Energy Sources

ISSN: 0090-8312 (Print) 1521-0510 (Online) Journal homepage: http://www.tandfonline.com/loi/ueso19

Solar Energy Applications in Turkey

ARIF HEPBASLI , KORAY ULGEN & RUSTU EKE
To cite this article: ARIF HEPBASLI , KORAY ULGEN & RUSTU EKE (2004) Solar Energy
Applications in Turkey, Energy Sources, 26:6, 551-561, DOI: 10.1080/00908310490438579
To link to this article: http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00908310490438579

Published online: 24 Jun 2010.

Submit your article to this journal

Article views: 327

View related articles

Citing articles: 13 View citing articles

Full Terms & Conditions of access and use can be found at

http://www.tandfonline.com/action/journalInformation?journalCode=ueso20
Download by: [Universiti Teknologi Malaysia]

Date: 22 September 2015, At: 08:06

Energy Sources, 26:551561, 2004

Copyright Taylor & Francis Inc.
ISSN: 0090-8312 print/1521-0510 online
DOI: 10.1080/00908310490438579

Solar Energy Applications in Turkey

Downloaded by [Universiti Teknologi Malaysia] at 08:06 22 September 2015

ARIF HEPBASLI
Mechanical Engineering Department
Faculty of Engineering
Ege University
Izmir, Turkey

KORAY ULGEN
RUSTU EKE
Solar Energy Institute
Ege University
Izmir, Turkey
Solar energy technologies offer a clean, renewable and domestic energy source, and
are essential components of a sustainable energy future. Turkey lays in a sunny belt
between 36 and 42 N latitudes and is geographically well situated with respect
to solar energy potential. The objective of the present study is to investigate many
aspects of solar energy applications in Turkey, giving the brief historical development
and Turkeys solar energy potential and consumption. The following applications were
taken into consideration: solar water heating, steam generation, solar cooker, solar
drying, solar houses, and photovoltaics (PVs). In the early 1960s, solar energy was
realized as an alternative energy in Turkey, while in the mid-1970s, solar thermal
utilization technologies began gaining the high attention of universities, the government and, the industry, and have been developed at an increasing speed. Residential
and industrial consumption of solar energy in Turkey started in 1986 and 1988, respectively. Solar energy use accounted for 129 kilo tons of oil equivalent (ktoe) in
2000 and is projected to be 431 ktoe and 828 ktoe in 2010 and 2020, respectively.
Among all the above solar thermal utilization methods, the solar water heating has
been, and will still have, the greatest emphasis in Turkey, reaching a total annual
production capacity of 1,000,000 m2 . Recently, the number of the PV installations
has significantly increased and Turkeys total PV installed capacity is expected to be
3 MWp in 2010.
Keywords photovoltaic, renewable energy, solar collector, solar cooker, solar dryer,
solar energy, solar energy applications, solar houses, Turkey

Efforts to design energy supplying mechanisms from renewable resources such as the
sun have been in mans unquenchable desire to control nature ever since the Industrial
Revolution. Already, around 1850, visionary engineers and scientists thought of the problem of running an industrial economy on non-renewable energy resources, and what the
Received 5 September 2002; accepted 27 September 2002.
Address correspondence to Arif Hepbasli, Mechanical Engineering Department, Faculty of
Engineering, Ege University, 35100 Bornova, Izmir, Turkey. E-mail: hepbasli@bornova.ege.edu.tr
and hepbasli@egenet.com.tr

551

Downloaded by [Universiti Teknologi Malaysia] at 08:06 22 September 2015

552

A. Hepbasli et al.

worlds nations would do after their main energy supply was depleted. These pioneers
diligently researched most of the renewable energy sources currently known, concluding
that solar power was the best kind, and could provide the highest and most practical
levels of renewable energy (Ruzic, 2002).
The sun showers the Earth with a nearly infinite supply of energy. Each day more
solar energy falls to the Earth than the total amount of energy the planets 5.9 billion
inhabitants would consume in 27 years. While it is neither possible nor necessary to use
but a small portion of this energy, the potential of solar energy was hardly tapped. Only in
the last few decades, when growing energy demands, increasing environmental problems
and declining fossil fuel resources made us look to alternative energy options, has the
attention been focused on truly exploiting this tremendous resource (NREL, 2002).
Solar energy technologies are essential components of a sustainable energy future.
Energy from fossil fuels may be inexpensive and assurances may have been given of the
plentiful supplies of petroleum and other fossil fuels, but these fuels are finite in nature
and a major source of greenhouse gas emissions (IEA, 2002).
In Turkey, the research in the field of renewable energy is mainly conducted on solar
thermal energy, wind energy, geothermal energy, photovoltaic energy, and new materials
for renewable energy, energy policy making and implementation as well as more recently
new programs such as hydrogen energy technologies, including fuel cells (Hepbasli et al.,
2001). Although every location on the Earth receives sunlight, the amount received varies
greatly depending on geographical location, time of day, season and clouds. Turkey is
one of the worlds best areas for sunlight.

Brief Historical Development of Solar Energy in Turkey

Solar energy has been used since time immemorial to dry agricultural products, to provide
space heat in cold seasons or to create ventilation in homes, applications which are
still used in many developing countries. More than two thousand years ago, Heron of
Alexandria constructed a simple water pump driven by solar energy, and in 214 B.C.,
Archimedes of Syracuse used concentrating solar mirrors to set fire to Roman ships
(Vanderhulst et al., 1990).
By 1870, John Ericsson, one of the most influential and controversial U.S. engineers
of the nineteenth century, had developed what he claimed to be the first solar-powered
steam engine. By the mid-1980s, contemporary solar engineers determined that for sunny
areas, tracking parabolic troughs were the best compromise because they exhibited superior cost/power ratios in most locations. In 1978, studies on research and development of
the line focus parabolic trough concentrator were begun (Anonymous, 2002a). The first
commercial solar power plants have been in operation in California since the mid-1980s,
providing the 354 MW of the worlds lowest-cost solar power (Anonymous, 2002b). Just
recently, interest in commercializing concentrating solar technologies has been rejuvenated, after a first phase of success in the late-1980s (Pitz-Paal, 2002).
At the beginning of the 1960s, solar energy was realized as an alternative energy in
Turkey, and some curious investigators and dissertation students began to be interested
in the solar energy matter. In the mid-1970s, following technological developments in
the world, solar thermal utilization technologies began gaining high attention of universities, the government and the industry and have been developed in an increasing
rate (Selcuk, 1999). Since 1975, solar systems for water heating have been widely used
(Bilgili et al., 1999). The first passive solar system was applied in the building of Middle East Technical University in 1975 (Eryildiz and Demirbilek, 2000). Residential and

Downloaded by [Universiti Teknologi Malaysia] at 08:06 22 September 2015

Solar Energy Applications in Turkey

553

industrial consumption of solar energy in Turkey started in 1986 and 1988, respectively
(TUBITAK-TTGV, 1998).
As for solar studies conducted by some governmental institutions and universities,
Solar Energy Institute, the only solar energy institute in Turkey, was established in 1978
within the body of Ege University (SEI, 2002). Until the late 1980s, solar energy and
energy conservation research was carried out at the Mechanical and Energy Engineering
Department (MESAB) of the Marmara Scientific and Industrial Research Institute (MRI)
and the Building Research Institute (YAE), but these were abolished due to administrative difficulties. MRI conducted studies on low temperature applications of solar energy
and modeling thermal energy requirements of Turkish process industries and assessment
of the potential for solar industrial process heat between 1977 and 1985. Ankara Electronics Research and Development Institute and the Turkish Scientific and Technologic
Research Center (TUBITAK) were established in 1986 and are capable of designing
and manufacturing systems for photovoltaic (PV) applications. The Turkish Section of
the International Solar Energy Society (UGET-TB) has been operational since 1992 by
permission of the Turkish government (IEA, 1993; BSREC, 2002).

Turkeys Solar Energy Potential and Consumption

Turkey lies in a sunny belt between 36 and 42 N latitudes and is geographically well
situated with respect to solar energy potential. The General Directorate of Electrical
Power Resources Survey and Development Administration (EIE) conducted a study to
determine Turkeys solar energy potential. In this study, the data measured by the Turkish
State Meteorological Service (TSMS) between 1966 and 1982 were used. TSMS, founded
in 1937, is the only legal organization in the country to provide all meteorological data
and information (TSMS, 2002). It was concluded that Turkeys yearly average total
sunshine duration is 2,640 h and the yearly average solar radiation is 1,311 kWh/m2
yr (3.6 kWh/m2 day), as given in Table 1. Taking these figures into account, Turkeys
annual solar energy potential is estimated to be 1015 kWh which is 12,000 times the
electric power consumption of the country in 1997 (SPO, 2001). Usable potential may
be assumed to be 500 million tons of oil equivalents (Mtoe) annually; however, economic
and useful energy quantity to be targeted may be projected to be 25 Mtoe/yr (Kadirgan
and Cizenel, 1999). Maximum solar radiation intensity value is observed as 21.1 MJ/m2
in July with a minimum of 5.5 MJ/m2 in December (TUBITAK-TTGV, 1998).
Table 2 gives the annual mean total solar radiation and annual sunshine hours over
various regions of Turkey. The yearly average total solar radiation varies from a low
of 1,120 kWh/m2 yr in the Black Sea Region with 1,971 h of sunshine annually to a
high of 1,460 kWh/m2 yr in the southeast Anatolia with 2,993 h of sunshine annually
(WECTNC, 1997; TUSIAD, 1998; SPO, 2001).
Solar data measurements have been remade since 1992 by EIE and TSMS for obtaining more reliable data. In this context, the solar radiation measurements have been
conducted totally in ten stations in the various parts of the country. Based on the latest
data obtained from these stations, it may be concluded that the values given in Table 2
should be increased by 25% (SPO, 2001).
Solar energy is consumed for both industrial and residential purposes. Turkeys sectoral solar energy consumption between 1986 and 1998 is illustrated in Table 3. As can
be seen in this table, the residential sector accounted for the biggest share at about three
times the consumption of the industrial sector and continues to be the prime market for
solar energy use. Residential consumption of solar energy in 1996 was only 0.23% of

554

A. Hepbasli et al.
Table 1
Turkeys monthly average solar energy potential

Downloaded by [Universiti Teknologi Malaysia] at 08:06 22 September 2015

Months

Monthly average solar radiation

(kWh/m2 month)

January
February
March
April
May
June
July
August
September
October
November
December
Total

Sunshine duration
(h/month)

51.75
63.27
96.65
122.23
153.86
168.75
175.38
158.40
123.28
89.90
60.82
46.87

103
115
165
197
273
325
365
343
280
214
157
103

1,311.16

2,640

Source: SPO, 2001.

Turkeys total residential energy consumption. In 1998, solar energy consumption was
100 ktoe (kilo tons of oil equivalent), while in 1999 and 2000, solar energy use accounted
for 112 ktoe and 129 ktoe, respectively. It is projected to be 431 ktoe in 2010 and 828 ktoe
in 2020 (WECTNC, 1997; WECTNC, 2000; Hepbasli et al., 2001). Based on another
study performed by Turkish Industrialists and Businessmens Association (TUSIAD), the
solar energy production is proposed to be 716 ktoe, 1,458 ktoe, 2,514 ktoe and 3,882 ktoe
in 2005, 2010, 2015 and 2020, respectively. The cumulative total of this trend between
2000 and 2025 is 59.8 Mtoe (TUSIAD, 1998).

Solar Energy Applications in Turkey

Solar Water Heating
Among all the solar thermal utilization technologies, the solar water heater technology is
the most significant and the most successful in commercialization. Solar water heaters,
sometimes called solar domestic hot water systems (U.S.D.O.E, 2002), were manufactured in Izmir in 1975. The Turkish public very well accepted the technology. Thus, the
number of companies producing collectors increased rapidly, and the number of collectors
sold increased (McEvoy, 2001). The solar heaters used in Turkey are thermosiphon-types
(a thermosiphon system relies on warm water rising, a phenomenon known as natural
convection, to circulate water through the collectors and to the tank). A solar heater is
made up of two-plate solar collectors having an absorber area between 3 and 4 m2 , a
storage tank with capacity between 0.15 and 0.20 m3 and a cold storage tank, all installed
on a suitable frame (Kaygusuz, 2002).

555

1,491.2
(1,460)
1,452.7
(1,390)
1,406.6
(1,304)
1,432.6
(1,314)
1,398.4
(1,365)
1,144.2
(1,168)
1,086.3
(1,120)
1,344.6
(1,311)

Source: WECTNC, 1997; SPO, 2001.

Mean of Turkey

Black Sea

The Marmara

East Anatolia

Central Anatolia

Aegean

Mediterranean

Southeast Anatolia

Regions

Annual
average
(kWh/m2 yr)

141.7

166.9

182.8

176.6

168.7

176.6

188.1

Maximum
monthly
(kWh/m2 month)

Solar radiation

34.0

33.4

48.6

42.2

40.9

48.9

49.6

Minimum
monthly
(kWh/m2 month)
3,016
(2,993)
2,923
(2,956)
2,726
(2,738)
2,712
(2,628)
2,693
(2,664)
2,528
(2,409)
1,966
(1,971)
2,652
(2,640)

Annual
average
(h/yr)

273

351

373

381

371

360

407

Maximum
monthly
(h/month)

Sunshine duration

Table 2
Distribution of Turkeys annual average solar energy potential by region

Downloaded by [Universiti Teknologi Malaysia] at 08:06 22 September 2015

82

87

165

98

96

101

126

Minimum
monthly
(h/month)

556

A. Hepbasli et al.

Downloaded by [Universiti Teknologi Malaysia] at 08:06 22 September 2015

Table 3
Sectoral solar energy consumption
between 1986 and 1998 in Turkey
Year

Residential
(ktoea )

Industrial
(ktoea )

1986
1987
1988
1989
1990
1991
1992
1993
1994
1995
1996
1997
1998

5
10
11
12
13
14
15
18
25
32
40
56
76

2
4
8
13
17
20
20
20
20
24
24

a ktoe: kilo (thousand) tons of oil equivalent.

Source: WECTNC, 2000.

There are basically three types of collectors: flat-plate, evacuated-tube, and concentrating. Flat-plate collectors are the most commonly used types. In recent years,
evacuated-tube collectors began to be put on the Turkish market. In a questionnairebased study performed by Gunes (1999), it was found that the majority of the flat-plate
collectors manufactured in Turkey have an absorber area of 1.82 m2 (41%), followed by
1.71 m2 (23%). Total annual production capacity of solar thermal collectors in Turkey has
reached about 200,000 m2 , while 500,000 m2 of collectors annually has been produced
in the European market. It is also estimated that the amount of the collectors mounted are
over 3.5 million m2 . In this sector, there are over 100 companies and 2,000 employees
(Tiris and Sohmen, 1999; WECTNC, 2000; McEvoy, 2001).
There are two fundamental Turkish Standards (TS) for solar energy applications,
namely, Solar Energy Collectors-Flat-plate and Solar Energy-Construction and Management Rules of Heating Systems, issued in 1994 (TS, 1994a,b). However, collector
producers do not have to completely fulfill the requirements of these standards.
Steam Generation
Solar steam generation for absorption cooling and other heat consumers is being realized
in a hotel in Alanya, Turkey. Simulations of various solar thermal cooling concepts for the
hotel led to the decision for a double effect absorption chiller driven by parabolic trough
collectors. Initialized by this project, construction of parabolic trough collectors is under
development, in a first phase for use up to a temperature of 200 C. The collectors will
supply heat to an absorption cooling machine and various other consumers as laundry
and hot water (Kruger et al., 2002).

Solar Energy Applications in Turkey

557

Solar Cooker
Several theoretical and experimental studies have been carried out on solar cookers at the
Turkish universities. In particular, the parabolic solar cookers have been investigated at
Solar Energy Institute of Ege University, Izmir, Turkey (SEI, 2002). Since the beginning
of 2002, some solar cookers have been put up by a stewpot manufacturer in Adana,
Turkey.

Downloaded by [Universiti Teknologi Malaysia] at 08:06 22 September 2015

Solar Drying
Solar drying is one of the oldest solar applications of mankind. The simplest solar dryer,
at zero cost, is a black asphalt road on which people spread their grains to increase
the natural (solar) drying process (NREL; 2002). Solar drying has applied in Turkey for
drying agricultural products. The number of solar drying installations is very limited,
while the studies conducted at the universities are high in numbers.
Solar Houses
It is generally acknowledged that appropriate passive solar heating can reduce the load
for air conditioning considerably (He and Huang, 2002). In all regions, except the eastern
Black Sea region and north-east Anatolia, the sun energy potential is sufficient for the
heating of residential buildings in Turkey (Koclar Oral, 2002). In the field of passive solar
systems, sufficient studies have not been done in Turkey, except in some universities and
institutes. There are a few solar houses in the country, and the solar houses built up to
date in Turkey are listed below (Altuntop et al., 1997; Eryildiz and Demirbilek, 2000;
BSREC, 2002).
The first solar passive system in Turkey was applied in the building of the Middle
East Technical University in 1975. The building has two floors with a total heated
area of 96.6 m2 .
Cukurova University Solar House with a total area of 33 m2 was built in July
1981. The contribution of solar energy to the total heat requirement of the house
is 70%.
The General Directorate of Mineral Research and Exploitation (MTA) Solar House
was built in 1981 in Marmaris-Mugla and has a heated area of 113.5 m2 . In this
house, solar-air collectors with 28.6 m2 were used.
Ege University Solar Energy Institute Laboratory Building built in 1986 in Izmir
has total floor area of 3,000 m2 . An integrated greenhouse system was applied in
this building as the passive solar system.
A very efficient passive solar air heating system has also been developed by
the Energy Counselor of the Greater Ankara Municipality for aiming at the use of
solar energy in multi-story buildings in densely populated urban areas. The Greater
Ankara Municipality constructed a solar house in 1993 to test and demonstrate
the advantages of solar building technologies in Turkey.
TUBITAK National Observatory Guest-House built in 1996 has two with a total
area of 720 m2 . The house (latitude 36 51 N and longitude 30 20 E) is 2,500 m
above sea level.
The latest was built in 1996 in Kayseri, the Erciyes Active Solar House. This
house is 144 m2 and heated by air collectors constructed on the roof. 8085% of
its heat load has been met by solar energy.

558

A. Hepbasli et al.

Downloaded by [Universiti Teknologi Malaysia] at 08:06 22 September 2015

Photovoltaics
PVs are one of the fastest growing solar energy technologies. PV devices, commonly
called solar cells or modules, use semiconductor material to directly convert sunlight
into electricity. In the last seven years, PV sales have nearly tripled. More than 125 MW
of modules were manufactured worldwide in 1997 (NREL, 2002).
Although the PV power systems were perfect sources of electric power for satellites
from the early 1960s and terrestrial applications have started after the two oil crises of
the 1970s, PV power system applications just began in Turkey in the 1980s. Early studies
have started in the Turkish University Research Laboratories in the mid-1980s and some
small scale pilot applications were realized in those years to gain further experience in
PV. The first PV powered water pumping system was applied in Solar Energy Institute
of Ege University, Izmir in 1988 (Arsel, 1989). The EIE, which has studied on PV systems since 1983, operated another PV system in the early 1990s and installed the first
grid-connected PV power plant in their Research Laboratories at Didim in June 1998
(Alacakir, 1999). The number of PV applications has increased in the late 1990s and
four PV power plants with an approximately total power of 50 kWp were installed for
telecommunication in Afyonkarahisar, Gcek, Usak and Kahramanmaras (Sayar, 2002).
Although the Southwest region of Turkey has a great potential for solar energy, it has a
mountainous characteristic. PV applications exist well over a total capacity of 100 kWp
in this area. A 14 kWp PV power plant was installed for starting up energy of some
units in Berke Dam in 2001 (Sayar, 2002) and the largest grid connected rooftop PV
power plant with a capacity of 10.4 kWp in Turkey was installed in Mugla University in May 2002 (Oktik, 2002). The current PV systems investigated in this study are
designated on Turkeys solar radiation map obtained from the EIE (Ediger and Kentel, 1999), as illustrated in Figure 1. Some other applications such as irrigation pumping,
telecommunication systems, remote monitoring, control systems (scientific research, seismic recording, climate recording, traffic data collection, cathodic protection) are situated
all around Turkey. Turkeys total installed PV capacity is strongly growing without an

Figure 1. Turkeys PV system installations.

Downloaded by [Universiti Teknologi Malaysia] at 08:06 22 September 2015

Solar Energy Applications in Turkey

559

Figure 2. A historical summary and projections of PV system applications in Turkey.

organized PV program and is estimated to reach 800 kWp at the end of 2002, while it
is expected to be 1.3 MWp and 3 MWp in 2005 and 2010, respectively, as shown in
Figure 2.

Conclusions
Continuous research, development and demonstration are needed to run down the cost
curve with upcoming project opportunities in order to generate a sustainable market
penetration for solar energy technology. Three critical issues will determine the longterm cost reduction potential: automation of component fabrication and maintenance
of power plants, availability of a low-cost thermal energy storage, and deployment of
the solar thermal high temperature potential. All three subjects bear a lot of scientific
innovation (Pitz-Paal, 2002).
The main conclusions that may be drawn from the present study on solar energy
applications in Turkey are listed below.
a) Solar energy was realized as an alternative energy in Turkey in the early 1960s,
while residential and industrial consumption of solar energy in the country started
in 1986 and 1988, respectively.
b) Due to its geographical position, Turkey poses an important potential for solar
energy. However, this potential is not being used sufficiently.
c) The yearly average total solar radiation ranges from 1,120 to 1,460 kWh/m2 yr
with 1,971 and 2,993 h of sunshine annually, respectively.
d) Solar energy use accounted for 129 ktoe in 2000 and is projected to be 431 ktoe
in 2010 and 828 ktoe in 2020.
e) The majority of solar thermal applications in Turkey are in the field of solar
heaters, with total annual production capacities of 700,0001,000,000 m2 between
1998 and 2001.
f) Turkeys PV market potential is very large due to the suitability of the country
for solar radiation and the large availability of the land for solar farms. Turkeys
total installed PV capacity is strongly growing without an organized PV program
and is estimated to reach 800 kWp at the end of 2002.

Downloaded by [Universiti Teknologi Malaysia] at 08:06 22 September 2015

560

A. Hepbasli et al.
g) Based on Turkeys current energy situation, steam production by the parabolic
trough collector system is expected to replace steam from liquefied petroleum
gas (LPG) fired steam boilers with economic conditions. The concept seems to
be appropriate for many applications in the Mediterranean region of the country
(Kruger et al., 2002).
h) In Turkey, solar energy can replace fossil fuels in many applications, such as
domestic hot water heating, space heating, drying processes and swimming pool
heating.
i) Research and development activities in Turkey in the field of solar energy are
conducted primarily by governmental institutions and universities with very limited contribution from private institutions.
j) Passive solar technologies have not been adopted by the construction industry.
In addition, solar building technologies commercially available are not yet well
known by the architects. It takes time for new designs and building techniques
to infiltrate the industry (IEA, 1993).

References
Alacakir, F. B. 1999. Introduction of grid connected PV system installed at Didim and investigation
of its performance (in Turkish). Proceedings of Sun Day Symposium. 2527 June, Kayseri,
Turkey, pp. 252257.
Altuntop, N., Demiral, D., and Cinar, G. 1997. Structural specifications of Erciyes University Solar
House and its economic analysis (in Turkish). Seminar on Solar Energy Systems. Chamber
of Mechanical Engineers, 2022 June, Mersin, Turkey.
Anonymous. 2002a. History and Background. http://starfire.ne.uiuc.edu/ne201/1997/leatherb/
Anonymous. 2002b. The IEA Solar PACES Implementing Agreement. http://www.solarpaces.org
Arsel, I. 1989. Increasing the relations between incident solar energy in Izmir and potential energy
obtained using a photovoltaic pumping conversion system (in Turkish). Ph.D. Thesis, Solar
Energy Institute, Ege University, Izmir, Turkey.
Bilgili, M. E., Yaldiz, O., and Ertekin, C. 1999. A study on the estimation of thermal efficiency
in air heated solar collectors (in Turkish). Proceedings of Sun Day Symposium. 2527 June,
Kayseri, Turkey, pp. 275282.
BSREC, Black Sea Regional Energy Center. 2002. Solar Energy in Turkey. http://www.bsrec.bg/
opet/turkey/Solar_Turkey.htm
Ediger, V. S. and Kentel, E. 1999. Renewable energy potential as an alternative to fossil fuels in
Turkey. Energy Conversion and Management 40:743755.
Eryildiz, D. E. and Demirbilek, F. N. 2000. Anatolia solar architecture. Proceedings of the Third
National Clean Energy Symposium. 1517 November, Istanbul, Turkey, pp. 245254.
Gunes, M. 1999. A study on the manufacturing of flate-plate collector. Proceedings of Sun Day
Symposium. 2527 June, Kayseri, Turkey, pp. 3742.
He, S. and Huang, D. 2002. Solar thermal utilization in China. Proceedings of World Renewable
Energy Congress VII (WREC 2002). 29 June5 July, Cologne, Germany.
Hepbasli, A., Ozdamar, A., and Ozalp, N. 2001. Present status and potential of renewable energy
sources in Turkey. Energy Sources 23:631648.
IEA, International Energy Agency. 1993. Solar Energy Activities in Turkey. IEA Solar Heating
Cooling (SHC) Solar Activities in IEA Countries Report 1993. http://www.iea-shc.org
IEA, International Energy Agency. 2002. Integrating Solar Energy into Todays Buildings: The
Power of Solar. IEA Solar Heating Cooling (SHC) Program. http://www.iea-shc.org
Kadirgan, F. and Cizenel, Z. 1999. Solar collectors with selective surface and suggestions for their
effective use (in Turkish). Proceedings of Sun Day Symposium. 2527 June, Kayseri, Turkey,
pp. 167170.

Downloaded by [Universiti Teknologi Malaysia] at 08:06 22 September 2015

Solar Energy Applications in Turkey

561

Kaygusuz, K. 2002. Environmental impacts of energy utilization and renewable energy policies in
Turkey. Energy Policy 30(8):689698.
Koclar Oral, G. 2002. The heating effect of solar radiation in reducing energy consumption in
residential buildings in Turkey. CD-Proceedings of World Renewable Energy Congress VII
(WREC 2002). 29 June5 July, Cologne, Germany.
Kruger, D., Hennecke, K., Schwarzbozl, P., Lokurlu, A., and Richarts, F. 2002. Parabolic trough
collectors for cooling and heat supply of a hotel in Turkey. CD-Proceedings of World Renewable Energy Congress VII (WREC 2002). 29 June5 July, Cologne, Germany.
McEvoy, A. C. 2001. Factors influencing the diffusion of solar energy technologies in Turkey.
European Master in Society Science and Technology (ESST), University of Maastricht, The
Netherlands.
NREL, National Renewable Energy Laboratory. 2002. Solar Energy: Tapping into Earths Largest
Energy Resource. http://www.nrel.gov/lab/pao/solar_energy.html
Oktik, S. 2002. Personal telecommunication, Muglu University, Turkey.
Pitz-Paal, R. 2002. Concentrating solar technologiesThe key to renewable electricity and prosee
heat for a wide range of applications. CD-Proceedings of World Renewable Energy Congress
VII (WREC 2002). 29 June5 July, Cologne, Germany.
Ruzic, D. N. 2002. Solar Energy: Thermal Applications. http://starfire.ne.uiuc.edu/ne201/course/
topics/solar_thermal/index.html
Sayar, H. 2002. Personal telecommunication, Istanbul, Turkey. http://www.alternatifenerji.com
SEI, Solar Energy Institute. 2002. History and Dissertations (in Turkish). http://bornova.ege.edu.tr/
egegunes/tarihce.html
Selcuk, K. 1999. Past, present and future of solar energy (in Turkish). Proceedings of Sun Day
Symposium. 2527 June, Kayseri, Turkey, pp. 56.
SPO, State Planning Organization. 2001. Energy (in Turkish). Eight Five-Year Development Plan.
Special Impression Commission Report. DPT, Ankara, Turkey.
Tiris, C. and Sohmen, H. M. 1999. Solar collectors used in the solar heating systems produced
in Turkey (in Turkish). Proceedings of Sun Day Symposium. 2527 June, Kayseri, Turkey,
pp. 3035.
TSMS, Turkish State Meteorological Service, 2002. Research Studies on Solar and Wind Energy
(in Turkish). Ankara, Turkey. http://www.meteor.gov.tr
TUBITAK-TTGV, Turkish Scientific and Technologic Research Committee-Turkish Technology
Development Committee. 1998. Energy Technologies Policies Study Group Report (in Turkish). Science-Technology-Industry Discussion Platform, Ankara, Turkey.
Turkish Standards (TS). 1994a. Solar energy collectors- Xat-plate (in Turkish). Issue: 3680, Ankara,
Turkey.
Turkish Standards (TS). 1994b. Solar energy-construction and management rules of heating systems
(in Turkish). Issue: 3817, Ankara, Turkey.
TUSIAD, Turkish Industrialists and Businessmens Association. 1998. Evaluation of Turkish
energy strategy into the 21st century (in Turkish). Publication no: TUSIAD-T/98-12/239,
Istanbul, Turkey.
U.S.D.O.E., United States Department of Energy. 2002. Solar Water Heating. http://www.eren.doe.
gov/erec/factsheets/solrwatr.html
Vanderhulst, P., Lanser, H., Bergmeyer, P., Foeth, F., and Albers, R. 1990. Solar Energy: Small Scale
Applications in Developing Countries. Stichting TOOL, Amsterdam, Holland. http://www.wot.
utwente.nl/ssadc/index.html
WECTNC, World Energy Council Turkish National Committee. 2000. Energy Report 1998
(in Turkish). Ankara, Turkey.
WECTNC, World Energy Council-Turkish National Committee. 1997. Energy Report 1995. Ankara,
Turkey.