Professional Documents
Culture Documents
PrinciplesofElectronic
CommunicationSystems
Chapter1
ThirdEdition
LouisE.Frenzel,Jr.
IntroductiontoElectronic
Communication
TopicsCoveredinChapter1
(continued)
TopicsCoveredinChapter1
11:SignificanceofHumanCommunication
12:CommunicationSystems
13:TypesofElectronicCommunication
14:ModulationandMultiplexing
15:TheElectromagneticSpectrum
16:Bandwidth
17:ASurveyofCommunicationApplications
18:JobsandCareersintheCommunication
Industry
11:Significanceof
HumanCommunication
11:Significanceof
HumanCommunication
Methodsofcommunication:
Communicationistheprocessofexchanging
information.
Mainbarriersarelanguageanddistance.
1.Facetoface
2.Signals
3.Writtenword(letters)
4.Electricalinnovations:
Telegraph
Telephone
Radio
Television
Internet(computer)
Contemporarysocietysemphasisisnowthe
accumulation,packaging,andexchangeof
information.
12:CommunicationSystems
12:CommunicationSystems
Basiccomponents:
Transmitter
Channelormedium
Receiver
Noisedegradesorinterfereswithtransmitted
information.
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12:CommunicationSystems
12:CommunicationSystems
Transmitter
CommunicationChannel
Thetransmitterisacollectionofelectronic
componentsandcircuitsthatconvertsthe
electricalsignalintoasignalsuitablefor
transmissionoveragivenmedium.
Transmittersaremadeupofoscillators,amplifiers,
tunedcircuitsandfilters,modulators,frequency
mixers,frequencysynthesizers,andothercircuits.
Thecommunicationchannelisthemediumby
whichtheelectronicsignalissentfromoneplace
toanother.
Typesofmediainclude
Electricalconductors
Opticalmedia
Freespace
Systemspecificmedia(e.g.,wateristhemediumforsonar).
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12:CommunicationSystems
12:CommunicationSystems
Transceivers
Receivers
Atransceiverisanelectronicunitthat
incorporatescircuitsthatbothsendandreceive
signals.
Examplesare:
Areceiverisacollectionofelectroniccomponents
andcircuitsthatacceptsthetransmittedmessage
fromthechannelandconvertsitbackintoaform
understandablebyhumans.
Receiverscontainamplifiers,oscillators,mixers,
tunedcircuitsandfilters,andademodulatoror
detectorthatrecoverstheoriginalintelligence
signalfromthemodulatedcarrier.
Telephones
Faxmachines
HandheldCBradios
Cellphones
Computermodems
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12:CommunicationSystems
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12:CommunicationSystems
Noise
Attenuation
Noiseisrandom,undesirableelectronicenergythat
entersthecommunicationsystemviathe
communicatingmediumandinterfereswiththe
transmittedmessage.
Somenoiseisproducedinthereceiver
Itcomesfromtheatmosphere(e.g.,fromlightning
whichproducesstatic),fromouterspace(wherethe
sunandotherstarsemitvariouskindsofradiation
thatcaninterferewithcommunication,andfrom
electricalinterferencecreatedbymanufactured
equipment.
Signalattenuation,ordegradation,existsinall
mediaofwirelesstransmission.Itisproportional
tothesquareofthedistancebetweenthe
transmitterandreceiver.
Anytypeofmediadegradesthesignalandcauses
ittoappearmuchlowerinamplitudeatthe
receiver.Considerableamplificationofthesignal,
bothatthetransmitterandthereceiver,is
requiredforsuccessfulcommunication.
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13:TypesofElectronicCommunication
13:TypesofElectronicCommunication
Electroniccommunicationsareclassified
accordingtowhethertheyare
Simplex
1. Oneway(simplex)ortwoway(fullduplexor
halfduplex)transmissions
2. Analogordigitalsignals.
Thesimplestmethodofelectroniccommunication
isreferredtoassimplex.
Thistypeofcommunicationisoneway.Examples
are:
Radio
TVbroadcasting
Beeper(personalreceiver)
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13:TypesofElectronicCommunication
13:TypesofElectronicCommunication
FullDuplex
HalfDuplex
Mostelectroniccommunicationistwowayandis
referredtoasduplex.
Whenpeoplecantalkandlistensimultaneously,it
iscalledfullduplex.Thetelephoneisanexample
ofthistypeofcommunication.
Theformoftwowaycommunicationinwhich
onlyonepartytransmitsatatimeisknownashalf
duplex.Examplesare:
Police,military,etc.radiotransmissions
Citizenband(CB)
Familyradio
Amateurradio
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13:TypesofElectronicCommunication
13:TypesofElectronicCommunication
AnalogSignals
Ananalogsignalisasmoothlyandcontinuously
varyingvoltageorcurrent.Examplesare:
Sinewave
Voice
Video(TV)
Figure 1-5: Analog signals (a) Sine wave tone. (b) Voice. (c) Video (TV) signal.
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13:TypesofElectronicCommunication
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13:TypesofElectronicCommunication
DigitalSignals
Digitalsignalschangeinstepsorindiscrete
increments.
Mostdigitalsignalsusebinaryortwostatecodes.
Examplesare:
Telegraph(Morsecode)
Continuouswave(CW)code
Serialbinarycode(usedincomputers)
Figure 1-6: Digital signals (a) Telegraph (Morse code). (b) Continuous-wave (CW)
code. (c) Serial binary code.
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13:TypesofElectronicCommunication
DigitalSignals
Manytransmissionsareofsignalsthatoriginatein
digitalformbutmustbeconvertedtoanalogform
tomatchthetransmissionmedium.
Digitaldataoverthetelephonenetwork.
Analogsignals.
Theyarefirstdigitizedwithananalogtodigital(A/D)
converter.
Thedatacanthenbetransmittedandprocessedby
computersandotherdigitalcircuits.
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14:ModulationandMultiplexing
Modulationandmultiplexingareelectronic
techniquesfortransmittinginformation
efficientlyfromoneplacetoanother.
Modulationmakestheinformationsignal
morecompatiblewiththemedium.
Multiplexingallowsmorethanonesignalto
betransmittedconcurrentlyoverasingle
medium.
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14:ModulationandMultiplexing
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14:ModulationandMultiplexing
BasebandTransmission
BroadbandTransmission
Basebandinformationcanbesentdirectlyand
unmodifiedoverthemediumorcanbeusedto
modulateacarrierfortransmissionoverthe
medium.
Acarrierisahighfrequencysignalthatis
modulatedbyaudio,video,ordata.
Aradiofrequency(RF)waveisan
electromagneticsignalthatisabletotravellong
distancesthroughspace.
Intelephoneorintercomsystems,thevoiceisplacedon
thewiresandtransmitted.
Insomecomputernetworks,thedigitalsignalsare
applieddirectlytocoaxialortwistedpaircablesfor
transmission.
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14:ModulationandMultiplexing
14:ModulationandMultiplexing
BroadbandTransmission
Abroadbandtransmissiontakesplacewhenacarrier
signalismodulated,amplified,andsenttothe
antennafortransmission.
Thetwomostcommonmethodsofmodulationare:
AmplitudeModulation(AM)
FrequencyModulation(FM)
Anothermethodiscalledphasemodulation(PM),in
whichthephaseangleofthesinewaveisvaried.
Figure 1-7: Modulation at the transmitter.
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14:ModulationandMultiplexing
14:ModulationandMultiplexing
Figure 1-8: Types of modulation. (a) Amplitude modulation. (b) Frequency modulation.
BroadbandTransmission
Frequencyshiftkeying(FSK)takesplacewhen
dataisconvertedtofrequencyvaryingtones.
Devicescalledmodems(modulatordemodulator)
translatethedatafromdigitaltoanalogandback
again.
Demodulationordetectiontakesplaceinthe
receiverwhentheoriginalbaseband(e.g.audio)
signalisextracted.
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14:ModulationandMultiplexing
14:ModulationandMultiplexing
Multiplexing
Multiplexingistheprocessofallowingtwoor
moresignalstosharethesamemediumor
channel.
Thethreebasictypesofmultiplexingare:
Frequencydivision
Timedivision
Codedivision
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15:TheElectromagneticSpectrum
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15:TheElectromagneticSpectrum
Therangeofelectromagneticsignals
encompassingallfrequenciesisreferredtoas
theelectromagneticspectrum.
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15:TheElectromagneticSpectrum
FrequencyandWavelength:Frequency
Asignalislocatedonthefrequencyspectrum
accordingtoitsfrequencyandwavelength.
Frequencyisthenumberofcyclesofarepetitive
wavethatoccurinagivenperiodoftime.
Acycleconsistsoftwovoltagepolarityreversals,
currentreversals,orelectromagneticfield
oscillations.
Frequencyismeasuredincyclespersecond(cps).
Theunitoffrequencyisthehertz(Hz).
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15:TheElectromagneticSpectrum
FrequencyandWavelength:Wavelength
Wavelengthisthedistanceoccupiedbyonecycle
ofawaveandisusuallyexpressedinmeters.
Wavelengthisalsothedistancetraveledbyan
electromagneticwaveduringthetimeofone
cycle.
Thewavelengthofasignalisrepresentedbythe
Greekletterlambda().
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15:TheElectromagneticSpectrum
15:TheElectromagneticSpectrum
Frequency
and Wavelength: Wavelength
Figure 1-15: Frequency and wavelength. (a) One cycle. (b) One wavelength.
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15:TheElectromagneticSpectrum
FrequencyRangesfrom30Hzto300GHz
Theelectromagneticspectrumisdividedintosegments:
Extremely Low Frequencies (ELF)
30300 Hz.
3003000 Hz.
30300 kHz.
3003000 kHz
AM radio 5351605 kHz.
15:TheElectromagneticSpectrum
FrequencyRangesfrom30Hzto300GHz
High Frequencies (HF)
30300 MHz
330 MHz
3003000 MHz
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15:TheElectromagneticSpectrum
15:TheElectromagneticSpectrum
OpticalSpectrum
FrequencyRangesfrom30Hzto300GHz
Microwaves and Super High
Frequencies (SHF)
Theopticalspectrumexistsdirectlyabovethe
millimeterwaveregion.
Threetypesoflightwavesare:
130 GHz
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Infrared
Visiblespectrum
Ultraviolet
30300 GHz
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15:TheElectromagneticSpectrum
OpticalSpectrum:Infrared
Infraredradiationisproducedbyanyphysical
equipmentthatgeneratesheat,includingourbodies.
Infraredisused:
Inastronomy,todetectstarsandotherphysicalbodiesinthe
universe,
Forguidanceinweaponssystems,wheretheheatradiatedfrom
airplanesormissilescanbedetectedandusedtoguidemissilesto
targets.
InmostnewTVremotecontrolunits,wherespecialcodedsignalsare
transmittedbyaninfraredLEDtotheTVreceivertochangechannels,
setthevolume,andperformotherfunctions.
InsomeofthenewerwirelessLANsandallfiberoptic
communication.
15:TheElectromagneticSpectrum
OpticalSpectrum:TheVisibleSpectrum
Justabovetheinfraredregionisthevisible
spectrumwerefertoaslight.
Redislowfrequencyorlongwavelengthlight
Violetishighfrequencyorshortwavelengthlight.
Lightwavesveryhighfrequencyenablesthemto
handleatremendousamountofinformation(the
bandwidthofthebasebandsignalscanbevery
wide).
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16:Bandwidth
15:TheElectromagneticSpectrum
Bandwidth(BW)isthatportionofthe
electromagneticspectrumoccupiedbya
signal.
OpticalSpectrum:Ultraviolet
Ultravioletisnotusedforcommunication
Itsprimaryuseismedical.
Channelbandwidthreferstotherangeof
frequenciesrequiredtotransmitthedesired
information.
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16:Bandwidth
MoreRoomattheTop
16:Bandwidth
MoreRoomattheTop
Today,virtuallytheentirefrequencyspectrum
betweenapproximately30kHzand300MHzhas
beenspokenfor.
Thereistremendouscompetitionforthese
frequencies,betweencompanies,individuals,and
governmentservicesinindividualcarriersand
betweenthedifferentnationsoftheworld.
Theelectromagneticspectrumisoneofourmost
preciousnaturalresources.
Communicationengineeringisdevotedtomaking
thebestuseofthatfinitespectrum.
Greateffortgoesintodevelopingcommunication
techniquesthatminimizethebandwidthrequired
totransmitgiveninformationandthusconserve
spectrumspace.
Thisprovidesmoreroomforadditional
communicationchannelsandgivesotherservices
orusersanopportunitytotakeadvantageofit.
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17:ASurveyof
CommunicationsApplications
16:Bandwidth
Simplex
SpectrumManagementandStandards
AMandFM
broadcasting
Digitalradio
TVbroadcasting
Digitaltelevision(DTV)
Cabletelevision
Facsimile
Wirelessremotecontrol
Spectrummanagementisprovidedbyagencies
setupbytheUnitedStatesandothercountriesto
controlspectrumuse.
TheFederalCommunicationsCommission(FCC)andthe
NationalTelecommunicationsandInformation
Administration(NTIA)aretwoagenciesthatdealin
spectrummanagement.
Standardsarespecificationsandguidelines
necessarytoensurecompatibilitybetween
transmittingandreceivingequipment.
Pagingservices
Navigationand
directionfinding
services
Telemetry
Radioastronomy
Surveillance
Musicservices
Internetradioand
video
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17:ASurveyof
CommunicationsApplications
Duplex
Telephones
Twowayradio
Radar
Sonar
Amateurradio
Citizensradio
FamilyRadioservice
TheInternet
Wideareanetworks
(WANs)
Metropolitanarea
networks(MANs)
Localareanetworks
(LANs)
18:JobsandCareersinthe
CommunicationIndustry
Theelectronicsindustryisroughlydividedinto
fourmajorspecializations:
1. Communications(largestintermsofpeople
employedandthedollarvalueofequipment
purchased)
2. Computers(secondlargest).
3. Industrialcontrols.
4. Instrumentation.
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18:JobsandCareersinthe
CommunicationIndustry
18:JobsandCareersinthe
CommunicationIndustry
TypesofJobs
TypesofJobs
Technicalsalesrepresentativesdetermine
customerneedsandrelatedspecifications,write
proposalsandsellequipment.
Technicalwritersgeneratetechnical
documentationforequipmentandsystems.
Trainersdevelopprograms,generatetrainingand
presentationmaterials,andconductclassroom
training.
Engineersdesigncommunicationequipmentand
systems.
Techniciansinstall,troubleshoot,repair,calibrate,
andmaintainequipment.
EngineeringTechniciansassistinequipment
design,testing,andassembly.
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18:JobsandCareersinthe
CommunicationIndustry
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18:JobsandCareersinthe
CommunicationIndustry
MajorEmployers
Thecommunicationelectronicsindustryismade
upofthefollowingsegments:
Manufacturers
Resellers
ServiceOrganizations
Endusers
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