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BY NHEAN CHANNKRISNA
c/ When the subject follows the verb, as in question and in sentence beginning
with here or there, the subject and the verb must agree.
Example:
-
or
+ noun + nor + singular noun + singular verb
Ex:
-
or
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BY NHEAN CHANNKRISNA
Example:
-
Example:
-
Not only the students but also the teacher works in Cambodia.
Not only my brothers but also my sister travels around the world.
-Not only the students but also the teachers work in Cambodia.
-Not only my brothers but also my sisters travel around the world.
The actor, along with her manager and some friends, is going to a party tonight.
Mr. Robin, accompanied by his wife and children, is arriving tonight.
My teacher, as well as, his students, wants to see the concert.
The students, accompanied by their mothers, have gone to the US to see the football
match.
g/ A phrase beginning with a verb form ending with ing can be the subject of
the sentence. The phrase like this always takes a singular verb.
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BY NHEAN CHANNKRISNA
Example:
-
h / When a relative pronoun is a subject, the verb must agree in number with the
word the relative pronoun stands for.
Example:
-
i/ Often words may not seem clearly singular or plural. The following list will
have you to avoid confusion in determining agreement.
Always singular
always plural
Example:
-
The end
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BY NHEAN CHANNKRISNA
I. Clauses:
Definition: Clauses are the building blocks of sentences. A clause is a group of
words that contains at least a subject and a verb.
1. Independent/ Main/ Principle Clauses
Kinds of Clauses
2. Dependent/ Subordinate Clauses
1. Independent Clauses:
An independent clause expresses a complete thought and can stand alone as a
sentence by itself.
Form:
2. Dependent Clauses:
A dependent clause begins with a subordinator such as when, while, if, that, as
long as, although, even though, even if, so long as,
Subordinators + sub + verb + (complement)
Example:
.. although students normally spend many years in collage.
.. when she tells me about the problem.
.. if you want to know about the real situation.
.. while I was writing the articles.
.. even though she doesnt love me.
.. even if I dont have money to pay for my school.
.. in spite of the fact that she is angry with me.
II.Clause Connectors:
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Simple Sentence
Compound Sentence
Complex Sentence
Compound-Complex Sentence
1. Simple Sentence:
A simple sentence is one independent clause. A simple sentence has a single
subject-verb agreement. A simple sentence may have more than one subject, more
than one verb or several subjects and verbs.
Example:
-
2. Compound Sentence:
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Form:
Example:
-
Example:
-
3. Complex Sentence:
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A complex sentence is made up of one independent clause and one (or more)
dependent clause.
Example:
-
4. Compound-Complex Sentence:
A compound-complex sentence is a combination of two (or more) independent
clauses and one (or more) dependent clause.
Example:
-
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BY NHEAN CHANNKRISNA
The poor students, whom my school provided the scholarship to, when to school.
meaning
refers only to person and is a subject pronoun.
refers only to person and is an object pronoun.
refers only to things and is a subject or object
pronoun
refers to things or people and is a subject or object
pronoun. ( in defining clause only)
refers to things or people and is a possessive.
meaning
refers to place.
refers to time.
refers to reason.
Note: All nouns in the main clause that are modified by adjective clause are
called antecedent.
Example:
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The students who study at Angkor Language School are very cute.
Battambang, which is a modern country, is very quiet.
I thanked the man who helped me.
The movie which we saw last night wasnt very good.
subject case
Example:
We love the man who loves us.
A friend who helps you in time of need is a real friend.
Hun Sen, who often colors his opponents to be the Khmer Rough, is sill one active
B. Object Case:
subject case
Example:
-
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possessive rel.
Example:
-
B. Object Case:
noun + whose+ noun + sub + v + (complement)
Example:
-
4. Relative Adverbs
Noun + when/ where/ why + sub + verb + ..
Example:
- The reason why I live you is you are pretty.
- On the day when you pass the exam, I will invite you to join my party.
-
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Form:
Relative pro. In phrase of quantity + sub + verb +
Relative pro. In phrase of quantity + verb +
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Example:
-
The cleverest members meet weekly. Some of them were appointed by the mayor.
I bought many expensive books. One of them is stated about how to write
a good proposal.
The television station decided to show only movies. I had already seen
most of them.
The television station decided to show only movies, most of which I had
already.
I have talked to my friends. Each of them is very good at singing.
I have talked to my friends each of whom is very good at singing.
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Example:
-You may sit where you like.
-He advanced as far as he dared.
- The clock stuck just as I entered the room.
- Will you wait until I return?
Form 2
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Example:
- She turned her face away lest he should see her tears.
- Achar Hem Chiev sacrificed his life that Cambodia might be freed from the French
-
protectorate.
They speak in favor of the strong in order that they might be allowed to keep their
profitable positions longer.
I carved Khmer heroes names on the stone inscription so ( that) future men could
know their bravery.
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BY NHEAN CHANNKRISNA
Example:
- Ancient people used the stars as if they were calendars.
- His health declines every day as though people contain AIDS.
- Your boyfriend lies me just as Im a foolish.
5. Adverb Clause of Cause, Reason, Effect:
The subordinators: (since, because, as, now that, so that, as long as, that)
Example:
- Since some planets are too far away from to spend people, computer operated space
probes are sent.
Spacesuits were designed for astronauts so that they could breathe in the space.
Our flight today has to postpone because the weather is not good.
- As her parents were not at home, she let him enter the house.
- I am very glad that you like it.
6. Adverb Clause of Result:
sub + v +
Sub. clause
Example:
increasingly deteriorated.
He is so smart that all the students want to study with him.
I am so lazy to do my homework that I fail my exam.
Reaksmey runs so fast that the teacher calls her a good racer.
You work so carefully that you dont have mistakes.
Form 2:
So + adj. / adv. + sub. + v + that + Sub. + v + ..
Adverb clause
Example:
So bravely did they fight that the enemy were driven off.
So beautiful woman she is that most men cant help loving her.
So terrible a disease broke out that very few of the people survived.
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Form 3:
Example:
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BY NHEAN CHANNKRISNA
Example:
- He is older than he looks.
- It is later than I thought.
- She is more beautiful than her photo looks.
- No man on earth is smarter than I (am smart).
- He is not as clever as we think.
Remember that the verb of the adverb clause of comparison of degree is often
understood.
- Nobody knows it is better than I (do).
- Few leaders are better than he (is).
- Not many know the truth of this better than you (know it).
9. Adverb Clause of Concession/ Contrast:
Form:
Sub. + V+ though, although, even though, even if, however,..+ Sub.+V
Example:
Form:
Example:
- She is getting married while her husband is earning money to treat his mother illness.
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BY NHEAN CHANNKRISNA
- The workers hold the demonstration whereas the firm is bankrupted in Cambodia.
-
Her husband excels to make money whereas she is good at keeping the family.
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Wh-question
Yes, no question
Meaning
that
Who
Whoever
Whom
Whomever
Whose
What
Whatever
Which
Whichever
Where
Wherever
Wherever
When
Whenever
Why
How
How long
How much
How many, etc
whatever person
anything or everything
anyplace
anytime
Sometimes the subordinator is used as the subject of the verb in the noun clause.
Only who, whoever, what, whatever, which, whichever can be used as the subject
of verb in the noun clause.
1. That Clause
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Form:
BY NHEAN CHANNKRISNA
B/ Object of Verb
Sub + verb + that clause
Sub + verb + to + noun/ pronoun + that clause
Sub + verb + object + that clause
Example:
-
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BY NHEAN CHANNKRISNA
The verbs in group 2 may or may not take an indirect object; however, if an
indirect object follows one o these verbs, to must be preceded.
Example:
-
The president explained (to the nation) that the country faced the deficit.
He mentions (to the press) that he might raise taxes.
The province governor told us that the province faced a serious food shortage.
We are pleased to inform you that you have been accepted for a place on our MBA
course.
The mayor promised (the city employees) that they wouldnt lose their job.
2. Wh-Question Clause
It is a dependent noun clause formed from a direct wh-question that is changed into
a statement and then joined to an introductory clause to form complex sentence. It
can follow two patterns: the subject pattern and the object pattern.
The following sentences are the examples of wh-question clause:
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
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BY NHEAN CHANNKRISNA
Introductory Clause
You know
Wh-word
verb
who
is
complement
responsible for creating
pollution and wasting resources.
Note: A noun or a pronoun that follow the main verb be in a question comes in
front of be in a noun clause.
But: Adjective or prepositional phrase doesnt come in front of be in the noun
clause.
Example:
- Where is the post office? I really want to know where the post office is.
- You can tell me who is in the room with you sister.
Introductory Clause
She asks me
Wh-word
sub
how much
money
verb
is found
complement
in Battambang
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BY NHEAN CHANNKRISNA
Introductory Clause
subordinator
Do you know
whether
sub
verb
complement
final exam
begins
next month?
Unit 6: Conjunctions
I. Definition
Conjunction is a word that is used to connect words, phrases, sentences, or clauses.
Coordinating Conjunctions
Subordinating Conjunctions
Correlative Conjunctions
Conjunctive Adverbs
1. Coordinating Conjunctions
Coordinating conjunction is a conjunction placed between words, phrases, clause,
or sentences.
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BY NHEAN CHANNKRISNA
They are:
For, And, Nor, But, Or, Yet, and So (FANBOYS)
a. Word + Word
Example:
-
b. Phrase + Phrase
Example:
-
I want to meet your parents and to tell him about your problem.
Bora likes listening to music and reading the articles.
Speaking English and writing English are very difficult to me.
Mary walks across the road and into the house.
I put all my books on the table, in my drawer, and in my bedroom.
My sister likes listening to music, watching TV, and playing football.
c. Sentence + Sentence
For
And
Nor
But
Or
Yet
So
Example:
-
2. Subordinating Conjunctions
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After although
Even though
When
Since
as
as if
unless so that
while
provided that
as long as
though
who
where
as though
until
which
how
because
before
than
whether
Example:
- Sophea wont stop shouting until you let her go.
- I dont think you should get married to Miss Vichera unless you love you.
- We dont know what they are thinking.
- Though my girlfriends family gets poor, I still love her.
- The girl who is sitting next to Mr. John is Miss Ranny.
3. Correlative Conjunctions
Either or, neither.. nor, both and, not only . But also
Example:
or
+ noun + nor + singular noun + singular verb
Ex:
-
or
+ noun + nor + singular noun + singular verb
Example:
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BY NHEAN CHANNKRISNA
Neither John nor his friends are going to the beach today.
Either the students or the teacher want to visit the United States of America.
Example:
-
Not only the students but also the teacher works in Cambodia.
Not only my brothers but also my sister travels around the world.
4. Conjunctive Adverbs
Conjunctive adverb is a conjunction which is used to make compound sentence.
also accordingly besides
consequently
furthermore however
hence
instead
indeed
moreover nevertheless
nonetheless otherwise
therefore
in contrast
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I havent got time to see the film; beside, I try to earn some money.
Walk slowly on the ice; otherwise, you will fall.
Stop dealing with her; otherwise, you will be deceived by her.
The end
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