The Origins of the Magnetic Field Intensity and

other Related Topics

Dr. Emile Brink

Delft
University of
Technology

Challenge the future

Contents
Origins of the Magnetic Field Intensity (H)
Vector field, curl and Stokes Theorem
Point form of Amperes law
Applied to non-magnetic conductor
Ferromagnetic materials

Magnetic field intensity (H)

Hysteresis curve and permanent magnets

Inductance

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Vector Field F

F Mi Nj Pk

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Circulation of F around C

F Tds circulation of F around path C

C

F Tds 0

F Tds 0

F Tds 0

T
F Tds 0

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Circulation of F around C

F Tds circulation of F around path C

C

F // T at all points along the path

F is constant along the path

F Tds F 2R
C

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Circulation of F around C

F Tds 0
C

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Stokes Theorem
Stokes Theorem 2D Greens Theorem (First alternative form)
Path C

F Tds F Tds F Tds

Path A
Path B

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Stokes Theorem
Stokes Theorem 2D Greens Theorem (First alternative form)
Path A

Path D

F Tds F Tds F Tds F Tds F Tds

C

Path E

Path B

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Stokes Theorem
Stokes Theorem 2D Greens Theorem (First alternative form)
Taking the limit:

Amount of paths
Path length 0

Path C

Results:
Addition of the circulation of F around
an infinite number of points bound by
the path C

F Tds F Tds
1

Rotation of F about a point (x,y,z):

F x, y, z N

F Tds F Nda
C
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Stokes Theorem

F Tds F Nda
C

Curl F
N

Vector field F

Path C

10

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Curl of F
x i y j z k

i y j z k Mi Nj Pk

P
y

Nz j Mz Px k
11

N
x

My

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Maxwells Equations
In the absence of magnetic and dielectric mediums

E
0

Divergence Theorem

E Nda
A

B
E
t

Stokes Theorem

Divergence Theorem

B 0

C E Tds t

B Nda 0
A

E
c B
0 t
2

Stokes Theorem

A
E V
t

1 I
C B Tds c2 0 t

B A

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Point form of Amperes law

E
c B
0 t
2

path c

Stokes Theorem
around path c

c 0 B J
2

B ds B Nda

B ds

c 0

1
2

J Nda
s

B / /T at all points along the path

B is constant along the path

2 rB c2I

Non-magnetic conductor carrying constant current I

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Magnetism
Can only be completely explained through Quantum Mechanics
Classical model gives, however, adequate explanation
Therefore used

Diamagnetic materials
Weakly repelled from a magnetic field
E.g. Bismuth
Paramagnetic materials
Weakly attracted to a magnetic field
E.g. Aluminium
Antiferromagnetic materials
No net magnetic moment within the material
Ferrimagnetic materials
E.g. Ferrites used for high-frequency inductor and transformer cores
Ferromagnetic materials
Strongly attracted to magnetic fields

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Ferromagnetic materials
Within an atom magnetic field is caused by:
Orbiting electrons around nucleus
Spin of electrons
Orbiting protons within the nucleus
Spin of the protons
Spin of the neutrons
Lead to magnetic moments within the material

S area N

m IS

Am
2

I
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Ferromagnetic materials

Each atom can be represented by a

magnetic moment, m
Permanent magnet - all the magnetic
moments are lined up

Stokes Theorem

m
path c

Net current at the surface

Uniformly magnetized rod

=
long solenoid carrying an
electric current

End view of a permanent magnet

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Ferromagnetic materials
Define magnetization vector, M
Average magnetic moment per unit volume

1
M
mi

vol vol

vol m3

m A m

MA
2

vol

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Ferromagnetic materials

M dl I I
M dl M Nda I
M

MT

1
M
mi A m

vol vol

MT

Differentiating w.r.t area

M JM
M

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path c

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Maxwells equations in the presence of

Ferromagnetic materials
The magnetic fields due to the winding current, I cond , lines up the magnetic
moments in the core
Result in an additional current, I M , circulating on the core surface
Ferromagnetic core

Point form of Amperes law

E
c B
0 t
J

IM
I cond

c B
2

J
BM

0
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Maxwells equations in the presence of

Ferromagnetic materials
c B

c 2 B

c 2 B

J J cond J M

cond

cond

J J cond M

JM

Ferromagnetic core

IM

0 c 2 B M J cond
0 c 2 B M J cond

H 0c B M
2

I cond

H J cond
20

BM

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Maxwells equations in the presence of

Ferromagnetic materials
0 c 2 B M J cond

H J cond

H 0c B M
2

Ferromagnetic core

In the absence of magnetic materials, M=0

H 0c 2 B

0 1c

IM
I cond

BM

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Maxwells equations in the presence of

Ferromagnetic materials
0 c 2 B M J cond

H 0c B M
2

H J cond

B 1c2 H M
0

BH curve
No direct relation between B and M
Depends on past history

22

Br
Hc

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Maxwells equations in the presence of

Ferromagnetic materials
0c 2 B M J cond

0c 2 B M 0

0c 2 B M

0c 2 B J M

Br
Hc

IM
I

Thought of:
MMF equal to I M
producing Br

No external excitation
I=0

IM
IM

AC
IM

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Maxwells equations in the presence of

Ferromagnetic materials
0c 2 B M J cond

0c 2 B M 0

Thought of:
MMF equal to I M
producing Br

No external excitation
I=0

0c 2 B M

0c 2 B J M

Br

Hc can be thought of as the materials

ability to maintain IM under loaded
conditions

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Hc

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Maxwells equations in the presence of

Ferromagnetic materials
Soft magnetic materials:
High remanent magnetization,Br
Small coercivity, H c
Hard magnetic materials:
High remanent magnetization,Br
Large coercivity, H c

25

Br
Hc

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Maxwells equations in the presence of

Ferromagnetic materials

Engineering applications
Linear relation between B and M

B 0 r H

Br
Hc

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Maxwells equations in the presence of

Ferromagnetic materials
Determine inductance

H 0c 2 B M

H J cond

B 0 r H
Ferromagnetic core

I cond

a
27

c
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Maxwells equations in the presence of

Ferromagnetic materials
H 0c 2 B M

H J cond

Determine inductance

B 0 r H

H dl H Nda J Nda
c

Sc

Sc

Hlc turns I
B

Ferromagnetic core

IM

B 0 r H
IM

0 r turns I cond
lc

IM
I cond

IM
c

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Maxwells equations in the presence of

Ferromagnetic materials
H J cond

Determine inductance

B 0 r H

H dl H Nda J Nda
a

Sa

H 0c 2 B M
Ferromagnetic core

Sa

H air laair H corelacore turns I

IM

B 0 B const
Bc

turns I
laair

0 r
lacore

I cond

0turns I
laair

a
29

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Maxwells equations in the presence of

Ferromagnetic materials
Determine inductance

Ba

Bc

0turns I
laair

Bc

B 0 r H

0 r turns I cond

Ferromagnetic core

lc

IM

Ba Btotal Bc
L

H 0c 2 B M

H J cond

I cond

I
a

30

c
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Questions

31

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