PROJECT REPORT

BY
Abhinandan Kumar (09EE1010)
Under The Guidance Of
Prof D Das
Dept. of Electrical Engineering
IIT Kharagpur

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Serial no.

Section name

Page no.

1.

Introduction
Previous semester
Current semester
Theory
Model
Result
Future work
References

03

2.
3.

4.
5.

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05-11

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Electricity provides a vital service to the society. Electrical power is somewhat like the air we breathe:
We think about it only when it is missing. So, if we do away with power system even for a very short
time, unfortunately you, esteemed reader, will not be able to enjoy this report!
Electricity generation is the process of generating electric power from sources of energy.
The fundamental principles of electricity generation were discovered during the 1820s and early 1830s
by the British scientist Michael Faraday. His basic method is still used today: electricity is generated by
the movement of a loop of wire, or disc of copper between the poles of a magnet.
Electricity is most often generated at a power station by electromechanical generators, primarily driven
by heat engines fueled by chemical combustion or nuclear fission but also by other means such as the
kinetic energy of flowing water and wind. There are many other technologies that can be and are used
to generate electricity such as solar photovoltaic and geothermal power.
A turbine is a rotary mechanical device that extracts energy from a fluid flow and converts it into useful
work. A turbine is a turbo machine with at least one moving part called a rotor assembly, which is a shaft
or drum with blades attached. Moving fluid acts on the blades so that they move and impart rotational
energy to the rotor. Early turbine examples are windmills and water wheels.
In this report we will see the model of micro turbine (a type of gas turbine) and steam turbine.
Steam Turbine: A steam turbine is a device that extracts thermal energy from pressurized steam and
uses it to do mechanical work on a rotating output shaft. Its modern manifestation was invented by Sir
Charles Parsons in 1884.
Because the turbine generates rotary motion, it is particularly suited to be used to drive an electrical
generator. The steam turbine is a form of heat engine that derives much of its improvement in
thermodynamic efficiency through the use of multiple stages in the expansion of the steam, which
results in a closer approach to the ideal reversible process.
Micro turbine: Micro turbines is a device that extracts Distributed energy from different type of
sources (i.e. bio gas, petrol, natural gas, propane, diesel, and kerosene as well as renewable fuels) and
uses it to do mechanical work on a rotatory output shaft. Most MTs use a permanent-magnet
synchronous generator (PMSG) or asynchronous generator for power generation. Thy have most
promising technology for powering HEV (Hybrid Electric Vehicles). Basic principle of micro turbine is
based on micro combustion (reaction between fuels in the form of hydrocarbons in any phase with
oxidants).
There are essentially two types of micro turbine designs. One is a high-speed single-shaft design with the
compressor and turbine mounted on the same shaft as the permanent magnet synchronous generator.
The generator generates a very high frequency three phase signal ranging from 1500 to 4000 Hz. The
high frequency voltage is first rectified and then inverted to a normal 50 or 60 Hz voltage. Another is a
split-shaft design that uses a power turbine rotating at 3600 rpm and conventional generator (usually
induction generator) connected via gearbox. The power inverters are not needed in this design.
Along with the turbine there will be control system including speed and acceleration control, fuel flow
control and temperature control. A micro turbine can generate power in the range of 25 KW to 500 KW.

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A micro turbine (isolated):

A gas turbine (isolated):

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Active power and frequency generation control:

For a single isolated turbine (before end semester)
For more than one turbine with in an area (before end semester)
For more than one turbine for interconnected power system (after end semester).

Theory:
Automatic generation control for two area interconnected power system:
V2=|V2|< 2

V1 =|V1|< 1

Ptie,12
Area 1

Area 2

(Ptie, 12 )= Real [{V1* (V1-V2)}/(r+jx)]

Where,
r = resistance of tie line
x =impedance of tie line.

||

(Ptie, 12 )=
  

||| |

 Ptie, 12  

||| |

  

  

 cos1  2  x sin  1  2

 sin1  2 x cos1  2  1  2

1  2 !1 "#
2  2 !2 "#
Taking Laplace we get,
 Ptie, 12 $s% 

&||| |
 sin1
'
   

 2 x cos1  2  f1s  f2s

Let Pr1 and Pr2 are the rated capacity of area 1 and area 2. Then,

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 Ptie, 21 = a12  Ptie, 12

Where,
a12 =

)*

.
*

Incremental power balance equation for area 1 can be written as,

 Pg1  PL1 

2-1 "
 f1 + /1  f1 +  Ptie, 12
! "#

Bias factor:
The steady state frequency deviation is same for both the area.
At steady state,
0

f1=  f2 = fss and 01  f1 = 01  f2 = 0

And
Pg1ss -  Psstie,12 -  PL1 = D1  fss
Pg2ss a12  Psstie,12 -  PL2 = D2  fss
Pg1ss =

)233
4

Pg2ss =

)233
4

Solving these 4 equations we get,

 fss =

5 67)67
89 

 Psstie,12 =

:
:
<)5 9 
;
;:
:
:
< 67 )89  < 67
;:
;
:
:
89  <)5 9 
;
;:

89

From the equation we can easily say that there will be some steady state error of frequency deviation
and tie line power deviation, following a change in loads. To correct these steady state errors,
supplementary controls must be given in both the areas. The supplementary control in a given area
should ideally correct only for the change in that area. In other words, if there is change in area 1 load,
there should be supplementary control action only in area 1 not in area 2.
The area control error for area 1 and area 2 can be defined as
ACE1 = B1 f1 + Ptie,12

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Putting the values of  fss and  Psstie,12 and making the term  PL2 vanish we get,
B1 = (D1+1/R1).
Similarly for area 2
ACE2 = B2 f2 + Ptie,12
Putting the values of  fss and  Psstie,12 and making the term  PL1 vanish we get,
B2 = (D2+1/R2).

Model:
Micro turbine:

For P (load) disturbance = 0.6 PU both side.

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Micro turbine Results:

f vs. time:

 P generated Vs. time:

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Steam turbine model:

Steam turbine Results:

Disturbance in area 1 =0.01 PU
Disturbance in area 2 = 0 PU

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Power1 Vs. time:

 f1 Vs. time:

10 | P a g e

Power2 Vs. time:

 f2 Vs. time:

11 | P a g e

Active power and frequency control of a hydrothermal system

1. C. Concordia & L. K. Kirchmayer, Tie-line Power and Frequency Control of Electrical Power
Systems, AIEEE Transactions, Vol 72, Pt III, June 1953, pp 562-572.
2. C. Concordia & L. K. Kirchmayer, Tie-line Power and Frequency Control of Electrical Power
Systems-Pt II, AIEEE Transactions, Vol 73 Pt III A, April 1954, pp 133-146.
3. Nathan Cohn, Some Aspects of Tie-line Bias Control on Interconnected Power Systems, AIEEE
Trans. Vol. 75, Feb. 1957. Pp. 1415-1436.
4. Y. Zhu, K. Tomsovic, Development of models for analyzing the load-following performance
of microturbines and fuel cells, AIEEE Trans. , Vol 80, Sept 2001, pp 568-576.
5. A. K. Saha, S. Chowdhury, S. P. Chowdhury & P. A. Crossley, Modelling and Simulation of
Microturbine in Islanded and Grid-connected Mode as Distributed Energy Source, AIEEE Trans.
Vol 85, Oct 2008, pp. 1258-1267.
6. S. Li, K. Tomsovic, T. Hiyama, Load following functions using distributed energy resources,
Proceedings of the IEEE/PES 2000 Summer Meeting, Seattle, Washington, USA, July 2000, pp.
1756

/1761.

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