Professional Documents
Culture Documents
1. ARISTOTLE
2. Dr Paul Hersey
(born -January 26, 1931 age 82, died -December 18, 2012 ) , a professor
and author of "The Situational Leader," and Ken Blanchard (born -May 6,
1939 age 74) , author of the best selling "One-Minute Manager," among
others.
The theory states that instead of using just one style, successful leaders should
change their leadership styles based on the maturity of the people they're
leading and the details of the task. Using this theory, leaders should be able to
place more or less emphasis on the task, and more or less emphasis on the
relationships with the people they're leading, depending on what's needed to get
the job done successfully
Management experts Paul Hersey and Ken Blanchard argue that these
things happen because leaders don't match their style of leadership to the
maturity of the people they're leading. When style and maturity aren't
matched, failure is the result.
LEADERSHIP :
An attempt to use influence to motivate individuals to achieve some goals.
HerseyBlanchard Situational Leadership Model:
Explains how to match the leadership style to the situation and readiness of the
group members.
Ability
The knowledge, experience, and skill an individual or group brings to a particular
task.
Willingness
The extent to which an individual or group has the confidence, commitment, and
motivation to accomplish a specific task.
Four Leadership Styles:
Telling
The leader defines the roles needed to do the job and tells followers what, where,
how, and when to do the tasks
Selling
The leader provides followers with supportive instructions, but is also supportive.
Participating
The leader and followers share in decisions about how best to complete a highquality job
Delegating
The leader provides little specific, close direction or personal support to
followers.
3. THIRUKURAL:
Thirukkural is a precious gem among the classics, written by
Thiruvalluvar unique in the deliverance of code of conduct to the mankind
to follow for all time to come. It is a masterpiece of Tamil literature,
composed during the last of the three Sangam eras. It enshrines in it 1330
couplets under 133 chapters, each chapter comprising 10 verses. The
chapters again fall under three major divisions. Virtue, Wealth and Love.
This classical work written in Tamil has been translated in over 60
languages of the world.
MANAGEMENT
People, troops, wealth, forts, council, friends
Who owns these six is lion of kings
-The Kings (39:1)
An organization/ institution can be called powerful, when it
possesses employees/ team (people), finance (wealth), competitive
advantage (forts), advisor/ board of members (councils) and alliances/
suppliers (friends). Management is all about managing all these factors/
elements. Managerial functions are believed to be the foremost function of
a manager since it involves human beings, and is ervasive in all the other
five activities to be a successful organization.
PLANNING
Money and means, time, place and deed
Decide these five and then proceed
-Modes of action (68:5)
Before acting resolve all doubts through consideration of these five:
cost, means, time, place and the action itself. Once the planning is done,
execute it without looking back, otherwise you will lose the opportunity.
The planning is the first and foremost activity of any organization; be it
starting a project or introducing a new product in the market to even
organizing a meeting.
ORGANIZING
Load too many of them and even peacock features
Would break the carts axle
-Strength (48:5)
The axle tree of a bandy, loaded only with peacocks feathers will
break, if it be greatly overloaded.
Sound organizing facilitates administration, provides for optimum
use of technological improvements, and stimulates independent creative
thinking. Even, very difficult and complicated tasks can be accomplished
without any hassles, if there is a proper division of work and is allotted to
the right people at the right time. Delegation of tasks to sub-ordinates will
improve the effectiveness and efficiency of a manager.
STAFFING
Having found the man for the task,
Make him responsible
-Employment (52:8)
Having considered what work a man is fit for, let (the king) employ
him in that work. The employees are the assets of the organization.
Hence, they have to choose right employees for the right place at the
right time for the right position. Different organizations may apply
different strategy for the selection of employees based on their
requirements. Their aim is to choose the best of the lot for the
organization.
DIRECTING
It is easy for anyone to talk,
It involves
STRENGTH
Weigh the strength of these before you actThe deeds your own, your enemys and allys
-Strength (48:1)
Let (one) weigh well the strength of the function (he purposes to
do), his own ability, the strength of his competitors, and the strength of
the allies (of both), and then act wise. Strengths identified should be
matched up to potential opportunities for the company. Its important to
try to evaluate your strengths in terms of how they compare to those of
your competitors.
WEAKNESS
Nothing is impossible for him
Who knows his task and strength, and is well
set.
-Strength (48: 2)
There is nothing which may not be accomplished by those who,
before they implement the process, make themselves acquainted with the
ability and negatives, and with whatever else is needful to execute.
Weakness should be corrected. Try to identify any area of expertise that is
lacking in the business. As you can then take steps to improve that
aspect. Its a good idea to get an outside viewpoint on what are the
weaknesses are as your own perceptions may not always marry up to
reality.
OPPORTUNITY
The world gives up those who give up
Stick to your task
-Manliness (62: 2)
Seek for opportunity always take care not to give up exertion in the
midst of a work; the world will abandon those who abandon their
unfinished work. Opportunities do not come as we expect them; they
show up rough and vague seeming as problems. In other words it would
only be reasonable in a positive light to see problems as potential
opportunities. External opportunities can include the misfortune of
competitors who are not performing well, providing you with the
opportunity to do better.
THREAT
Examine merits and defects,
Strike a balance and choose
-Selection (51: 4)
Let (The entrepreneur) consider the pros and cons, as well as the
threat, contingencies and then judge wise before implementing. One
should find the elements in the environment that could cause trouble for
the business or project. Analyzing the threats to your business requires
some guesswork, and this is where your analysis can be overly subjective.
thirukkural stressed that the work undertaken should be carried to
its completion. These management ideas, though more than 2000 years
old, are very much consistent with the ideas of the modern management
thinkers starting from Frederick Taylor to Peter Drucker.
Macroeconomic theory:
5.Chanakya-the pioneer
Chanakya is the professor of economics and political science at the
ancient Takshashila University.He was born in 380 b.c and was an Indian
teacher, philosopher, and royal advisor.Chanakya served as the chief
advisor to both Chandragupta and his son Bindusara.Chanakya is
traditionally identified as Kautilya or Vishnu Gupta, who authored the
ancient Indian political treatise called Arthasastra (Economics).
He is considered as the pioneer of the field of economics and political
science in India, and his work is thought of as an important precursor
to classical economics.He is widely credited for having played an
important role in the establishment of the Maurya Empire, which was the
first empire to rule most of the Indian subcontinent.There are four distinct
versions of chanakya story :
Buddhist version,jain version,Kashmiri version and
vishakhadattas version
ARTHASHASTRA
The Arthashastra discusses monetary and fiscal policies, welfare, internati
onal relations, and war strategies . The text also describes the duties of a
ruler.Chanakya is regarded as a great thinker and diplomat in India.The
author of the Arthashastra refers to himself as 'Kautilya', while the last
verse mentions the name Vishnugupta.Arthashastra explains how in
an autocracy an efficient and solid economy can be managed.It discusses
the ethics of economics and the duties and obligations of a king.
Arthashastra is divided into 15 books:
1. Concerning Discipline
2. The Duties of Government Superintendents
3. Concerning Law
4. The Removal of Thorns
Relating to War
11.
12.
13.
14.
Secret Means
15.
ESSENTIAL QUALITIES
KING
Has self-control
MANAGER
The first lesson in the management science is to choose wisely and utilise
optimally the scarce resources if one has to succeed in his venture. During
the curtain raiser before the Mahabharata War Duryodhana chose Sri
Krishna's large army for his help while Arjuna selected Sri Krishna's
wisdom for his support. This episode gives us a clue as to who is an
Effective Manager.
Even Duroyadhana has got the most powerful persons like Bhismar and
Vithunar. The biggest mistake he did was he never trust Bhismar by
complaining that he is supporting Arjuna. Because of this he failed to
make the full use of Bhismar .Next, Vidhunar, Who had got a powerful
weapon that cannot be tackled by the Arjunas Team. By teasing Vidhunar
unnecessarily, he broke down that powerful weapon and promised that he
will not be using that in war.
An effective management should know the capacity, talents,
Efficiency of the people working in the organisation. And the
management should be capable of handling, organising and using
them in the right time and in the right place towards the common
goal of the company.
8.CONFUCIUS
Confucius lived in the latter part of the Spring and Autumn Period(551479BC).
Confucius was a philosopher, political thinker and educator of ancient
China, whose influence is still felt across the world
Ethics And Politics of Confucius
THOUGHT OF CONFUCIUS
Ren (Benevolence) Generally means human-heartedness. Ultimate
Foundation of Confucianism: the essence of all virtues and the ground of
human dignity. Universal and Particular Perspectives: primary principle of
human actions in the former and principle of moral justification in the
latter. Ren can be interpreted as both Golden and Silver Rule: loving
others
His Philosophy
A philosophy is a system of ideas Concerned with worldly goals,
especially how to ensure social order and good government
Studied ancient texts to learn the rules that guided his
ancestors.
Spread of Confucianism
All regions of China was influenced by Confucius.
Created a very traditional society.
Confucianism spread to Korea, Vietnam and Japan.
Resources Management
Stakeholder Management
Economic
Legal
Ethical
Discretionary
Reporting CSR:
CSR projects may be administered and communicate achievements
via:
The HR department
10.GLOBALIZATION
The tendency of investment funds and businesses to move beyond
domestic and national markets to other markets around the globe,
thereby increasing the interconnectedness of different markets.
Globalization has had the effect of markedly increasing not only
international trade, but also cultural exchange.
IT IS THE AWARENESS OF MODERNITY ITSELF AS A CAUSE THAT NEEDS AN
ORGANIZED DEFENCE,A PUBLIC IDENTY IN CULTURAL DEBATE .
12. STOICISM :
Stoicism is a school of Hellenistic philosophy.
It was founded in Athens by Zeno of Citium in the early 3rd century
BC.
The term Stoicism derives from the greek word stoa referring
to a collonade.
Stoics follow the logic of Aristotle with a mix of a claim that the
mind, a blank slate, is filled with the input from our five senses.
Our minds process this input and this input is called knowledge.
Then add a dash that truth is solely derived from feelings (passion,
desire, etc) and those feelings twist the truth.
Marxism:
His first novel, Nausea (1938), narrates the feeling of revulsion that
a young man experiences when confronted with the contingency of
existence.
Sartre was awarded the Nobel Prize for Literature in 1964, but he
declined it.
Orientation:
A second role of political philosophy is to help citizens to
orient themselves within their own social world. Philosophy can describe
what it is to be a member of a society with a certain political status
Reconciliation:
A third role of political philosophy is reconciliation to calm our
frustration and rage against our society and its history by showing us the
way in which its are rational and developed over time
Utopianism:
A third role is to probe the limits of practicable political
possibility. Political philosophy must describe workable political
arrangements that can gain support from real people.
Rawls constructs justice as fairness around specific interpretations
of the defining liberal ideas that citizens are free and equal and that
society should be fair. He holds that justice as fairness is the most
egalitarian, and also the most plausible, interpretation of liberalism's
fundamental concepts.
Rawls sees justice as fairness as answering to the demands of both
freedom and equality
3. Make sure that leaders within the business articulate the rhetoric of
ethical behavior and act in a manner that is consistent with that
rhetoric
4. Put decision making processes in place that require people to
consider the ethical dimensions of business decisions
INTRODUCTION
C K . PRAHALAD Prahalad was the ninth of eleven children born in 1941 in to a
Kannada speaking family in Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu. His father was a well-known Sanskrit
scholar and judge in Chennai In India, the word 'guru' is not used in a cavalier fashion. It
denotes certain level of wisdom, achievement and respect given by the disciples. The title sits
lightly on those who are worthy of it From that point Coimbatore Krishnarao Prahalad can be
called a guru. His thought process got formulated by observing businesses in action and his
ideas thus formulated altered many businesses.
ACADEMIC
He was a graduate in Physics from Loyola College-Chennai. He did his masters from
IIMA and his DBA from Harvard in 1975 Postgraduate Diploma in Business Administration
from the Indian Institute of Management Ahmedabad in 1966 At Harvard Business School,
Prahalad wrote a doctoral thesis on multinational management in just two and a half years,
graduating with a D.B.A. degree in 1975.
AS A TEACHER
He worked as a manager in a branch of the Union Carbide battery company.
He has taught in India and America, eventually joining the faculty of the University of
Michigan's Business School working with a wide cross-section of companies from the CEOs
of the top 30 Fortune 200 firms to Hindustan Lever Limited and Microsoft Corporation,
India.
THOUGHTS
Two of his major ideas: core competencies of the organization Leveraging on the
organization This idea is looking at poor as source of profit than an object of charity. He
turned the entire idea on its head and suggested the need for corporations to focus on their
main strength or core competencies. Prahalad has been among top ten management thinkers
in every major survey for over ten years.
Prahalad argues that companies have not made enough use of the opportunities
provided by globalization .The second factor is the advent of digital technologies, which
provide a different way to connect poor people with the rich. For example: Cavincare of
Chennai was already into sachet shampoos and various brands of pan masala in pouches were
big market success. The MNCs of the west which were always in bigger; larger; greater mode
could not understand the market of the poor. They were used to selling 10 bottles of shampoo
in a crate and offer two bottles as bonus. CK consolidated this idea of poor as market Many
an MNC in India later followed the Cavincare route to target the poor. Even Biscuits are now
sold in packs of one or two for as low as one rupee.
EXSISTANCE OF THOUGHTS
His discussion on core competencies had its quota of critics Existing traditional
businesses get in to unrelated areas and succeed Mr. Srinivasan, who is the Chairman and
Managing Director of TVS Capital Funds, recalled that the he was one of the founderdirectors of the organisation The marketer should analyse the poors choice over their lives
and the products they use. Hindustan Lever's success in marketing soap-powder and
detergents in smaller, cheaper units.
SAYINGS
If you look at what I have done over the years, I first worked on the challenges of
managing multinationals. Big idea is the formulation about the bottom of the pyramid
(BOP) as market opportunities for corporate Prahalad had dreamt of India becoming an
economic leader and a moral leader in the comity of nations.
Overview:
ORDER:
SOCIETAL COMPLAINTS:
CONCLUSION:
Because all these benefits that govt. and others get are no way compared
to HUMAN LIVES
22.Swami Vivekananda:
With Ramakrishna:
Initially rebelled against his ideas, but after fathers sudden death
and family left bankrupt, Vivekananda found solace in his teachings.
Linked morality with control of the mind, seeing truth, purity and
unselfishness
Take up one idea Think about it, dream about and live on it . This is
the way to success.
Lessons on Management:
Here are some excerpts from Vivekananda's letter to Swami Brahmanand
written on 1st August 1898 from Srinagar
23.
UTILITARIANISM: