CHP 4 Chemical

Quantities and
Aqueous Reactions

Chemical Reactions

Stoichiometry is the numerical relationship between chemical quantities

in a balanced chemical equation

Stoichiometry allows for predictions to be made on:

The amount of products that form based upon the amount of reactants present

How much of the reactants is needed to form a given amount of product

How much of one reactant is needed to completely react with another reactant

These calculations are important in chemistry as it allows chemists to plan

and conduct chemical reactions to obtain products in the desired quantities

Stoichiometry

Moles of Elements from Compounds

Recall, how we used the chemical formula to determine the ratio of an

element in a compound

Example: Calculate the mass, in grams, of oxygen in 126.5 g of sulfuric acid

(H2SO4)?
Given: 1 mol H2SO4 = 98.078 g H2SO4
Molar Mass (M.M.) of O = 15.999 g/mol
Step 1: Determine the ratio of oxygen to sulfuric acid

4 mol O: 1 mol H2SO4

Step 2: Perform conversion

1 2 4
4
15.999
126.5 2 4

= 82.54
98.078 2 4 1 2 4
1

MASS of
Compound

MOLES of
Compound

MOLES of
Element

MASS of
Element

Stoichiometry

Moles of Reactants & Products

Now, we will use a balanced chemical equation to determine the amount of
a particular reactant need or product that will be produced
A balanced chemical equation is like a recipe showing how much
reactants are needed to form a desired product
Example: How many moles of NH3 is produced from the complete reaction of
2.4 mol of N2?

Write balanced chemical equation

32 () + 2 () 23 ()

Determine molar ratio of N2 to NH3

1 mol N2 : 2 mol NH3

Perform calculation

2.4 2

2 3
= 4.8 3
1 2

MOLES of
Compound A

MOLES of
Compound B

Stoichiometry:

Mass of Reactants & Products

Since mole-to-mole conversions have been performed, now mass-tomass conversions can also be performed
Example: How many grams of NH3 is produced from the complete
reaction of 64.2 g of N2?

Write balanced chemical equation:

32 () + 2 () 23 ()

Determine molar ratio of N2 to NH3

1 mol N2 : 2 mol NH3

Perform calculation
1 2
2 3 17.031 3
64.2 2

= 78.1 3
28.014 2
1 2
1 3

MASS of
Compound A

MOLES of
Compound A

MOLES of
Compound B

MASS of
Compound A

Limiting Reactant, Theoretical

Yield & Percent Yield

Limiting reactant

Theoretical yield

Actual yield

Percent yield

The reactant
that makes the
least amount of
product in a
reaction

The amount of
product that can
be made in a
chemical
reaction based
upon the
amount of the
limiting
reactant/reagent

The amount of
product that is
actually
produced by the
chemical
reaction

The percentage
of the
theoretical yield
that was actually
attained can be
calculated using
the formula

100%

Limiting Reactant, Theoretical Yield &

Percent Yield

Example

Limiting reactant

If I have 4 crusts and 10 c.

cheese, which is the
limiting reactant?

Theoretical yield

How many pizzas can we

expect to make?

Actual yield

We only make three

pizzas

Percent yield

3
4

100 = 75%

1 crust + 5 oz. tomato sauce + 2 c. cheese = 1 pizza

Limiting Reactant, Theoretical Yield &

Percent Yield

Word Problem Starting with Moles

Example: What is the limiting reactant and theoretical yield of NH3 in moles if
you begin with 2.6 mol of hydrogen and 1.4 mol of nitrogen?
1.

Write balanced chemical equation:

32 () + 2 () 23 ()

2.

Determine molar ratio of N2 to NH3

3.

3 mol H2 : 1 mol N2 : 2 mol NH3

Determine limiting reactant and theoretical yield

2 :

2.6 2

2 3
= 1.7 3
3 2

2 :

1.4 2

2 3
= 2. 8 3
1 2

MOLES of
Compound A

MOLES of
Compound B

Limiting Reactant, Theoretical

Yield & Percent Yield

Word Problem Starting with Mass

Example: What is the limiting reactant and theoretical yield of NH3 in moles if you begin
with 46.2 g of hydrogen and 76.9 g of nitrogen?
1.

Write balanced chemical equation:

32 () + 2 () 23 ()

2.

Determine molar ratio of N2 to NH3

3 mol H2 : 1 mol N2 : 2 mol NH3

Determine limiting reactant and theoretical yield

1 2 2 3
17.03 3
2 : 46.2 2

= 15.2 mol 3
= 260. 3
2.02 2
3 2
1 3
3.

2 :

MASS of
Compound A

76.9 2

1 2
2 3
17.031 3

= 5.49 mol 3
= 93.5 3
28.014 2
1 2
1 3

MOLES of
Compound A

MOLES of
Compound B

MASS of
Compound A

Most chemical reactions are those

in which reactants are dissolved in
water

Terms:

Solution - a homogeneous mixture

of two or more substances

Solvent - the majority component

of a solution; amount varies

Solute - the minority component

of a solution; amount varies

Aqueous Solution - a solution

where water is the solvent

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Solutions

10

Solution Concentration

11

Quantifying the amount of solute relative to the solvent is to determine

the concentration of the solution

Recall, that the amount of solute and solvent varies

Dilute Solution - contains a small amount of solute relative to the solvent

Concentrated Solution - contains a large amount of solute relative to the

solvent

Solution Concentration

12

Molarity

Quantify the amount of solute relative to the solvent is to determine

the concentration of the solution

One way to express concentration of a solution is Molarity (M or mol/L)

Molarity is moles of solute per liter of solution

()
()

Note: Molarity is a ratio of the amount of solute per liter of solution,

not per liter of solvent

Solution Concentration
Calculating Molarity

Example: Determine the molarity of a solution that has 25.5 g KBr

dissolved to a volume of 1.75 L.
1.

Determine formula mass of KBr and convert to moles

1
25.5
= 0.214
119.00

2.

Calculate the molarity of the solution

0.214
=
= 0.122
1.75

13

14

Preparing a Solution

Can be performed in two

ways:
1.

Dissolve a solid solute

with a liquid solvent

2.

Mixing a liquid solute

with a liquid solvent

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Preparing a Solution

15

Solid Solute and Liquid Solvent

Example: Prepare a 2.80 M CaCl2 solution in a 500.0 mL volumetric flask. How
many grams of CaCl2 is needed?
1. Molarity is in mol/L so we need our volume in L
1
500.0 3
= 0.5000
10
2. Determine moles of solute (CaCl2) to add to 0.5000 L of solution to
make 2.80 M
2.80 2
0.5000 = 1.40 2
1
3. Determine amount of solute in grams
110.984
1.40 2
= 155 2
1 2

Preparing a Solution

Can be performed in two

ways:
1.

Dissolve a solid solute

with a liquid solvent

2.

Mixing a liquid solute

with a liquid solvent

16

Preparing a Solution

17

Liquid Solute and Liquid Solvent

Commonly, the solutions that are stored in a lab or purchased are

highly concentrated

These solutions are referred to as stock solutions

Will need to make solutions of lower concentrations from stock

solutions
To do this, you will need to add more solvent
Note: amount of solute, in moles, does not change, just the volume; thus,
moles of solute in original solution is equal to the moles of solute in diluted
(new) solution the only thing that changes is the concentration

Equation used to dilute a stock solution

1 1 = 2 2
M1 or C1 is the concentration of the original solution
or
V1 is the volume of M1 or C1 (solute) delivered
1 1 = 2 2

M2 or C2 is the concentration of the new solution you are trying to make

V2 is the volume of the new concentration (M2 or C2)

Preparing a solution
Example: A 0.50 M NaOH solution is prepared from 50.0 mL of 3.0 M
What is the volume (mL) of the diluted solution?
1.

Input the given values into the dilution equation and solve for V2

1 1 = 2 2
3.0 50.0 = 0.50 2
3.0 50.0
= 2 = 75
0.50

M1 or C1 is the concentration of the original solution

V1 is the volume of M1 or C1 (solute) delivered
M2 or C2 is the concentration of the new solution you are trying to make
V2 is the volume of the new concentration (M2 or C2)

18

Preparing a solution

19

Example: Ana prepared 250. mL of a diluted NaOH solution using 8 mL of

a 1.8 M NaOH solution. What was the concentration of her new solution?
1.

Input the given values into the dilution equation and solve for V2

1 1 = 2 2
1.8 8 = 2 250
1.8 8
= 2 = 0.06
250
Note: The units used on one side of the dilution equation carry-over to
the other side of the equation

20

Solution
stoichiometry

When doing calculations, molarity can be used to convert between the amount
of reactants and/or products in a chemical reaction

Example: What volume (in L) of 0.150 M KCl solution is required to completely react with
0.150 L of a 0.175 M Pb(NO3)2 solution according to the following balanced equation?
2() + (3 )2() 2() + 23()
1.

2.

3.

Determine ration between of moles of Pb(NO3)2 and KCl

1 (3 )2 2
Use the information given to determine the number of moles in Pb(NO3)2
0.175
(3 )2 =
0.150 = 0.02625

Determine volume of KCl solution needed to get necessary moles

2
1
0.02625 (3 )2

= 0.350
1 (3 )2 0.150

VOLUME
of A

MOLES of A

MOLES of B

VOLUME
of B