Guerrilla warfare

2 Strategy, tactics and organization

Guerrilla and Guerrilla War redirect here;

not to be confused with Gorilla. For other uses,
see Guerrilla (disambiguation).

Guerrilla warfare is a form of irregular warfare in which

a small group of combatants such as armed civilians
or irregulars use military tactics including ambushes,
sabotage, raids, petty warfare, hit-and-run tactics, and
mobility to ght a larger and less-mobile traditional
military.

Etymology

Boer guerrillas during the Second Boer War in South Africa

Spanish guerrilla resistance to the French invasion in 1808

The strategy and tactics of guerrilla warfare tend to focus

around the use of a small, mobile force competing against
a larger, more unwieldy one.[1] The guerrilla focuses on
organizing in small units, depending on the support of the
local population, as well as taking advantage of terrain
more accommodating of small units.

The term, the diminutive form of war in Spanish, is

usually translated as little war, and the word, guerrilla
(Spanish pronunciation: [eria]), has been used to refer
to the concept since the 18th century, and perhaps earlier. In correct Spanish usage, a person who is a member
of a guerrilla is a guerrillero ([erieo]) if male, or a
guerrillera if female. This term became popular during
the Peninsular War, when the Spanish people rose against
the Napoleonic troops and fought against a highly superior army using the guerrilla strategy.

Tactically, the guerrilla army would avoid any confrontation with large units of enemy troops, but seek and eliminate small groups of soldiers to minimize losses and exhaust the opposing force. Not limiting their targets to personnel, enemy resources are also preferred targets. All of
The term guerrilla was used in English as early as 1809, that is to weaken the enemys strength, to cause the enemy
to refer to the ghters (e.g., The town was taken by the eventually to be unable to prosecute the war any longer,
guerrillas), and also (as in Spanish) to denote a group and to force the enemy to withdraw.
or band of such ghters. However, in most languages It is often misunderstood that guerrilla warfare must inguerrilla still denotes the specic style of warfare. The volve disguising as civilians to cause enemy troops to fail
use of the diminutive evokes the dierences in number, in telling friend from foe. However, this is not a primary
scale, and scope between the guerrilla army and the for- feature of a guerrilla war. This type of war can be pracmal, professional army of the state.
ticed anywhere there are places for combatants to cover
1

4 COUNTER-GUERRILLA WARFARE

themselves and where such advantage cannot be made use The Chinese general and strategist Sun Tzu, in his The
of by a larger and more conventional force.
Art of War (6th century BCE)or 600 BCE to 501 BCE,
[2]
Communist leaders like Mao Zedong and North Viet- was the earliest to propose the use of guerrilla warfare.
inspired the development of modern guernamese Ho Chi Minh both implemented guerrilla war- This directly [5]
rilla
warfare.
Guerrilla tactics were presumably emfare giving it a theoretical frame which served as a model
ployed
by
prehistoric
tribal warriors against enemy tribes.
for similar strategies elsewhere, such as the Cuban "foco"
[2] Evidence of conventional warfare, on the other hand, did
theory and the anti-Soviet Mujahadeen in Afghanistan.
not emerge until 3100 BC in Egypt and Mesopotamia.
Mao Zedong summarized basic guerrilla tactics at the Since the Enlightenment, ideologies such as nationalbeginning of the Chinese "Second Revolutionary Civil ism, liberalism, socialism, and religious fundamentalism
War" as: The enemy advances, we retreat; the enemy have played an important role in shaping insurgencies and
camps, we harass; the enemy tires, we attack; the enemy guerrilla warfare. [6]
retreats, we pursue.[3]:p. 124 At least one author credits
the ancient Chinese work The Art of War (dating from at One of the most remarkable guerrilla warfare warriors
least 200 BC) with providing instruction in such tactics to was Viriatus, lusitanian who led the resistance against the
Mao.[2]:pp. 67 Communist leaders like Mao Zedong and Roman Empire by obtaining several victories between
North Vietnamese Ho Chi Minh both implemented guer- 147 BC and 139 BC in the region of Zamora, Spain. Berilla warfare in the style of Sun Tzu from The Art of War cause of the innovative tactics he used during his command, he made himself the name of Terror Romanorum
,[2]
(Terror of the Romans).
Another notable example of guerrilla warfare was during
the 17th century in India when the Marathas under the
leadership of Shivaji attacked the surrounding kingdoms
of Bijapur Sultanate and Qutub Shahi Empire, which had
a numerical advantage and huge armies, but little knowledge of the geographical layout of the Western Ghats and
the Deccan Plateau. He assembled small armies and constantly raided the military camps and won numerous battles even with insignicant numbers.[7]

4 Counter-guerrilla warfare
Female Soviet partisans operating under Sydir Kovpak in
German-occupied Ukraine

While the tactics of modern guerrilla warfare originate in

the 20th century, irregular warfare, using elements later
characteristic of modern guerrilla warfare, has existed
throughout the battles of many ancient civilizations but in
a smaller scale. This recent growth was inspired in part
by theoretical works on guerrilla warfare, starting with
the Manual de Guerra de Guerrillas by Matas Ramn
Mella written in the 19th century and, more recently, Mao
Zedongs On Guerrilla Warfare, Che Guevaras Guerrilla
Warfare and Lenins text of the same name, all written
after the successful revolutions carried by them in China,
Cuba and Russia respectively. Those texts characterized
the tactic of guerrilla warfare as, according to Che Guevaras text, being used by the side which is supported by
a majority but which possesses a much smaller number
of arms for use in defense against oppression.[4]

History

Main article: History of guerrilla warfare

Main article: Counter-insurgency

A counter-insurgency or counterinsurgency[8]

Mass shootings of Vende royalist rebels in western France, 1793

(COIN) operation involves actions taken by the recognized government of a nation to contain or quell an
insurgency taken up against it.[9] In the main, the insurgents seek to destroy or erase the political authority of the
defending authorities in a population they seek to control,
and the counter-insurgent forces seek to protect that authority and reduce or eliminate the supplanting authority of the insurgents. Counter-insurgency operations are
common during war, occupation and armed rebellions.
Counter-insurgency may be armed suppression of a rebellion, coupled with tactics such as divide and rule de-

4.1

Principles

The Third of May 1808 by Francisco Goya, showing Spanish resisters being executed by Napoleons troops during the Peninsular
War.

A Viet Cong base camp being burned, My Tho, South Vietnam,

1968

1950s and 1960s and have been successfully applied.

4.1.1 Classic guidelines

The widely distributed and inuential work of Sir Robert
Thompson, counter-insurgency expert of the Malayan
Emergency, oers several such guidelines. Thompsons
underlying assumption is that of a country minimally
committed to the rule of law and better governance.[10]
Some governments, however, give such considerations
short shrift, and their counter-insurgency operations have
involved mass murder, genocide, terror, torture and execution.
Historian Timothy Snyder has written, In the guise of
anti-partisan actions, the Germans killed perhaps three
Polish guerrillas from Batalion Zoka dressed in stolen German quarters of a million people, about 350,000 in Belarus
uniforms and armed with stolen weapons, ghting in the Warsaw alone, and lower but comparable numbers in Poland and
Uprising, the largest anti-Nazi guerrilla warfare in Europe.
Yugoslavia. The Germans killed more than a hundred
thousand Poles when suppressing the Warsaw Uprising
of 1944.[11]
signed to fracture the links between the insurgency and
the population in which the insurgents move. Because In the Vietnam War, the Americans defoliated countit may be dicult or impossible to distinguish between less trees in areas where the communist North Vietan insurgent, a supporter of an insurgency who is a non- namese troops hid supply lines and conducted guerrilla
[12]
combatant, and entirely uninvolved members of the pop- warfare, (see Operation Ranch Hand). In the Soviet
ulation, counter-insurgency operations have often rested war in Afghanistan, the Soviets countered the U.S.
on a confused, relativistic, or otherwise situational dis- backed Mujahideen with a 'Scorched Earth' policy, driving over one third of the Afghan population into exile
tinction between insurgents and non-combatants.
(over 5 million people), and carrying out widespread destruction of villages, granaries, crops, herds and irrigation
systems, including the deadly and widespread mining of
4.1 Principles
elds and pastures.[13][14]
The guerrilla can be dicult to beat, but certain principles Many modern countries employ manhunting doctrine to
of counter-insurgency warfare are well known since the seek out and eliminate individual guerrillas.

4
4.1.2

REFERENCES

Variants

Some writers on counter-insurgency warfare emphasize

the more turbulent nature of todays guerrilla warfare environment, where the clear political goals, parties and
structures of such places as Vietnam, Malaysia, and El
Salvador are not as prevalent. These writers point to numerous guerrilla conicts that center around religious,
ethnic or even criminal enterprise themes, and that do not
lend themselves to the classic national liberation template.
The wide availability of the Internet has also caused
changes in the tempo and mode of guerrilla operations A Tuareg rebel ghter in northern Niger, 2008
in such areas as coordination of strikes, leveraging of nancing, recruitment, and media manipulation. While the
classic guidelines still apply, todays anti-guerrilla forces
system that keeps all his unarmed brothers in
need to accept a more disruptive, disorderly and ambiguignominy and misery.
ous mode of operation. According to David Kilcullen:
Che Guevara[16]
Insurgents may not be seeking to overthrow the state, may have no coherent strategy or may pursue a faith-based approach
dicult to counter with traditional methods.
There may be numerous competing insurgencies in one theater, meaning that the counterinsurgent must control the overall environment rather than defeat a specic enemy. The
actions of individuals and the propaganda effect of a subjective single narrative may far
outweigh practical progress, rendering counterinsurgency even more non-linear and unpredictable than before. The counterinsurgent, not
the insurgent, may initiate the conict and represent the forces of revolutionary change. The
economic relationship between insurgent and
population may be diametrically opposed to
classical theory. And insurgent tactics, based
on exploiting the propaganda eects of urban
bombing, may invalidate some classical tactics
and render others, like patrolling, counterproductive under some circumstances. Thus, eld
evidence suggests, classical theory is necessary
but not sucient for success against contemporary insurgencies.[15]

Foco theory

Main article: Foco

In the 1960s, the Marxist revolutionary Che Guevara developed the foco (Spanish: foquismo) theory of revolution
in his book Guerrilla Warfare, based on his experiences
during the 1959 Cuban Revolution. This theory was later
formalized as focalism by Rgis Debray. Its central
principle is that vanguardism by cadres of small, fastmoving paramilitary groups can provide a focus for popular discontent against a sitting regime, and thereby lead
a general insurrection. Although the original approach
was to mobilize and launch attacks from rural areas,
many foco ideas were adapted into urban guerrilla warfare movements.

6 See also
7 References
Notes
[1] Van Creveld, Martin (2000). Technology and War II:
Postmodern War?". In Charles Townshend. The Oxford
History of Modern War. New York, USA: Oxford University Press. pp. 356358. ISBN 0-19-285373-2.
[2] McNeilly, Mark. Sun Tzu and the Art of Modern Warfare,
2003, p. 204. American arming and support of the antiSoviet Mujahadeen in Afghanistan is another example.
[3] Mao Tse-tung, A Single Spark Can Start a Prairie Fire,
Selected Works, Eng. ed., FLP, Peking, 1965, Vol. I.

Why does the guerrilla ghter ght? We

must come to the inevitable conclusion that
the guerrilla ghter is a social reformer, that
he takes up arms responding to the angry
protest of the people against their oppressors,
and that he ghts in order to change the social

[4] Guevara, Ernesto; Loveman, Brian; Thomas m. Davies,

Jr (1985). Guerrilla Warfare. ISBN 9780842026789.
[5] Snyder, Craig. Contemporary security and strategy, 1999,
p. 46. Many of Sun Tzus strategic ideas were adopted
by the practitioners of guerrilla warfare.

[6] Boot, Max (2013). Invisible Armies: An Epic History of

Guerrilla Warfare from Ancient Times to the Present. Liveright. pp. 1011, 55. ISBN 978-0-87140-424-4.
[7] Battles involving the Maratha Empire#Background
[8] See American and British English spelling dierences#Compounds and hyphens
[9] An insurgency is a rebellion against a constituted authority (for example an authority recognized as such by the
United Nations) when those taking part in the rebellion
are not recognized as belligerents (Oxford English Dictionary second edition 1989 insurgent B. n. One who rises
in revolt against constituted authority; a rebel who is not
recognized as a belligerent.)
[10] Thompson, Robert (1966). Defeating Communist Insurgency: The Lessons of Malaya and Vietnam, Chatto &
Windus, ISBN 0-7011-1133-X
[11] Snyder, Timothy. "Holocaust: The Ignored Reality"
[12] Failoa, Anthony (13 November 2006). In Vietnam, Old
Foes Take Aim at Wars Toxic Legacy. The Washington
Post. Retrieved 31 October 2011.
[13] Kakar, Hassan. The Story of Genocide in Afghanistan
[14] Malhuret, Claude. Report from Afghanistan
[15] Kilcullen, David. Counter-insurgency Redux
[16] Guevara, Ernesto; Davies, Thomas M. Guerrilla Warfare,
Rowman & Littleeld, 1997, ISBN 0-8420-2678-9, p. 52

Further reading
Asprey, Robert. War in the Shadows: The Guerrilla
in History
Beckett, I. F. W. (15 September 2009). Encyclopedia of Guerrilla Warfare (Hardcover). Santa Barbara, California: Abc-Clio Inc. ISBN 0874369290.
ISBN 9780874369298
Derradji Abder-Rahmane, The Algerian Guerrilla
Campaign Strategy & Tactics, the Edwin Mellen
Press, New York, USA, 1997.
Hinckle, Warren (with Steven Chain and David
Goldstein): Guerrilla-Krieg in USA (Guerrilla war in
the USA), Stuttgart (Deutsche Verlagsanstalt) 1971.
ISBN 3-421-01592-9
Keats, John (1990). They Fought Alone. Time Life.
ISBN 0-8094-8555-9
MacDonald, Peter. Giap: The Victor in Vietnam
Maclean, Fitzroy. Disputed Barricade: The Life and
Times of Josip Broz Tito
Peers, William R.; Brelis, Dean. Behind the Burma
Road: The Story of Americas Most Successful Guerrilla Force. Boston: Little, Brown & Co., 1963.

Schmidt, LS. 1982. American Involvement in

the Filipino Resistance on Mindanao During the
Japanese Occupation, 1942-1945. M.S. Thesis.
U.S. Army Command and General Sta College.
274 pp.
Weber, Olivier, Afghan Eternity, 2002

8 External links
Spanish Anthem of the traditional Guerrilleros unit
on YouTube
Tribute to Mexican Women Guerrilleras. On the
Freedom Country on YouTube
abcNEWS: The Secret War on YouTube - Pakistani
militants conduct raids in Iran
abcNEWS Exclusive: The Secret War - Deadly
guerrilla raids in Iran
Insurgency Research Group - Multi-expert blog dedicated to the study of insurgency and the development of counter-insurgency policy.
Guerrilla warfare on Spartacus Educational
Encyclopaedia Britannica, Guerrilla warfare
Mao on guerrilla warfare
Relearning Counterinsurgency Warfare
Casebook on Insurgency and Revolutionary Warfare
United States Army Special Operations Command
Counter Insurgency Jungle Warfare School (CIJWS)India

9 TEXT AND IMAGE SOURCES, CONTRIBUTORS, AND LICENSES

Text and image sources, contributors, and licenses

9.1

Text

Guerrilla warfare Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guerrilla_warfare?oldid=675079547 Contributors: Damian Yerrick, AxelBoldt,

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Earth, Dante Alighieri, Georgec, MartinHarper, 172, IZAK, Paul Benjamin Austin, Paul A, Pde, Ahoerstemeier, Docu, , Error,
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9.2

Images

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9.2

Images

File:6-de-junio-1808.jpg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/0d/6-de-junio-1808.jpg License: Public domain

Contributors: Self-photographed Original artist: unknown Valencian painter
File:AK-soldiers_Parasol_Regiment_Warsaw_Uprising_1944.jpg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/5e/
AK-soldiers_Parasol_Regiment_Warsaw_Uprising_1944.jpg License: Public domain Contributors: From collection of L. Reidich Original
artist: Juliusz Bogdan Deczkowski
File:Afrikaner_Commandos2.JPG Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/69/Afrikaner_Commandos2.JPG License: Public domain Contributors: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:Afrikaner_Commandos.JPG uploaded there by http://en.wikipedia.
org/w/index.php?title=User:Marcelle&action=edit Original artist: Unknown
File:Commons-logo.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg License: ? Contributors: ? Original
artist: ?
File:El_Tres_de_Mayo,_by_Francisco_de_Goya,_from_Prado_in_Google_Earth.jpg Source:
https://upload.wikimedia.org/
Public
wikipedia/commons/4/48/El_Tres_de_Mayo%2C_by_Francisco_de_Goya%2C_from_Prado_in_Google_Earth.jpg License:
domain Contributors: The Prado in Google Earth: Home - 7th level of zoom, JPEG compression quality: Photoshop 8. Original artist:
Francisco Goya
File:Fusillades_de_Nantes.jpg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/32/Fusillades_de_Nantes.jpg License: Public domain Contributors: Bibliothque nationale de France Original artist: Unknown
File:Kovpak_partisanki.jpg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/86/Kovpak_partisanki.jpg License: Public domain Contributors: en:Image:Kovpak partisanki.jpg, 07:26, 30 April 2006 . . Irpen, from http://www.wumag.kiev.ua/index2.php?param=
pgs20052/66 Original artist: pre-1954 image, unknown author
File:My_Tho,_Vietnam._A_Viet_Cong_base_camp_being._In_the_foreground_is_Private_First_Class_Raymond_Rumpa,
_St_Paul,_Minnesota_-_NARA_-_530621_edit.jpg Source:
https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/e4/My_Tho%
2C_Vietnam._A_Viet_Cong_base_camp_being._In_the_foreground_is_Private_First_Class_Raymond_Rumpa%2C_St_Paul%2C_
Minnesota_-_NARA_-_530621_edit.jpg License: Public domain Contributors: U.S. National Archives and Records Administration
Original artist: Army Specialist Fourth Class Dennis Kurpius
File:Nigerien_MNJ_fighter_technical_gun.JPG Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/04/Nigerien_MNJ_
fighter_technical_gun.JPG License: Public domain Contributors: http://www.voanews.com/english/2008-02-08-voa29.cfm Original
artist: Phuong Tran, Voice of America
File:Wiktionary-logo-en.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/f8/Wiktionary-logo-en.svg License: Public
domain Contributors: Vector version of Image:Wiktionary-logo-en.png. Original artist: Vectorized by Fvasconcellos (talk contribs),
based on original logo tossed together by Brion Vibber

9.3

Content license

Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike 3.0