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Computer
programmer

WHAT

Program ??
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Steps used to solve problem in

computer programming

Also known as
Software/ System
Development Life Cycle
(SDLC) or software
process

A development of a software/computer
program product.
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Specify problem

Steps

Analyze problem
Design algorithm
Implement algorithm
Test and verify program
Maintain and update program
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What
problem to
be solved?

STATE

What is the
problem?

Is it possible to solve
the problem with
programming?
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State the
problem
clearly

Gain a clear
understanding of
what are
required for its
solution.
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What is the
problem?
Given the value of x is 10 and a is 12,
find the result of the following equation:

y = 2x + a - 6

What to
solve?

Is it possible to
solve the problem
with
programming?
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State the problem clearly

Problem
Data
Solution

What is the value of y?

Given the value of x and a

Solve the equation using the given
values
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IDENTIFY

Output

Input
Process

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Input
Given the value of x is 10 and a is 12,
find the result of the following equation:

y = 2x + a - 6

Process

Output
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Identify the problem

Input

Value of x and a

Process

Replace the value of x and a in the

formula, y = 2x +a -6

Output

The value of the equation, y

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Solve Problem
Develop a list of steps
called algorithm

Verify that the algorithm

solves the problem

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Writing program
Convert algorithm into
programming

Also known as
CODING

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General steps involved

Write program code with

specific programming language
in specific programming
Coding
Writetools/software
explaination/description
for
Documentation
each line of codes/comment for
future references
Compile
Using tool/software function to
check errors in program code
Execute/Run Using tool/software function
to display output of program

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Testing program
To verify the program can
works as desired

Executing program to see if it

produce correct results.If not
do debugging.

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Modifying program
Remove undetected errors
and keep up-to-date

USE and MODIFY the program

to meet changing requirements
or correct errors that show up
in using it

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Specify problem

Steps

Analyze problem
Design algorithm
Implement algorithm
Test and verify program
Maintain and update program
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Algorithm

Pseudocode

Flowchart

Control
Structure

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 Programming is a problem solving activity. When you write

a program, you are actually writing an instruction for the
computer to solve something for you.

Problem solving is the process of transforming the

description of a problem into a solution by using our
knowledge of the problem domain and by relying on our
ability to select and use appropriate problem-solving
strategies, techniques and tools.
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Making a delicious
chocolate cake.

Installing a software
into a pc.

Going to FSKTM from

FKAAS .

Log into a system.

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How to make a delicious chocolate cake?

Prepare the ingredients.
Beat the butter and the eggs.
Mix with cake flour and sugar.
Add chocolate to the mixture.
Pour the mixture
Put the mixture in the oven.
Bake for 45 minutes.
Wipe chocolate cream around the baked
cake.
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How to install a software into a pc?

Put the software CD in the CD driver.
Open the CD directory in pc.
Click the installer file in the CD, install.exe.
Follow the setup instructions for installation
process.
Or use Control Panel > Add programs.

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How to log into an online system?

If you are a registered user,
Enter your ID or username
Enter your password
Click on the submit button
If you are not registered, do the registration
process by filling in the registration form.

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How to go to FSKTM from

FKAAS?

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Withdraw money from ATM machine

Register subjects through online system
Buy cold drinks from vending machine
Calculate the monthly salary payment
Calculate car loan interest
Determine odd and even numbers
Count the total visitor of a Web
Determine air velocity in physic lab
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Writing computer program

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 Algorithm is a sequence of a finite

number of steps arranged in a specific
logical order to produce the solution for a
problem.

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Steps in
Computer program
for computer
to do its job

Famous muslim
scientist/
mathematician
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Procedure or formula
for solving problem
Sequence set of
steps taken to
solve a problem
Instructions for actions to be executed by computer
(input/process/output)
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Must have
input

Must produce
output

Efficiency

Algorithm
Requirements
Finiteness

Unambiguous

Correctness

Generality

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Step 1: Go to the taxi stand.

Step 2: Get in a taxi.
Step 3: Give the taxi driver the destination
address.
Step 4: Once arrived, pay the taxi fare.
Step 5: Get out from the taxi.

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Example 2: Money withdrawal algorithm

Step 1: Go to the ATM machine.
Step 2: Insert ATM card.
Step 3: Select language.
Step 4: Enter pin number.
Step 5: Select withdrawal option from menu.
Step 6: Enter amount of money to withdraw.
Step 7: Take the money.
Step 8: Take the bank slip.

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Do computer can really

understand algorithm?
Algorithm is used by programmer to plan
the instructions to be written in the
computer program and executed by
computer
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Pseudocode is a semiformal, English-like language with

limited vocabulary that can be used to design & describe
algorithms.
Purpose: to define the procedural logic of an algorithm in
a simple, easy-to-understand for its readers.
Free of syntactical complications of programming
language.
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Simple
codes
which
resembles program code that
will
be
written
during
implementation
phase
(program coding)

A text-based design tool

that helps programmers to
develop algorithm
Compact and informal
high level language
description of a
computer programming
algorithm

Using natural language

(communication
language e.g:
Malay/English) wording
phrase
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i.

Consists of a statement of instructions in sequence.

ii.

Every steps consists of keyword which explain the

actions/operation/process to be executed by
computers

iii. Every steps should be written in different steps, if

continued, the next row must be indented.
iv. Can use IF/ELSE for conditional statement and WHILE,
DO/WHILE and FOR repetition statement
v. Every steps should use clear statements and easy to
understand.
vi. Use START to represent the beginning of the operation
and END to show the end of the operation.

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Keyword?
START
IF student's grade is greater than or equal to 40
PRINT the statement "passed"
ELSE
PRINT the statement "failed"
ENDIF
END

print means
display on the
screen
monitor

show also
START
means
IF credit card number is valid
execute transaction based on number and
display on
order
the screen
ELSE
monitor
SHOW a generic failure message
ENDIF
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END

START
SET total to zero
SET grade counter to one
WHILE grade counter is less than or equal to
ten
INPUT the next grade
ADD the grade into the total
ENDWHILE
SET the class average to the total divided
by ten
PRINT the class average.
END

set means
assign the
value,e.g:
total = 0
while is used
whenever
the process is
to be
continued

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Write the pseudo code based on the IPO

(input/process/output) which you have identified during
the analyzing phase
Identify the keyword(s) based on the IPO

Did you remember the steps weve done in

earlier?
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Identify the problem

Input

Value of x and a

Process

Replace the value of x and a in the

formula, y = 2x +a -6

Output

The value of the equation, y

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Given the value of x is 10 and a is 12,

find the result of the following equation:

Write a
program!

y = 2x + a - 6
Keyword
Keyword
START
SET the value of x to 10
SET the value of a to 12
COMPUTE the value of y as y = 2x + a - 6
DISPLAY/PRINT the result (or the value of y)
END

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Uncle Rahman wants to buy 5 tins of paint from Marias

shop. The price of each tin of the paint is RM 15.60.
Calculate the price which Uncle Rahman have to pay for
all the tin of paints he bought.
Write a
program!
START
SET the amount of paint to 5
SET the price per tin to 15.60
COMPUTE the total price as price per tin times by
amount of paint
Keyword
DISPLAY/PRINT the result (or the total price)
?
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END

Keyword
START
READ the student mark
IF mark is greater than 85 and mark is less than 100
set grade as A
ENDIF
DISPLAY/PRINT the grade Keyword
END

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Test your
understanding!

A box has height, width and length.

Write the pseudo code to calculate the volume
of a box.

Write the pseudo code to calculate salary of

an employee for a month.
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START
INPUT/READ height, width, length
CALCULATE the volume = height * width * length
PRINT/DISPLAY volume
END

START
INPUT/READ salary per day
CALCULATE the salary= salary per day*30 days
PRINT/DISPLAY salary
END
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START
READ/INPUT pure volume, total rock
CALCULATE porosity = (pure volume / total
rock volume) x 100%
DISPLAY porosity
END

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Prepared by Norhamreeza Abdul Hamid

Flowchart is a graph of geometrical shapes that are

connected by lines.
2 important elements in flowchart:
Geometrical shapes represent type of
statements in the algorithm.
Flow line show the order in which the
statements of an algorithm are executed.
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Schematic representation of an
algorithm or process

Helps to visualize the

content/steps better or to find
flaws in process
Illustrate the steps in the
process
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Start/End
The terminator symbol marks
the starting or ending point of
the system. It usually contains
the word "Start" or "End."

Action or Process
A box can represent a single
step ("add two cups of flour"),
or and entire sub-process
("make bread") within a larger
process.
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Decision

A decision or branching
point.
Lines
representing
different decisions emerge
from different points of the
diamond.

Input/Output

Represents
material
or
information
entering
or
leaving the system, such as
customer order (input) or a
product (output).
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Flow Line
Lines indicate the sequence
of steps and the direction of
flow.

Connector
Indicates
that
the
flow
continues where a matching
symbol (containing the same
letter) has been placed.

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Off Page
Indicates that the process
continues off page.

Database
Indicates a list of information
with a standard structure that
allows for searching and
sorting.

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What software use

to draw flowchart?
You can use
Ms word >
AutoShapes >
Flowchart or
other flowchart
drawing tools
e.g: SmartDraw/Visio
Drawing,etc.
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Given the value of x is 10 and a is 12,

find the result of the following equation:

y = 2x + a - 6
START
SET the value of x to 10
SET the value of a to 12
compute the value of y as y = 2x + a -6
DISPLAY/PRINT the result (or the value of y)
END
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Start
Set x = 10

Set a = 12
y = 2x + a - 6

Print y
End
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START
SET the amount of paint to 5
COMPUTE the total price as price per tin times by
amount of paint
DISPLAY/PRINT the result (or the total price)
Convert
END

to
flowchart

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Start

Set amount of paint = 5

total price = amount of paint * price per tin

Display total price

End
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A box has height, width and length.

Write the pseudo code to calculate the volume
of a box.
Convert
to
flowchart
Write the pseudo code to calculate salary of
an employee for a month.

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Convert to
flowchart

Given the following formula, write the pseudo code

to calculate the porosity of rock:
porosity = (pure volume /total rock volume) x 100%

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Start

Read height, width,

length

volume = height * width * length

Display volume

End
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Start

Read salary per day

salary = salary per day * 30 days

Display salary

End
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Start

Read pure volume,

total rock volume

porosity = (pure volume / total rock

volume) x 100%

Display porosity

End
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 Sequential
Selection
Repetition

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Sequence: A series of steps or statements that

are executed in the order they are written in an
algorithm.
Selection: Defines two courses of action
depending on the outcome of a condition. A
condition is an expression that is, when
computed, evaluated to either true or false.
Repetition: Specifies a block of one or more
statements that are repeatedly executed until a
condition is satisfied.
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You may have more

than
one
control
structure in one program
in order to solve a
problem.
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 A series of steps or statements that are executed

in the order they are written in an algorithm.
The beginning and end of a block of statements
can be optionally marked with the keywords
START and END.
start

START
statement 1.
statement 2.

statement n.
END

statement 1

statement 2

statement n
end

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Problem: calculate a persons age

START
READ birth year, current year
CALCULATE age = current year
birth year
DISPLAY age
END

start

READ birth year birth year

Age = current year

birth year

Display age

end

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 Defines two courses of action depending on the

outcome of a condition. A condition is an
expression that is, when computed, evaluated to
either true (1) or false (0).
The keyword used are if and else.

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 Format:
No

IF (condition)
then-part
ELSE
else-part
ENDIF

elsestatement(s)

Condition?

Yes

thenstatement(s)

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START
READ age
IF age is greater than 55
PRINT Pencen
ELSE
PRINT Kerja lagi
ENDIF
END
START
READ age
IF age > 55
PRINT Pencen
ELSE
PRINT Kerja lagi
ENDIF
END

start

Read age

yes

age > 55

no

print Kerja lagi

print Pencen

End

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Specifies a block of one or more

statements that are repeatedly executed
until a condition is satisfied.
The keyword used is while.

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Format:
WHILE (condition)
loop-body
ENDWHILE

yes
Condition?

Loop
Statement(s)

no

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Counter
Can be used to control execution of the loop
(loop control variable)
It will increment or decrement each time a
loop repeats
Must be initialized before entering loop

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Start
initialization

cnt=0
FALSE

condition
TRUE

body of loop
increment

FALSE

cnt<5

End

TRUE

Print whatever
cnt=cnt+1

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Problem: Write a program that reads and displays

the age of 10 people (one after another).
For this problem, we need a way to count how many
people whose age have been processed (read and
displayed). Therefore, we introduce a concept of counter,
a variable used to count the number of people whose
age have been processed by the program.

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Counter initialisation
START
number of users giving his age = 1
WHILE number of users giving his age <= 10
READ the age from the user.
Loop condition
PRINT the user age.
number of user giving his age + 1
ENDWHILE
Updating counter
END

START
users = 1
WHILE users <= 10
READ age
PRINT age.
users = users + 1
ENDWHILE
End
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Start

users = 1

NO
End

users <= 10?

YES
read age

print age

users =users + 1
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You can start the

START
counter with ZERO
number of users giving his age = 0
WHILE number of users giving his age < 10
READ the age from the user.
PRINT the user age.
The loop condition
number of user giving his age + 1
must less than the
ENDWHILE
value it requires to
END
stop

START
users = 0
WHILE users < 10
READ age
PRINT age.
users = users + 1
ENDWHILE
END

Be
consistent

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Prepared by Norhamreeza Abdul Hamid