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NOTES ON PHILOSOPHERs

1. ARISTOTLE

Aristotle was born circa 384 B.C. in Stagira, Greece. In


335, Aristotle founded his own school, the Lyceum, in Athens, where
he spent most of the rest of his life studying, teaching and writing.
Aristotle died in 322 B.C., after he left Athens and fled to Chalcis.
According to Aristotle, one has to think of oneself as a member of
the larger community, the neighbourhood, the city and country
should strive to excel, to bring out what is best in us and our shared
enterprise.
Aristotle was the most practical and business-oriented of all
philosophers who asked ethical questions
Aristotle concludes that the role of the leader is to create the
environment in which all members of an organization have the
opportunity to realize their own potential.
He says that the ethical role of the leader is not to enhance his or
her own power but to create the conditions under which followers
can achieve their potential.
Ancient Greek philosopher Aristotle, together with Socrates and
Plato, laid much of the groundwork for western philosophy.
During his time at the Lyceum, Aristotle wrote extensively on a wide
range of subjects: politics, metaphysics, ethics, logic and science
understanding of organizations, of motivation
Aristotle helps us, by saying business people should understand
human nature,
so we can see how to build higher levels of excellence on a
foundation of happiness and satisfaction, so people feel good about
what they're doing in the long run and, thereby, can sustain the kind
of excellence businesses hope to achieve.

2. Dr Paul Hersey
(born -January 26, 1931 age 82, died -December 18, 2012 ) , a professor
and author of "The Situational Leader," and Ken Blanchard (born -May 6,
1939 age 74) , author of the best selling "One-Minute Manager," among
others.
The theory states that instead of using just one style, successful leaders should
change their leadership styles based on the maturity of the people they're
leading and the details of the task. Using this theory, leaders should be able to
place more or less emphasis on the task, and more or less emphasis on the
relationships with the people they're leading, depending on what's needed to get
the job done successfully

Management experts Paul Hersey and Ken Blanchard argue that these
things happen because leaders don't match their style of leadership to the
maturity of the people they're leading. When style and maturity aren't
matched, failure is the result.

LEADERSHIP :
An attempt to use influence to motivate individuals to achieve some goals.
HerseyBlanchard Situational Leadership Model:
Explains how to match the leadership style to the situation and readiness of the
group members.
Ability
The knowledge, experience, and skill an individual or group brings to a particular
task.
Willingness
The extent to which an individual or group has the confidence, commitment, and
motivation to accomplish a specific task.
Four Leadership Styles:
Telling
The leader defines the roles needed to do the job and tells followers what, where,
how, and when to do the tasks
Selling
The leader provides followers with supportive instructions, but is also supportive.
Participating
The leader and followers share in decisions about how best to complete a highquality job
Delegating
The leader provides little specific, close direction or personal support to
followers.

3. THIRUKURAL:
Thirukkural is a precious gem among the classics, written by
Thiruvalluvar unique in the deliverance of code of conduct to the mankind
to follow for all time to come. It is a masterpiece of Tamil literature,

composed during the last of the three Sangam eras. It enshrines in it 1330
couplets under 133 chapters, each chapter comprising 10 verses. The
chapters again fall under three major divisions. Virtue, Wealth and Love.
This classical work written in Tamil has been translated in over 60
languages of the world.

MANAGEMENT
People, troops, wealth, forts, council, friends
Who owns these six is lion of kings
-The Kings (39:1)
An organization/ institution can be called powerful, when it
possesses employees/ team (people), finance (wealth), competitive
advantage (forts), advisor/ board of members (councils) and alliances/
suppliers (friends). Management is all about managing all these factors/
elements. Managerial functions are believed to be the foremost function of
a manager since it involves human beings, and is ervasive in all the other
five activities to be a successful organization.

PLANNING
Money and means, time, place and deed
Decide these five and then proceed
-Modes of action (68:5)
Before acting resolve all doubts through consideration of these five:
cost, means, time, place and the action itself. Once the planning is done,
execute it without looking back, otherwise you will lose the opportunity.
The planning is the first and foremost activity of any organization; be it
starting a project or introducing a new product in the market to even
organizing a meeting.

ORGANIZING
Load too many of them and even peacock features
Would break the carts axle
-Strength (48:5)
The axle tree of a bandy, loaded only with peacocks feathers will
break, if it be greatly overloaded.
Sound organizing facilitates administration, provides for optimum
use of technological improvements, and stimulates independent creative
thinking. Even, very difficult and complicated tasks can be accomplished
without any hassles, if there is a proper division of work and is allotted to
the right people at the right time. Delegation of tasks to sub-ordinates will
improve the effectiveness and efficiency of a manager.
STAFFING
Having found the man for the task,
Make him responsible
-Employment (52:8)
Having considered what work a man is fit for, let (the king) employ
him in that work. The employees are the assets of the organization.
Hence, they have to choose right employees for the right place at the
right time for the right position. Different organizations may apply
different strategy for the selection of employees based on their
requirements. Their aim is to choose the best of the lot for the
organization.
DIRECTING
It is easy for anyone to talk,

But hard to act thereon


-Efficiency (67:4)
To say (how an act is to be performed) is (indeed) easy for any one;
but far difficult it is to do according to what has been said. An extra
ordinary leader must possess courage, utilize the available resources
efficiently and effectively, provide knowledge and should possess zeal /
passion for excellence. He / she should have excellent interpersonal skills
and should be accessible.
CONTROLLING
Guard against error as you would guard wealth
For error is a foe that kills
-Faults (44:4)
Guard against faults as a matter (of great consequence) faults are a
deadly enemy. It is the measurement and correction of performance in
order to make sure that enterprise objectives and the plans devised to
attain them are accomplished. As soon as an error or a deviation is
identified during the project, it is essential to take corrective actions to
avoid major pitfalls or major failures. A famous quote which says A Stitch
in Time Saves Nine is very appropriate here.
SWOT
SWOT analysis (alternatively SWOT Matrix) is a structured planning
method used to evaluate the Strengths, Weaknesses, Opportunities, and
Threats involved in a project or in a business venture. A SWOT analysis
can be carried out for a product, place, industry or person.

It involves

specifying the objective of the business venture or project and identifying


the internal and external factors that are favorable and unfavorable to
achieving that objective.

STRENGTH
Weigh the strength of these before you actThe deeds your own, your enemys and allys
-Strength (48:1)
Let (one) weigh well the strength of the function (he purposes to
do), his own ability, the strength of his competitors, and the strength of
the allies (of both), and then act wise. Strengths identified should be
matched up to potential opportunities for the company. Its important to
try to evaluate your strengths in terms of how they compare to those of
your competitors.
WEAKNESS
Nothing is impossible for him
Who knows his task and strength, and is well
set.
-Strength (48: 2)
There is nothing which may not be accomplished by those who,
before they implement the process, make themselves acquainted with the
ability and negatives, and with whatever else is needful to execute.
Weakness should be corrected. Try to identify any area of expertise that is
lacking in the business. As you can then take steps to improve that

aspect. Its a good idea to get an outside viewpoint on what are the
weaknesses are as your own perceptions may not always marry up to
reality.
OPPORTUNITY
The world gives up those who give up
Stick to your task
-Manliness (62: 2)
Seek for opportunity always take care not to give up exertion in the
midst of a work; the world will abandon those who abandon their
unfinished work. Opportunities do not come as we expect them; they
show up rough and vague seeming as problems. In other words it would
only be reasonable in a positive light to see problems as potential
opportunities. External opportunities can include the misfortune of
competitors who are not performing well, providing you with the
opportunity to do better.

THREAT
Examine merits and defects,
Strike a balance and choose
-Selection (51: 4)
Let (The entrepreneur) consider the pros and cons, as well as the
threat, contingencies and then judge wise before implementing. One
should find the elements in the environment that could cause trouble for
the business or project. Analyzing the threats to your business requires
some guesswork, and this is where your analysis can be overly subjective.
thirukkural stressed that the work undertaken should be carried to
its completion. These management ideas, though more than 2000 years

old, are very much consistent with the ideas of the modern management
thinkers starting from Frederick Taylor to Peter Drucker.

4.Peter Ferdinad Drucker


Management consultant, Born in Kaasberg,Austria ,Doctorate in
International law,germany .

Macroeconomic theory:

Drucker says that economists of all schools fail to explain significant


aspects of modern economies.

A desire to make everything as simple as possible. According to


Drucker, corporations tend to produce too many products, hire
employees they don't need (when a better solution would be
contracting out), and expand into economic sectors that they should
stay out of.

Corporations as well as governments have a natural human


tendency to cling to "yesterday's successes" rather than seeing
when they are no longer useful.

He wrote extensively about Management by objectives.

A company's primary responsibility is to serve its customers. Profit is


not the primary goal.

5.Chanakya-the pioneer
Chanakya is the professor of economics and political science at the
ancient Takshashila University.He was born in 380 b.c and was an Indian
teacher, philosopher, and royal advisor.Chanakya served as the chief
advisor to both Chandragupta and his son Bindusara.Chanakya is
traditionally identified as Kautilya or Vishnu Gupta, who authored the
ancient Indian political treatise called Arthasastra (Economics).
He is considered as the pioneer of the field of economics and political
science in India, and his work is thought of as an important precursor
to classical economics.He is widely credited for having played an
important role in the establishment of the Maurya Empire, which was the
first empire to rule most of the Indian subcontinent.There are four distinct
versions of chanakya story :
Buddhist version,jain version,Kashmiri version and
vishakhadattas version
ARTHASHASTRA
The Arthashastra discusses monetary and fiscal policies, welfare, internati
onal relations, and war strategies . The text also describes the duties of a
ruler.Chanakya is regarded as a great thinker and diplomat in India.The
author of the Arthashastra refers to himself as 'Kautilya', while the last
verse mentions the name Vishnugupta.Arthashastra explains how in
an autocracy an efficient and solid economy can be managed.It discusses
the ethics of economics and the duties and obligations of a king.
Arthashastra is divided into 15 books:
1. Concerning Discipline
2. The Duties of Government Superintendents
3. Concerning Law
4. The Removal of Thorns

5. The Conduct of Courtiers


6. The Source of Sovereign States
7. The End of the Six-Fold Policy
8. Concerning Vices and Calamities
9. The Work of an Invader
10.

Relating to War

11.

The Conduct of Corporations

12.

Concerning a Powerful Enemy

13.

Strategic Means to Capture a Fortress

14.

Secret Means

15.

The Plan of a Treatise

ESSENTIAL QUALITIES
KING

Has self-control

Cultivates the intellect by association with elders

Keeps his eyes open through spies

Improves his own discipline by (continuing his) learning in all


branches of knowledge.

Is ever active in promoting the security and welfare of the people

MANAGER

Must possess to tackle situations

Healthy relation with superiors

To anticipate the snags

Should improve his qualities by endless learning

A manager should upkeep his employees.

6. Indian philanthropies write about any Indian


philosopher
7.Bhagavad Gta and Management
India's one of the greatest contributions to the world is Holy Gta.
In this context the Bhagavad Gita expounded thousands of years ago by
the Super Management Guru Bhagawan Sri Krishna enlightens us on all
managerial techniques leading to a harmonious and blissful state of affairs
as against conflicts, tensions, lowest efficiency and least productivity,
absence of motivation and lack of work culture etc common to most of the
Indian enterprises today.
The modern management concepts like vision, leadership, motivation,
excellence in work, achieving goals, meaning of work, attitude towards
work, nature of individual, decision making, planning etc., are all
discussed in the Bhagavad Gita with a sharp insight and finest analysis to
drive through our confused grey matter making it highly eligible to
become a part of the modem management syllabus
Management has become a part and parcel in everyday life, be it at
home, office, factory, Government, or in any other organization where a
group of human beings assemble for a common purpose, management
principles come into play through their various facets like management of
time, resources, personnel, materials, machinery, finance, planning,
priorities, policies and practice.
Effectiveness is doing the right things and
Efficiency is doing things right.

The Manager's functions can be briefly summed up as under :


Forming a vision and planning the strategy to realise such vision.
Cultivating the art of leadership

Establishing the institutional excellence and building an innovative


organisation.
Developing human resources.
Team building and teamwork
Delegation, motivation, and communication and
Reviewing performance and taking corrective steps whenever called for.
Thus Management is a process in search of excellence to align people and
get them committed to work for a common goal to the maximum social
benefit.

Utilisation of Available Resources:

The first lesson in the management science is to choose wisely and utilise
optimally the scarce resources if one has to succeed in his venture. During
the curtain raiser before the Mahabharata War Duryodhana chose Sri
Krishna's large army for his help while Arjuna selected Sri Krishna's
wisdom for his support. This episode gives us a clue as to who is an
Effective Manager.
Even Duroyadhana has got the most powerful persons like Bhismar and
Vithunar. The biggest mistake he did was he never trust Bhismar by
complaining that he is supporting Arjuna. Because of this he failed to
make the full use of Bhismar .Next, Vidhunar, Who had got a powerful
weapon that cannot be tackled by the Arjunas Team. By teasing Vidhunar
unnecessarily, he broke down that powerful weapon and promised that he
will not be using that in war.
An effective management should know the capacity, talents,
Efficiency of the people working in the organisation. And the
management should be capable of handling, organising and using
them in the right time and in the right place towards the common
goal of the company.

Attitude towards Work:

Three stone-cutters were engaged in erecting a temple. As usual a H.R.D.


Consultant asked them what they were doing. The response of the three
workers to this innocent-looking question is illuminating.
'I am a poor man. I have to maintain my family. I am making a living
here,' said the first stone-cutter with a dejected face.'Well, I work because
I want to show that I am the best stone-cutter in the country,' said the
second one with a sense of pride, 'Oh, I want to build the most beautiful
temple in the country,' said the third one with a visionary gleam.
Their jobs were identical but their perspectives were different.
What Gita tells us is to develop the visionary perspective in the
work we do. It tells us to develop a sense of larger vision in one's
work for the common goal of the company.
Stress Management Through Personnel Excellence:

Lord Krishnas life is full of difficulties, full of problems, lots of pressure.


From the time he born, he was about to be killed. Normally we keep our
face tensed in a difficult situations. But look at Lord Krishna in spite of
this much difficulties he kept smiling.
That is why he advised Arjuna to fight in the battle field please
fight in the cheerful state of mind. In most difficult situations to be
cheerful appears illogical. But it gives the strength, the vitality, the power
to face the difficult situations in life. It keeps us in a better state than a
bitter state.
Generally People says WHATEVER MINE IS GOOD . But Lord Krishna
says WHATEVER IS GOOD IS MINE. So Arjuna you are fighting for
darma, for goodness and for the noble cause, therefore be
cheerful. So that your inner state is not going to be bitter but
better.

8.CONFUCIUS
Confucius lived in the latter part of the Spring and Autumn Period(551479BC).
Confucius was a philosopher, political thinker and educator of ancient
China, whose influence is still felt across the world
Ethics And Politics of Confucius

Outline The Basis of Ethical Thought in Confucianism Virtue Ethics in


Confucianism Ethical Particularism: the Golden Rule and the Silver Rule
Conception of Civil Society in Confucian Thought
Emphasis The moral teachings of Confucius emphasized: Self Cultivation;
Emulation of Moral Exemplars; and Attainment of Skilled Judgment than
the Knowledge of Rules. Because of these teachings, Confuciuss ethics is
considered as a type of Virtue Ethics (moral agent over rules)
Ethical Particularism Analects (11.22): ethical teaching is taught according
to the needs and abilities of different students. Golden Rule: One should
treat others as one would like others to treat oneself. Silver Rule: What
you do not wish for yourself, do not do to others. Although these rules
are universal, in different situations Confucius would advise a person to do
different things. Hence he was a particularist.
Politics Ruler: Self-discipline Govern by his own examples Care for his
subjects Good emperor => Better society If your desire is for good, the
people will be good. The moral character of the ruler is the wind; the
moral character of those beneath him is the grass. When the wind blows,
the grass bends
THE FIVE CONFUCIUS CLASSICS
The Book of Changes A text used for divination

The Book of History A record of verbal and oral reports or


speeches given by government officials.

Book of Songs A book of over 300 poems, mostly for ceremonies or


rituals, although there were some folk songs
. The Book of Rites A collection of rules for everyday life
. The Spring and Autumn Annals Commentaries on Chinese events
up to the 5 th century B.C.E. There was a sixth classic on music, but
it no longer exists

THOUGHT OF CONFUCIUS
Ren (Benevolence) Generally means human-heartedness. Ultimate
Foundation of Confucianism: the essence of all virtues and the ground of
human dignity. Universal and Particular Perspectives: primary principle of
human actions in the former and principle of moral justification in the
latter. Ren can be interpreted as both Golden and Silver Rule: loving
others

Xiao (filial piety) The cardinal virtue of the Confucian virtues. It is an


attitude of respect and concern toward parents and superiors. Children
should show love, devotion and respect to their parents. Family is the
training ground for the development of Xiao , since all moral teachings
should all be firstly practiced in the family

His Philosophy
A philosophy is a system of ideas Concerned with worldly goals,
especially how to ensure social order and good government
Studied ancient texts to learn the rules that guided his
ancestors.
Spread of Confucianism
All regions of China was influenced by Confucius.
Created a very traditional society.
Confucianism spread to Korea, Vietnam and Japan.

9.Corporate Social Responsibility


Specifically, we see CSR as the voluntary actions that business can take,
over and above compliance with minimum legal requirements, to address
both its own competitive interests and the interests of wider society.
Why CSR?
Consumers & investors: growing expectation for organisations to
behave responsibly
Consumer awareness: Green and Ethical consumerism
Legislation: H&S, EPA, Sustainability, Codes of Practice
Globalisation: Adoption of Best Practice, Consumer & Legal Acceptance

Business advantages of CSR:


Business Development

New markets, products and services

Resources Management

Better management and conservation of strategic assets

Stakeholder Management

Better internal and external relationships

Freedom of operation: reduce government, public, NGO intervention


in organisation

Why not CSR?

May take management focus away from core business activity

May appear cosmetic without genuine social benefit

May make organisation more vulnerable to revelation of bad /


unethical business practice

A restriction to free trade?

Economist, Milton Friedman says


The social responsibility of business is to increase its profits. in a free
society there is one and only one social responsibility of business to use
its resources and engage in activities designed to increase its profits so
long as it stays within the rules of the game, which is to say, engages in
open and free competition without deception or fraud."
The four components of CSR:

Economic

Legal

Ethical

Discretionary

Reporting CSR:
CSR projects may be administered and communicate achievements
via:

A dedicated CSR section or department

The HR department

Business development section

Public Relations department

Directly via CEO and / or Board of Directors

10.GLOBALIZATION
The tendency of investment funds and businesses to move beyond
domestic and national markets to other markets around the globe,
thereby increasing the interconnectedness of different markets.
Globalization has had the effect of markedly increasing not only
international trade, but also cultural exchange.
IT IS THE AWARENESS OF MODERNITY ITSELF AS A CAUSE THAT NEEDS AN
ORGANIZED DEFENCE,A PUBLIC IDENTY IN CULTURAL DEBATE .

11.HENRY LAURENCE GANTT


Henry Gantt (1861-1919) was born into a family of prosperous farmers in
Maryland in 1861. He graduated from Johns Hopkins College and
qualifying as a mechanical engineer.
Gantt's contribution:
Gantt is often seen as a disciple of Taylor and a promoter of the scientific
school of management. In his early career, the influence of Taylor - and
Gantt's aptitude for problem-solving - resulted in attempts to address the
technical problems of scientific management.Like Taylor, Gantt believed
that it was only the application of scientific analysis to every aspect of
work which could produce industrial efficiency, and that improvements in
management came from eliminating chance and accidents .
1. The task and bonus system:
Gantt's Task and Bonus wage system was introduced in 1901 as a
variation on Taylor's differential piece-rate system. With Gantt's
system, the employee received a bonus in addition to his regular day
rate if he accomplished the task for the day; he would still receive the
day rate even if the task was not completed. As a result of introducing
Gantt's system, which enabled workers to earn a living while learning
to increase their efficiency, production often more than doubled.
2. The perspective of the worker:
Gantt realised that his system offered little incentive to do more
than just meet the standard. He subsequently modified it to pay

according to time allowed, plus a percentage of that time if the task


were completed in that time or less. Hence a worker could receive
three hours pay for doing a two-hour job in two hours or less. But
here Gantt brought in an innovation, by paying the foreman a bonus
if all the workers met the required standard. This constituted one of
the earliest recorded attempts to reward the foreman for teaching
workers to improve the way they worked. In Work, Wages and Profits
Gantt wrote:Gantt was interested in an aspect of industrial
education which he called the 'habits of industry'
3. The chart:
1)establishing the terms of reference and standards of quality, cost
and time
2) informing all appropriate personnel and customers
3) arranging alternative accommodation
4) preparing the office
5) redecorating.
The social responsibility of business:
After the death of Taylor in 1917, Gantt seemed to distance himself further
from the core principles of scientific management and extended his
management interests to the function of leadership and the role of the
firm itself
In Organizing for Work, he argued that there was a conflict between profits
and service
Gantt was hugely influenced by the events in Russia in 1917 and, in fear
that big business was sacrificing service to profit, he began to attack the
profit system itself, calling for public service corporations to ensure
service to the community

12. STOICISM :
Stoicism is a school of Hellenistic philosophy.
It was founded in Athens by Zeno of Citium in the early 3rd century
BC.

It was one of the most important and enduring philosophies to


emerge from the Greek and Roman world.

The term Stoicism derives from the greek word stoa referring
to a collonade.

It teaches self-control and detachment from distracting emotions,


sometimes interpreted as an indifference to pleasure or pain.

Stoicism also teaches psychological independence from society, regarding


it as an unruly and often unreasonable entity
ZENO OF CITIUM :
Zeno of Citium is the founder of Stoic philosophy. Born on Cyprus in
335 BC.

He was the son of a merchant named Mnaseas and went to Athens


in 313 B.C. where he received his education. He studied under
Crates of Thebes (the Cynic), Xenocrates and Polemon.

Zenos followers became known as Stoics in reference to the stoa poikile


or painted porch that he lectured from
Zeno was followed by Cleanthes, and then by Chrysippus, as leaders
of the school.
where the most thoughtful writers, such as Marcus Aurelius, Seneca, and
Epictetus, counted themselves among its followers
HISTORY :

Early stoa, from the founding of the school by Zeno to Antipater.

Middle Stoa, including Panaetius and Posidonius.


Late Stoa, including Musonius Rufus, Seneca, Epictetus, and Marcus
Aurelius
STOA LOGIC:

Stoics follow the logic of Aristotle with a mix of a claim that the
mind, a blank slate, is filled with the input from our five senses.

Our minds process this input and this input is called knowledge.
Then add a dash that truth is solely derived from feelings (passion,
desire, etc) and those feelings twist the truth.

13: Business ethics


Business ethics (also corporate ethics ) is a form of applied
ethics or professional ethics that examines ethical principles and moral or
ethical problems that arise in a business environment. It applies to all

aspects of business conduct and is relevant to the conduct of individuals


and entire organizations.
History:
The term 'business ethics' came into common use in the United States in
the early 1970s. By the mid-1980s, at least 500 courses in business ethics
reached 40,000 students, using some twenty textbooks and at least ten
casebooks along supported by professional societies, centers and journals
of business ethics
Overview:
Business ethics reflects the philosophy of business, one of whose aims is
to determine the fundamental purposes of a company. If a company's
purpose is to maximize shareholder returns, then sacrificing profits to
other concerns is a violation of its fiduciary responsibility. Corporate
entities are legally considered as persons in USA and in most nations. The
'corporate persons' are legally entitled to the rights and liabilities due to
citizens as persons.
Ethical issues include the rights and duties between a company and
its employees, suppliers, customers and neighbors,
its fiduciary responsibility to its shareholders. Issues concerning relations
between different companies include hostile take-overs and industrial
espionage. Related issues include corporate governance;corporate social
entrepreneurship; political contributions; legal issues such as the ethical
debate over introducing a crime of corporate manslaughter; and the
marketing of corporations' ethics policies

14. Jean-Paul Sartre


Sartre, the Father of Existentialism:

Existentialism-A philosophy that emphasizes the uniqueness and


isolation of the individual experience in a hostile or indifferent
universe, regards human existence as unexplainable, and stresses
freedom of choice and responsibility for the consequences of one's
acts.

Sartre's introduction to his philosophy is his work Existentialism is a


Humanism (1946).

Sartre finds the essence of human existence in freedom in the


duty of self-determination and the freedom of choice and
therefore spends much time describing the human tendency toward
"bad faith," reflected in humanity's perverse attempts to deny its
own responsibility and flee from the truth of its inescapable
freedom.

Marxism:

Besides existentialism writings, Sartre also wrote about Marxism.

Marxism-the synthesis of philosophy and political action.

Any political practice or theory that is based on an interpretation of the


works of Marx and Engels may be termed Marxism
Biography:

Jean Paul Sartre was born in Paris on June 21, 1905.

He was a dramatist and screenwriter, novelist and critic.

Sartre entered the cole Normale Suprieure in 1924 received first


place in the agrgation of philosophy in 1929.

His first novel, Nausea (1938), narrates the feeling of revulsion that
a young man experiences when confronted with the contingency of
existence.

In Being and Nothingness (1943), he places human consciousness in


opposition to being; consciousness is nonmatter and thus escapes
all determinism.

Besides the obvious impact of Nausea, Sartre's major contribution to


literature was the The Roads to Freedom trilogy which charts the
progression of how World War II affected Sartre's ideas. In this way,
Roads to Freedom presents a less theoretical and more practical
approach to existentialism.

Sartre was awarded the Nobel Prize for Literature in 1964, but he
declined it.

He refused the Legion of Honor awarded him by the government.

15.CONTRIBUTION OF JOHN RAWLS:

John Rawls was born in February 21 1921. he s an American philosopher


and a main contributor in moral and political philosophy.
In A Theory of Justice, Rawls defends a conception of Justices as
fairness. in tat book at 1971.his main aim was the four roles of political
philosophy.
The two principles which he defined in Justices as fairness is also played
major Role in his foundation. and the law for All peoples, which are seen
below briefly .His Full name was John bordley Rawls
Four roles of political philosophy:
Practical:
The first role is practical: political philosophy can discover bases for
reasoned agreement in a society where sharp divisions threaten to lead to
conflict

Orientation:
A second role of political philosophy is to help citizens to
orient themselves within their own social world. Philosophy can describe
what it is to be a member of a society with a certain political status
Reconciliation:
A third role of political philosophy is reconciliation to calm our
frustration and rage against our society and its history by showing us the
way in which its are rational and developed over time
Utopianism:
A third role is to probe the limits of practicable political
possibility. Political philosophy must describe workable political
arrangements that can gain support from real people.
Rawls constructs justice as fairness around specific interpretations
of the defining liberal ideas that citizens are free and equal and that
society should be fair. He holds that justice as fairness is the most
egalitarian, and also the most plausible, interpretation of liberalism's
fundamental concepts.
Rawls sees justice as fairness as answering to the demands of both
freedom and equality

Justice as fairness aims to describe a just arrangement of the major


political and social institutions of a liberal society
CONCEPTION OF CITIZEN:
In order to survey the citizen Rawls introduced some primary goods which
is very usefully for the their free and power for them hence he defined the
primary goods shown below
The basic rights and liberties
Freedom of movement, and free choice among a wide range of
occupations
The powers of offices and positions of responsibility
Income and wealth
The social bases of self-respect

16: Immanuel Kant:


Immanuel Kant ( 22 April 1724 12 February 1804 ) was
a German philosopher who is widely considered to be a central figure
of modern philosophy. He argued that human concepts and categories
structure our view of the world and its laws, and that reason is the source
of morality. His thought continues to hold a major influence in
contemporary thought, especially in fields such
as metaphysics, epistemology, ethics, political philosophy, and aesthetics.
Metaphysics:
Metaphysics is a traditional branch of philosophy concerned with
explaining the fundamental nature of being and the world that
encompasses it, although the term is not easily defined. Traditionally,
metaphysics attempts to answer two basic questions in the broadest
possible terms:
1.What is ultimately there?
2.What is it like?
Epistemology:

Epistemology is the branch of philosophy concerned with the nature and


scope of knowledge and is also referred to as "theory of knowledge". It
questions what knowledge is and how it can be acquired, and the extent
to which knowledge pertinent to any given subject or entity can be
acquired.
Political Philosophy:
Political philosophy is the study of such topics
as politics, liberty, justice, property, rights, law, and the enforcement of
a legal code by authority: what they are, why (or even if) they are needed,
what, if anything, makes a government legitimate, what rights and
freedoms it should protect and why, what form it should take and why,
what the law is, and what duties citizens owe to a legitimate government,
if any, and when it may be legitimately overthrown, if ever.
In short, political philosophy is the activity, as with all philosophy, whereby
the conceptual apparatus behind such concepts as aforementioned are
analyzed, in their history, intent, evolution and the like.
Aesthetics:
Aesthetics (also spelled sthetics) is a branch of philosophy dealing
with the nature of art, beauty, and taste, with the creation and
appreciation of beauty. It is more scientifically defined as the study
of sensory or sensori-emotional values, sometimes
called judgments of sentiment and taste. More broadly, scholars in the
field define aesthetics as "critical reflection on art, culture and nature.
Ethics:
Ethics, also known as moral philosophy, is a branch
of philosophy that involves systematizing, defending and recommending
concepts of right and wrong conduct. The term comes from the Greek
word ethos, which means "character". Ethics is a complement
to Aesthetics in the philosophy field of Axiology. In philosophy, ethics
studies the moral behavior in humans and how one should act.
How Can Managers Make Ethical Decisions?
1. Hire and promote people with a well grounded sense of personal
ethics
2. Build an organizational culture that places a high value on ethical
behavior

3. Make sure that leaders within the business articulate the rhetoric of
ethical behavior and act in a manner that is consistent with that
rhetoric
4. Put decision making processes in place that require people to
consider the ethical dimensions of business decisions

17.LEADERS ARE BORN OR MADE:


Leadership is a top priority in today's organizations, highly valued for its
power to inspire achievement and translate vision into results. A famous
quote holds that "leaders are not born, they're made," and that is the
basis of this paper. Leadership development, education and training are
among the most critical areas where organizations can make contributions
to maximize the value of their human assets.
Leaders are made, they are not born. They are made by hard effort, which
is the price which all of us must pay to achieve any goal that is worthwhile
(Lombardi, 2009). This statement by Vince Lombardi, hall fame football
coach for two NFL teams, the Green Bay Packers and the New York Giants,
sparks an interesting discussion among coaches scholars and business
leaders. An effective leader is one who possesses both the innate talents
of one who will supervise with influence over others and the learned skills
that come with education, training and experience.
1.It takes teamwork to win; and
2 .being a leader is helping team members to levels they could not
achieve on their own.
In today's world, where things are changing at a rapid pace, those who
can internalize the lessons around them, who can envision the importance
of those insights on their endeveours, and who can motivate and influence
others to act on those insights, are the best leaders for todays modern
times
Some experts suggest that leaders are born with innate qualities
that prepare them to be leaders, while others suggest that a leader is not
dependent on inherent qualities (Spence, 2003). This need not be a
debate. Leaders are born and made. Watching preschoolers on the
playground offers evidence that there are indeed born leaders. However,
we cannot ignore the fact that some of our nations most effective leaders
did not demonstrate leadership qualities until later in life.

Because leadership is so important to our future and how they can


demonstrate that they are self made. As former President Dwight D.
Eisenhower once said, "The one quality that can develop by studious
reflection and practice is the leadership of men." This paper argues that
successful leadership is attainable, and that attainment involves a
beneficial process of inner growth.
QUALITIES OF LEADER:
1. Strategic thinker
2. Ability to empower others
3. Initiative
4. Strategy formulation and implementation
5. Positive mental attitude
6. Visionary
7. Encouraging human potential
8. Willingness to change
9. Ability to handle conflict
10. Effective communicator
11. Skilled Motivator
12 Ability to inspire trust
13. Ability to gain commitment

18. Biblical Verses:


Classifications of Management
Planning and strategy
Leadership
Communication
Controlling
Motivation
Team work
Human resource management
Diversity
Organizing

19. MICHEAL PORTER:


Michael Eugene Porter (age 66)was born in United States on May 23,
1947. After initially graduating in aeronautical engineering, Porter
achieved an economics doctorate.
PORTERS FIVE FORCES CONCEPT:
Porter's first book Competitive Strategy (1980), which he wrote in his
theories, and is considered by many to be definitive work on corporate
strategy. The book has been published in 19 languages and re-printed

approaching sixty times. It changed the way business leaders thought


and remains a guide of choice for strategic managers over the world.

EXISTING COMPETITIVE RIVALRY IN THE INDUSTRY


THREAT OF NEW MARKET ENTRANTS
BARGAINING POWER OF BUYERS
POWERS OF SUPPLIERS
THREAT OF SUBSTITUTE PRODUCTS

EXISTING COMPETITIVE RIVALRY IN INDUSTRY:


COMPETITIVE RIVALRY IS A GOOD STARTING POINT TO WHEN ANALYZING A
PARTICULAR INDUSTRY. IF ENTRY TO AN INDUSTRY IS EASY THEN
COMPETITIVE RIVALRY IS LIKELY TO BE HIGH. IF IT IS EASY FOR
CUSTOMERS TO MOVE TO SUBSTITUTE PRODUCTS FOR EXAMPLE FROM
COKE TO WATER THEN AGAIN RIVALRY WILL BE HIGH. GENERALLY
COMPETITIVE RIVALRY WILL BE HIGH IF:
THERE IS LITTLE DIFFERENTIATION BETWEEN THE PRODUCTS SOLD BY
COMPETITORS.
COMPETITORS ARE APPROXIMATELY THE SAME SIZE OF EACH OTHER.
IF COMPETITORS HAVE SIMILAR STRATEGIES.
IT IS COSTLY TO LEAVE THE INDUSTRY (EXIT BARRIERS)
BARGAINING POWER OF BUYERS:
BUYERS OR CUSTOMERS CAN EXERT INFLUENCE AND CONTROL OVER AN
INDUSTRY IN CERTAIN CIRCUMSTANCES. THIS HAPPENS WHEN:
THERE IS LITTLE DIFFERENTIATION OVER THE PRODUCT AND
SUBSTITUTES CAN BE FOUND EASILY BY CUSTOMERS/BUYERS.
BUYERS/CUSTOMERS ARE SENSITIVE TO PRICE FLUCTUATIONS.
SWITCHING TO ANOTHER PRODUCT IS NOT COSTLY FOR
CUSTOMERS/BUYERS
POWERS OF SUPPLIERS:
SUPPLIERS ARE ALSO ESSENTIAL FOR THE SUCCESS OF AN ORGANIZATION
AS THEY PROVIDE BUSINESSES WITH THE RESOURCES THEY NEED TO
PRODUCE THEIR PRODUCTS AND SERVICES. SUPPLIER POWER CAN COME
FROM:
IF THERE IS ONE OR JUST A FEW SUPPLIERS THAT CAN PROVIDE THE
RESOURCES A BUSINESS NEEDS.
IF IT IS EXPENSIVE TO MOVE FROM ONE SUPPLIER TO ANOTHER (KNOWN
ALSO AS SWITCHING COST)
IF THERE IS NO OTHER SUBSTITUTE FOR THE PRODUCT PROVIDED BY
THE SUPPLIER.
THREAT OF NEW MARKET ENTRANTS:

THE THREAT OF NEW ORGANIZATIONS ENTERING THE INDUSTRY IS HIGH


WHEN IT IS EASY FOR AN ORGANISATION TO ENTER THE INDUSTRY I.E.
ENTRY BARRIERS ARE LOW. WHEN A NEW BUSINESS IS DECIDING
WHETHER TO ENTER AN INDUSTRY IT WILL LOOK AT:
HOW CUSTOMERS ARE REACTING TO EXISTING PRODUCTS,
HOW QUICKLY IT CAN ACHIEVE ECONOMY OF SCALES
WOULD IT HAVE ACCESS TO SUPPLIERS AND
WOULD GOVERNMENT LEGISLATION PREVENT THEM OR ENCOURAGE
THEM TO ENTER THE INDUSTRY.
THREAT OF SUBSTITUTE PRODUCTS:
THE THREAT FROM SUBSTITUTE PRODUCTS IS HIGH WHEN:
THE PRICE OF THE SUBSTITUTE PRODUCT FALLS.
IT IS EASY FOR CONSUMERS TO SWITCH FROM ONE SUBSTITUTE
PRODUCT TO ANOTHER.
BUYERS ARE WILLING TO SUBSTITUTE PRODUCTS FROM DIFFERENT
COMPETITORS

20.Coimbatore Krishnarao (CK) Prahalad:

INTRODUCTION
C K . PRAHALAD Prahalad was the ninth of eleven children born in 1941 in to a
Kannada speaking family in Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu. His father was a well-known Sanskrit
scholar and judge in Chennai In India, the word 'guru' is not used in a cavalier fashion. It
denotes certain level of wisdom, achievement and respect given by the disciples. The title sits
lightly on those who are worthy of it From that point Coimbatore Krishnarao Prahalad can be
called a guru. His thought process got formulated by observing businesses in action and his
ideas thus formulated altered many businesses.

ACADEMIC
He was a graduate in Physics from Loyola College-Chennai. He did his masters from
IIMA and his DBA from Harvard in 1975 Postgraduate Diploma in Business Administration
from the Indian Institute of Management Ahmedabad in 1966 At Harvard Business School,
Prahalad wrote a doctoral thesis on multinational management in just two and a half years,
graduating with a D.B.A. degree in 1975.

AS A TEACHER
He worked as a manager in a branch of the Union Carbide battery company.
He has taught in India and America, eventually joining the faculty of the University of
Michigan's Business School working with a wide cross-section of companies from the CEOs
of the top 30 Fortune 200 firms to Hindustan Lever Limited and Microsoft Corporation,
India.

HIS FAMOUS BOOKS

The Core Competence of the Corporation


The Fortune at the Bottom of the Pyramid

The Core Competence of the Corporation

1. It is not easy for competitors to imitate.


2. It can be reused widely for many products and markets.
3. It must contribute to the end consumer's experienced benefits and the value of the
product or service to its customers.
Core competencies are particular strengths relative to other organizations in the industry,
which provide the fundamental basis for the provision of added value. Core competencies
reflect the collective learning of an organization and involve coordinating diverse production
skills and integrating multiple streams of technologies. It includes communication,
involvement and a deep commitment to working across organizational boundaries. Few
companies are likely to build world leadership in more than five or six fundamental
competencies.
MAIN IDEA
Rethinking the Corporation
The Roots of Competitive Advantage
How Not to Think of Competence
Identifying Core Competencies And Losing Them
From Core Competencies to Core Products
The Tyranny of the SBU
Developing Strategic Architecture
Redeploying to Exploit Competencies

THOUGHTS
Two of his major ideas: core competencies of the organization Leveraging on the
organization This idea is looking at poor as source of profit than an object of charity. He
turned the entire idea on its head and suggested the need for corporations to focus on their
main strength or core competencies. Prahalad has been among top ten management thinkers
in every major survey for over ten years.
Prahalad argues that companies have not made enough use of the opportunities
provided by globalization .The second factor is the advent of digital technologies, which
provide a different way to connect poor people with the rich. For example: Cavincare of
Chennai was already into sachet shampoos and various brands of pan masala in pouches were
big market success. The MNCs of the west which were always in bigger; larger; greater mode
could not understand the market of the poor. They were used to selling 10 bottles of shampoo
in a crate and offer two bottles as bonus. CK consolidated this idea of poor as market Many
an MNC in India later followed the Cavincare route to target the poor. Even Biscuits are now
sold in packs of one or two for as low as one rupee.

EXSISTANCE OF THOUGHTS
His discussion on core competencies had its quota of critics Existing traditional
businesses get in to unrelated areas and succeed Mr. Srinivasan, who is the Chairman and
Managing Director of TVS Capital Funds, recalled that the he was one of the founderdirectors of the organisation The marketer should analyse the poors choice over their lives
and the products they use. Hindustan Lever's success in marketing soap-powder and
detergents in smaller, cheaper units.

SAYINGS
If you look at what I have done over the years, I first worked on the challenges of
managing multinationals. Big idea is the formulation about the bottom of the pyramid
(BOP) as market opportunities for corporate Prahalad had dreamt of India becoming an
economic leader and a moral leader in the comity of nations.

21. Environmental issues of Sterlite copper:

Sterlite Industries India Ltd. is a subsidiary of Vedanta


Resources plc, a diversified and integrated metals and mining group.

The company engages primarily in the production of copper in


Tuticorin India. Its products include copper cathodes; and cast
copper rods, including 11 mm and 12 mm rods used in the

transformer industry, and 8 mm rods used by the wires and cables


industry with applications in housing wires, electrical cables, and
telecom cables

The companys main operating subsidiaries are Hindustan


Zinc Limited for its zinc and lead operations;

Overview:

250,000 people live within 7 km of the plant.

It employs 4,000 and supports thousands more jobs indirectly. But


since opening in 1996 it has split this coastal city between residents
who say it is crucial for the local economy and farmers, fishermen
and who see it as a health hazard

ORDER:

In September 28,2010 The Madras High Court ordered closing down


of Sterlite Industries while the National Trust for Clean Environment
filed the first writ petition against the granting of environmental
clearance to Sterlite Industries in 1996.

Rule 5 of the Environment (Protection) Rules 1986, places restriction


on the location of industries from ecologically sensitive areas, but
Sterlite industries was situated well within 25 kms of ecologically
sensitive and prohibited area, which aspect the central government
should have taken into consideration before giving environmental
clearance, said the Bench in its order.

SOCIETAL COMPLAINTS:

March 23 ,2013 - Villagers living close to the factory complained of


breathing difficulty, vomiting and eye irritation, giving rise to
suspicion of a sulphur dioxide leak from the copper smelting plant .

March 24, Tuticorin district collector said preliminary investigation


by a team of officials led by the Revenue Department Officials
collected effluent emission data from all factories in the vicinity,
including SCIL, SPIC and government and private thermal power
units, suggested that the sulphur dioxide unit at Sterlite Copper
India could be the source of the gas leak. But only further
investigation could confirm whether the emission was above
permissible limits, he added.

Revenue department gave an order to the company seeking


explanation for the incident within five days.

Judgment day on March 29, 2013:

Tamil Nadu state's Pollution Control Board (TNPCB) said Sterlite


released two gas plumes early on the morning of March 23,
containing as much as 2,941.12 milligrams per cubic meter of
Sulphur dioxide, almost off the sensor's chart and more than double
a government limit for smokestack concentration.

CONCLUSION:

Though the plant gives employment opportunities and economic


growth, but since it is posing a harmful threat to the inhabitants
living around it should be immediately moved to a place where it is
permissible and safe to operate without harming anyone.

Because all these benefits that govt. and others get are no way compared
to HUMAN LIVES

22.Swami Vivekananda:

Born as Narendranath Datta in Calcutta, the capital of British India,


on 12 January 1863 during the Makar Sankranti festival.

Interested in spirituality from a young age and was fascinated by


wandering ascetics and monks.

An avid reader and interest in a wide range of subjects, including


philosophy, religion, history, social science, art and literature.

Interest in Hindu scriptures, including the Vedas, the Upanishads,


the Bhagavad Gita, the Ramayana, the Mahabharata and
the Puranas.

With Ramakrishna:

Meeting Ramakrishna in 1882 - turning point in life.

Initially rebelled against his ideas, but after fathers sudden death
and family left bankrupt, Vivekananda found solace in his teachings.

Acceptance of Ramakrishna as Guru.

Founding of first Ramakrishna Math at Baranagar after his death.

Ramakrishna huge impact on Vivekanandas personality and


thoughts.

Thoughts and teachings on philosophy:

Countrys future dependent on people and teachings focused on


human development

Linked morality with control of the mind, seeing truth, purity and
unselfishness

Advised his followers to be holy, unselfish and to have faith

Supported celibacy Source of physical and mental stamina and


eloquence

Emphasized that success was an outcome of focused thought and


action

Important lessons of philosophy:

Power of mind When mind is intensely eager, anything cam be


accomplished.

Take up one idea Think about it, dream about and live on it . This is
the way to success.

Live up to your highest idea.

Stand up, be bold, be strong.

There is no help for you out of yourself.

Lessons on Management:
Here are some excerpts from Vivekananda's letter to Swami Brahmanand
written on 1st August 1898 from Srinagar

No job can be learnt without practical experience, theory itself is not


sufficient ->we all know how important practical experience is
nowadays.

There should always be backups, if somebody goes away, others


should be ready to take his work up -> its a perfect example of risk
management.

Nobody works unless there is interest and motivation. Everybody


should be given work which would interest him/her. With interest

comes dedication.->This is the cornerstone of Herzberg's theory of


motivation which came much later

Everybody should have a share in work and property and everybody


should get a voice in management -> Again directly related to
motivation. It took modern management a long time to realize this.

Give everybody a responsible position alternately with an eye to


watch and control (monitor). Then only we can get a system driven
by process ->Without monitoring accountability does not come.

Develop a process/machine which works himself, then people can be


found for business and work -> we only had Toyota Production
System and TQM in the later half of next century, while this thought
existed in the mind of this great man a century ago.

We cannot make a permanent organization because we never like to


share power with others and never think of what will come after we
have gone -> Isn't it still true of Governments, both democratic and
autocratic?

23.

UTILITARIANISM:

What is Normative ethics?


Normative ethics is the study of ethical action. It is the branch
of philosophical ethics that investigates the set of questions that
arise when considering how one ought to act, morally speaking.
For example. It is about the question of what makes right actions
right and what makes wrong actions wrong.
History of Utilitarianism:
John Stuart Mill, was the one who came up with the theory of
utilitarianism. He was the most influential English speaker and great
philosopher of 19th century. He was the most intelligent man with
the intensity of questioning logic wit every individual actions.
What is utilitarianism?:
It is the theory of right and wrong which means basically an extract from
the normative ethics theory.
However utilitarianism revolves around 3 core elements of life.

1 The utility principle


2 The greatest happiness principle
3 Happiness= pleasure + absence of pain
Unhappiness= pain + absence of pleasure
THE UTILITY PRINCIPLE:
PLEASURE AND FREEDOM FROM PAIN ARE THE ONLY DESIRABLE THINGS
AT THE END THAT IS, THEY ARE THE ONLY INTRINSIC GOODS IN THE END

24. SWOT Analysis:


Developed as a tool for marketing in which internal and external
environment are scanned as an important part of the strategic planning
process.
Internal factors can be classified as strengths (S) or weaknesses (W).
External factors can be classified as opportunities (O) or threats (T).

Strengths and Weaknesses of the internal environment e.g. staff


(or internal customers), office technology, wages and finance, etc.
Opportunities or Threats from the external micro-environment e.g.
clients, agents and distributors, suppliers, our competitors, etc. and
macro-environment
Why use SWOT tools?
SWOT is a structured analytical framework.
SWOT helps to focus on areas of strength, recognise limitations and
develop opportunities in the most promising directions.
SWOT is used widely because it is quick and easy to learn.
Strengths:
Strengths are those features of the business which allow you to
operate more effectively than your competitors
Weaknesses:
Weaknesses are areas capable of improvement. Are you lacking
skills or new products? Do you have a higher cost base or lower

productivity than your competitors? You must face any unpleasant


truths about your business and be realistic
Opportunities:
Changes in technology and markets, eg the Internet
Changes in government policy or regulations / legislation
Local and global events
Potential new uses of products and / or services
Use of marketing or promotional techniques to boost the business
Social factors, eg population fluctuation, lifestyle changes
Threats:
Changing demand.
Emergence of new technologies or innovative products and services.
New regulations or increased trade barriers e.g. environmental
lobby seeks a ban on launching spacecraft.

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