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* EN BANC.
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local chief executive, is ultra vires, and may not be justified by the
invocation of Section 465 of the Local Government Code.
Same; A kidnapping incident cannot be considered as a
calamity or a disaster.Respondents cannot rely on paragraph 1,
subparagraph (vii) of Article 465 above, as the said provision
expressly refers to calamities and disasters, whether man-made or
natural. The governor, as local chief executive of the province, is
certainly empowered to enact and implement emergency measures
during these occurrences. But the kidnapping incident in the case
at bar cannot be considered as a calamity or a disaster. Respondents
cannot find any legal mooring under this provision to justify their
actions.
Local Government Units; The intent behind the powers granted
to local government units is fiscal, economic, and administrative in
nature.The Local Government Code does not involve the
diminution of central powers inherently vested in the National
Government, especially not the prerogatives solely granted by the
Constitution to the President in matters of security and defense.
The intent behind the powers granted to local government units is
fiscal, economic, and administrative in nature. The Code is
concerned only with powers that would make the delivery of basic
services more effective to the
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constituents, and should not be unduly stretched to confer callingout powers on local executives.
Philippine National Police; Private Armies; Pursuant to the
national policy to establish one police force, the organization of
private citizen armies is proscribed.Pursuant to the national
policy to establish one police force, the organization of private
citizen armies is proscribed. Section 24 of Article XVIII of the
Constitution mandates that: Private armies and other armed
groups not recognized by duly constituted authority shall be
dismantled. All paramilitary forces including Civilian Home
Defense Forces (CHDF) not consistent with the citizen armed force
established in this Constitution, shall be dissolved or, where
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Last
visited
11
September 2011.
3 Supra note 1.
4 Rollo, p. 9.
5 State of emergency in Sulu; attack looms, The Philippine Star,
updated 1 April 2009, 12:00, by Roel Pareo and James Mananghaya, at
http://www.philstar.com/Article.aspx?articleid=454055. Last visited 11
September 2011.
6 Rollo, pp. 242-244.
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7 Id., at p. 242.
8 Memorandum of Understanding, p. 2 of 3; Rollo, p. 243.
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his wisdom. This is clear from the intent of the framers and from
the text of the Constitution itself. The Court, thus, cannot be called
upon to overrule the Presidents wisdom or substitute its own.
However, this does not prevent an examination of whether such
power was exercised within permissible constitutional limits or
whether it was exercised in a manner constituting grave abuse of
discretion. In view of the constitutional intent to give the President
full discretionary power to determine the necessity of calling out the
armed forces, it is incumbent upon the petitioner to show that the
Presidents decision is totally bereft of factual basis.
There is a clear textual commitment under the
Constitution to bestow on the President full discretionary
power to
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40 Supra note 33, at p. 314.
41 Id., citing Fleming v. Page, 9 How 603, 615 U.S. (1850).
42 392 Phil. 618; 338 SCRA 81 (2000).
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call out the armed forces and to determine the necessity for
the exercise of such power.43 (Emphasis supplied)
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FR. BERNAS.It will not make any difference. I may add that
there is a graduated power of the President as Commanderin-Chief. First, he can call out such Armed Forces as may be
necessary to suppress lawless violence; then he can suspend
the privilege of the writ of habeas corpus, then he can
impose martial law. This is a graduated sequence.
When he judges that it is necessary to impose martial law or
suspend the privilege of the writ of habeas corpus, his judgment is
subject to review. We are making it subject to review by the
Supreme Court and subject to concurrence by the National
Assembly. But when he exercises this lesser power of calling on the
Armed Forces, when he says it is necessary, it is my opinion that his
judgment cannot be reviewed by anybody.
x x xx x xx x x
MR. REGALADO.That does not require any concurrence by the
legislature nor is it subject to judicial review.
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43 Id., at p. 640; pp. 106-107.
44 Supra note 33, at pp. 314-315.
501
501
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Mr. Natividad:
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51 Record of the Constitutional Commission, 1 October 1986, Wednesday, pp. 293-294.
504
504
Mr. Rodrigo:
Mr. Natividad:
Mr. Rodrigo:
Yes, but the President is not the Commanderin-Chief of the national police.
Mr. Natividad:
He is the President.
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Mr. Rodrigo:
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Mr. Natividad:
Mr. Rodrigo:
Mr. Natividad:
Mr. Rodrigo:
Mr. Natividad:
In
the
discussions
of
the
Constitutional
Commission regarding the above provision it is clear
that the framers never intended for local chief
executives to exercise unbridled control over the
police in emergency situations. This is without prejudice
to their authority over police units in their jurisdiction as
provided by law, and their prerogative to seek assistance
from the police in day to day situations, as contemplated by
the Constitutional Commission. But
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52 Id., at p. 296.
505
505
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507
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