to preserve gaming
as a viable means of raising governmental resources for tribal governments.

The plans an economic tsunami that devastates tribal growth

Porter 13, Robert Odawi Porter is the former President of the Seneca Nation of
Indians and currently Senior Counsel at SNR Denton in Washington, D.C., Why Tribes
Should Oppose Internet Gaming,
http://indiancountrytodaymedianetwork.com/2013/04/05/why-tribes-should-opposeinternet-gaming
Congress is now considering the legalization of gambling over the
Internet. Indian country, which has invested billions of dollars in traditional bricks and mortar businesses,
should be extremely worried about this effort. If successful, many of the over 300 triballyowned gaming facilities risk losing significant patrons and profits. Research
on the impact of Internet gaming legalization is thin, but
2010)

the primary study to date

(Geiger-Johns

concludes that tribal casinos could lose up to 25 percent of annual

gross gaming revenues if legalization were to occur. Controlling $28

billion in gaming revenues is a major economic accomplishment for
Indians. Given our history of economic deprivation, who would have
guessed that this revitalization was possible? But we should not sit idly
by while $7 billion in revenues and associated jobs is given away to the
competition.

Indian country response to the Internet legalization threat has been mixed. A few tribes are

actively pursuing efforts to get involved in on-line gambling. They see it as simply a logical expansion of the market
given technological advances. Other tribes see it as a clear threat, seeing the great potential for unknown numbers
of patrons to gamble in the comfort of their own homes rather than visit the tribal casino. Our industry trade
association, the National Indian Gaming Association, has strongly defended the need to protect existing tribal-state
compacts. Both NIGA and I in Congressional testimony have argued that tribes should have the same rights as non-

The problem with legalizing Internet gambling,

as the research suggests, is that it drains away customers who would
otherwise be limited to visiting tribal casinos. The Poker Players Alliance argues that
Indian casinos were legalization to occur.

legalizing on-line poker would actually support bricks and mortar casinos since poker players eventually want to
play against other humans as they get better. But powerful forces in the gaming industry, led by name-brand
Nevada and New Jersey interests, are strongly promoting the legalization effort. States, too, are eager to get in on
the action and start taxing on-line bettors. It doesnt seem reasonable that this effort will end with only legalizing
on-line poker. Our competitors and their allies in government are going all in for full legalization of all Internet

Losing 25 percent or more of gross revenues could cause

widespread economic injury to tribal casinos, many of which have

gambling.

significant debt . Which is why Indian country needs to stop watching this
economic tsunami in the making and start fighting against it . If the online gambling market opens wide, only a handful of providers will control the
market. Do we really think tribal gaming brands can beat out the marquee
gaming brands in a global on-line market? A few larger tribes might, but I
seriously doubt as the research suggests that tribal casinos will gain new
customers in an Internet gaming era. There are actions that can be taken now to fight against
this effort. We should be preparing our litigation strategy to protect existing compacts and investments. We should
be educating and lobbying Congress to protect Indian country gamingwhich employs tens of thousands of nonIndians as well as Indiansto protect the bird in the hand rather than chase the bird in the bush. The Internet might

If we dont act now and Internet gambling

legalization occurs, the ensuing economic disaster in Indian country would
be our own version of the fiscal cliff.
not be stopped, but it can be slowed down.

Tribal sovereigntys modelled solves ethnic conflicts

Morris 5 Tenured professor @ UC-Denver, American academic and Native
American activist
(Glenn, Native American Sovereignty, e-copy from Taylor and Francis, p. 276)
While such assertions may seem novel and untenable at present, it should
be recalled that just forty years ago, tens of millions of people languished
under the rule of colonial domination; today, they are politically
independent. Central to their independence was the development and
acceptance of the right to self-determination under international law.
Despite such developments, many colonized peoples were forced by
desperate conditions to engage in armed struggle to advance their legitimate
aspirations. Similarly, for many indigenous peoples few viable options remain in
their quest for control of their destinies. Consequently, a majority of the current
armed conflicts in the world are not between established states, but
between indigenous peoples and states that seek their subordination.
Armed struggle for most indigenous peoples represents a desperate and
untenable strategy for their survival. Nonetheless, it may remain an
unavoidable option for many of them, because if their petitions seeking
recognition of their rights in international forums are ignored, many indigenous
peoples, quite literally, face extermination. Although this chapter has
implications for the status of all indigenous peoples, its concentration is primarily

within the United States. This is because, in several ways, the status of
indigenous nations within the U.S. is unique, and the policy of the U nited
S tates toward indigenous nations has frequently been emulated by other
states . The fact that a treaty relationship exists between the U nited S tates
and indigenous nations, and the fact that indigenous nations within the
U.S. retain defined and separate land bases and continue to exercise some
degree of effective self-government , may contribute to the successful
application of international standards in their cases. Also, given the size
and relative power of the U nited S tates in i nternational r elations, and absent
the unlikely independence of a majority- indigenous nation-state such as Guatemala
or Greenland, the successful application of decolonization principles to
indigenous nations within the U.S. could allow the extension of such
applications to indigenous peoples in other parts of the planet .

Self-determination solves global war

Handlery 10-10, Contributor to Brussels Journal, PhD, former associate
professor of history, George, Secession, Autonomy And The State System,
http://www.brusselsjournal.com/node/5164

Even aloof Americans and West- Europeans are affected by foreign affairs. The lacking concerns cause is

It is the good fortune of the

American continent, and largely of Europes west, that it avoided numerous
supported the impression that all troubles happen abroad.

destructive territorial-ethnic disputes.

Borders played a role among the violent forces that

had shaped the 20th century. Several components have contributed. One is the case of peoples that, devoid of
historic independence, lack/ed their own state. Furthermore, boundaries ignore ethnicity: such borders separate
what is apt to want to belong together. The world wars had led to the redrawing of boundaries and to the creation
and to the abolition of states. The problems of unfair and inappropriate borders remain. We are mired in the morass
of arbitrary borders and the states they define that created populations that perceive of them as prisons. Here an
example. The reorganization of the USSR and Yugoslavia into successor states tells of the problem caused by
boundaries designed to settle disputes but that feed new tensions. In Europe alone, much continues to hide under
covers. A sample: Laplanders, Germans in several countries, Austrians in Italy, Sorbs in Germany, Frisians, Catalans,
Basques, Bretons, Ocsitanians, Scots, Kasubs, Albanians, Serbs, Flemiss, Corsicans, Moldovans, Macedonians,
Russians, Ukranians, Romanians, Gypsies, Magyars and Jews. New maps make teachers despair; they need to
upgrade displays and to learn something new. Cartographers benefit. The discrepancy between existing borders
and their possible adjustment to connect what belongs together and to separate what is different, fuels disputes.
Our instincts are territorial. We share this trait with dogs that raise a leg. The difference is that we have missiles. We
claim to be cleverer than our canines, yet a few square miles can cause bitter conflicts. Therefore, rules to guide
the processes of adjustment are crucial. Even if understood, this does not make solutions, easy. The Kosovo
question, being far from the Western reader and unconnected to the writers background, is suited to illustrate
some generalizations. To its misfortune, Kosovo represents much that defines territorial quarrels. Typically,
allegations backing good claims are pit against each other. However, the invoked facts lack a common denominator
and sometimes prove only the fantasy of their inventors. Who should own contested territory that had several past
owners? Actual demographics, facts and myths collide. Regarding Kosovo, a battle lost by the Christians against the
Turks creates a clearly unclear case. In fact, there were two clashes. The Serbs prefer to remember the second
one. No wonder. In the first encounter, a neighbor did the heavy lifting. It is a role that Serbs now resent because of
claims to a district newly administered by Serbia. Actually, the second battle on Kosovo Meadow was fought by an
alliance in 1389. The defeat brought the ruin of the Serbs that represented Europes resistance to armed Islam. The
glorious defeat, became an icon by which the Serbs define themselves. Subsequently, this identification grew into a
complication. The essentials tend to be repeated in areas that were under the rule of alien empires. Todays
contested Kosovos original Serb population moved north into Hungarys south where they became a majority.

WW1s generous victors gave the land to Serbia. Earlier, through migration, Kosovo became Albanian and Muslim.
While alleging that demography prevails over Hungarys historical claim, in Kosovo the claim is reversed to assert

A conclusion is suggested by world wars ; common

borders can make for bad neighbors. Territorialized disputes tend to make
the involved communities lose their sound judgment. Reason, fairness,
common interests, as well as the facts, are abandoned in favor of claims
that history overrides demography.

presented as temper tantrums that demand land.

Examine the case of contested

borders: only rarely can good lines be drawn ones that respect the identity of all locals. Borders that reduce
tensions, rather than to nurture them, are not the rule. The great peace treaties (Vienna 1814, Paris 1919 and
Yalta/Potsdam 1945 share an element. The victors claimed to lay down the basis of a lasting peace. Just borders
creating states that rely on a supportive people were to be the solution. Sound borders were to facilitate internal
harmony. Stability was to be served by eliminating territorial disputes between ethnic states. To support the edifice,
the integrity of the entities was to be inviolable. Such commitments lasted until the next war and the repetition of
the charades at peace treaties. Much is wrong with the alleged stabilizing result of inviolable borders that ignore the
artificial divisions they impose. Equally wobbly is a related assumption. It is that borders, drawn without the consent
of the affected, secure the state behind them. Also, the fiction is believed, that states with reluctant subjects can
become national states and as such will function as homogenous democratic and stable communities. Therefore, in
principle, the entities created are declared untouchable. The conditional inserted into an absolute is not the result of
logical inconsistency. Obviously, great powers are, such as Russia in the Crimea, exempted. The equation that
sacrosanct borders guarantee peace is wrong. The theory attempts to overlook a component of reality which is the

Forcing local ethnic majorities to submit to a

national state of another people has consequences. The contradiction
between claimed homogeneity and ethnic diversity brings internal strife
first and then interstate conflicts. It is hard to be loyal to a state that claims not to be yours. This
lot of ethnics assigned to the wrong state.

outcome arises because the denial of rights must occur when arbitrary borders incorporate resented and suspected
populations into structures that are alien to them and which they will resent. Suppressed ethnic groups tend to
overlap interstate boundaries. Thus, the distance between internal and international strife is small. What is to be
done? Let us begin with an admission. It is senseless to support centrally governed multi-ethnic states that want to

Suppression in the pursuit of

stability is a bad policy. In the case of the Austro-Hungarian Empire, this
effort led to the Great War . Those who wish to preserve multi-ethnic
states governed by the pretention that they are mono-ethnic, need to be
nudged to grant local self-government. Failing that, separatism will
eliminate minorities whose existence provokes the people of state.

emerge . The international community must abandon the view that all autonomists are separatists and that the
former are therefore a threat to peace. For some time now, the contrary approach was thought to provide stability.
As in Iraq, major powers support allies that suppress minorities. This has consequences. By ignoring federal
solutions, countries whose minorities might have a state across the border, limit democracy alone for the majority.
With a built-in enemy, much will be sacrificed to combat the feared collusion of domestic and foreign foes. Such a
project will also hinder the development of peoples that discover brothers in need of liberation. The derived duty
to irredentism or to conformity will be exploited by ultras that demand the kind of unity on which dictatorship feeds.

The problem is soluble even if the ailment seems to be a chronic. The

international community must use its influence not to re-draw borders but
to change their consequence. Not borders need to be moved: their outcome must be revised. To
save the country, ultras claim that power be used to create a uniform people. Yet the openly multi-ethnic
state must not be a threat. Nor is forced unity a pre-condition of greatness. These are the errors of
the past successful societies have avoided the disease. Minority status must not be a punishment. The land of the

Disputes recede once

rights are respected because they apply to man and do not express ethnic privilege. The rule of
law instead of the rule of a lording majority, defuses ticking bombs.
minorities is not conquered territory kept down to secure imperial survival.

1NC DA 3
TPA will pass has the votes. But Obamas capital is key
pushing now
THE HILL 2 19 15 [Pritzker expects fast-track to pass Congress,
http://thehill.com/policy/finance/233285-pritzker-expects-fast-track-to-passcongress]

Obama administration officials are acknowledging the challenge of passing trade

promotion authority (TPA) as they ramp up efforts to build broad support.
Pritzker said Thursday that getting a fast-track measure through
has always proven difficult and that this time around won't be any
different.
Commerce Secretary Penny
Congress

"These are never easy votes so lets not think its different or theres some circumstance now thats
different than before, she said in a call with reporters.
"Trade promotion legislation is a hard vote to get passed
what it is, she said.

because takes a lot of explanation as to

Pritzker is confident that a fast-track measure, despite widespread

opposition from Democrats in Congress, will pass, most likely by a small
margin.
Still,

Pritzer said she has been talking to Republicans and Democrats who were
involved in previous TPA battles and understands what is needed to get push a
measure through Congress.
The last TPA bill passed in 2002, only by a few votes in the House.
Earlier in the day, Agriculture Secretary Tom
according to press reports.

Vilsack said that a TPA vote is a close call,

Pritzker and Jeff Zients, director of the White House National Economic Council, said the
lobbying effort to convince lawmakers and Americans continues in earnest and
will succeed on TPA and the broader trade agenda.
Zients, who has led the White Houses campaign to get Cabinet members talking to
Democrats about gaining their support, reiterated President Obama's message that trade will
create more and better paying jobs while boosting the nations overall growth.
He argued that exports are essential to growing the U.S. economy and that "trade agreements like the Trans-Pacific
Partnership can boost wages and help protect American workers."
Obama administration officials used Minnesota as an example of how trade can work, especially for smaller
businesses.
The Commerce Department reported on Thursday that last year merchandise exports from the state hit a record
$21.4 billion, helping bring the U.S. total to a $2.35 trillion record for goods and services exports.

Pritzker, as well as other Cabinet officials, has been on the road hawking
the trade agenda to small- and medium-sized business. She recently zipped through the West Coast cities
of San Francisco, Seattle and Portland making the sell.

Plan devastates PC
GBGC 13, Global Betting and Gaming Consultants, a specialist, independent,
international gambling consultancy, June 17 2013, New Congress, New US IGaming Bill, Same Long Odds, http://www.gbgc.com/new-congress-new-us-igaming-bill-same-long-odds/
responses to Congressman Peter Kings online gambling bill (H.R. 2282) so
closely mirror those of all the failed attempts at federal regulation in the past :
Advocates outside the commercial casino establishment are enthusiastic; theyre guarded and non-committal within; and the public
lotteries and the Indian tribes and the leaders of the states where they
reside are as ever skeptical and resistant. In a broad sense these are views that speak to the
historic fault lines riddling U.S. gambling policy that no regulatory
Its interesting and telling how the

scheme out of Washington , except in regard to sports betting, has been able to repair or
surmount. Weigh in the near-total absence of any political capital to be
gained with that to be lost from appearing to endorse Internet gambling
as a matter of national policy , which is what regulation implies, and Mr. Kings bill is not expected
to fare any better. I dont see anything happening, said Nevadas Harry Reid, who heads the slender Democratic majority in the U.S. Senate and
has all but given up on the possibility that either his chamber or the
Republican-controlled House of Representatives will get behind the poker-only
legislation he favors, let alone a bill like Kings that legalizes casino games as well. One U.S.-based reporter in the poker blogosphere
went further, pronouncing the bill, which has attracted no co-sponsors, 100% DOA (Dead on Arrival). Its reported that for the sake of a poker bill
aimed at salvaging a nationwide player pool for his Las Vegas casino constituency
he

knows the votes dont exist

Reid is trying to mend fences with the Republican opposition. But

and has said as much. A poker-only bill his staff had crafted last year in partnership with

GOP Senator Jon Kyl, who has since retired, was bungled over election politics. Not that it had any chance, given language in it that sought to lock up
regulatory primacy for Nevada and freeze out the lotteries, and it never made it to the Senate chambers.

All agency action gets tied to Obama

Nicholas and Hook 10 [Peter and Janet, Staff WritersLA Times, Obama the
Velcro president, LA Times, 7-30, http://articles.latimes.com/2010/jul/30/nation/lana-velcro-presidency-20100730/3]

If Ronald Reagan was the classic Teflon president, Barack Obama is made of Velcro. Through two
terms, Reagan eluded much of the responsibility for recession and foreign policy scandal. In less than two years,

Obama has become ensnared in blame. Hoping to better insulate Obama,

White House aides have sought to give other Cabinet officials a higher
profile and additional public exposure. They are also crafting new ways to explain the
president's policies to a skeptical public. But Obama remains the colossus of his
administration to a point where trouble anywhere in the world is often
his to solve. The president is on the hook to repair the Gulf Coast oil spill disaster, stabilize Afghanistan, help
fix Greece's ailing economy and do right by Shirley Sherrod, the Agriculture Department official fired as a result of a

misleading fragment of videotape. What's not sticking to Obama is a legislative track record that his recent
predecessors might envy. Political dividends from passage of a healthcare overhaul or a financial regulatory bill
have been fleeting. Instead, voters are measuring his presidency by a more immediate yardstick: Is he creating
enough jobs? So far the verdict is no, and that has taken a toll on Obama's approval ratings. Only 46% approve of
Obama's job performance, compared with 47% who disapprove, according to Gallup's daily tracking poll. "I think
the accomplishments are very significant, but I think most people would look at this and say, 'What was the plan for
jobs?' " said Sen. Byron L. Dorgan (D-N.D.). "The agenda he's pushed here has been a very important agenda, but it
hasn't translated into dinner table conversations." Reagan was able to glide past controversies with his popularity
largely intact. He maintained his affable persona as a small-government advocate while seeming above the fray in
his own administration. Reagan was untarnished by such calamities as the 1983 terrorist bombing of the Marines
stationed in Beirut and scandals involving members of his administration. In the 1986 Iran-Contra affair, most of the
blame fell on lieutenants. Obama lately has tried to rip off the Velcro veneer . In a
revealing moment during the oil spill crisis, he reminded Americans that his powers aren't "limitless." He told
residents in Grand Isle, La., that he is a flesh-and-blood president, not a comic-book superhero able to dive to the

But as a candidate in
2008, he set sky-high expectations about what he could achieve and what
government could accomplish. Clinching the Democratic nomination two years ago, Obama
bottom of the sea and plug the hole. "I can't suck it up with a straw," he said.

described the moment as an epic breakthrough when "we began to provide care for the sick and good jobs to the
jobless" and "when the rise of the oceans began to slow and our planet began to heal." Those towering goals
remain a long way off. And most people would have preferred to see Obama focus more narrowly on the "good jobs"
part of the promise. A recent Gallup poll showed that 53% of the population rated unemployment and the economy
as the nation's most important problem. By contrast, only 7% cited healthcare a single-minded focus of the White
House for a full year. At every turn, Obama makes the argument that he has improved lives in concrete ways.
Without the steps he took, he says, the economy would be in worse shape and more people would be out of work.
There's evidence to support that. Two economists, Mark Zandi and Alan Blinder, reported recently that without the
stimulus and other measures, gross domestic product would be about 6.5% lower. Yet,

Americans aren't

apt to cheer when something bad doesn't materialize .

Unemployment has been rising

from 7.7% when Obama took office, to 9.5%. Last month, more than 2 million homes in the U.S. were in various
stages of foreclosure up from 1.7 million when Obama was sworn in. "Folks just aren't in a mood to hand out
gold stars when unemployment is hovering around 10%," said Paul Begala, a Democratic pundit.

Insulating

the president from bad news has proved impossible . Other White Houses have tried
doing so with more success. Reagan's Cabinet officials often took the blame, shielding
the boss. But the Obama administration is about one man. Obama is the
White House's chief spokesman, policy pitchman, fundraiser and
negotiator. No Cabinet secretary has emerged as an adequate surrogate.
Treasury Secretary Timothy F. Geithner is seen as a tepid public speaker; Energy Secretary Steven Chu is prone to
long, wonky digressions and has rarely gone before the cameras during an oil spill crisis that he is working to end.

more falls to Obama, reinforcing the Velcro effect: Everything sticks to

him. He has opined on virtually everything in the hundreds of public statements he has made: nuclear arms
treaties, basketball star LeBron James' career plans; Chelsea Clinton's wedding. Few audiences are offlimits. On Wednesday, he taped a spot on ABC's "The View," drawing a rebuke from Democratic Pennsylvania
So,

Gov. Edward G. Rendell, who deemed the appearance unworthy of the presidency during tough times. "Stylistically
he creates some of those problems," Eddie Mahe, a Republican political strategist, said in an interview. " His

favorite pronoun is 'I.' When you position yourself as being all things to all
people, the ultimate controller and decision maker with the capacity to fix
anything, you set yourself up to be blamed when it doesn't get fixed or
things happen." A new White House strategy is to forgo talk of big policy changes that are easy to ridicule.
Instead, aides want to market policies as more digestible pieces. So, rather than tout the healthcare package as a
whole, advisors will talk about smaller parts that may be more appealing and understandable such as barring
insurers from denying coverage based on preexisting conditions. But at this stage, it may be late in the game to
downsize either the president or his agenda. Sen. Richard J. Durbin (D-Ill.) said: "The man came in promising
change. He has a higher profile than some presidents because of his youth, his race and the way he came to the
White House with the message he brought in. It's naive to believe he can step back and have some Cabinet
secretary be the face of the oil spill. The buck stops with his office."

Solves global trade collapse

Kati Suominen 14, Visiting Assistant Adjunct Professor at UCLA Anderson School
of Management, Adjunct Fellow at CSIS, Ph.D. Political Economy from UC San Diego,
Aug 4 2014, Coming Apart: WTO fiasco highlights urgency for the U.S. to lead the
global trading system, katisuominen.wordpress.com/2014/08/04/coming-apart
threats are
disintegration of the trading system
WTO is utterly dysfunctional: deals require unanimity
player
a veto.
Two

emerging. The first is

among 160 members,

cantankerous

like India

the
making any

. The core of the system until the mid-1990s,

Aligning interests has been impossible, turning all action in global trade policymaking to free trade agreements (FTAs), first kicked off by the North American Free

Trade Agreement (NAFTA) in 1994. By now, 400 FTAs are in place or under negotiation. FTAs have been good cholesterol for trade, but the overlapping deals and rules also complicate life for U.S. companies doing global business.

The U.S.-led
talks for mega-regional agreements
TTIP)
and
TPP), are the best solution yet to these problems . They free
One single deal among all countries would be much preferable to the spaghetti bowl of FTAs, but it is but a pie in the sky. So is deeper liberalization by protectionist countries like India.

with Europe and Asia-Pacific nations, the Trans-Atlantic Trade and Investment Partnership (

Trans-Pacific Partnership (

trade and create uniform rules among

economy

. Incidentally, they would create a million jobs in America. Yet

Capitol Hill to pass

Party line up in opposition.

countries making up

two-thirds of the world

both hang in balance thanks to inaction on

the Trade Promotion Authority (

TPA

), the key piece of legislation for approving the mega-deals, now stuck in a bitter political fight as several Democrats and Tea

TPA is key for the Obama administration to conclude TPP and

TTIP talks Europeans and Asians are unwilling to negotiate the thorniest
:

topics before they know TPA is in place

to constrain U.S. Congress to voting up or down on these deals, rather than amending freshly negotiated

texts. The second threat in world trade is the absence of common rules of the game for the 21st century global digital economy. As 3D printing, Internet of Things, and cross-border ecommerce, and other disruptive technologies
expand trade in digital goods and services, intellectual property will be fair game why couldnt a company around the world simply replicate 3D printable products and designs Made in the USA? Another problem is

protectionism

data

rules on access and transport of data across borders. Europeans are imposing limits on companies access to consumer data, complicating U.S. businesses customer service and

marketing; emerging markets such as Brazil and Vietnam are forcing foreign IT companies to locate servers and build data centers as a condition for market access, measure that costs companies millions in inefficiencies. A growing
number of countries claim limits on access to data on the grounds of national security and public safety, familiar code words for protectionism.

balkanizing the global virtual economy

Digital protectionism risks

just as tariffs siloed national markets in the 19th century when countries set out to collect revenue and

digital
Trade policymakers
lag far behind
todays trade, which requires sophisticated rules
The mega-regionals, especially the TTIP, are a perfect to
start this
. Disintegration of trade policies risk disintegrating world
promote infant industries a self-defeating approach that took well over a century to undo, and is still alive and well in countries like India. The biggest losers of
consumers leveraging their laptops, iPads and smart phones to buy and sell goods and services around the planet.

protectionism are American small businesses and

however

on IP, piracy, copyrights, patents and trademarks, ecommerce, data flows,

virtual currencies, and dispute settlement.

venue

process

markets
the global trading system rests in Americas hands

approval of TPA unshackles U.S. negotiators to finalize TPP and

TTIP
TPP and TTIP will be giant
magnetic docking stations to outsiders; China and Brazil
are
interested
the TTIP-TPP superdeal will cover 80 percent of worlds
output and approximate a multilateral agreement
. Just as after World War II,

needed.

The first is the

. Three things are

, which

. Most interesting for U.S. exporters, TPP and TTIP almost de facto merge into a superdeal: the United States and EU already have bilateral FTAs with several common partners belonging in TPP Peru, Colombia, Chile,

Australia, Singapore, Canada, and Mexico to name a few. Whats more, gatekeepers to markets with two-thirds of global spending power,

, aiming to revive sagging growth,

. Once this happens,

and have cutting-edge common trade rules that could never be agreed in

one Big Bang at the WTO.

Causes global hotspot escalation---trade solves

Miriam Sapiro 14, Visiting Fellow in the Global Economy and Development
program at Brookings, former Deputy US Trade Representative, former Director of
European Affairs at the National Security Council, Why Trade Matters, September
2014, http://www.brookings.edu/~/media/research/files/papers/2014/09/why
%20trade%20matters/trade%20global%20views_final.pdf

This policy brief explores the economic rationale and strategic imperative of an ambitious domestic and global trade agenda from the perspective of the United States. International
trade is often viewed through the relatively narrow prism of trade-offs that might be made among domestic sectors or between trading partners, but it is important to consider also the

With that context in mind, this paper assesses the implications of the
Asia-Pacific and European trade negotiations underway , including for countries that are not
impact that increased trade has on global growth, development and security.

participating but aspire to join. It outlines some of the challenges that stand in the way of completion and ways in which they can be addressed. It examines whether the focus on megaregional trade agreements comes at the expense of broader liberalization or acts as a catalyst to develop higher standards than might otherwise be possible. It concludes with policy
recommendations for action by governments, legislators and stakeholders to address concerns that have been raised and create greater domestic support. It is fair to ask whether we

dire developments are threatening the security

interests of the United States and its partners in the Middle East, Asia, Africa and Europe. In the Middle East, significant areas of Iraq
have been overrun by a toxic offshoot of Al-Qaeda, civil war in Syria rages with no end in sight, and the IsraeliPalestinian peace process is in tatters. Nuclear negotiations with Iran
have run into trouble, while Libya and Egypt face continuing instability and domestic challenges. In Asia, historic rivalries and
disputes over territory have heightened tensions across the region, most acutely by Chinas aggressive
should be concerned about the future of international trade policy when

moves in the S outh C hina S ea towards Vietnam, Japan and the Philippines. Nuclear-armed North
Korea remains isolated, reckless and unpredictable. In Africa, countries are struggling with rising terrorism, violence and corruption. In Europe,
Russia continues to foment instability and destruction in eastern Ukraine. And within the European Union, lagging
economic recovery and the surge in support for extremist parties have left people fearful of increasing violence against immigrants and minority groups and skeptical of further
integration. It is tempting to focus solely on these pressing problems and defer less urgent issuessuch as forging new disciplines for international tradeto another day, especially
when such issues pose challenges of their own. But that would be a mistake. A key motivation in building greater domestic and international consensus for

trade liberalization

now is precisely the role that greater economic integration can play in opening up new avenues of opportunity for promoting

development and increasing economic prosperity. Such initiatives

security

advancing

can help stabilize key regions and strengthen

of the United States and its partners. The last century provides a powerful example of how

can help reduce global tensions

and raise living standards.

the

expanding trade relations

Following World War II, building stronger economic

cooperation was a centerpiece of allied efforts to erase battle scars and embrace former enemies. In defeat, the economies of Germany, Italy and Japan faced ruin and people were on

A key element of the Marshall Plan, which established the

foundation for unprecedented growth and the level of European integration that exists today, was to revive trade by reducing tariffs.1 Russia, and the
the verge of starvation. The United States led efforts to rebuild Europe and to repair Japans economy.

eastern part of Europe that it controlled, refused to participate or receive such assistance. Decades later, as the Cold War ended, the United States and Western Europe sought to make
up for lost time by providing significant technical and financial assistance to help integrate central and eastern European countries with the rest of Europe and the global economy.
There have been subsequent calls for a Marshall Plan for other parts of the world,2 although the confluence of dedicated resources, coordinated support and existing capacity has been
difficult to replicate. Nonetheless, important lessons have been learned about the valuable role

economic development can play in

defusing tensions , and how opening markets can hasten growth. There is again a growing recognition that economic security and national security are two
sides of the same coin. General Carter Ham, who stepped down as head of U.S. Africa Command last year, observed the close connection between increasing prosperity and bolstering
stability. During his time in Africa he had seen that security and stability in many ways depends a lot more on economic growth and opportunity than it does on military strength.3
Where people have opportunities for themselves and their children, he found, the result was better governance, increased respect for human rights and lower levels of conflict. During
his confirmation hearing last year, Secretary John Kerry stressed the link between economic and national security in the context of the competitiveness of the United States but the point
also has broader application. Our nation cannot be strong abroad, he argued, if it is not strong at home, including by putting its own fiscal house in order. He assertedrightly sothat

Every day, he said, that

goes by where America is uncertain about engaging in that arena, or unwilling to put our best foot forward and win, unwilling to
more than ever foreign policy is economic policy, particularly in light of increasing competition for global resources and markets.

demonstrate our resolve to lead , is a day in which we weaken our nation itself.4
Strengthening Americas economic security by cementing
not simply an option, but an

its

economic alliances is

imperative . A strong nation needs a strong economy that can generate growth, spur innovation and create jobs. This is true, of course, not

only for the United States but also for its key partners and the rest of the global trading system. Much as the United States led the way in forging strong military alliances after World War
II to discourage a resurgence of militant nationalism in Europe or Asia, now is the time to place equal emphasis on shoring up our collective economic security. A

act now could undermine

international security and place

stability in key regions

failure to

in further jeopardy.

Jurisdiction

AT: Grid
FERC regulation is goldilocks nowit manages conflict
between the states while avoiding a severe federal takeover
Joel B. EISEN, Professor of Law, University of Richmond School of Law, 13 [Smart
Regulation and Federalism for the Smart Grid, 2013, Harvard Environmental Law
Review, 37 Harv. Envtl. L. Rev. 1, Lexis]

Where does this leave the states? After the FERC order, they do not have to adopt standards in the Catalog, but
they are free to do so.342 They can review projects under their normal criteria, and deem imprudent any project
that does not follow applicable standards, disallowing cost recovery.343 Some states have indicated that they want
utilities to use standards as a source of best practices. As the Catalog grows, the states may rely upon it as a

Proceeding without FERC's approval signals that the

standards' credibility, like that of other voluntary consensus standards,
will derive from their use in Smart Grid projects.
valuable technical resource.

By not adopting the standards, FERC left the distribution of jurisdiction

over the electric grid unchanged and postponed perhaps forever the
threat of a federal/state power struggle over the Smart Grid's foundation .
This decision signals that suggesting FERC could affect the retail
electricity market with Smart Grid standards was overreaching . By declining to
mandate standards, FERC has neither regulated nor ceded the prospect of a regulatory role in the distribution side
of the Smart Grid. It retains its authority under the EISA, and in limited instances, FERC can take discrete actions on
standards to preserve reliability and ensure cybersecurity.
In the near-term, NIST will add more standards to the Catalog. States should become more comfortable with the
standards as they approve projects that rely on them. Other events may provide additional reasons to use the

States' energy and climate change policies (for example, the California and Texas
may drive use of the
standards. The Smart Grid will grow and evolve, without mandatory
standards. FERC can limit its role to resolving conflicts between states if the
standards.

data availability requirements that led to the Green Button Initiative)

states adopt incompatible technologies and standards.

FERC can step in if necessary in three distinct cases: when it sees states' actions leading to balkanization of Smart
Grid standards, when it believes economic interests unfairly dominated the SGIP process, and when it believes
national objectives such as cybersecurity have not been achieved.344

Think of this as a dynamic

fine-tuning federalism . The large and diverse group of Smart Grid stakeholders is defining what the
Smart Grid is in real time, with concurrent decisions about law and technology.345 Smartness in this complex,
multifaceted environment, with its many uncertainties, demands that regulators
adapt to changing ideas of how to govern the Smart Grid. Smart Grid
federalism can be smart: an open, evolving relationship, not a static
entity. In a sense, the dynamism called for here compares to climate change
federalism, where the relationship between states and the federal
government has evolved as states innovate to respond to climate
concerns and federal activity promotes uniform solutions. 346 FERC's action,
and the continuation of the SGIP process, will allow for standards to be developed while

striking a balance between necessary caution about upending the

electricity system all at once and doing what will eventually be essential
to promote innovation.

No Cyber Attacks
Cyberwar isnt an existential threatbest studies prove
Jason HEALEY, Director of the Cyber Statecraft Initiative at the Atlantic Council,
13 [No, Cyberwarfare Isn't as Dangerous as Nuclear War, March 20, 2013,
www.usnews.com/opinion/blogs/world-report/2013/03/20/cyber-attacks-not-yet-anexistential-threat-to-the-us]

America does not face an existential cyberthreat today, despite

recent

warnings . Our cybervulnerabilities are undoubtedly grave and the threats we face are severe
but far from comparable to nuclear war .
The most recent alarms come in a Defense Science Board report on how to make military cybersystems more
resilient against advanced threats (in short, Russia or China). It warned that the "cyber threat is serious, with
potential consequences similar in some ways to the nuclear threat of the Cold War." Such fears were also expressed
by Adm. Mike Mullen, then chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff, in 2011. He called cyber "The single biggest
existential threat that's out there" because "cyber actually more than theoretically, can attack our infrastructure,
our financial systems."

While it is true that cyber attacks might do these things, it is also true
they have not only never happened but are far more difficult to
accomplish than mainstream thinking believes . The consequences from cyber threats
may be similar in some ways to nuclear, as the Science Board concluded, but mostly, they are incredibly dissimilar.
Eighty years ago, the generals of the U.S. Army Air Corps were sure that their bombers would easily topple other

A study of the
25-year history of cyber conflict, by the Atlantic Council and Cyber Conflict
Studies Association, has shown a similar dynamic where the impact of disruptive
cyberattacks has been consistently overestimated .
countries and cause their populations to panic, claims which did not stand up to reality.

Rather than theorizing about future cyberwars or extrapolating from today's concerns, the history of cyberconflict
that have actually been fought, shows that cyber incidents have so far tended to have effects that are either

No attacks, so far, have been both

widespread and persistent. There have been no authenticated cases of
widespread but fleeting or persistent but narrowly focused.

anyone dying from a cyber attack. Any widespread disruptions, even the 2007
disruption against Estonia, have been short-lived causing no significant GDP loss.
Moreover, as with conflict in other domains, cyberattacks can take down many targets but keeping them down over
time in the face of determined defenses has so far been out of the range of all but the most dangerous adversaries
such as Russia and China. Of course, if the United States is in a conflict with those nations, cyber will be the least
important of the existential threats policymakers should be worrying about.

Plutonium trumps bytes

in a shooting war.
This is not all good news. Policymakers have recognized the problems since at least 1998 with little significant
progress. Worse, the threats and vulnerabilities are getting steadily more worrying.

Still, experts have

been warning of a cyber Pearl Harbor for 20 of the 70 years since the
actual Pearl Harbor .

cyber espionage could someday

accumulate into an existential threat. But it doesn't seem so seem just yet ,
The transfer of U.S. trade secrets through Chinese

with only handwaving estimates of annual losses of 0.1 to 0.5 percent to the total U.S. GDP of around $15 trillion.
That's bad, but

it doesn't add up to an existential crisis or "economic cyberwar."

AT: Warming
No impactmitigation and adaptation will solveno tipping
point or 1% risk
Robert O. MENDELSOHN, Edwin Weyerhaeuser Davis Professor, Yale School of
Forestry and Environmental Studies, 9 [June 2009, Climate Change and Economic
Growth,
http://www.growthcommission.org/storage/cgdev/documents/gcwp060web.pdf]

The heart of the debate about climate change comes from a number of warnings from scientists
and others that give the impression that human-induced climate change is an
immediate threat to society (IPCC 2007a,b; Stern 2006). Millions of people might be vulnerable to
health effects (IPCC 2007b), crop production might fall in the low latitudes (IPCC 2007b), water supplies might
dwindle (IPCC 2007b), precipitation might fall in arid regions (IPCC 2007b), extreme events will grow exponentially
(Stern 2006), and between 2030 percent of species will risk extinction (IPCC 2007b). Even worse, there may be
catastrophic events such as the melting of Greenland or Antarctic ice sheets causing severe sea level rise, which
would inundate hundreds of millions of people (Dasgupta et al. 2009). Proponents argue there is no time to waste.
Unless greenhouse gases are cut dramatically today, economic growth and wellbeing may be at risk (Stern 2006).

These statements are largely alarmist and misleading . Although climate change is a
serious problem that deserves attention,

societys immediate behavior has an extremely

low probability of leading to catastrophic consequences . The science and

economics of climate change is quite clear that emissions over the next few
decades will lead to only mild consequences . The severe impacts predicted by
require a century (or two in the case of Stern 2006) of no mitigation . Many of the
predicted impacts assume there will be no or little adaptation. The net economic
impacts from climate change over the next 50 years will be small regardless. Most of the more severe
impacts will take more than a century or even a millennium to unfold and
many of these potential impacts will never occur because people will
alarmists

adapt . It is not at all apparent that immediate and dramatic policies need
to be developed to thwart longrange climate risks. What is needed are longrun
balanced responses.

Bitcoin

1NC
Supreme court would strike it downsecond circuit solves is
about internet issues, not gambling

Ev for bitcoin collapse is from drchaos.comno quals

empirically denied by the past year of bitcoin growth that
assumes this article
Alt causesChina Russia and Japan
Bitcoin fails digital wallet loss, price fluctuations,
predetermined number, security holes, vulnerability
Kostakis 14 (The (A)Political Economy of Bitcoin Vasilis Kostakis*, Chris Giotitsas *Ragnar Nurkse
School of Innovation and Governance, Tallinn University of Technology, Estonia, vasileios.kostakis@ttu.ee P2P Lab,
Ioannina, Greece, tripleC: Communication, Capitalism & Critique. Open Access Journal for a Global Sustainable
Information Society Vol 12, No 2 (2014))

digital wallets may be lost. If, for instance, the

hard drive is destroyed or the computer is infected by a virus, then it is
very likely that the Bitcoins contained in it will be lost , like the case of a man who
accidentally disposed of a computer containing 9 million dollars worth of Bitcoins.[2] In this case, since there
were no backups these Bitcoins remain without an owner.
A more practical issue with Bitcoin is the fact that

The value of Bitcoin fluctuates constantly under the relevant demand. We

these fluctuations are extremely steep at times. This
forces businesses that accept the currency to often adjust the prices of
products or services in Bitcoin. Also, any product returns produce inevitable
have seen, however, that

confusion about the refund

to the customer. For now,

there appears to be no

consensus towards a particular approach to tackle these problems.

If the

seller sends the goods to the customer, the latter has no legal protection since the transaction lacked an
intermediary party. It is apparent then that the decentralized nature of Bitcoin, beyond its many advantages, holds
significant disadvantages. Further,

due to the lack of a central authority, there is no

guarantee of a minimum price for the currency.

Bitcoins predetermined number is one of its greatest liabilities . Reaching
its limit, the price will be skyrocketing . This will possibly create, as is the case now,
steep fluctuations of its price through its irregular spending. Those that first
entered the system and those with powerful computers have a significant advantage over the rest of the users.

Coin accumulation in the hands of a few enhances the danger of

fluctuations through deliberate withholding or trading large sums in order

to manipulate its price. Currently, approximately 20% of the total Bitcoins mined are owned by the 100
richest users.[3] For a currency that is supposed to bring change to the credit system this condition seems awfully
familiar.
Ron and Shamir (2013), after studying the blockchain and recording patterns, isolated large sum transactions to
later discover that almost all were related to one big transaction that took place in November 2010. They note that
the users involved with this transaction appear to have attempted to cover their tracks with several methods.
Through their research they revealed a scheme by a minority (almost 1%) to cheat the rest of the users
endangering the whole system in the process. What is further illustrated is that Bitcoins anonymity is easily
compromised since each coin can be traced back from its miner up to its current holder. A Bitcoin address is just a
number, but if enough information is gathered (through websites and fora) the identity of the owner can, possibly,
be revealed (Martins and Yang 2011; Moser 2013). There are methods to protect ones privacy, yet this is still
experimented upon (Moser 2013).

it is yet unknown how many bugs are hidden in the code .

As Bitcoin's popularity grows, so does the number of people searching for
these bugs in order to take advantage of them. Martins and Yang (2011) have located the
features in the Bitcoin code that make it prone to attacks, though up to this point all malicious
activity has been dealt with effectively by the community. In addition Eyal and Sirer (2013) claim they located
a security hole that allows the irregular creation of Bitcoin through the
mining process.
Being still in development

Ev says bitcoin is used for gambling, not that gambling is

essentialyou can invest in manufacturing with bitcoin
without being able to play poker with it
Manufacturing internal link from demelza.liberty.me, written
by the co-founder of a Bitcoin consultancy firmeconomic
incentive to hype its importance and not peer reviewed nor are
empirical examples cited
Africa modeling argument from the Editor of GreenGoPost.com
no quals and doesnt even talk about the United Statessays
its being used now from South Africa to Nigerianot looking
to the US for proof of feasibility
No way itll work regulations are inevitable
Henning 2/3/14 (New York Times, More Bitcoin Regulation is Inevitable
http://dealbook.nytimes.com/2014/02/03/more-bitcoin-regulation-is-inevitable/?
rref=world&_r=0&module=ArrowsNav&contentCollection=Business
%20Day&action=swipe&region=FixedRight&pgtype=Blogs)

The idea that Bitcoin could be an alternative to traditional money

that would

allow users to conduct transactions anonymously beyond the pale of intrusive government regulators

has

proved to be little more than a pipe dream. In testimony at last weeks hearing, Barry E.
Silbert , the founder of Bitcoin Investment Trust, acknowledged that it may be

appropriate to regulate any transaction that involves an unregulated

intermediary converting Bitcoin to dollars on behalf of a third party.
As if to make the message especially clear that the government is keeping a close eye, the Justice Department
unsealed a criminal complaint the day before the hearings charging two men with using a Bitcoin exchange to help
pay for illegal narcotics transactions. One defendant, Charlie Shrem, was on the board of the Bitcoin Foundation,
which is promoting the virtual currency as a new means for conducting business around the world.

Federal regulators have already been going after companies that allow
payments in virtual currencies . In March 2013, the Financial Crimes Enforcement Network, a part
of the Treasury Department known as FinCen, issued guidance stating that anyone operating an exchange for

virtual currencies would be considered to be running a money transmitting

business.
That designation means

exchanges must collect information about customers, as

required under Bank Secrecy Act regulations , which are intended to prevent
transactions through anonymous accounts . FinCen went a step further in its guidance by
including any person who puts into circulation a virtual currency, which means that the so-called Bitcoin miners
are also subject to the regulations. (FinCen last week issued a letter clarifying that users mining Bitcoins for their
own purposes would not be considered money transmitters under the Bank Secrecy Act).
The only ones not subject to the Bank Secrecy Act are users of virtual currencies who only buy and sell goods and
services. FinCen exempted their transactions, which means individuals and merchants who use Bitcoin like cash do
not need to comply with the regulations imposed on those operating exchanges.
If that were the extent of government regulation, there would be little concern about the negative effect of new
rules on the development of virtual currencies.

No one supports creating an anonymous

bazaar for dealing in drugs and other illegal goods and services except,
perhaps, the criminals themselves.
The more difficult issue is whether the government will reach further and try to impose more onerous rules on the exchanges and users of virtual currencies.
It might be helpful to consider what underpins any form of currency. Putting it simply, there are two aspects to currency: the medium by which it is exchanged, and the promise it incorporates.
While regulators debate the pros and cons of bitcoins, this volatile digital currency inspires the question: What makes money, money? Video by Channon Hodge, David Gillen, Kimberly Moy and Aaron Byrd on Publish Date November
25, 2013.
The medium can be almost anything, from paper notes and coins to gold and silver to electronic credits stored in a financial institution or central bank account. When a government issues currency, it comes with the promise that it is
a legitimate means of transacting business in that country. A dollar bill, for instance, states that it is legal tender for all debts, public and private.
But virtual currencies raise concerns about how they can be transmitted and used for illegal purposes. Testimony before Mr. Lawsky by Richard B. Zabel, the deputy United States attorney in Manhattan, highlighted the challenge
facing law enforcement with the ease of movement that a medium like Bitcoin can provide.
Transferring $1 million in cash to buy drugs in another country would be difficult because of the sheer bulk of that much money and would probably get the attention of banking officials. Using the equivalent in Bitcoin, however, only
involves a few keystrokes. So a virtual currency would be much more attractive than cash to those engaging in global illegal transactions.
The regulations in place for virtual currency exchanges may not be enough to satisfy law enforcements desire to keep criminals from creating a new avenue for transferring value across borders. If someone was able to gather up
enough Bitcoin while avoiding scrutiny from virtual currency exchanges, then the transactions could fly beneath the regulatory reporting rules.
Regulators are also concerned that exchanges based in foreign countries might not impose the same customer disclosure requirements as the United States. If someone can use a foreign exchange to conduct business outside the
American governments watchful gaze, then criminals could find ways to slip between the cracks and avoid scrutiny.
Cyrus R. Vance Jr., the Manhattan district attorney, testified that we need stronger tools to combat new emerging threats derived from these payment systems.
It would not be a surprise if one tool would require those who control or trade over a certain threshold amount of a virtual currency to report their holdings to the government. This approach is much like the rules requiring the owner
of 5 percent of the shares of a publicly traded company to disclose any transactions to the Securities and Exchange Commission.
One promise supporting government currencies is that they have a certain value. A central bank work tirelessly to maintain a target level for its currency in relation to other currencies, which explains why the fear of inflation is so
great.

Virtual currencies do not carry the same promise . So they depend on the
market to determine their value, which is often stated in relation to a
traditional currency, like the dollar or euro. The government has no stake in how Bitcoin is valued, but
it is concerned that consumers be protected from abuses when they use a virtual currency to pay for goods and
services.

Bitcoin has fluctuated wildly in value, highlighted by a chart from Coinbase showing that it
increased over 400 percent in November and then lost nearly half its value in December.

That type of

volatility is an invitation to unscrupulous dealers and merchants to

overcharge or underpay .

2NC

CP

2NC AT: Perm (do CP)

U.S. court rulings agree --- the gambling transaction occurs
both at the location of the bet and of the operator.
Pedro Ravents and Sandro Zolezzi, March 2011. INCAE Business School, Apartado
Postal 960-4050, Alajuela, Costa Rica; and CINDE, Plaza Roble, Escaz, Costa Rica. Sportsbooks and
politicians: Place your bet! Journal of Business Research 64.3,
http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S014829630900304X.

Online gambling has raised complicated issues of jurisdiction , particularly

in the U.S., one of the few countries that outlaw sports gambling outright. In March of 1998,
authorities charged Jay Cohen, the operator of a sportsbook in Antigua,
with violating the Wire Act. In his defense, Cohen argued that the bets
took place in Antigua where they were legal. The court sentenced him to
21 months in jail, arguing that the transaction takes place both in the U.S.
and in Antigua.

Gambling takes place both at the location where the bet is

placed and the terminal location where its received.
Chuck Humphrey, 10/13/2006. Attorney specializing in gambling law matters. He is the author
and Webmaster of Gambling-Law-US.com, a leading source for information on U.S. State and Federal
gambling laws, BBA, MBA and J.D (cum laude) degrees, all from the University of Michigan. Unlawful
Internet Gambling Enforcement Act of 2006, Gambling Law US, http://www.gambling-lawus.com/Federal-Laws/internet-gambling-ban.htm.

Unlawful

Internet gambling is defined as:

placing, receiving or transmitting a bet

by means of the Internet
but only if that bet is unlawful under any other federal or state law applicable in the place where the
bet is initiated, received or otherwise made.
excluded from the coverage of "unlawful Internet gambling" are
waypoints along the World Wide Web that are only incidental to the places where the electronic
transmission of the bet or wager is initiated and finally received.
online bets made solely within a single state under an enabling statute passed by that state. [Note:
there are no such enabling laws at this time.]
online bets made solely on or among Indian tribal lands under enabling laws adopted by the affected
tribes and approved by the National Indian Gaming Commission. [Note: no such laws have been
adopted or approved at this time.]
online bets made under the Interstate Horseracing Act. [Note: online interstate bets on horse races
where such bets are legal at both ends of the online connection have been permitted under that law
since 2000.]

The new law, therefore, only applies to online gambling operators who violate other existing state or
federal anti-gambling laws. Some commentators on this aspect of the Act conclude that since there
are only a handful of states that expressly ban Internet gambling, this law has not accomplished very
much.
The better view is that all of the online gambling sportsbooks, casinos and cardrooms violate existing
anti-gambling laws of every one of the fifty states. This is because:
The

gambling is legally deemed to take place simultaneously at both ends

of the Internet connection .

Under applicable state laws these interactive online gambling Websites are deemed to be doing
business in the states in which the players are located when they make a bet.
The general anti-gambling laws of every state criminalize the operation of unlicensed gambling like the
sportsbooks, casinos and cardrooms that are covered by the new law.

Nearly all means ALL with one or two exceptions --- we cant
PIC out of deuce to seven triple draw; but we can obviously
exclude a FULL THIRD of the topic area.
Rodgers and Cooper, 06 professor of counseling at Strathclyde University (Brian
and Mick, Proposed Scoring Scheme for Qualitative Thematic Analysis,
www.strath.ac.uk/Departments/counsunit/docs/art_QTA.doc)

Drawing on the work of psychotherapy researchers Robert Elliott, Clara Hill and colleagues, the following scheme
has been proposed for the write up of qualitative thematic analysis when describing the weighting of codes or

The intention is to use

plain English terms to describe the frequency of occurrence. For example the term
around half is used to describe 50% plus or minus one interview, and nearly all is used
to describe 100% minus one or two interviews.
categories (i.e. the number of interviews that the code/category appeared in).

2NC Net Benefit Link Wall

U.S. prohibition on operators has turned Europe into the
epicenter of online gambling.
The Economist 09

Online gambling in Europe Stacking the deck Prohibition of online gambling is driven by
a desire to protect revenues, not consumers Jul 16th 2009http://www.economist.com/node/14034920

Europe cannot produce internet giants? In one area of online commerce, at least, its companies
dominate the world. Betfair, an online-betting exchange based in London, has
been called the eBay of sports betting (see article), and the vast majority of the websites that allow
WHO says

people to play poker and other games of chance or skill for real money are based in Europe.

A bigger reason ,
is America's prohibition of online gambling . With its love of horse racing, sports and
casinos, and its world-beating technology industry, America ought to be the natural home of this
burgeoning field. But it has arrested industry entrepreneurs and ordered
banks to halt payments to online-gambling firms. In June the European Commission grumbled
In part, this is because that is where the market is: Europeans place some 40% of all online wagers.
however,

that American restrictions on European online-gambling firms break World Trade Organisation rules.

Lack of legality in US drives business to the EU. Future

decisions can change that
European Commission 06

STUDY OF GAMBLING SERVICES IN THE INTERNAL MARKET OF THE

EUROPEAN UNION: Final Report http://ec.europa.eu/internal_market/gambling/docs/study5_en.pdf

In light of legal and political developments in other regions around the globeespecially in North
America it is quite possible that much of the worlds e-gambling business
will in fact be based in European jurisdictions . Malta and the UK already have laws permitting and
regulating e-gambling on their statute books, and Gibraltarwhich is, for the purposes of gambling regulation, an EU
jurisdictionhosts a number of e-gambling companies which account for a
large share of the worlds e-gambling market , much of it consisting of egambling services delivered to customers resident outside the EU .
It is essential therefore, in considering the likely economic impacts of removing barriers to an internal
market in gambling, to consider the likely effects of remote gambling on the overall EU
gambling market. This is a difficult forecast to make, partly because much depends on how the EU
collectively responds to the issue of whether and how to regulate remote gambling, partly because other jurisdictions
such as the USA are likely to take decisions which will affect European markets, and partly because the future
market for this form of ecommerce will be dependent on both technological and legal
developments which are quite difficult to anticipate.

2NC Net Benefit Internal Link

Its not just tax revenues --- online gambling is a key driver of
Europes overall digital economy --- creates critical IT growth
that helps stave off financial crisis.
Unibet, 2011. Founding member of the European Gaming and Betting Association. Consultation
on the European Commissions Green Paper On online gambling in the Internal Market,
http://www.unibetgroupplc.com/pages/1014/Unibet%20Group%20Plc%202011%20-%20Green
%20Paper%20submission.pdf.

Online gambling is an essential driver and part of European e-commerce

and the digital economy. We strongly believe that, as such, it cannot be viewed outside of this
context and that policy makers should recognise its potential as a global
leading digital industry with important spill-over effects into Europes
economy. In Malta, for instance, the online gambling industry has been the
driving force behind a material improvement in the quality of ICT
infrastructure and a reduction of the cost of broadband by more than
50%. In doing so it has helped to define and shape domestic policy in Malta. The online
gambling industry is one of the true success stories of European e-commerce: it drives
innovation and contributes to the development of highly skilled smart
jobs in Europe, as well as to research into, and innovation in, crucial
areas such as data privacy, IT security, e-identification and e-payments . It is
a driver behind issues that have been singled out by the European Commission as critical, for example,
in the context of the EUs Digital Agenda. The best example of this untapped growth is the

presence of leading ICT gaming companies in Stockholm providing mainly highly

innovative B2B solutions for B2C gaming operators across the world. This Stockholm ICT
cluster can be best compared to the Silicon Valley of the global digital
gaming industry. In May 2011, Professor Henrik Jordal of the Swedish Institute
of Industrial Economics presented the European Parliament with a report
entitled Swedens digital growth industry: New perspectives on the need
for a re-regulated gaming market. While historical gambling monopolies have
experienced only single digit growth (if not actually stagnated), the report indentifies strong
double-digit year-on-year growth with, for instance, an average
employment growth of 35% (compared with 9% for local monopolies). The results can be
seen in Figure 1 below. The high pace of growth in the online gambling industry
translates into the creation of new work opportunities for European
citizens. This contribution to strengthening the EU job market is critical ,
especially in the midst of a financial crisis. The online gambling industry
contributes to the creation of highly skilled, smart jobs in Europe. For
example, the online gambling industry works with many companies
specialising in digital technologies which use the latest know-how to
provide live betting and other live experiences for customers, such as the
live casino. In developing the range of products offered by online gaming

companies, demand for workers is created in areas of web technology

including design, architecture and mobile applications8.

Digital economy drives European growth.

Erika Mann, 9/24/2014. Member of the ICANN Board of Directors. PM+: Digital economy driving
EU growth, The Parliament Magazine (EU),
https://www.theparliamentmagazine.eu/articles/sponsored_article/pm-digital-economy-driving-eugrowth.

With the internet and digital communications playing an increasingly

important role in society, the digital economy is key to economic growth,
and digital entrepreneurs are creating significant job opportunities across
Europe.
As European commission vice president Neelie Kroes has stated, it is
widely accepted that the growth of the so called 'digital economy' not only
has a wide impact on the traditional economy, but also has become more
and more intertwined with it. One simply does not exist without the other.
Innovative start-ups across sectors are regularly underlined by
policymakers as key to fostering sustainable growth , technological
development and job creation, particularly for young people.
The Italian EU council presidency has placed special emphasis on small
and medium-sized enterprises, supporting their integration in global value chains. Across
Europe, there has also been particular focus on the data driven economy,
including investment in tech skills, and support for the app market .
Opportunities are endless.

2NC UQ
Nope, its swaggin
CNN money 3/5/15 (Three reasons to cheer Europe's economy,
http://money.cnn.com/2015/03/05/news/economy/europe-economy-recovery/)

Europe has been a top risk for the world economy for years. Is that about to
change?
After relentless headlines about debt crises, bailouts, soaring unemployment,
recession and deflation, there may be light at the end of the tunnel. There are still
obstacles to overcome, of course, notably Greece's precarious position in the
euro, and the conflict in Ukraine.
But here are three reasons to buy champagne (or perhaps Spanish cava),
even if you may want to keep it on ice for a while:
1. Growth returning: The European Central Bank upgraded its forecast for
eurozone growth in 2015 to 1.5% Thursday. If achieved, that would represent a
significant acceleration over last year's meager expansion of 0.9%.
" We expect the economic recovery to broaden and strengthen gradually ,"
ECB President Mario Draghi told reporters.
Cheap oil is helping consumers, the weak euro is giving exporters an edge,
and anticipation of massive stimulus by the ECB is already having an impact,
even though it hasn't yet begun.
Borrowing costs for homeowners, companies and governments have sunk to
record lows , and in some cases even turned negative as investors pile into bonds
before the ECB starts buying on Monday at a rate of 60 billion a month.
Surveys suggest confidence is growing, with companies in manufacturing and
services the most bullish they've been since July 2014. Even reform laggard France
appears to be emerging from stagnation. All four of the eurozone's biggest
economies saw expansion in February.
Related: European stocks love QE. Can the rally last?
2. Deflation risk fading: The risk that falling prices could create a vicious circle of
weak demand, and then even weaker prices, prompted the ECB to unveil its 1.1
trillion stimulus program in January.
Consumer prices across the eurozone fell for a third consecutive month in February,
but at 0.3% the rate of deflation was half that of January. The ECB, and many
independent experts, say there could be a few more months of falling prices before
inflation returns to the eurozone around the middle of this year.

Inflation should then pick up to around 1.5% in 2016. That's still below the
ECB's target of just below 2%, hence its plan to continue buying assets until
September 2016 and beyond if necessary.
3. Unemployment falling: 18 million people are still out of work in the 19
countries that make up the eurozone, with Greece and Spain suffering the
most.
But unemployment is falling -- it dropped to 11.2% in January, down from nearly
12% a year ago and the lowest rate recorded in nearly three years. About a million
fewer people are without work now than a year ago.
Germany's labor market is in robust health, and its powerful unions are
beginning to win big pay rises again. There are encouraging signs elsewhere too.
Spain saw the eurozone's biggest monthly fall in unemployment in January,
although with a rate of more than 23% it still has a long way to go.

UQ is our way, outweighs greece

(Reporting By Ross Finley and Sumanta Dey. Analysis by Deepti Govind and
Hari Kishan. Editing by Mike Peacock) 3/4/15
ead more: http://www.businessinsider.com/r-for-first-time-in-years-euro-economystarts-surprising-on-upside-2015-3#ixzz3UIcwmA7y
LONDON (Reuters) - The

euro zone economy is sprouting more green shoots than

anticipated just as the European Central Bank fires up a money printing program worth more than 1 trillion
euros.

An analysis of Reuters polls shows more than half the most important
economic reports since the start of the year, as well as data across the
bloc's four largest economies, have beaten the consensus forecast and
many have topped the highest prediction.
This latest turn, which comes despite concerns over Greece's future
membership in the euro and no real respite to conflict in Ukraine, suggests fears
of a deflationary spiral in Europe have been overdone.
Germany, Europe's largest economy, is the clear leader. Retail sales growth for
January almost tripled the highest forecast and helped propel the wider euro zone
figure to over 10 times the Reuters median on Wednesday.
Two other Germany releases - fourth quarter GDP growth and the flash services PMI
reading for January - also topped the highest forecast.
Taken alongside average 3.2 percent negotiated pay rises at a time when inflation
has evaporated, the data suggest that ECB quantitative easing may soon look like
the last thing Germany needs.
Economists point to the greater discretionary income given to consumers by a
dramatic fall in energy prices and a significantly weaker euro, partly in anticipation
of the ECBs bond-buying program, as key factors.

"Everyone got caught up in the debate of deflation, Greece and the Ukraine crisis
and so expectations were quite low," said Christian Schulz, economist at Berenberg
Bank.
"It now seems the deflation story is a positive one for the euro zone since
cheaper oil means consumers spend less on energy and have more money
in their purse ."
While the Federal Reserve and Bank of England have viewed cheap energy as a
boon to their economies, the ECB has fretted that it could entrench deflationary
expectations.
In Spain, both the flash manufacturing and services PMI for January beat the
consensus, while GDP growth in Italy, which is still contracting, was not as bad as
the Reuters median.
Even in France, Europe's second largest economy, the latest industrial output
beat the Reuters consensus, while the services PMI data was higher than
all predictions.
The ECB will almost surely announce an upward revision to staff growth
forecasts at its monthly meeting on Thursday at the same time as giving more
detail about its hotly-debated quantitative easing program which commences in
March many years after its peers have shuttered theirs.

2NC Net Benefit Europe Econ Brink

Europe shoring up economy now but on the brink of recession
--- would trigger Eurozone crisis.
Reuters, 10/11/2014. Europe growth pact floated as euro zone recession fears mount,
http://www.cnbc.com/id/102080087.

Heeding global calls for action to shore up Europe's sagging economy,

euro zone's top finance official proposed a new growth pact on Friday to
break a policy logjam and spur reforms by rewarding countries with cheap funds and
leeway on budget targets.

The I nternational M onetary F und, which cut its global growth forecasts for the third
time this year this week, flagged Europe's weakness as the top concern, a sentiment
echoed by many policymakers, economists and investors.
European officials in Washington for the IMF and World Bank annual meetings sought to dispel the
gloom, with European Central Bank President Mario Draghi talking about a delay, not an end, to the
region's recovery.
Jeroen Dijsselbloem, the chairman of euro zone's finance ministers, used the forum to propose a new
"growth deal" for Europe offering nations embarking on ambitious economic reforms more fiscal wiggle
room and low-interest EU funds.
"There is no reason for this gloominess about Europe," Dijsselbloem told Reuters. "Those countries that
have actually implemented the strategy and done the reforms, have returned to growth, in southern
Europe, in the Baltics, in Ireland. Which once again proves that reforms do not hurt growth, but
help recovery quite quickly."

It would take months of political negotiations for the proposed pact to

take shape. In the meantime, a steady stream of poor economic data looks
set to keep Europe's partners on edge.
"The

biggest risk to the global economy at the moment .. . is the risk of

the euro zone falling back into recession and into crisis ," British finance
minister George Osborne told reporters.

Bitcoin
Well insert a list of technical difficulties of bitcoin theres a
fuck ton.
Mougayar 1/8/14 (Removing Barriers from Bitcoin's Evolution Will Accelerate its Adoption William
Mougayar (@wmougayar) | Published on January 8, 2014 at 12:30 GMT http://www.coindesk.com/bitcoin-futurechallenges-evolution/)

Technical challenges

Underdeveloped infrastructure
Lack of applications
Scarcity of experienced developers
Immature middleware and tools
Not yet well integrated into the fabric of the Internet
Market challenges

Competition from other digital wallets

Integration with existing POS not widespread

History of failed prior attempts at digital currencies
Perception that it enables fraud and criminal activities
Mining bitcoins consumes a lot of energy
Few retail locations where you can buy with Bitcoin
Volatility of currency value
Large number of currency speculators
Legal/regulatory barriers

Unclear regulation

No protection or guarantees on transactions

Irreversible transactions, even on incorrect ones
Risks of government blockage
First currency that doesnt have a sovereign entity behind it
Several governments issuing Bitcoin warnings
Behavioral/educational challenges

Difficulty in understanding it

Bitcoins usability is not great

Perception that its led by anti-banking motives
Buying or spending bitcoins is still not easy
Unclear safety and security of using it
The lists above may be incomplete, but the bullets give you an idea about
what we need to focus on, in order to continue to assure the success of
bitcoin.

Fails consumer experience, competition, and regulations

Bloomberg 12/1/14 (Opportunities And Barriers To Bitcoin Adoption,
http://www.bloomberg.com/professional/kc-post/opportunities-barriers-bitcoin-adoption/)

Barrier: Poor consumer experience

Bitcoin is only five years old , and many compare its growing pains to the
infancy of the Internet. I think in a sense we are in 1994, trying to train up that
modem to get on AOL, said McDonnell. There are some very slick consumer
user experience that will make bitcoin as easy or easier to use than any
other payment type weve seen today.
Barrier:

Stiff Competition

Apple Pay has quickly gained momentum as a mobile payment system. Other
companies are working on mobile payment systems, such as CurrenC, to fight for
dominance of the mobile payment market. I think you will see a lot of different things that are valuable, Neville
said.
Barrier: Uncertainty About Regulation

Its unclear how regulators around the world will react if bitcoin flourishes ,
which is a deterrent to many financial institutions accepting virtual currencies. Regulators are riskaverse , said Felix Salmon, senior editor and blogger for Fusion Magazine, debating against bitcoin at the
conference. The one rule they know is that if I dont understand it, I dont like it.

2NC Advanced Manufacturing

It will collapse- alterntative depictions ignore reality
Fortino 1/20 (Ellyn- Progress Illinois staff writer, 2015, Manufacturing Wages On
The Decline, Experts Say,
http://www.progressillinois.com/posts/content/2014/12/19/manufacturing-wagesdecline-experts-say)
A recent report by the National Employment Law Project is shedding light
on the " hidden reality " of low-wage U.S. manufacturing workers. "The
public assumes that manufacturing jobs are highly paid , but the reality is
that millions of manufacturing workers are at the bottom of the wage
scale," the report reads. "While the manufacturing sector has been resurging in the
last few years, growing by 4.3 percent between 2010 and 2012 , the jobs that are returning are
not the ones that were lost: wages are lower, the jobs are increasingly
temporary, and the promised benefits have yet to be realized. "

Of the

approximately 6.2 million U.S. manufacturing production workers in 2013, over 1.5 million of them earned an hourly
wage of $11.91 or less, including 600,000 who made $9.60 or less, according to NELP's analysis of data from the

NELP's report shows that

manufacturing wages overall have tumbled over the past decade , but workers in
Bureau of Labor Statistics' Occupational Employment Statistics.

the automotive sector in particular have seen the biggest decline. From 2003 to 2013, median inflation-adjusted
wages for manufacturing workers as a whole ticked down by 4.4 percent, compared to a 1.52 percent drop for all
occupations. Over the same time period, median real wages decreased 21 percent for auto manufacturing workers
and 13.7 percent for auto parts workers. In 2013, the median wage was $16.87 for workers in all occupations,
$15.66 for all manufacturing workers, $24.83 for automakers and $15.83 for auto parts workers, who represent
three of every four U.S. autoworker jobs, according to NELP. "

Manufacturing wages now rank in

the bottom half of all jobs in the United States ," the report says. "While in the past,
manufacturing workers earned a wage significantly higher than the U.S. average, by 2013 the average factory
worker made 7.7 percent below the median wage for all occupations." U.S. Rep. Bill Foster (D-IL,11), a scientist and
businessman who co-founded a company that manufactures theater lighting equipment, said the

decline in

manufacturing wages is "another symptom of the struggling middle class

in this country."

"One of the significant factors that's driving this is a race to the bottom to low-wage

states among manufacturers," Foster explained in a recent interview. "And what you see are factories that are lured
out of Illinois with a promise that they can move to Kentucky or Indiana or wherever and pay poverty-level wages,
and then that of course increases the safety net spending of the food stamps and Medicaid and you name it. So the
net effect is that you're asking the taxpayers of Illinois to subsidize the deindustrialization of the Midwest, and this
is a huge problem." The report, meanwhile, showed that the manufacturing sector grew by 4.3 percent between

Though the
country has seen an uptick in manufacturing jobs, "Unfortunately, there really is
a dark side to this story," noted Bob Bruno, professor of labor and
employment relations at the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign . "It's
one that, quite frankly, people haven't been that anxious to talk about and that is
the jobs that have been created have typically not been good-paying jobs.
They have been, as this study reveals, at a lower wage and at a wage that is not
sufficient to maintain a middle-class income." "But since the jobs have started to return
2010 and 2012, and nearly 350,000 new U.S. auto industry jobs have been created since 2009.

and people are working again, it's a trade off," added Bruno, who was not involved with the NELP report. "While I
certainly don't think workers or their unions are comfortable accepting [that tradeoff], there's still a hesitancy to be
too critical of the industry, because it's employing people again."

The report also highlighted the

increasing trend of manufacturers relying more on temporary workers , who

typically get paid less than direct hires. Auto parts workers employed by staffing agencies, for example, earn 29
percent less on average than their direct-hire counterparts, according to NELP's estimates based on U.S. Census

Official government counts for U.S. manufacturing workers as well

as industry wage averages do not include workers employed by staffing
agencies, meaning there is likely a bigger "low-wage crisis in
manufacturing" than what NELP's findings showed.
Bureau data.

Smart Grids Advantage

AT: Warming Impact

No impact to warming not a hack
Stafford 3/11 -- interviewing Anthony Watts, 25-year broadcast meteorology
veteran (James, 2013, "Climate Change without Catastrophe: Interview with
Anthony Watts," http://oilprice.com/Interviews/Climate-Change-without-CatastropheInterview-with-Anthony-Watts.html)

Anthony Watts: The premise of the issue for proponents can be summed up very simply: You put CO2 in the atmosphere and it

Earths climate system is far more complex than that: It

it is a dynamic ever-changing one, and
climate is tremendously complex with hundreds of interactive variables and feedbacks. Predicting an outcome of
a chaotic system over the long term is a very, very big task, one that
weve really only scratched the surface of. Dr. Judith Curry of Georgia Tech
describes it as a wicked problem. But it is being popularly portrayed as a simple black-and-white
makes it warmer, thats bad. The reality is that the

isnt just a linear relationship between CO2 and temperature,

problem and few really delve much beyond the headlines and the calls for action to understand that it is really many shades of grey.
Oilprice.com: As a former TV meteorologist and a developer of weather data dissemination technology, can you tell us more about
how your background lends to your pragmatic scepticism on climate change? Anthony Watts: In TV, if I was wrong on the forecast,
or the temperature reported was inaccurate, Id hear about it immediately. Viewers would complain. That immediate feedback
translates very quickly to making sure you get it right. With climate, the forecast is open-ended, and we have to wait years for

Ive had a lifetime of

experience in designing and deploying weather instrumentation , and like with
forecasting, if we dont get it right, we hear about it immediately. What I learned is that
feedback, and so the skill level in forecasting often doesnt improve very much with time. Also,

the government weather service (NOAA) had it right at one time, but theyd dropped their guard, and my recent study (preliminary)
shows that not only is the deployment of weather stations faulty in siting them, but that the adjustments designed to solve those
issues actually make the problem worse. Oilprice.com: Is there any way to remove the camp element from the issue of climate
change? How far do disastrous weather eventslike Hurricane Sandygo towards reshaping the climate change debate? Anthony
Watts: The idea that Hurricane Sandy, a minor class 1 storm, was somehow connected to CO2 driven climate change is ludicrous,
especially when far worse storms existed in the same area in the past when CO2 was much lower. Hurricane Hazel in October 1954

Looking at the history

of severe weather, there really arent any trends at all. Both the IPCC and The
Journal Nature say this clearly, but activists persist in trying to link severe weather and CO2
is a case in point. In my view, the only way to null out the camp element is via education.

driven climate change because since temperature increases have paused for about 15 years, it is all they have left. But even that
doesnt hold up when you study the data history: There is also some peer-reviewed analysis which goes into some depth on this
subject. This analysis concludes that "there

is no evidence so far that climate change has

increased the normalized economic loss from natural disasters." Oilprice.com: Your message on climate
change has been controversial among those who believe this issue is the gravest one facing us today. In what way do you think your
message is misunderstood? Anthony Watts: They think and promote that Im categorically a denier in the pay of big oil (for the

Im paid nothing for this interview) in an effort to minimize my views, while ignoring the fact that I
was actually on the proponent side of warming at one time. Now, Id describe myself as a
lukewarmer. Yes, it has gotten warmer, CO2 is partially a factor, but catastrophic predictions of the
record,

future just havent held up when you look at the observed data compared
to the early predictions.

AT: Cyber Impact

No impact
Arigapping
Respond with IT not with nukes Lawson is a prof of
communication. Doesnt assume jack all.
Grids resilient
Jim AVILA, Senior National Correspondent at ABC News, 12 [A U.S. Blackout as
Large as Indias? Very Unlikely, http://abcnews.go.com/blogs/headlines/2012/07/au-s-blackout-as-large-as-indias-very-unlikely/]

As India recovers from a blackout that left the worlds second-largest country and more than
600 million residents in the dark, a ripple of uncertainty moved through the Federal
Regulatory Commissions command center today in the U.S. The Indian crisis had some people asking
about the vulnerability of Americas grid.
What

people really want to know today is, can something like India
happen here? So if there is an outage or some problem in the Northeast, can it actually spread all the way to
California, John Wellinghoff, the commissions chairman, told ABC News. Its very, very unlikely
that ultimately would happen.
Wellinghoff said that first, the grid was divided in the middle of the nation.
Engineers said that it also was monitored more closely than ever. The grid
is checked for line surges 30 times a second .
Since the Northeast blackout in 2003 the largest in the U.S., which affected 55 million

16,000 miles of

new transmission lines have been added to the grid .

even though some lines in the Northeast are more than 70 years old, Wellinghoff said
that the chances of a blackout like Indias were very low.
And

No retaliationour ev post-dates and assumes their warrant

Friedman and Preble 11 [6/2/11, Benjamin H. Friedman is a research fellow
in defense and homeland security studies, and Christopher Preble is director of
foreign policy studies, at the Cato Institute, A Military Response to Cyberattacks Is
Preposterous, http://www.cato.org/pub_display.php?pub_id=13159]

According to the Wall Street Journal, the Pentagon's first cyber security
strategy will say that cyberattacks can be acts of war meriting retaliatory
military attack. The policy threatens to repeat the overreaction and needless conflict that plagued
American foreign policy in the past decade. It builds on national hysteria about threats to cybersecurity, the latest
bogeyman to justify our bloated national security state. A wiser approach would put the threat in context to calm
public fears and avoid threats that diminish future flexibility. A key challenge in responding to "cyberattacks" is
defining that term. Reporters sometimes use it to describe hackers stealing credit card numbers or intellectual
property. Website vandalism and denial-of-service attacks, where attackers flood websites with requests to
overburden and disable them, are often included. Electronic espionage, including the theft of intellectual property or

state secrets, also qualifies. More obvious kinds of cyberattack include attacks on military communication systems

The idea of
responding militarily to most of these threats is preposterous. We thwart
hackers with better passwords, IT professionals and policing, not aircraft
carriers. We do not threaten to bomb countries caught spying on us in
traditional ways and should not do so just because the prefix "cyber"
applies. The real obstacle to making sensible cybersecurity policy is hysteria, which drowns out common sense.
The Pentagon will reportedly avoid this definitional difficulty with a
policy of "equivalence," where only cyberattacks creating destruction on
par with traditional military attacks qualify as acts of war. The trouble is
that some acts of war, like naval blockades, damage only commerce. The
same goes for all reported cyberattacks. Launching a war to retaliate for a
non-lethal attack seems disproportionate, especially where it is unclear
whether the attacker served the government. Taken literally, the new policy might have us
and hacking that sabotages infrastructure like electricity grids, water systems, or online banking.

risking nuclear exchange with Russia because it failed to stop teenagers in Moscow Internet cafs from attacking
Citibank.com.

Irreversable
Warming is irreversible
ANI 10 (IPCC has underestimated climate-change impacts, say scientists, 3-20,
One India, http://news.oneindia.in/2010/03/20/ipcchas-underestimated-climatechange-impacts-sayscientis.html)
According to Charles H. Greene, Cornell professor of Earth and atmospheric
science, " Even if all man-made greenhouse gas emissions were stopped
tomorrow and carbon-dioxide levels stabilized at today's concentration, by the end of this
century, the global average temperature would increase by about 4.3
degrees Fahrenheit, or about 2.4 degrees centigrade above pre-industrial levels, which is
significantly above the level which scientists and policy makers agree is a
threshold for dangerous climate change." "Of course, greenhouse gas
emissions will not stop tomorrow, so the actual temperature increase will
likely be significantly larger, resulting in potentially catastrophic impacts to society unless other
steps are taken to reduce the Earth's temperature," he added. "Furthermore, while the oceans have slowed the
amount of warming we would otherwise have seen for the level of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere, the
ocean's thermal inertia will also slow the cooling we experience once we finally reduce our greenhouse gas

This means that the temperature rise we see this century will
be largely irreversible for the next thousand years. "Reducing greenhouse
gas emissions alone is unlikely to mitigate the risks of dangerous climate
change," said Green.
emissions," he said.

Awesome reports agree

Davenport 12 -- energy and environment correspondent for National Journal,
was a fellow with the Metcalf Institute for Marine and Environmental Reporting
(Coral, 12/3/2012, "It's Already Too Late to Stop Climate Change,"
http://www.nationaljournal.com/magazine/it-s-already-too-late-to-stop-climatechange-20121129)

Thats the point, scientists say, at which the Earths polar ice sheets will melt and many of the hottest and driest
regions will no longer be able to grow food.

The 2-degree mark will set off a chain of

extreme reactions, starting with rapid sea-level rise, widespread flooding, more extreme weather events,
food shortages, and price spikes. But no matter what the diplomats in Doha decide over the
next week, it now appears inevitable that the world will indeed hit that
/// MARKED ///
2-degree mark and could well shoot past it to average global increases of 4 degrees or 6 degreespoints at
which scientists predict even worse catastrophes. A scientific study published Sunday in the
journal Nature Climate Change concluded that the worlds rapid increase in fossil fuel emissions
now makes a global average temperature increase of 2 degrees Celsius all but inevitable. A report released
last week by the U.N. Environment Program concluded that given the rapid projected
increase in pollution from burning coal, oil, and gas around the world, nations current pledges to cut
carbon emissions wont be enough to stave off that 2-degree rise sometime
before the end of the century. Moreover, a November report from the International

Energy Agency found that if action isnt taken to significantly cut carbon emissions by 2017, the
existing power plants, factories, and buildings will be enough to push
temperatures past the 2-degree mark. Yet another sobering report last month from the accounting firm
PricewaterhouseCoopers warned that the only way the world can prevent the 2-degree rise is if the global economy
cuts its carbon intensity by 5.1 percent every year from now to 2050, essentially slamming the brakes on growth
starting right nowand keeping the freeze on for 37 years.

1NR

Tribes DA

2NC Civil War O/W

This outweighs ethnic conflicts are uniquely escalatory and
destabilize key hotspots
Mead 13, James Clarke Chace Professor of Foreign Affairs and Humanities at Bard
College and Editor-at-Large of The American Interest magazine, Walter Russell,
Peace In The Congo? Why The World Should Care, http://www.the-americaninterest.com/wrm/2013/12/15/peace-in-the-congo-why-the-world-should-care/

These wars continue today; the Israeli-Palestinian conflict, the war in Syria, the Kurdish struggle for independence,
the tensions in the Caucasus. So far, the only way of settling them for good has been to exterminate minorities or to
kick hundreds of thousands or even millions of people (Germans from Poland and the Sudentenland after World War

One of the biggest questions of the 21st century is

whether this destructive dynamic can be contained, or whether the
demand for ethnic, cultural and/or religious homogeneity will continue to
convulse world politics, drive new generations of conflict, and create
II) out to create homogeneity.

millions more victims . The Congo conflict is a disturbing piece of evidence suggesting that, in Africa at
least, there is potential for this kind of conflict . The Congo war (and the long Hutu-Tutsi
conflict in neighboring countries) is not, unfortunately alone. The secession of South Sudan from
Sudan proper, the wars in what remains of that unhappy country, the secession of Eritrea from Ethiopia
and the rise of Christian-Muslim tension right across Africa (where religious conflict
often is fed by and intensifies tribalin Europe we would say ethnic or nationalconflicts) are strong
indications that the potential for huge and destructive conflict across
Africa is very real. But one must look beyond Africa. The Middle East of course is
aflame in religious and ethnic conflict . The old British Raj including India, Pakistan,
Bangladesh, Burma and Sri Lanka offers countless examples of ethnic and
religious conflict that sometimes is contained, and sometimes boils to the
surface in horrendous acts of violence. Beyond that, rival nationalisms in East
and Southeast Asia are keeping the world awake at night. The Congo war
should be a reminder to us all that the foundations of our world are
dynamite , and that the potential for new conflicts on the scale of the
horrific wars of the 20th century is very much with us

today. The second lesson from

this conflict stems from the realization of how much patience and commitment from the international community
(which in this case included the Atlantic democracies and a coalition of African states working as individual
countries and through various international institutions) it has taken to get this far towards peace. Particularly at a
time when many Americans want the US to turn inwards, there are people who make the argument that it is really
none of Americas business to invest time and energy in the often thankless task of solving these conflicts. That
might be an ugly but defensible position if we didnt live in such a tinderbox world. Someone could rationally say,
yes, its terrible that a million plus people are being killed overseas in a horrific conflict, but the war is really very far
away and America has urgent needs at home and we should husband the resources we have available for foreign
policy on things that have more power to affect us directly. The problem is that these wars spread. They may start
in places that we dont care much about (most Americans didnt give a rats patootie about whether Germany
controlled the Sudetenland in 1938 or Danzig in 1939) but they tend to spread to places that we do care very much
about. This can be because a revisionist great power like Germany in 1938-39 needs to overturn the balance of
power in Europe to achieve its goals, or it can be because instability in a very remote place triggers problems in
places that we care about very much.

Out of Afghanistan in 2001 came both 9/11 and

the waves of insurgency and instability that threaten to rip nucleararmed Pakistan apart or trigger wider conflict with India . Out of the mess in
Syria a witches brew of terrorism and religious conflict looks set to
complicate the security of our allies in Europe and the Middle East and even
the security of the oil supply on which the world economy so profoundly
depends. Africa, and the potential for upheaval there, is of more
importance to American security than many people may understand. The line
between Africa and the Middle East is a soft one. The weak states that
straddle the southern approaches of the Sahara are ideal petri dishes for
Al Qaeda type groups to form and attract local support. There are networks of funding and religious
contact that give groups in these countries potential access to funds, fighters, training and weapons from the

war in the eastern Congo might not directly trigger these other conflicts, but it helps to
create the swirling underworld of arms trading, money transfers, illegal
commerce and the rise of a generation of young men who become
experienced fightersand know no other way to make a living. It
destabilizes the environment for neighboring states (like Uganda and Kenya) that
play much more direct role in potential crises of greater concern to us.
Middle East. A

Major war is obsolete --- civil war is significantly more

probable.
Robert Jervis, July 2011. Professor of International Politics @ Columbia University. Force in Our
Times, Saltzman Working Paper No. 15,
http://www.siwps.com/news.attachment/saltzmanworkingpaper15-842/SaltzmanWorkingPaper15.PDF.

Two dramatic and seemingly-contradictory trends are central. On the one hand, since the end of the
Cold War if not before, the amount of inter-state and even civil war has drastically declined. Of course
much depends on the time periods selected and the counting rules employed, but by any

measure international wars are scarce if not vanishing, and civil wars, after
blossoming in the 1990s, have greatly diminished.32 Significant instances of civil strife
remain and are made salient by the horrific examples that appear in the
newspapers every day, but in fact all inventories that I know of conclude that they are fewer
than they used to be. Ironically, although realism stresses the conflictinducing
power of international anarchy, the barriers and inhibitions against
international war now seem significantly more robust than those limiting civil
wars. But even the latter are stronger than they were in the past. Although a central question is
whether these trends will be reversed, they truly are startling, of great importance, and were largely
unpredicted. They also remain insufficiently appreciated; one rarely reads statements about how
fortunate we are to live in such a peaceful era. Perhaps the reasons are that optimism is generally
derided in the cynical academic community, peace is not the sort of dramatic event that seizes public
(and media) attention, and in the absence of major wars, we all find other things

to worry about.

2NC AT: No Modeling

Credibility the U.S. is a critical test case selfdetermination makes promotion rhetoric meaningful
Barsh 93, Russel Lawrence Barsh, Professor of Native American Studies at the University of
Lethbridge, University of Michigan Journal of Law Reform, Winter, 1993, 25 U. MICH. J. L. REF. 671

Apart from their potential role as American citizens and voters in restraining the immature political excesses of nonIndian Americans abroad, do American Indians have a substantive contribution to make to the liberation and
development of other indigenous peoples? Answering this question leads unavoidably to another. Have American
Indians any special wisdom or successful experience to share in rebuilding other indigenous societies racked by
racism and colonialism? The answer to that question depends on whether American Indians genuinely have
succeeded in liberating or decolonizing themselves.
Anticolonial struggles are preoccupied with wresting power
from the colonizer. Little serious thought is given to the problem of what to do with power once it is obtained. A
vacuum lies at the end of nearly every revolution which quickly fills with borrowed slogans and ideas. There is
some truth in Ambrose Bierce's observation, nearly a century ago, that revolution is "an abrupt change in the form
of misgovernment." Indigenous peoples everywhere like to believe that the critical difference, in their case, is
culture. Traditional cultures, which are diametrically opposed to the competitive individualism and insatiable
appetite of industrialized societies, supposedly will insulate leaders from the corrupting influences of power and the
"demonstration effect" of Western prosperity. But Africa's leaders made the same arguments a generation ago
when they launched the idea of "African socialism," the beautiful dream behind which a number of oppressive

The
U nited S tates is a critical test case . American Indian tribes are wealthier and have
enjoyed greater powers of internal self-government far longer than indigenous peoples
anywhere else. The rhetoric of sovereignty, antimaterialism, and traditionalism is stronger
here than anywhere else. But is this rhetoric meaningful , or is it merely
dictatorships have safely lurked.

rhetoric?

Will the world's indigenous peoples escape Bierce's futile loop?

To what extent have American Indian tribal governments achieved the ideals of community

responsibility and ecological stewardship so often expressed in public debates? Are they truly decolonized at all?

The answers to these questions explain American Indian tribes' marked

isolationism in world affairs, and pose a serious challenge for future
generations of indigenous leaders in all countries .

2NC Link Wall (Economy)

Crowds out Casinos --- it devastates the major source of
revenue for tribes --- Palmer says it has the effect of an
economic tsunami
This is the primary threat to tribal economies eviscerates the
foundation of growth
Williams 12, Staff writer at NYT, Timothy, $1 Million Each Year for All, as Long as
Tribes Luck Holds, http://www.nytimes.com/2012/08/09/us/more-casinos-andinternet-gambling-threaten-shakopee-tribe.html?pagewanted=all&_r=0
casino gambling in much of Indian Country which tribes
say is the only economic development tool that has ever worked on
While the Shakopee tribe continues to prosper,

reservations has

in recent months

come increasingly under threat , stirring worries

that the long lucky streak is over. The primary anxiety is competing casinos being hurriedly opened by states in

more menacing, tribes say, is a sophisticated and growing

movement to legalize Internet gambling under state laws that would give those states the
potential power to regulate and tax online gambling even on reservations. Further, the current expansion of
legalized gambling in the United States, and the prospect of more to come, could not have
pursuit of new revenue. But

arrived at a worse moment for tribes , because after 25 years of booming

profits , the tribal casino business has suddenly gone flat . The vast majority of
tribes have not become rich. Instead,

casinos have become a baseline economic

necessity , lifting thousands out of poverty by serving as a primary

source of income and employment.

My worry is

this may be the beginning of

the end , that in the push to increase state and federal revenue we are putting at risk the
groups who continue to need Indian gaming, said Kathryn Rand, co-director of the
Institute for the Study of Tribal Gaming at the University of North Dakota. During the past year or so, Maine, Ohio,
Kansas and Pennsylvania have all opened large casinos, and in Maryland, pent-up demand caused a traffic snarl
miles long during the middle of the night at the opening of a new casino in June.

Certainty --- online gambling benefits are unknown because

legalization requires compact re-negotiation (Their Thomas ev
concedes this) --- stops financing or expansion
Fredericks 12 Thomas W. Fredericks, Senior Partner Fredericks Peebles &
Morgan, Internet Gaming: Protecting Tribal Interests, Indian Gaming, April,
http://www.klgates.com/files/Publication/0fbc9c3f-02c8-444c-9d548df2c77b08ec/Presentation/PublicationAttachment/e404aba8-1bce-46f4-b62890f48f936ee6/Apr12_LegalForum2.pdf
currently 29 states that have tribal gaming. Many tribes operate through
state compacts that limit gaming to the confines of the reservation. The problem tribes
now face is that the geographic exclusivity granted through state compacts is now
There are

being

invaded by Internet gambling . By legalizing Internet gaming, it would

require tribes to renegotiate

their

existing compacts with different revenue

plans producing unknown results . Tribes have hundreds of millions of dollars

in their gaming operations and this uncertainty will affect tribes ability to
get financing to update and expand their gaming operations. Additionally, states
that are offering online gaming have set a large price tag ($300 million as proposed by California) on licensure. Not
only does obtaining a state license infringe upon tribal sovereignty but the cost of the license could financially
devastate small tribes.

AT: Link Turns

Federal legalization would undermine tribal sovereignty.
AP, 3/6/2012. American Indian tribes cautious on online gambling,
http://www.foxnews.com/us/2012/03/06/american-indian-tribes-cautious-on-online-gambling/.

Leaders who run casinos for Indian tribes told regulators and companies
on Tuesday that they won't support new laws involving online gambling
unless it's clear how tribes nationwide will be affected.
Chairwoman Leslie Lohse of the California Tribal Business Alliance said at the iGaming North America
conference that online gambling has cultural and economic implications that
shouldn't be brushed off because others are in a hurry to start taking bets.
"What's going to satisfy us? That we really sit down and hammer out the nuts and bolts of this," Lohse
said. "Really look at the impacts and not rush to the gold."

Tribal sovereignty, local economic implications and other issues need to be

fully addressed before tribes eagerly support Internet gambling laws in California or nationwide,
Lohse said.
The comments underscored the fierce competition and divisions between those who might want
Internet gambling in some form. The tribes and others, including casino companies, equipment
manufacturers and state lotteries, don't want to be hurt or left out if Americans eventually are able to
wager on poker or other games at home on computers or on mobile devices.

Gambling revenue at American Indian casinos was $26.7 billion in 2010,

according to a report issued Tuesday by industry publication Casino City. That was up slightly from
$26.4 billion in 2009, when casinos in the U.S. were battered by the global recession that left many
people without the means or willingness to gamble as much.

Morago, executive director of the Oklahoma Indian Gaming Association, said tribes are
still weary from the hit they took during the recession and don't want to
further threaten the businesses they've worked to build. Opinions about Internet
gambling proposals are widespread and varied because current arrangements that allow
for Indian casinos are complex, she said.
Sheila

"When you take one federal bill and sort of overlay it over 29 state
compacts, you're kind of wondering how is this going to work ," Morago said.
"We can all agree that nobody wants to open up those state compacts."

Many of the top commercial casino companies have pushed for federal
legislation that would create one national framework for online gaming and
allow states to opt out if they choose.

Halkyard, chief financial officer of Caesars Entertainment Corp., urged federal

legislation as soon as possible while speaking at the conference on Monday.
Jonathan

Commercial casinos haven't supported a particular bill and talks of an effort by Senate Majority Leader
Harry Reid haven't produced any publicly circulated drafts or other tangible proposals since late 2010.

Hart, a lawyer who represents tribes and tribal gambling commissions throughout the West,
said tribes in California won't be eager to give up elements of their
sovereignty, or exclusive rights to offer casino games.
Stephen

"One would have to anticipate disagreements," Hart said.

As many as 239 tribes operated 448 gambling businesses in 2010.

California accounted for $6.8 billion in gambling revenue, more than one
quarter of revenues from American Indian casinos in 2010 .

Legalization proposals would destroy native tax exemptions

and undermine NIGC regulatory monopoly.
Emily Parkhurst, 12/21/2012. Digital Managing Editor-Puget Sound Business Journal. Stakes
rise for online gambling, Puget Sound Business Journal,
http://www.bizjournals.com/seattle/news/2012/12/20/stakes-rise-for-online-gambling.html?page=all.

Several federal bills have been drafted to legalize online gambling with real
cash stakes, and, while Washington Indian Gaming Association President W. Ron Allen said he doesnt
expect anything to be pushed through during the current lame-duck session of Congress, its likely bills
will be proposed next year.
Online gaming proposals are of great concern of the tribes ,
We have to keep a watchful eye on it, make sure its respectful of the tribes.

Allen said.

The big questions are whether games hosted on servers located on tribal
lands would be subject to different regulations than those hosted in other
regions where gambling is legal, like Las Vegas, and whether new laws would
continue to allow tribes tax-free revenue with the regulatory system that
is currently in place.
The tribes want the National Indian Gaming Commission to continue to
regulate the industry, including any legalized online gambling, as the
commission has overseen the industry since the Indian Gaming Regulatory Act passed in 1988. But
drafts of some laws would hand over regulation to other agencies.
many tribal leaders worry that a gamblers physical location rather
than the online casinos headquarters will determine how revenue will
be taxed. That would open the door to states collecting taxes on tribal
gambling revenue.
And

Washburn, the recently

appointed assistant secretary of Indian affairs for the Department of the Interior, said that he
believes the artificial monopoly the tribes have on gambling wont last
At a tribal gaming law conference in Seattle earlier this month, Kevin

forever.

If you can game on a

smartphone, its not necessarily a monopoly anymore.
Most of us have casinos sitting in our pants pockets, he said.

Predatory regulations --- industry capture will push anti-tribal

regulation
Broadman 12 Anthony Broadman, JD, Partner at Galanda Broadman, Internet
Gaming: Protecting Tribal Interests, Indian Gaming, April,
http://www.klgates.com/files/Publication/0fbc9c3f-02c8-444c-9d548df2c77b08ec/Presentation/PublicationAttachment/e404aba8-1bce-46f4-b62890f48f936ee6/Apr12_LegalForum2.pdf
Regulated Internet gaming presents tribal governments with real
problems not because we know it will eat up tribal gaming market-share
or slow Indian gaming growth in new areas. The real problemis that we dont
know. We still dont know what formregulated Internet gaming will take: a
patchwork of ad hoc state regulatory systems, a federal regulatory regime, a
combination of the two, something new? Until we know what the system will look
like, Indian Country is going to be mired in uncertainty regarding Internet gaming.
And uncertainty is not a good legal environment for established players in
themarket. The fact that the legal implications are unknown is concerning. What we
do know is that states are moving toward intrastate legalization and regulation. The
conventional wisdom, however, is that a federal nation-wide regulatory
scheme solution will protect tribal interests better than that state
patchwork. But we've seen that even the modern Congress, when coopted
by business interests , will turn on Indian Country at the drop of a
hat .The STOP Act, for instance, being pushed by Big Tobacco, will further
federalize the state incursion upon tribal sovereignty by illegally requiring
tribal tobacco to comply with state laws, in Indian Country. Why should we
expect more from a big Gaming influenced legislature? The potential bigpicture legal implications for tribes are that states will try to end tribal
exclusivity , where it exists, and further limit tribal market share where
non-Indian casinos are already competing. In California, for instance, unless
tribes are included in a state regulatory system, we can expect legal challenges to
any scheme that does not adequately protect tribes interests in being the sole
source for casino games.

2NC Culture Impact

Tribal economic growth key to language revitalization efforts.
Justin B. Richland, 12/4/2013. Associate professor of Anthropology at the University of Chicago.
TRIBAL CULTURE AND ECONOMIC GROWTH, Property and Environment Research Center, Report 32.2,
http://perc.org/articles/tribal-culture-and-economic-growth.

To further understand the connection between language and culture, our research considers the value
of an Indian language to individuals who speak it. Language is a means of expression

and an instrument of communication. Expression is intrinsically valuable

and enjoyable. As the case of the Hopi dictionary demonstrates, people will pay in money, time,
and effort to express themselves in ways that they enjoy. Consequently, as Indians get richer,
they may spend more money, time, and effort cultivating Indian
languages.
Using data on the self-reported use of tribal languages at home, we
examine the relationship between tribal language use and income
growth on reservations from 1980 to 2010. The use of tribal languages
plummeted during the 1980s, casting doubt on their future viability. Tribal
language use then stabilized between 1990 and 2010 as incomes on many
reservations expanded due to growth in income from a number of different
economic ventures, including casinos. We explore this positive association in detail to
uncover causal relationships between tribal language use and income. Although our research is still a
work in progress, preliminary results suggest that recent income gains on

reservationsemanating from increases in economic growth opportunities

and adjacent county wealthhave enabled tribal language retention and
revitalization. Although we cannot precisely identify all of the mechanisms
through which income from casinos has enhanced language investments,
our theory hypothesizes that pure income effects and increased demand
for cultural tourism have played roles.
This analysis complements other research finding positive effects of
economic growth on incomes and health outcomes. Although many observers
assume the benefits of such developments necessarily came at the expense of tribal culture, our
preliminary results suggest the opposite: The emergence of new forms of economic

growth appears to be a catalyst for an increased attention to cultural

reinvigoration of a variety of types, including a return to and renewed
commitment to native language learning.

Human survival is at risk. We have a moral imperative to

protect linguistic diversity.
Maffi 05 Co-founder and Director of Terralingua, an NGO that works to sustain the biocultural diversity of
life [Dr. Luisa Maffi (Former Research Associate in the Anthropology Department @ Smithsonian Institution and @
Field Museum of Natural History, Linguistic, Cultural, and Biological Diversity, The Annual Review of Anthropology,
Volume 29: (2005) pg. 599617

Harmon has offered the as yet most thorough and thoughtful approach to the philosophical and
ethical foundations for the field of biocultural diversity . In his work, he has provided the first
comprehensive review of the state of linguistic diversity and the geographical overlaps between linguistic and
biological diversity pointing to the converging extinction crises of these diversities (Harmon 1995, 1996; see next
section for details). With appropriate caveats, he takes linguistic diversity to be a major indicator for cultural

he
addresses a fundamental question (Harmon 2002): If the worlds diversity in nature and
culture is indeed rapidly diminishing, why should we care?
diversity and the loss of language richness as a proxy for the loss of cultural richness. On this basis,

His answer stems pg. from an examination of philosophical, biological, psychological, and linguistic literature from

he shows the interwoven (and possibly

coevolved) diversity in nature and culture to be the preeminent fact of existence,
the basic condition of life on earth . The continued decrease of biocultural diversity,
he concludes, would staunch the historical flow of being itself, the evolutionary
processes through which the vitality of all life has come down to us through the
ages (Harmon 2002, p. xiii).
the Enlightenment to the present. Through this excursus,

Others have similarly stressed the evolutionary significance of diversity not only in
nature but also in culture and language as a way of keeping options alive for the
future of humanity and the earth (Maffi 1998, 2001a). Bernard (1992, p. 82) has suggested that
[l]inguistic diversity. . . is at least the correlate of (though not the cause of) diversity of
adaptational ideas and that therefore any reduction of language diversity diminishes the
adaptational strength of our species because it lowers the pool of knowledge from
which we can draw.Muhlhausler (1995, p. 160) has argued that convergence toward majority
cultural models increases the likelihood that more and more people will encounter
the same cultural blind spots undetected instances in which the prevailing
cultural model fails to provide adequate solutions to societal problems . Instead, he
proposes,[ i]t is by pooling the resources of many understandings that more reliable knowledge can arise; and
access to these perspectives is Language richness: the total number of distinct languages found in a given region
or country or worldwide, as a measure of linguistic diversity Logosphere: the symbolic planetary web of the logos,
or spoken word, represented by the global network of human languages best gained through a diversity of
languages. (And see Fishman 1982 for an early, masterful treatment of this topic from a Whorfia perspective.)

global linguistic diversity as such constitutes an

intellectual web of life, or logosphere, that envelops the planet and is as essential to
Along similar lines, Krauss (1996) has proposed that

human survival as the biospherea concept of course reminiscent of Teilhard de Chardins

noosphere and of the classical notion of the Logos.
Further, from both a psychological and an ethical perspective, Harmon (2001, 2002) pinpoints the enduring fallacy
of equating unity with uniformity (which underlies all efforts to promote homogenization, whether by nationstates or

the perception of diversity is the

basic condition for the functioning of human consciousness (through the distilling of
sameness from difference) so that if consciousness is what defines us as humans, then
diversity makes us human. From this, he derives a moral imperative to
by the forces of economic globalization). Rather, he argues that

preserve diversity

and to strive not for uniformity but for unity in diversity. Pg. 602-603