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ABSTRACT
Though the small-scale, low-ionization knots, filaments and jets (LISs) of planetary
nebulae (PNe) are known for 30 yr, some of their observational properties are not
well established. In consequence our ability to include them in the wider context of the
formation and evolution of PNe is directly affected. Why most structures have lower
densities than the PN shells hosting them? Is their intense emission in low-ionization
lines the key to their main excitation mechanism? Therefore, if considered altogether,
can LISs line ratios, chemical abundances and kinematics enlighten the interplay between the different excitation and formation processes? Here we present a spectroscopic
analysis of five PNe that possess LISs confirming that all nebular components have
comparable electron temperatures, whereas the electron density is systematically lower
in LISs than in the surrounding nebula. Chemical abundances of LISs versus other
PN components do not show significant differences as well. By using diagnostic diagrams from shock models, we demonstrate that LISs main excitation is due to shocks,
whereas the other components are mainly photo-ionized. We also propose new diagnostic diagrams involving a few emission lines ([N ii], [O iii], [S ii]) and log(fshocks /f? ),
where fshocks and f? are the ionization photon fluxes due to the shocks and the central
star ionizing continuum, respectively. A robust relation differentiating the structures
is found, with the shock-excited clearly having log(fshocks /f? )>-1; while the photoionized show log(fshocks /f? )<-2. A transition zone, with -2< log(fshocks /f? )<-1 where
both mechanisms are equally important, is also defined.
Key words: ISM: abundances ISM: jets and outflows ISM: kinematics and
dynamics planetary nebulae: individual: NGC 6572, IC 4846, K 1-2, Wray 1-17,
NGC 6891
INTRODUCTION
Over the last 30 years, imaging surveys of planetary nebulae (PNe) have brought to light shapes and structures with
high complexity (Manchado et al. 1996; G
orny et al. 1999;
Boumis et al. 2003, 2006; Parker et al. 2006; Sahai 2011;
Sabin et al. 2014). Several works have been carried out thus
far attempting to group PNe based on their morphologies
(Balick 1987; Schwarz et al. 1993; Manchado et al. 1996; Sahai et al. 2011). Any morphological classification of PNe
relies on the shape of the large-scale structures (nebular
components) such as rims, attached shells and halos, and
divide them into five main classes: point-symmetric, elliptical (that includes round), bipolar, multi-polar and irregular.
These large-scale structures are better identified in hydrogen recombination lines as well as in bright forbidden O++
emission lines.
e-mail:akras@astro.ufrj.br
c 0000 RAS
The formation of spherically symmetric PNe can adequately be explained under the interacting stellar winds
model proposed by Kwok et al. (1978). Although, the deviation from spherical symmetry is still an open question
(see Balick & Frank 2002; Shaw 2012). A considerable effort has been made to explain the formation of complex
PNe morphologies. Most models consider the presence of
an equatorial density enhancement in order to collimate the
fast stellar wind and result in the formation of the axissymmetric PNe (e.g. Mellema et al. 1991; Mellema 1995).
The former equatorial density enhancement is usually attributed to the mass-exchange interaction between the components in a close binary system (Soker & Livio 1994; Nordhaus & Blackman 2006). Single rotating stars, with or without magnetic fields, have also been investigated as potential
origin of the equatorial density enhancement and therefore,
the formation of aspherical PNe (Garca-Segura et al. 1999).
Although, very recent magnetohydrodynamic models have
shown that complex PNe, such as bipolar, cannot be descendant of single stars (GarcaSegura et al. 2014).
Another enigmatic and poorly understood component
in PNe are the structures on smaller scales than the main
nebular components (Balick et al. 1998; Corradi et al. 1996;
Goncalves et al. 2001). These structures are seen mostly in
the light of low-ionization lines, such as [N ii], [S ii], [O ii] and
[O i]. Corradi et al. (1996) unveiled their presence in various
PNe, independently the morphological type, by using the
image [N ii]/[O iii] line ratio technique, which emphasizes
the excitation degree through the nebulae.
These small-scale, low-ionization structures (hereafter
LISs; Goncalves et al. 2001) exhibit a variety of morphological types such as knots, jets, jet-like, filaments and headtails (Balick et al. 1998; Corradi et al. 1996; Goncalves et
al. 2001), whilst they cover a wide range of expansion velocities from few tens to hundreds of km s1 . Based on their
expansion velocities, they are labelled as fast, low-ionization
emission regions (FLIERs; Balick et al. 1993), bipolar, rotation episodic jets (BRETs; L
opez et al. 1995) or slow moving low ionization emitting regions (SLOWERs; Perinotto
2000). Goncalves et al. (2001), studying a large number of
PNe with LISs, reached the conclusion that LISs appear in
all morphological classes of PNe, suggesting that they may
not be associated with the mechanisms responsible for the
deviation of PNe structures from the spherical symmetry.
Several models have been proposed to explain the formation of LISs, but none of them can provide a general
mechanism for all the different types. Jet formation in PNe
is usually associated with the interaction of a binary system and an accretion disk around a companion (e.g. Soker
& Livio 1994; Blackman et al. 2001). As for the knots, any
clue for their formation also needs to consider if they appear
in pairs or are randomly distributed (Goncalves et al. 2001).
Symmetric pairs of low-ionization knots seem to appear due
to dynamical or/and radiation instabilities (GarcaSegura
et al. 1999). For the isolated knots, in situ instabilities Soker
& Reveg (1998), and the stagnation knots model (Steffen et al. 2001) seem to be plausible formation mechanisms
that explain some of their characteristics, as much as the
shock models from Dopita (1997). For more details on formation mechanisms of LISs see the comprehensive review
by Goncalves et al. (2004). A common characteristic of the
models for the formation of LISs is the determination of their
age with respect to the main body of the nebula. It has been
observationally found that some jets predate the main nebular structure, whereas others appear to be younger, like that
of NGC 6337 (Tocknell et al. 2014; Jones et al. 2014) and the
jets and knots of the IC 4846, Wray 17-1 and K 1-2 studied
in this paper. Altogether the latter two papers quoted, and
previous results for the age of LIS in PNe (Goncalves 2004)
reveal a likely connection of LISs with the evolution of the
PNe central stars.
Miszalski et al. (2009a) had also proposed a possible
link between LISs and the central stars of PNe. These authors argue that LISs seem to be very common in PNe with
hydrogen-deficient stars, e.g [WR]. In this scenario, LISs are
likely associated with the turbulence of the strong stellar
winds from these, though this connection is still lacking further confirmation. In addition, the same authors claim that
there may also exist a relation between the presence of LISs
and the binarity of the central stars, with 40% of post common envelope (CE) PN possessing LISs.
The physical and chemical properties e.g. electron temperature (Te ), electron density (Ne ), ionic and elemental
abundances of LISs have also been studied by different
groups over the past e decades (Balick et al. 1993, 1998;
Hajian et al. 1997; Goncalves et al. 2003, 2004, 2009; Leal
Ferreira et. al. 2011; Monteiro et al. 2013). No significant
difference between the Te of LISs and that of the higher
excitation nebular component (e.g. core, rims, shells) has
been found, contrary to the Ne , which is found to be systematically lower in LISs when compared to the surrounding
medium. This result is in conflict with the theoretical predictions from the formation models of LISs, which predict
LISs to have several times higher density than the surrounding ionized medium. Goncalves et al. (2009) claim that the
mass of LISs must be mostly neutral in order to overcome
the discrepancy between models and observations, since all
the formation models of LISs calculate the total density of
gas (dust, atomic and molecular) and not the electron density, which corresponds only to the ionized fraction of the
gas.
The strong [N ii] emission line found in LISs compared
to the surrounding ionized nebula was firstly attributed to
a significant local overabundance of nitrogen (Balick et al.
1994). Mellema et al. (1998) and, more recently, Goncalves
et al. (2006) reached the conclusion that an overabundance
of N is not a necessary condition for getting such a strong
line-emission. Based on photo-ionization models, Goncalves
et al. (2006) found that the N+ /N = O+ /O assumption of
the ionization correction factor (ICF, Kingsburgh & Barlow
1994) should be wrong, and resulting in seemingly overabundance of N in LISs.
Accordingly to the theoretical work by Aleman & Gruenwald (2011), the peak intensity of the low-ionization optical lines ([O ii], [N ii], [S ii], [N i] and [O i]), as well as the
H2 co-rotational lines, occurs in the same narrow transition
zone between the ionized and neutral (photo-dissociation)
regions. Given that molecular hydrogen can be excited either by shocks or by absorbing UV-photons emitted from
the central star, the enhancement of low-ionization lines
in LISs may be attributed to these mechanisms. Raga et
al. (2008) show that shock models with low and moderate
photo-ionization rates are able to reproduce emission line ratios typical of shock-excitation regions, whereas those models with high photo-ionization rates result in emission line
ratios similar to photo-ionized nebulae. Therefore, besides
the expansion velocities, the evolutionary stage (e.g. the age)
and the photo-ionization rate (or the strength) of the central
star are crucial parameters in order to distinguish between
predominantly shock- and photo-excited structures.
In this series of papers, new spectroscopic data from a
sample of 10 PNe that possess LISs are combined with kinematic data in order to study, at the same time, the physicochemical and morpho-kinematic properties of LISs and other
nebular components. The first 5 PNe, with LISs embedded
in the main nebular shells, are presented here. The remaining PNe will appear in a forthcoming publication. The observations and data analysis are described in Section 2. The
emission line fluxes, the physico-chemical properties, and the
morpho-kinematic characteristics of the PNe themselves, as
well as of their LISs, are presented in Section 3 and 4, rec 0000 RAS, MNRAS 000, 1-??
2.2
High-dispersion Spectroscopy
2
2.1
OBSERVATIONS
Intermediate-dispersion Spectroscopy
RESULTS: PHYSICO-CHEMICAL
PROPERTIES
c(H) =
F (H)/F (H)
1
log
0.348
2.85
(1)
of the [Ne iv] 4724, 4726 emission lines to the [Ar iv]
4711 one. In particular, the contribution of the He i 4712
line was calculated using the theoretical work by Benjamin
et al. (1999), whereas the contribution of the [Ne iv] 4724,
4726 emission lines were considered negligible in all cases,
given that the central stars of the PNe in this work are not
hot enough to ionize Ne3+ (P.I.=97.11 eV), except the central star of Wray 17-1 (Teff =140000 K; Rauch and Werner
1997). Although, the Ne of this nebula is extremely low,
close to the lower limit, and small changes in the [Ar iv]
4711/4741 line ratio due to the contribution of the [Ne iv]
lines will not have a significant impact in the Ne . In short,
a comparison of Ne derived from the different diagnostics
lines does not show significant differences that could be associated with the [Ne iv] lines. We have to mention here the
extreme case of NGC 6891, for which we find significantly
higher Ne [Ar iv], compared to Ne [S ii] and Ne [Cl iii], by
factors of 6 and 3.5, respectively. This probably indicates
strong density stratification, with denser inner regions with
respect to the outer ones.
3.1
IC 4846
ter agrees with the value derived from the OHPCCD data
because of the same slit widths.
The lower panels in Fig. 2 show the fluxes, normalized to
1.0, of the [N ii] (solid-line) and [O iii] (dashed-line) emission
lines along the slit (panel a), as well as the [N ii]/[O iii]
line ratio (panel b). The (spatial) line profiles and the ratio
of these two lines are important in order to better define
the sizes of each structure along the slit. The size of each
nebular component is indicated in the figures by the coloured
regions.
Ne and Te of IC 4846 are estimated using the diagnostic
line ratios of sulfur, argon, chlorine and oxygen. No significant difference is found among them (see Table 2). The comparison of Ne and Te between the nebular components shows
that the jets are significantly less dense than the inner shells,
by a factor of 4, whereas, within the errors, all structures
have the same Te . Our Ne values are slightly higher than
those found by Wang et al. (2004). We have to notice here
that an extremely high Ne [S ii] of 20000 cm3 has been
reported by Wesson et al. (2005), which is not confirmed by
our analysis, neither for the jets nor for the inner shell. Our
analysis reveals that the jets in IC 4846 have low Ne , with
respect to the main nebular component (inner NEB), and
therefore effaces any argument that the LISs in this nebula
could have Ne higher than the surrounding medium. The
questionable line ratios given by Wesson et al. (2005) were
also previously mentioned by Delgado-Inglada et al. (2015).
In Table 3 we present the ionic abundances (obtained
using the ionic task in iraf; Shaw & Dufour 1995) as well as
the total chemical abundances of IC 4846 for each nebular
component. The total ones were computed using the ionization correction factor (ICF) from Kingsburgh & Barlow
(1994). These authors do not provide an ICF for Cl, thus we
used the equation by given Liu et al. (2000).
The low He abundance and N/O ratio of IC 4846 indicate a non-type I nebula. We do not find any trend in chemical abundances among the nebular component; therefore,
they are all constant within the uncertainties. A comparison between our total chemical abundances and those found
in the literature show a good agreement within the errors,
except for Ar (Perinotto et al. 2004; Wesson et al. 2005).
The low N abundance in the SW jet is highly uncertain due
to the ICF scheme for N (mentioned in the Introduction),
as well as to the fact that only N+ was measured in the
different regions. However, both N/H of the SW and NE jet
agree, within the errors.
3.2
Wray 17-1
K 1-2
NGC 6891
NGC 6572
Figure 5. Upper panels: HST [N ii] image (left-hand panel) and [N ii]/[O iii] line ratio image (right-hand panel) of NGC 6891. The
size of the fields shown are 3232 arcsec2 and 2020 arcsec2 , respectively. The nebular components under analysis are indicated. The
extraction windows for these components are indicated by the corresponding boxes: the entire NW-SE and NE-SW nebular regions (entire
NEB: 20.3 arcsec, in red); the NW and SE outer nebular regions (4.9 arcsec, in blue); NE and SW outer nebular regions (6.3 arcsec, in
cyan); the SE and NW knots (2.1 arcsec, in green); and the inner nebular regions (inner NEB: 4.9 arcsec, in magenta). North is up, and
East is to the left. Lower panels: The radial profile of the [N ii] and [O iii] emission lines fluxes, normalized to 1.0 and the [N ii]/ [O iii]
line ratio, along the slits: Panels (a) and (b) correspond to PA=45 whereas (c) and (d) to PA=135 ).
for all the nebular components of NGC 6572 and for both
slit positions. We do not find any significant enrichment of
N or S, with respect to the rest of the nebula that could
be associated with the brighter [N ii] and [S ii] lines found
in the knots. Chemical abundances for a given element are
the same for all the components. Comparing our chemical
abundances with those derived by Perinotto et al. (2004) and
Henry et al. (2004), we turn out that He and N abundances
agree with those from Perinotto et al. (2004), whilst O, Ne,
and S abundances better agree with those from Henry et
al. (2004). There is a substantial difference between these
two studies. Moreover, the S knot (PA=160 ) and the N
knot (PA=15 ) show enriched Ne abundance compared to
the other two knots. Regarding our analysis, NGC 6572 is a
non-type I PN, in contrast to the previous classification by
Henry et al. (2004).
RESULTS: MORPHO-KINEMATIC
PROPERTIES
Here we discuss the main morphological and kinematic characteristics of each nebula, and their different components,
based on previously published works and echelle data taken
from the SPM KCGPN. The wide range of expansion velocities of LISs, from a few tens to hundreds km s1 (Goncalves
et al. 2001), may suggest that shocks play a major role in
the formation and excitation of these structures. Therefore,
a parallel study of the morpho-kinematic and the physicochemical properties (the emission line ratios, ionic and total
chemical structure) is necessary to enlighten our knowledge
of these structures. The de-projected expansion velocities of
the nebular components, for each PN, are given in Table 1.
4.1
Figure 6. Upper panel: HST H/[O iii] image of NGC 6572. The
size of the field shown is 2222 arcsec2 . The nebular components
under analysis are indicated in the image. The extraction windows
for these components are indicated by the corresponding boxes:
the entire nebular regions (entire NEB: 17.5 arcsec, in red); the
inner nebular regions (inner NEB: 7.7 arcsec, in cyan); and the
four, NE, NW, SE and SW knots (2.1 arcsec, in green). North
is up, and East is to the left. Lower panels: The radial profile of
the [N ii] and [O iii] emission-line fluxes, normalized to 1.0, and
the [N ii]/ [O iii] line ratio, along the slits. Panels (a) and (b)
correspond to PA=11 , whereas (c) and (d) to PA=160 ).
IC 4846
A morpho-kinematic analysis of IC 4846, performed by Miranda et al. (2001), reveals the presence of three pairs of
elongated structures labelled as A1A2 along PA=54 , and
B1B2 / C1C2 along PA=11 . The authors claim that the
components A1A2 correspond to a high collimated precessing jet. The high-resolution HST H image of IC 4846, presented here for the first time, provides further evidence that
supports this hypothesis (see Fig. 2).
The projected expansion velocities of NE and SW jets
range from 36 to 52 km s1 , with an average value of
44 km s1 (Miranda et al. 2001). Considering that the inclination angle of the precession axis, with respect to the plane
of sky, is 13-26 , the de-projected Vexp of the NE and SW
jets are estimated to be between 100 and 190 km s1 . The
inner NEB of IC 4846 (or the C1C2 features in Miranda et
al. 2001) expands with a velocity of 2025 km s1 .
4.2
Wray 17-1
The kinematic study of this peculiar nebula has been performed by Corradi et al. (1999). The NW and SE filaments
(labelled as A and B in Corradi et al. 1999) show a linear increase of expansion velocities up to 30 km s1 in
the [N ii] emission line. Incidentally, the NW and SE knots
at the outer parts of the nebula (labelled as A0 and B0 respectively in Corradi et al. 1999), show peculiar expansion
10
Table 1. De-projected expansion velocities of LISs and large-scales components. Errors are between 10% and 20% due to the uncertainties
on the inclination angle.
PN name
IC 4846
Wray 17-1
Wray 17-1
K 1-2
NGC 6891
NGC 6891
NGC 6572
NGC 6572
a
PA
Jet/Jet-like
or Filament
( km s1 )
Knot
Knot
Inner NEB
Outer NEB
( )
Jet/Jet-like
or Filament
( km s1 )
( km s1 )
( km s1 )
( km s1 )
( km s1 )
54
75
155
153
45
135
15
169
>100 (NE)
7080 (NW)
3035
>100 (SW)
6070 (SE)
4050 (W)
>100 (NW)
3035 (NW)
80 (NW)
46 (NE)
65 (NW)
4050 (E)
>40 (SE)
30-35 (SE)
80 (SE)
46 (SW)
5565 (SE)
2025
40
40
10
17
18
18
40a
28
45
4.3
Figure 7. Echelle spectra of Wray 17-1 drawn from KCGPN.
Left panel: [N ii], along PA=155 . Middle panel: [O iii], along
PA=155 . Right panel: [O iii], along PA=75 .
135 , were acquired from the SPM KCGPN to better constrain the morpho-kinematic structure of Wray 17-1 (Fig. 7).
These PV diagrams clearly show the presence of an outer
shell bright in the [O iii] emission, but absent in the [N ii]
one. This structure expands with a velocity of 60 km s1 ,
with the NW part red-shifted and the SE blue-shifted. The
LISs seem to interact with the outer shell and indicate shock
excitation.
K 1-2
K 1-2 shows the presence of a collimated filament and several knots oriented along PA=-27 (Corradi et al. 1999).
These authors pointed out that all component appear to
move with a velocity similar to that of the main nebula,
25 km s1 , under the assumption that the NW filament
(labelled A in Corradi et al. 1999) is located within the main
spherically symmetric nebula. This assumption implies that
the filaments and knots are oriented at a minimum inclination angle of 40 with respect to the line of sight. Given
that the inclination angle of the spectroscopic binary has
been determined 50 (Exter et al. 2003), the de-projected
expansion velocity of the knots and jet-like structure would
be >3035 km s1 .
4.4
NGC 6891
4.5
NGC 6572
Following Miranda et al. (1999), NGC 6572 shows the presence of two pairs of low-ionization knots oriented along
PA=15 and PA=-18 . Moreover, two, much fainter, ellipsoidal structures can also be discerned in these directions.
Fig. 6 shows, in fact, that the two pairs of knots are not really
low-ionization nebular condensations, but resemble those of
knots due to the low angular resolution of the ground-based
images. We think that these knots actually result from the
interaction between the outflows and the outer shell (AGB
envelope), consistent with theoretical shock models (Dopita
1997; Raga et al. 2008).
The projected expansion velocity is 39 km s1 for the
NW and the SE knots, and 8 km s1 for the NE and SW
knots. It is worth mentioning here that the SE knot shows a
peculiar decreasing velocity, from 38 to 33 km s1 (Miranda
et al. 1999). The NGC 6572 inner NEB shows a projected
velocity of 14 km s1 . Moreover, two clearly separated maxima are discerned in the PV diagrams, indicating the presence of a 14 km s1 toroidal structure at the centre of
the nebula. This toroidal component has an inclination angle of 38 with respect to the plane of sky (Hora et al. 1990;
Miranda et al. 1999). In accordance with this inclination angle, the de-projected expansion velocities are calculated to
18 km s1 for the torus and the inner NEB, 65 km s1
for the NW knot, and 5565 km s1 for the SE knot. The
ellipsoidal structure along PA=15 is less tilted, by 10 ,
and we obtain a de-projected velocity of 46 km s1 for
both the NE and the SW knots.
5
5.1
DISCUSSION
Electron temperatures
5.2
Electron densities
11
12
Figure 8. Abundance patterns: log(N/O) vs. He/H (left-hand panel) and log(N/O) vs. log(N/H)+12 (right-hand panel). Red pentagons
correspond to LISs, green pentagons to jets, filaments and jet-like structures. Nebular regions (inner and outer NEBs) are cyan filled
diamonds whilst the entire NEBs are black filled diamonds. The dashed line represents the best linear fit to our data (see text).
LIS could somehow be related. As briefly discussed in the Introduction, the formation LIS, and particularly that of jets
older than the main shells, is expected in the case of post
common-envelope PN central stars (Goncalves et al. 2001;
Miszalski et al. 2011). Very recently, it was shown that the
PNe having the highest adfs (10 to 300) all have post CE
central stars (Corradi et al. 2015). In addition of confirming the mixing of the bi-chemistry in these PNe (hot normal
component plus hydrogen-deficient cold inclusions; Liu et al.
2004), Corradi et al. (2015) point out the present difficult
in depicting an evolutionary scenario consistent with all the
observed properties of the highest adf PNe. Some of the scenarios these authors discuss could indeed be related with
the presence of LISs via, for instance, the photo-ionization
of the neutral material that was in the orbital plane during
the CE phase.
5.4
Excitation mechanism
13
Figure 10. Diagnostic diagrams distinguishing the shock-excited and the photo-ionized regions. Panels a, b, c, and d are the diagnostic
diagrams from Raga et al. (2008), on which we superimpose the results for our sample of PNe. The regions with diagonal solid lines
represents the loci of fast LISs, whereas the regions with dashed lines represent the location of photo-ionized structures (e.g. inner and
outer NEBs that are in fact shells and rims). Panels e and f display the diagnostic diagrams by Sabbadin et al. (1977), with the density
ellipses introduced by Riesgo & L
opez (2006).
14
Figure 11. Plots of [N ii]/H (panel a), [O ii]/H (panel b), [O ii]/[O iii] (panel c) and [S ii]/H (panel d) vs. log(fshocks /f? ). The
vertical strips represent log(fshocks /f? ) = 0. K 1-2 and Wray 17-1 structures were arbitrarily placed into the strips, since there are no
distance measurements for these PNe.
The ionizing photon flux, f? , is calculated by means the equation f? =S? 4 d2 , where S? is the photon rate and d is the distance
of the cloudlet from the central star.
15
16
5.5
Central Star
Despite the various attempts to explain the formation of collimated (those that appear in pairs) LISs, their origin still
remains debatable (see in Goncalves et al. 2001). The most
prominent mechanisms is the interaction of a close binary
system due to the mass-transfer exchange. The formation
of an circumstellar/circumbinary disk via binary interaction
provide those conditions to form bipolar outflows and/or
collimated jets (Blackman et al. 2001, Nordhaus & Blackman 2006). Some models suggest that the formation of jets
occurs after the common envelope (CE) phase of a close binary star (Soker & Livio 1994). Pairs of jets with kinematical
ages much younger than the main nebular structures have
indeed been found in some post-CE PNe, like NGC 6778 and
NGC 6337 (Tocknell et al. 2014). Although, the majority of
the post-CE PNe are found to exhibit jets that predate the
main nebular structures, suggesting that the polar ejection
occurs before the CE phase (see Tocknell et al. 2014; Jones
et al. 2014). The discovery of several new close binary stars
in PNe has provided strong evidence of a link between the
close binary post-common envelope PNe and LISs (Miszalski
et al. 2009b).
Moreover, a possible link between the spectral type of
the PN nucleus and LISs has also been pointed out by Miszalski et al. (2009a). According to these authors, more than
half of PNe that are known to possess LISs (65%) have an
emission line type central star (e.g. Of, [WR] or PG1159). Incidentally, all the PNe studied in this work have an emissionline star, except K 1-2. In particular, two of them have a
WEL type nucleus (IC 4846, NGC 6891), one has a [WC]
PG1159 (NGC 6572), and one a PG1159 nucleus (Wray 171). The central star of K 1-2 has been classified as a K2 V
but it is a known post-CE close binary system (Exter et al.
2003; De Marco 2009).
CONCLUSIONS
The properties like Ne , Te , ionic and total chemical abundances were calculated for various nebular components, like
nebular regions (inner and outer NEBs) and LISs (jets, jetlike, filaments and knots), as well as for the entire nebulae of a small sample of PNe (IC 4846, Wray 17-1, K 1-2,
NGC 6891 and NGC 6572). We confirmed that LISs are
less dense (in terms of Ne ) than the surrounding medium,
whereas their Te are the same as that of the other components of a given PNe.
There is no chemical abundance enrichment in LISs that
could be attributed to the strong low-ionization lines. For a
given PN, all the nebular components have the same chemical abundances within the errors, reflecting on the chemical
composition of the entire nebula as well as the evolution of
the central star.
A comparison of between the emission lines of the nebular components and those predicted by the the shock models
reveals that LISs are predominantly shock-excited regions.
This shock-excitation of LISs results in the enhancement
of the low-ionization lines, whereas the other nebular components are mainly photo-ionized, so less prominent in the
low-ionization emission lines.
In order to probe the contribution of shocks and UV
photons in the excitation of the LISs, we defined the parameter log(fshocks /f? ), where fshocks and f? are the ionizing photon fluxes due to the shock interactions and the central star
continuum, respectively. We then proposed new diagnostic
diagram that involves the emission-line ratios [N ii]/H,
[O ii]/H, [S ii]/H and [O ii]/[O iii] versus the new excitation parameter, log(fshocks /f? ). A robust relation differentiating the regimes of shock-exited (log(fshocks /f? )>-1) from
that of the photo-ionized components (log(fshocks /f? )<-2),
in addition to a transition zone (-2< log(fshocks /f? )<-1),
where both mechanisms are equally important, is found.
Most of the LISs analyzed in this work were found to be well
located in the regime of shock-excited structures, apart from
the pairs of jets and knots in NGC 6891. The former was
found to be photo-ionized as much as its surrounding nebula, while the latter is placed in the transition zone, which
indicates a contribution from shocks. All the inner and outer
NEBs are well placed in the region of the photo-ionized components.
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
We thank, enormously, R. Corradi and H. E. Schwarz (in
memoriam) who provide us the Danish telescope data we use
in the present paper. We also would like to thank the anonymous referee for his/her detailed report on the manuscript,
which indeed helped us to significantly improve the paper.
The work of SA is supported by CAPES post-doctoral fellowship Young Talents Attraction - Science Without Borders, A035/2013. This work was also partially supported
by FAPERJs grant E-26/111.817/2012 and CAPESs grant
A035/2013. The analysis here presented is based on observations obtained at the 2.5-m INT (IDS), operated by the
Isaac Newton Group on the island of La Palma in the Spanish Observatorio del Roque de los Muchachos of the Instituto
de Astrof sica de Canarias. Our work is also based on the
1.54-m Danish telescope (DFOSC) data, operated by the
European Southern Observatory (ESO) at La Silla, Chile,
and on the 2.1-m SPM telescope, operated by the UNAM at
the Observatorio Astron
omico at San Pedro M
artir Observatory in Baja California, Mexico. We also use NASA/ESA
HST data, obtained at the Space Telescope Science Institute.
REFERENCES
Acker A., Raytchev B., Stenholm B., Tylenda R., 1991,
A&AS, 90, 89
Acker A., Marcout J., Ochsenbein F., Stenholm B.,
Tylenda R., Schohn C., 1992, The Strasbourg-ESO Catalogue of Galactic Planetary Nebulae. Parts I, II.
Aleman I., Gruenwald R., 2011, A&A, 528A, 74
c 0000 RAS, MNRAS 000, 1-??
17
18
[O ii] 3727
H12 3750
H11 3770
H10 3798
He i 3819
H9 3835
[Ne iii] 3869
[Ne iii] + Hi 3968
He i 4026
[S ii] 4070
H 4101
H 4340
[O iii] 4363
He i 4471
He ii 4686
He i 4712
[Ar iv] 4712
[Ar iv] 4740
H 4861
He i 4924
[O iii] 4958
[O iii] 5007
[N i] 5200
[Fe iii] 5270
[Cl iii] 5517
[Cl iii] 5537
[N ii] 5755
He i 5876
[K iv] 6101
[O i] 6300
[S iii] 6312
[O i] 6363
[N ii] 6548
H 6564
[N ii] 6584
He i 6678
[S ii] 6716
[S ii] 6731
log[F (H)
c(H)
Line Fluxes
(0.001-0.01)FH
(0.01-0.05)FH
(0.05-0.15)FH
(0.15-0.30)FH
(0.30-2.0)FH
(2.0-5.0)FH
(5.0-10.0)FH
> 10 FH
Inner NEB
3.500 (5)a
NE jet
2.100 (3)
SW jet
2.100 (3)
Entire NEB
1000 (15)
20.45
2.421
2.994
4.415
0.933
5.792
66.91
36.53
2.086
1.553
24.41
46.83
7.274
4.152
0.461
0.606
1.035
1.349
100.0
1.198
378.2
1150
0.173
0.129
0.333
0.466
0.425
14.19
0.093
1.676
1.141
0.582
5.159
285.0
16.54
3.142
1.128
2.069
100.2
84.11
40.65
2.986
3.014
29.33
50.58
7.952
6.811
100.0
349.5
1116
0.852
0.771
1.282
15.59
6.549
1.512
2.178
20.79
285.0
51.45
3.546
5.433
7.506
116.5
102.9
56.82
3.812
2.191
32.56
52.54
7.768
6.203
0.905
3.026
2.587
100.0
337.5
982.9
1.328
1.227
1.089
14.14
5.691
1.646
2.238
17.59
285.0
45.97
3.769
4.996
7.052
26.78
2.682
3.364
4.723
1.216
6.461
76.43
40.52
2.403
1.655
27.51
52.34
7.866
4.885
0.526
0.713
1.111
1.453
100.0
1.267
421.1
1257
0.201
0.174
0.377
0.546
0.459
14.18
0.108
1.993
1.228
0.664
6.487
285.0
19.13
3.089
1.378
2.579
11.62
0.480.03
13.49
0.500.05
13.45
0.530.05
11.54
0.520.03
13
10
9
8
7
7
6
6
12
10
8
7
7
7
6
6
2200800
91001500
74001350
1650950
1850700
80501500
99001400
103501800
111001950
98501400
119502250
128004150
124504000
114002150
127002000
137004300
132504150
95001550
Ne [S ii]
Ne [Ar iv]
Ne [Cl iii]
Te [O iii]
Te [N ii]
Te [S ii]
a The size of the component in arcsec. The number of pixels used to extract the spectra is indicated in the parentheses for each component.
Te & Nea
1
2
1
2
1
2
Inner NEB
NE jet
SW jet
Entire NEB
0.0770.009
0.00040.0001
1.00
0.0770.009
0.780.08
40.73.8
1.010.01
4.160.40
0.220.03
53.37.6
1.170.24
0.120.02
2.750.26
2.630.12
7.530.82
6.110.86
2.740.40
1.680.34
2.350.33
1.020.20
2.400.59
7.030.69
1.020.14
7.191.21
0.0910.014
1.00
0.0910.014
2.070.28
34.43.9
1.00
3.650.42
0.610.08
17.63.1
1.060.24
0.250.07
3.180.97
1.840.10
6.311.95
10.14.3
1.980.86
2.001.22
1.060.26
7.510.96
1.060.17
7.961.65
0.0880.013
1.00
0.0880.013
2.550.33
23.92.8
1.00
2.650.31
0.560.07
10.41.8
0.580.13
0.240.07
2.530.71
1.560.08
4.331.24
10.13.8
1.710.69
1.730.95
3.751.16
1.110.27
4.151.64
6.890.88
1.110.18
7.621.59
0.0780.009
0.00040.0001
1.00
0.0780.009
1.310.13
45.44.2
1.010.01
4.690.43
0.290.03
35.84.9
1.040.18
0.160.02
2.980.36
2.310.10
7.240.93
7.251.07
2.430.43
1.760.41
2.550.35
1.030.20
2.630.57
8.140.81
1.030.14
8.401.38
19
20
NW filament
11.600 (29)
NW knot
4.400 (11)
NW inner NEB
11.600 (29)
SE filament
10.800 (27)
SE knot
3.600 (9)
SE inner NEB
11.600 (29)
611.3
137.7
54.22
25.57
46.09
14.18
2.666
53.93
2.795
2.516
1.817
100.0
1.009
405.3
1174
6.388
4.601
7.042
9.481
40.43
14.66
112.8
285.0
358.1
2.545
17.82
15.71
2.884
24.26
24.11
3.396
364.2
107.7
48.56
10.48
66.46
100.0
298.4
927.9
63.24
17.32
78.61
285.0
241.8
6.849
5.911
19.71
45.31
6.044
113.6
4.921
3.505
100.0
118.1
354.1
285.0
636.1
160.8
65.39
25.57
49.85
16.37
1.587
60.58
2.456
2.289
1.659
100.0
1.016
466.5
1369
5.296
3.846
6.536
9.357
32.23
10.34
92.77
285.0
300.9
3.031
15.01
12.89
2.493
24.64
4.081
309.3
112.5
43.71
63.21
100.0
393.4
1191
43.38
18.43
285.0
119.8
19.88
44.21
8.292
112.8
4.056
2.845
100.0
154.9
470.2
285.0
13.52
0.090.03
15.05
0.100.08
14.51
0.060.05
13.52
0.110.04
15.22
0.120.09
14.26
0.070.06
26
18
12
8
7
6
6
43
31
18
16
14
45
35
20
17
15
12
44
33
22
15
11
[O ii] 3727
[Ne iii] 3869
[Ne iii] + Hi 3968
H 4101
H 4340
[O iii] 4363
He i 4471
He ii 4686
[Ar iv]+He i 4712
[Ar iv] 4712
[Ar iv] 4740
H 4861
He i 4924
[O iii] 4958
[O iii] 5007
[N i] 5200
He ii 5411
[N ii] 5755
He i 5876
[O i] 6300
[O i] 6363
[N ii] 6548
H 6564
[N ii] 6584
He i 6678
[S ii] 6716
[S ii] 6731
He i 7065
[Ar iii] 7135
[O ii] 7330
[Ar iii] 7752
log[F (H)]
c(H)
Line Fluxes
(0.01-0.05)FH
(0.05-0.15)FH
(0.15-0.30)FH
(0.30-2.0)FH
(2.0-5.0)FH
(5.0-10.0)FH
> 10 FH
Ne [S ii]
Ne [Ar iv]
Te [O iii]
Te [N ii]
35070
300110
124002560
117502350
30670
160110a
325115
121005490
142505460
123702460
123602110
10060a
144715250
a N [Ar IV] is considered as a lower limit since the contribution of He i 4712 has not been subtracted.
e
NW filament
NW knot
NW inner NEB
SE filament
SE knotb
SE inner NEB
He+ /H+
He++ /H+
1
2
ICF(He)
He/H
105 O+ /H+
105 O2+ /H+
1
2
ICF(O)
104 O/H
105 N+ /H+
0.0680.014
0.0460.005
1.000
0.1140.019
12.51.3
20.72.1
1.410.09
4.680.55
4.530.48
3.760.58
1.700.32
0.560.09
3.010.48c
1.180.05
4.230.68
12.81.9
2.120.58
1.360.11
2.040.38
6.170.69
2.260.35
1.390.27
0.0560.013
1.000
0.0560.013
6.611.61
17.74.1
>2.430.81
2.880.71
>0.290.07
0.200.10
>0.200.10
11.84.2
>1.180.42
5.281.34
>0.530.13
0.0980.02
1.000
0.0980.02
4.210.82
>0.420.82
2.941.39
>0.290.14
0.0710.014
0.0470.006
1.000
0.1180.020
11.61.3
24.22.6
1.400.09
5.020.63
3.490.42
4.330.72
1.510.31
0.410.07
2.130.38c
1.220.05
3.210.57
12.11.8
1.950.52
1.300.09
1.830.33
7.280.93
2.070.34
1.510.32
0.0530.015
1.000
0.0530.015
5.981.57
23.45.6
>2.931.04
1.480.42
>0.150.04
12.34.9
> 1.230.50
5.861.18
>0.590.12
0.0970.021
1.000
0.097
5.350.99
1.00
0.540.99
2.331.08
>0.230.11
Ionic abundances
ICF(N)
104 N/H
106 S+ /H+
106 S2+ /H+
ICF(S)
106 S/H
107 Ar2+ /H+
107 Ar3+ /H+
ICF(Ar)
106 Ar/H
105 Ne2+ /H+
ICF(Ne)
104 Ne/H
1
2
1
2
[O ii] 3727
[Ne iii] 3869
[Ne iii] + Hi 3968
H 4101
H 4340
[O iii] 4363
He ii 4686
[Ar iv]+He i 4712
[Ar iv] 4712
[Ar iv] 4740
H 4861
He i 4924
[O iii] 4958
[O iii] 5007
[N i] 5200
He ii 5411
[N ii] 5755
He i 5876
[O i] 6300
[S iii] 6312
[O i] 6363
[N ii] 6548
H 6564
[N ii] 6584
He i 6678
[S ii] 6716
[S ii] 6731
[Ar v] 7005
[Ar iii] 7135
[O ii] 7330
log[F (H)]
c(H)
Line Fluxes
(0.01-0.05)FH
(0.05-0.15)FH
(0.15-0.30)FH
(0.30-2.0)FH
(2.0-5.0)FH
(5.0-10.0)FH
Ne [S ii]
Ne [Ar iv]
Te [O iii]
Te [N ii]
E knot
2.800 (7)
E arc
14.800 (37)
E inner NEB
11.600 (29)
W knot
3.600 (9)
W arc
600 (15)
W inner NEB
11.600 (29)
237.4
66.42
28.35
24.98
46.89
9.577
92.72
6.617
6.351
4.597
100.0
180.9
533.1
4.978
9.557
3.842
6.556
37.13
11.05
60.38
285.0
183.2
4.986
4.435
5.591
12.29
57.55
52.69
31.61
22.07
46.45
9.244
106.1
6.087
4.366
100.0
281.5
843.8
8.051
8.051
285.0
21.82
12.58
44.89
103.8
9.894
7.071
100.0
85.08
259.2
285.0
7.921
253.3
113.9
47.23
26.67
45.39
9.039
96.99
7.862
7.691
5.668
100.0
5.043
250.2
762.5
2.563
7.658
3.621
3.958
24.06
2.541
6.103
49.81
285.0
159.5
11.91
12.36
15.42
5.383
38.46
58.18
21.86
23.69
47.89
12.83
100.1
8.816
8.671
6.238
100.0
308.9
937.1
11.34
3.409
7.555
285.0
26.55
2.094
5.129
4.083
15.99
48.79
4.863
113.6
10.53
7.414
100.0
86.51
263.1
3.934
285.0
4.999
7.619
3.479
14.85
0.130.10
14.36
0.090.07
14.49
0.090.07
14.51
0.110.06
14.41
0.060.05
14.29
0.040.04
43
36
26
17
14
10
38
31
26
14
10
9
36
28
19
11
9
8
36
30
23
14
11
375230
325200
145905550
121305600
37
34
30
26
20
14
12
11
9
760320
17580
220110a
17085a
515220
260100
121804025
123003920
130303920
124204880
10045a
147005600
a N [Ar IV] is considered as a lower limit since the contribution of He i 4712 has not been subtracted.
e
Te & Nea
He+ /H+
He++ /H+
1
2
ICF(He)
He/H
105 O+ /H+
105 O2+ /H+
1
2
ICF(O)
104 O/H
105 N+ /H+
ICF(N)
104 N/H
106 S+ /H+
106 S2+ /H+
ICF(S)
106 S/H
107 Ar2+ /H+
107 Ar3+ /H+
107 Ar4+ /H+
ICF(Ar)
106 Ar/H
105 Ne2+ /H+
ICF(Ne)
104 Ne/H
1
2
2
2
2
E knot
E arc
E inner NEBb
W knot
W arc
W inner NEB
0.0470.020
0.0830.020
1.000
0.1300.040
4.340.97
6.011.19
1.970.41
2.040.60
2.190.53
4.701.74
1.030.46
0.160.08
0.840.41c
1.250.12
1.260.64
5.152.33
3.721.69
4.422.01
1.270.17
1.690.80
1.790.43
3.391.21
0.610.26
0.0890.018
1.000
0.0890.018
0.990.20
16.72.8
>1.770.46
0.260.08
>0.030.01
8.332.83
5.372.18
>1.370.73
2.660.52
>0.270.05
0.0900.017
1.000
0.0900.017
2.810.55
>0.280.06
5.662.13
6.152.31
>1.280.68
0.0290.011
0.0840.014
1.000
0.1130.025
4.520.68
13.61.9
2.470.51
4.471.13
1.730.31
9.892.90
1.710.59
0.38 0.12
2.711.06
1.540.14
4.761.87
8.892.87
6.622.38
1.110.05
>1.730.59
5.260.91
3.300.96
1.740.59
0.0320.012
0.0850.013
1.000
0.1170.025
0.450.08
14.21.9
2.370.47
3.470.83
0.230.07
76.922.9
1.770.75
0.120.05
0.640.27c
2.960.29
2.260.97
8.272.11
6.512.02
1.010.07
>1.500.42
2.230.35
2.450.67
0.550.17
0.0970.017
1.000
0.0970.017
2.860.51
>0.290.05
0.040.02
>0.0040.002
1.440.56
5.951.97
5.921.96
>1.330.81
21
22
Table 8. K 1-2
Line ID
NW filament
7.600 (19)
NW knot
3.600 (9)
NW filament+Knot
11.600 (29)
SE knot
3.600 (9)
NW NEB
35.600 (89)
272.1
117.1
57.85
23.63
45.86
16.87
75.32
0.358
6.544
4.916
100.0
296.9
905.1
5.733
5.922
2.919
8.443
22.84
8.126
7.581
87.19
285.0
270.1
2.938
36.68
35.47
2.687
16.22
193.1
41.47
20.94
26.61
50.61
7.828
94.69
8.405
100.0
155.3
475.1
22.38
7.638
10.88
57.08
285.0
184.1
19.91
21.51
11.51
245.2
94.17
48.83
24.31
45.82
12.95
79.09
0.316
8.430
4.955
100.0
266.1
819.3
4.049
4.362
2.628
6.523
23.14
10.24
8.006
85.35
285.0
263.3
3.476
30.69
30.99
2.239
15.59
265.6
49.21
7.118
107.3
0.509
9.265
6.801
100.0
146.6
417.4
20.28
49.29
285.0
145.7
16.26
14.68
12.27
205.3
83.57
38.51
23.93
48.55
13.94
89.62
0.292
7.599
3.673
100.0
262.4
789.3
4.948
6.499
2.759
6.872
15.23
10.49
5.313
62.24
285.0
208.9
23.03
23.81
4.491
15.52
14.21
0.260.06
14.87
0.250.07
14.11
0.220.06
15.01
0.250.08
13.94
0.250.06
42
32
16
11
9
8
51
35
22
14
10
[O ii] 3727
[Ne iii] 3869
[Ne iii] + Hi 3968
H 4101
H 4340
[O iii] 4363
He ii 4686
He i 4712
[Ar iv] 4712
[Ar iv] 4740
H 4861
[O iii] 4958
[O iii] 5007
[N i] 5200
He ii 5411
[N ii] 5755
He i 5876
[O i] 6300
[S iii] 6312
[O i] 6363
[N ii] 6548
H 6564
[N ii] 6584
He i 6678
[S ii] 6716
[S ii] 6731
[Ar v] 7005
[Ar iii] 7135
log[F (H)]
c(H)
Line Fluxes
(0.01-0.05)FH
(0.05-0.15)FH
(0.15-0.30)FH
(0.30-2.0)FH
(2.0-5.0)FH
(5.0-10.0)FH
Ne [S ii]
Ne [Ar iv]
Te [O iii]
Te [N ii]
52080
755340
148202880
91203950
55
38
25
16
10
492260
140105500
138004300
142505690
88503700
35
26
14
10
8
7
700140
144702500
98203600
NW filament
NW knot
NW filament+Knot
SE knot
NW NEB
He+ /H+
He++ /H+
1
2
ICF(He)
He/H
105 O+ /H+
105 O2+ /H+
1
2
ICF(O)
104 O/H
105 N+ /H+
ICF(N)
104 N/H
106 S+ /H+
106 S2+ /H+
1
2
ICF(S)
106 S/H
107 Ar2+ /H+
107 Ar3+ /H+
107 Ar4+ /H+
2
2
2
0.0680.023
0.0680.011
1.000
0.1360.034
16.82.4
9.851.34
1.590.20
4.230.79
6.641.08
2.520.59
1.670.48
2.280.41
4.591.55
1.090.05
7.462.15
6.591.49
3.781.56
2.050.86
1.660.36
2.060.79
3.010.47
4.300.99
1.290.48
0.0820.014
1.00
0.0820.014
2.350.46
5.831.02
> 0.820.16
1.630.28
>0.160.03
0.530.15
5.181.95
>5.711.26
5.211.96
5.542.61
>1.080.65
1.260.27
>0.130.03
0.0540.017
0.0670.010
1.000
0.1210.027
17.92.5
10.51.4
1.710.22
4.860.92
7.071.01
2.710.64
1.920.53
2.160.36
6.481.94
1.100.05
9.522.57
7.242.11
5.081.97
2.010.83
1.590.29
2.270.88
3.010.47
4.641.08
1.400.39
0.0920.020
1.000
0.0920.020
2.81 0.43
5.07 0.96
>0.790.19
1.250.28
>0.130.03
5.382.21
5.762.37
>1.110.65
0.0490.015
0.0770.011
1.000
0.1260.026
9.251.19
9.031.09
1.880.26
3.430.64
4.110.55
3.710.84
1.520.40
1.260.22
4.211.26
1.180.07
6.451.78
6.611.98
3.711.23
3.611.37
1.370.15
1.910.66
2.310.41
3.800.84
0.880.25
Ionic abundances
ICF(Ar)
106 Ar/H
105 Ne2+ /H+
ICF(Ne)
104 Ne/H
[O ii] 3727
H12 3750
H11 3770
H10 3798
He i 3819
H9 3835
[Ne iii] 3869
[Ne iii] + Hi 3968
He i 4026
[S ii] 4070
H 4101
H 4340
[O iii] 4363
He i 4387
He i 4471
He ii 4686
He i 4712
[Ar iv] 4712
[Ar iv] 4740
H 4861
He i 4924
[O iii] 4958
[O iii] 5007
[Cl iii] 5517
[Cl iii] 5537
[N ii] 5755
He i 5876
[S iii] 6312
[N ii] 6548
H 6564
[N ii] 6584
He i 6678
[S ii] 6716
[S ii] 6731
log[F (H)]
c(H)
Line Fluxes
(0.001-0.01)FH
(0.01-0.05)FH
(0.05-0.15)FH
(0.15-0.30)FH
(0.30-2.0)FH
(2.0-5.0)FH
Inner NEB
4.900 (7)
NW knot
2.100 (3)
SE knot
2.100 (3)
NW outer NEB
4.900 (7)
SE outer NEB
4.900 (7)
Entire NEB
20.300 (29)
12.89
55.17
26.02
1.886
1.184
22.21
43.62
5.311
0.723
4.755
1.817
0.499
0.625
0.756
100.0
1.055
296.2
851.3
0.232
0.223
16.86
0.292
2.124
285.0
5.771
4.479
0.261
0.312
34.87
62.19
32.13
24.81
46.12
4.811
6.338
0.665
100.0
280.9
833.9
14.67
6.153
285.0
14.88
4.883
0.799
0.929
24.18
45.15
26.71
26.64
49.89
4.669
5.978
0.628
100.0
296.6
885.3
17.74
5.272
285.0
16.92
5.386
1.473
1.559
22.59
3.345
4.037
5.341
1.191
7.707
56.17
31.89
2.129
24.92
50.29
4.894
1.088
5.856
0.615
0.455
0.439
100.0
1.441
266.5
813.4
0.437
0.431
0.107
15.09
0.623
2.029
285.0
7.335
4.151
0.229
0.314
18.15
2.239
3.069
4.001
1.161
5.777
43.27
26.73
2.013
24.69
48.47
4.855
0.639
4.341
0.465
0.508
0.419
100.0
1.302
290.6
893.6
0.357
0.363
0.091
17.44
0.509
2.807
285.0
7.684
3.985
0.355
0.496
16.55
2.266
2.978
3.381
1.489
4.999
52.34
28.41
1.876
0.721
23.55
44.14
4.817
0.609
4.973
0.631
0.522
0.597
0.518
100.0
1.322
289.1
858.6
0.488
0.501
0.167
16.38
0.361
2.752
285.0
6.971
4.333
0.271
0.332
11.68
0.030.02
13.58
0.030.03
13.52
0.030.03
12.14
0.060.04
12.05
0.050.03
11.29
0.050.03
36
22
16
13
9
8
36
23
17
12
8
8
30
15
11
9
7
6
19801020
1680860
26601360
95302340
92003790
1420600
2260960
28201200
96001740
127204230
32
17
13
9
8
6
36501860
2180980
24301240
99301960
97003690
94603500
98202420
100554130
Ne [S ii]
Ne [Ar iv]
Ne [Cl iii]
Te [O iii]
Te [N ii]
Te & Nea
He+ /H+
He++ /H+
1
2
ICF(He)
He/H
105 O+ /H+
105 O2+ /H+
1
2
ICF(O)
104 O/H
105 N+ /H+
ICF(N)
104 N/H
107 S+ /H+
106 S2+ /H+
1
2
ICF(S)
106 S/H
108 Cl2+ /H+
ICF(Cl)
108 Cl/H
107 Ar3+ /H+
ICF(Ar)
107 Ar/H
105 Ne2+ /H+
ICF(Ne)
105 Ne/H
Inner NEB
NW knot
SE knot
NW outer NEB
SE outer NEB
Entire NEB
0.1160.018
0.00150.0003
1.000
0.1180.018
0.590.09
30.33.1
1.010.00
3.120.32
0.120.02
53.89.7
0.630.16
0.160.05
0.710.24
2.620.16
1.900.65
2.960.99
2.681.29
7.934.65
1.290.43
1.030.19
1.330.51
5.670.65
1.030.15
5.820.98
0.1040.040
1.000
0.1040.040
1.790.54
31.97.8
1.00
3.360.84
0.350.14
18.87.4
0.660.37
0.510.26
0.290.15b
0.1290.050
1.000
0.1290.050
1.320.41
37.19.1
1.00
3.840.95
0.390.15
29.111.6
1.130.63
0.910.46
0.520.26b
1.880.23
0.640.33
2.211.62
1.060.59
7.092.21
1.060.37
7.493.51
2.160.28
1.310.68
2.541.85
1.040.58
5.741.79
1.040.36
5.942.79
0.1030.016
1.000
0.1030.016
1.090.18
29.33.5
1.00
3.030.37
0.150.03
27.85.7
0.420.12
0.170.04
1.590.61
2.130.14
3.421.33
5.952.22
2.151.17
12.798.45
0.860.33
1.040.26
0.890.41
6.070.77
1.040.18
6.301.34
0.1140.018
1.000
0.1140.018
1.340.21
35.84.3
1.00
3.710.45
0.200.04
27.78.1
0.550.16
0.330.08
1.490.56
2.120.14
3.231.22
5.472.03
2.171.16
11.877.71
0.970.35
1.040.26
1.010.44
5.330.69
1.040.18
5.531.19
0.1070.015
0.00050.0002
1.000
0.1080.015
0.310.05
34.13.7
1.000.00
3.450.38
0.080.02
11122
0.890.28
0.110.03
1.020.32
3.340.22
3.451.03
7.252.27
3.380.15
24.4713.39
1.150.38
1.010.20
1.160.45
6.240.57
1.010.16
6.321.13
23
24
[O ii] 3727
H12 3750
H11 3770
H10 3798
He i 3819
H9 3835
[Ne iii] 3869
[Ne iii] + Hi 3968
He i 4026
[S ii] 4070
H 4101
H 4340
[O iii] 4363
He i 4387
He i 4471
He ii 4686
He i 4712
[Ar iv] 4712
[Ar iv] 4740
H 4861
He i 4924
[O iii] 4958
[O iii] 5007
[Cl iii] 5517
[Cl iii] 5537
[N ii] 5755
He i 5876
[S iii] 6312
[N ii] 6548
H 6564
[N ii] 6584
He i 6678
[S ii] 6716
[S ii] 6731
log[F (H)]
c(H)
Line Fluxes
(0.001-0.01)FH
(0.01-0.05)FH
(0.05-0.15)FH
(0.15-0.30)FH
(0.30-2.0)FH
(2.0-5.0)FH
Inner NEB
4.900 (7)
NE NEB
6.300 (9)
SW NEB
6.300 (9)
Entire NEB
20.300 (29)
11.31
54.81
24.85
1.698
22.84
42.87
4.931
0.591
5.176
1.994
0.543
0.589
0.699
100.0
1.263
289.3
889.9
0.211
0.198
16.94
0.235
2.393
285.0
5.916
4.291
0.225
0.277
15.92
2.752
3.204
4.656
1.978
6.902
45.61
27.59
2.389
24.89
46.56
4.152
0.909
5.317
0.558
0.749
100.0
1.515
279.5
849.5
0.407
0.379
17.36
0.338
2.923
285.0
6.901
4.194
0.291
0.374
17.08
2.714
3.144
4.713
1.573
7.545
48.82
28.06
2.206
24.07
43.87
3.698
0.731
4.309
0.452
0.421
0.399
100.0
1.061
265.6
780.7
0.411
0.397
15.05
0.538
2.512
285.0
6.953
4.141
0.209
0.248
12.77
2.326
2.633
3.099
1.259
4.285
52.55
27.19
2.004
0.474
22.98
45.32
4.682
0.399
5.045
0.855
0.529
0.705
0.645
100.0
1.253
302.3
872.6
0.529
0.518
0.158
16.57
0.311
2.848
285.0
6.844
4.348
0.302
0.349
11.64
0.050.03
12.31
0.040.03
12.11
0.050.03
11.31
0.040.03
33
17
14
9
7
7
29
14
12
9
7
7
33301600
29001190
1950910
1920960
24201160
2350970
95901920
92502440
92002510
95001670
121903870
Ne [S ii]
Ne [Ar iv]
Ne [Cl iii]
Te [O iii]
Te [N ii]
Te & Nea
He+ /H+
He++ /H+
1
2
ICF(He)
He/H
105 O+ /H+
105 O2+ /H+
1
2
ICF(O)
104 O/H
105 N+ /H+
ICF(N)
104 N/H
107 S+ /H+
106 S2+ /H+
1
2
ICF(S)
106 S/H
108 Cl2+ /H+
ICF(Cl)
108 Cl/H
107 Ar3+ /H+
ICF(Ar)
107 Ar/H
105 Ne2+ /H+
ICF(Ne)
105 Ne/H
Inner NEB
NE NEB
SW NEB
Entire NEB
0.1130.017
0.00160.0004
1.000
0.1150.017
0.630.09
34.93.5
1.010.00
3.580.36
0.140.03
56.99.9
0.800.22
0.160.05
0.670.24
2.680.15
1.840.67
2.991.03
2.751.398
8.215.046
1.350.46
1.030.21
1.390.55
6.560.65
1.030.14
6.741.16
0.1040.019
1.000
0.1040.019
1.050.20
39.14.4
1.00
4.020.46
0.190.04
38.38.5
0.730.22
0.230.08
1.160.41
2.360.17
2.791.01
6.582.31
2.401.13
15.819.73
1.570.54
1.030.23
1.610.66
6.560.74
1.030.17
6.741.33
0.0990.018
1.000
0.0990.018
1.120.21
36.64.1
1.00
3.770.44
0.180.04
33.77.4
0.610.19
0.160.06
1.870.66
2.260.16
4.271.54
6.712.34
2.281.15
15.319.38
0.980.33
1.030.24
1.010.41
7.030.80
1.030.17
7.251.43
0.1090.015
0.00070.0002
1.000
0.1100.015
0.260.04
36.53.6
1.000.00
3.700.37
0.090.02
14226
1.280.37
0.210.06
0.920.29
3.630.22
3.411.09
7.892.35
3.711.67
29.2615.77
1.450.44
1.010.20
1.470.53
6.560.65
1.010.14
6.641.13
[O ii] 3727
H12 3750
H11 3770
H10 3798
He i 3819
H9 3835
[Ne iii] 3869
[Ne iii] + Hi 3968
He i 4026
[S ii] 4070
H 4101
H 4340
[O iii] 4363
He i 4387
He i 4471
He ii 4686
He i 4712
[Ar iv] 4712
[Ar iv] 4740
H 4861
He i 4924
[O iii] 4958
[O iii] 5007
[N i] 5200
[Cl iii] 5517
[Cl iii] 5537
[N ii] 5755
He i 5876
[O i] 6300
[S iii] 6312
[O i] 6363
[N ii] 6548
H 6564
[N ii] 6584
He i 6678
[S ii] 6716
[S ii] 6731
log[F (H)]
c(H)
Line Fluxes
(0.001-0.01)FH
(0.01-0.05)FH
(0.05-0.15)FH
(0.15-0.30)FH
(0.30-2.0)FH
(2.0-5.0)FH
(5.0-10.0)FH
> 10 FH
Inner NEB
7.700 (11)
N knot
2.100 (3)
S knot
2.100 (3)
Entire NEB
17.500 (25)
27.25
3.901
4.193
5.295
1.735
7.183
93.02
45.14
2.562
2.537
23.95
46.22
9.183
0.805
5.541
1.014
0.808
1.259
2.761
100.0
1.475
383.2
1225
0.274
0.239
0.538
2.136
18.34
5.225
1.174
1.684
18.41
285.0
55.56
4.535
0.763
1.592
127.8
111.3
54.09
24.43
44.51
7.143
6.701
0.978
100.0
372.9
1122
5.733
4.921
17.98
11.96
4.483
67.85
285.0
196.1
4.045
3.545
6.832
143.6
137.3
72.41
28.53
45.26
9.579
7.006
1.022
100.0
441.9
1331
3.665
18.79
17.97
6.707
54.21
285.0
161.6
4.283
2.867
5.579
34.75
3.325
3.815
5.671
1.771
7.059
96.82
46.21
2.739
2.754
26.42
47.79
9.651
0.823
5.827
0.906
0.851
1.172
2.607
100.0
1.355
418.8
1243
0.348
0.268
0.602
2.337
18.27
5.963
1.201
1.841
19.81
285.0
60.55
4.524
0.887
1.853
10.32
0.270.01
12.49
0.250.05
12.54
0.290.06
10.26
0.270.02
13
9
7
6
5
5
5
5
6
6
13
9
7
6
6
5
5
5
293003940
352306480
352006480
102001230
99002670
102602770
102001230
123501640
113503970
107303750
122201630
91001300
98201420
Ne [S ii]
Ne [Ar iv]
Ne [Cl iii]
Te [O iii]
Te [N ii]
Te [S ii]
Te & Nea
1
2
1
2
ICF(O)
104 O/H
105 N+ /H+
ICF(N)
104 N/H
106 S+ /H+
106 S2+ /H+
1
2
ICF(S)
106 S/H
108 Cl2+ /H+
ICF(Cl)
108 Cl/H
107 Ar3+ /H+
ICF(Ar)
107 Ar/H
105 Ne2+ /H+
ICF(Ne)
105 Ne/H
Inner NEB
N knot
S knot
Entire NEB
0.0950.008
0.00080.0001
1.00
0.0960.008
1.770.13
38.72.7
1.010.11
4.070.54
0.760.06
23.03.5
1.750.30
0.170.02
2.380.27
2.000.10
5.100.63
6.740.94
2.140.36
14.450.32
3.860.44
1.050.19
4.060.87
8.580.61
1.050.16
9.021.50
0.0990.021
1.00
0.0990.021
7.021.19
36.15.4
1.00
4.310.66
3.120.53
6.141.40
1.9150.55
0.480.17
2.690.95b
0.1050.023
1.0
0.1050.029
10.211.73
41.76.3
1.00
5.200.80
2.930.49
5.091.16
1.490.42
0.460.16
2.570.90b
1.340.09
4.251.53
1.580.80
1.200.39
8.271.41
1.190.26
9.882.71
1.280.08
3.871.37
1.510.75
1.250.40
12.312.11
1.250.27
15.314.21
0.0950.008
0.00080.0001
1.00
0.0960.008
2.380.20
40.93.2
1.010.11
4.350.59
0.880.07
18.32.9
1.6082.88
0.180.02
2.450.28
1.860.09
4.890.61
7.571.08
1.200.34
15.120.34
3.590.42
1.060.20
3.820.86
8.930.69
1.060.17
9.501.67
a 1: T [N II] and N [S II], 2: T [O III] and N [Ar IV] and 3: T [O III] and N [Cl III].
e
e
e
e
e
e
b It is calculated by using the equation S+2 =S+ *(4.677+(O+2 /O)0.433 ) from Kingsburgh & Barlow (1994).
25
26
Inner NEB
7.700 (11)
N knot
2.100 (3)
S knot
2.100 (3)
Entire NEB
17.500 (25)
27.91
3.337
3.667
4.948
1.243
7.024
92.18
45.01
2.729
2.202
25.75
45.62
8.615
5.399
0.995
0.788
1.169
2.558
100.0
1.456
420.1
1229
0.373
0.278
0.559
2.141
17.84
5.218
1.038
1.638
16.78
285.0
52.88
4.441
0.731
1.519
139.9
131.1
66.21
24.73
50.88
11.71
6.976
1.018
100.0
434.1
1360
3.171
14.91
15.08
4.837
66.71
285.0
199.6
3.887
2.425
4.682
101.3
113.6
57.23
26.06
44.76
8.384
9.133
1.331
100.0
387.8
1104
4.152
14.95
12.93
4.422
58.81
285.0
177.1
4.295
2.394
4.767
34.69
2.773
3.531
4.986
1.208
6.933
92.17
44.48
2.265
2.332
25.45
45.57
8.675
5.508
0.853
0.805
1.011
2.341
100.0
1.646
393.8
1207
0.443
0.276
0.575
2.316
17.88
6.112
1.075
1.913
21.21
285.0
64.52
4.424
0.866
1.803
log[F (H)]
c(H)
10.31
0.290.02
12.24
0.290.06
12.35
0.240.05
10.23
0.280.01
[O ii] 3727
H12 3750
H11 3770
H10 3798
He i 3819
H9 3835
[Ne iii] 3869
[Ne iii] 3968
He i 4026
[S ii] 4070
H 4101
H 4340
[O iii] 4363
He i 4471
He ii 4686
He i 4712
Line Fluxes
(0.001-0.01)FH
(0.01-0.05)FH
(0.05-0.15)FH
(0.15-0.30)FH
(0.30-2.0)FH
(2.0-5.0)FH
(5.0-10.0)FH
> 10 FH
14
9
7
6
5
5
5
5
6
6
13
9
7
6
5
5
5
5
296503780
227504500
259305130
100001200
108902650
104002620
100501200
127801700
94203275
105703670
119251600
103601500
89901300
Ne [S ii]
Ne [Ar iv]
Ne [Cl iii]
Te [O iii]
Te [N ii]
Te [S ii]
Te & Nea
He+ /H+
He++ /H+
1
2
ICF(He)
He/H
105 O+ /H+
105 O2+ /H+
1
2
ICF(O)
104 O/H
105 N+ /H+
ICF(N)
104 N/H
106 S+ /H+
106 S2+ /H+
ICF(S)
106 S/H
108 Cl2+ /H+
ICF(Cl)
108 Cl/H
107 Ar3+ /H+
ICF(Ar)
107 Ar/H
105 Ne2+ /H+
ICF(Ne)
105 Ne/H
1
2
Inner NEB
N knot
S knot
Entire NEB
0.0930.007
0.00090.0001
1.00
0.0940.007
1.520.11
43.23.1
1.010.10
4.510.52
0.670.06
29.64.2
1.990.33
0.130.02
2.310.24
2.170.11
5.300.62
7.711.15
2.290.36
17.673.81
3.770.39
1.040.18
3.930.79
9.190.65
1.040.15
9.571.51
0.0980.022
1.00
0.0980.022
19.563.59
34.55.1
1.00
5.410.87
5.330.97
2.770.68
1.470.45
0.530.19
2.921.05b
1.110.05
3.811.38
10.031.84
1.570.34
15.714.48
0.0950.022
1.00
0.0950.022
8.591.57
34.25.1
1.00
4.280.66
3.390.62
4.991.19
1.690.51
0.450.17
2.510.95b
1.270.08
5.431.44
6.721.24
1.250.27
8.412.38
0.0960.007
0.00070.0001
1.00
0.0970.007
2.510.18
41.93.1
1.010.10
4.470.54
0.980.08
17.82.5
1.750.28
0.180.02
2.340.24
1.850.08
4.650.52
7.671.07
1.990.30
15.240.31
3.320.34
1.070.18
3.540.71
9.020.64
1.070.15
9.611.50
a 1: T [N II] and N [S II], 2: T [O III] and N [Ar IV] and 3: T [O III] and N [Cl III].
e
e
e
e
e
e
b It is calculated by using the equation S+2 =S+ *(4.677+(O+2 /O)0.433 ) from Kingsburgh & Barlow (1994).