TheConceptionofEmbryology

*Aristotle(384322B.C.)Describedtwohistoricallyimportantmodelsofdevelopmentknownas
preformationandepigenesis
1.LeonardodaVinci(14521519)Firsttoprovideevidencethatembryoscanbemeasured
chronologicallyandcanbechangedinweight,size,andshape
2.HeironymusFabricius(15371619)FatherofEmbryology;describedthemembranousfoldsthat
hecalledvalves;publishedtheTabulaePictae(1600)describingthefirstcerebralfissure;designed
thefirstpermanenttheaterforpublicanatomicaldissections
3.MarcelloMalphigi(16281694)Discoveredtheaorticarches,neuralfolds,andsomitesonthe
embryologyofchick;alsodiscoveredtheMalphigianbodies
4.JanSwammerdam(16371680)Frogembryosconsistsofglobules(particlesinblood);blackspotin
frogeggisfrogitself(allpartsintact)

TheCognizanceofOvaries
5.ReynierdeGraaf(16411673)Discoveredthefunctionoftheovarianfolliclenowknownasthe
graafianfollicle
6.WilliamHarvey(1652)Determinedthewhitespotpositionwhereembryoariseinegg;described
theblastodermsuniqueplaceoforiginofembryonicbody
7.NicholasSteno(16661686)Discoveredtheroleofovariesinhumanandoviparousembryos
8.AlbrechtvonHaller(17081777)Modelofperformationismcalledovism(ideathatthenew
individualexistswithinthematernaleggpriortoconception)
9.CharlesBonnet(17201793)Seriesofexperimentsinparthenogenesisinamphidsortreelice
10.HermanBoerhaave(1724)Firstdetailedaccountofchemicalembryologybyexperimentingonegg
yolksandeggwhitesidenticallyhowoneaffectstheother
11.LazarroSpallazani(17291799)Performedthefirstartificialinseminationofaviviparousanimal
12.CasparFriedrichWolff(17331794)DiscoveredtheWolffianduct,WolffianbodyandWolffiancyst;
formedthegermlayertheory;TheoridGenerationis(1774)iswherehediscardedthedevelopmental
theoryofpreformation
13.KarlErnstvonBaer(17921876)Discoveredthemammalianovumandintroducedtheterm
spermatozoa

TheDiscoveryandUnderstandingofthe3GermLayers
14.JohannesPeterMuller(18011858)Hemadeanincreasingunderstandinginthechemicaland
physicalpropertiesoflymph,chyle,andblood
15.RobertRemak(18151865)reducedKarlErnstvonBaersgermlayers;discoveredtheoriginof
cellswasbythedivisionofpreexistingcells
16.HeinzChristianPander(18261839)Discoveredthe3germlayersoftheembryoofachick
17.WilhelmHis(18311904)Identifiedthegerminativezonewithinthedevelopingvertebrate
metencephaloncalledrhombiclip

UnlockingEmbryonicDevelopment
18.FriedrichLeopoldAugustWeismann(18341914)Introducedthegermplasmtheory
19.MartinHenrichRathke(18391860)DiscoveredRathkespouch
20.HansSpemann(18691941)Discoveredtheorganizereffectinembryonicdevelopment
21.FlorenceSabin(18711953)Investigatedtheembryologicaldevelopmentofthelymphaticsystem

22.HermannFol(1879)Contributeddetailedinformationrelativetotheactualentranceofthesperm
intotheseaurchineggandshowedthatintheeggsofvariousanimalspeciesonlyonespermnormally
enters.
23.JuliusKollman(1885)Coinedthetermneotenytodescribethesexualmaturationofa
salamanderwherethereisretentionofjuvenilecharacteristicsinadultspecies
24.WilhelmRoux(1888)MosaicTheoryofEpigenesis;proposedthatchromatiniscomposedofa
varietyofsubstances
25.AmbrosiusArnoldWillemHubrecht(1889)Introducedthetermtrophoblast
26.EdwinGrantConklin(18911952)Discoveredtheoriginofmesoderm;broughtthestudyof
embryologyandevolutionintoonediscipline
27.FranzKeibel(1897)EditorofVertebralEmbryologicalStandardPondswhichincludedthehuman
embryosandbasisofmodernembryologicalstagingsystems
28.CharlesSedgwickMinot(1897)WroteHumanEmbryology(1897),oneoftheearliertextbooks
onembryology
29.JacquesLoeb(18991913)Heteromorphosis,artificialparthenogenesis
30.GavinRylandsdeBeer(18991872)Observedthatcertainstructuressuchascartilageand
odontoblastsofdermalbonespreviouslythoughttobederivedfrommesodermwereformedfrom
ectoderm
31.ViktorHamburger(19002001)Focusedonneuraldevelopmentandshowedthatlimb
developmentisdependentoninnervationinfrogandchickembryos
32.JohannesHoltfreter(19011992)Developedabalancedsaltmediumthatallowembryosto
develop
33.RobertGeoffreyEdwards(19252013)Invitrofertilization
34.WalterVogt(1929)Inventedfatemapping
35.RachelCarson(19371964)Studiedtheembryonicdevelopmentofthepronephrosinfish

TheRoleofGenetics
36.MaryLyon(1961)TheoryofXchromosomeinactivation
37.ShinyaYamanaka(1962present)IdentifiedtheYamanakafactorswhicharerequiredtotransform
acellfromadulttissuesintoandembryonicstemcell
38.SirIanWilmut(1996)Clonedamammal(Dolly)fromanadultsomaticcell
39.ChristianeNussleinVolhard(2006)researchinthegeneticcontrolofembryonicdevelopment
40.Prof.MagdalenaZernickaGoetz(2014)Createdtherightconditionsoutsidethewombtostudy
theimplantationprocess