Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Project on
TAX PLANNING WITH REFRENCE TO LOCATION, NATURE &
FORM OF ORGANISATION
In Partial Fulfilment
Of the Requirements for the Degree of
Master of Business Administration
Submitted by
KAYZAD MADAN
PRACHI DALAL
Submitted to
PROF. C.A. DHARNA RATHOD
January 2015
TAX PLANNING
AURO UNIVERSITY
TAX PLANNING
Tax planning, in fact, is an honest and rightful approach to the attainment of maximum
benefits of the taxation laws within their framework. Therefore, the objectives of tax planning
cannot be regarded as offending any concept of the taxation laws and subjected to
reprehension of reducing the inflow of revenue to the Governments coffers, so long as the
tax planning measures are in conformity with the statute laws and the judicial expositions
thereof. The basic objectives of tax planning are:
(a) Reduction of tax liability
(b) Minimisation of litigation
(c) Productive investment
(d) Healthy growth of economy
(e) Economic stability
(a) Reduction of tax liability: In this context, a tax payer can derive the maximum savings
by arranging his affairs in accordance with the requirements of law, as contained in the fiscal
statutes. In many a cases, a taxpayer may suffer heavy taxation not on account of the dosage
of tax administered by the Act, but, because of his lack of awareness of the legal
requirements. Since every taxpayer wishes to retain a maximum part of his earnings, rather
than parting with it and facing the resource crunch, it would be to his benefit to plan his tax
affairs properly and avail the deductions and exemption admissible under the Act (s). He can
succeed in doing so by keeping an awareness of the implications of the various business/other
transactions as well as updating of his knowledge about the various concessions for which he
is eligible.
(b) Minimisation of litigation: A general visualisation of the tax administration scenario
depicts a tug-of-war the tax payers trying their maximum to pay the least tax and the tax
administrator attempting to extract the maximum. This also results in, sometimes, protracted
litigations. It is in this context that a sound tax planning pays dividends. Where a proper tax
planning is adopted by the tax payer in conformity with the provisions of the taxation laws,
the incidence of litigation is minimised. This saves him from the hardships and
inconveniences caused by the unnecessary litigations, which at times even stretch up to the
High/Supreme Court levels
AURO UNIVERSITY
TAX PLANNING
(c) Productive Investment: Channelization, by a tax payer, of his otherwise taxable income
to the various investment schemes too is one of the prime objectives of tax planning as it is
aimed to attain twin-objectives : (i) to harness the resources for socially productive projects,
and, (ii) to relieve the tax payer not only from the initial brunt of taxation, but also to convert
the earnings so made into means of further earnings. Legal awareness of the avenues so
provided by the Government, from time to time, negates the imperative avoidance/evasion
and lend authenticity to the investments made.
(d) Healthy Growth of Economy: The growth of a nations economy is synonymous with
the growth and prosperity of its citizens. In this context, a saving of earnings by legally
sanctioned devices fosters the growth of both, because savings by dubious means lead to
generation of black money, the evils of which are obvious. Conversely, tax-planning
measures are aimed at generating white money having a free flow and generation without
reservations for the overall progress of the nation. Tax planning assumes a great significance
in this context.
(e) Economic Stability: In the context of the case, M.V.Valliapan v. ITO, (1988) 170 ITR
238 (Mad.), by a proper tax planning, a smooth tax flow from the tax payer to the tax
administrator, without recriminations, is ensured. This results in economic stability by way
of: (i) availing of avenues for productive investments by the tax payers and, (ii) harnessing of
resources for national projects aimed at general prosperity of the national economy and
reaping of benefits even by those not liable to pay tax on their incomes. Therefore,
notwithstanding the legal rulings in cases like McDowell and its English parallels, real and
genuine transactions aimed at a valid tax planning cannot be turned down merely on grounds
of reduction of the tax burden.
While planning a scheme relating to tax affairs, what needs to be assured is that tax planning
device does not lose its efficiency due to changes in law. It would be a shortsighted
perspective to think of a planning device that is in conformity with the law as it exists, but
gets nullified by a subsequent change in law specially where the change is of a retrospective
nature. Hence, the tax plan has to be flexible in nature. Flexibility has to be considered as a
practical feature in a tax system. Hence, a planner has to comprehend about the future
scenario too while devising a plan to save tax.
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TAX PLANNING
(a) Short-range planning refers to year to year planning to achieve some specific or limited
objective. For example, an individual assesse whose income is likely to register unusual
growth in particular year as compared to the preceding year, may plan to subscribe to the
PPF/NSCs within the prescribed limits in order to enjoy substantive tax relief. By investing
in such a way, he is not making permanent commitment but is substantially saving in the tax.
It is one of the examples of short-range planning. Long-range planning on the other hand,
involves entering into activities, which may not pay-off immediately. For example, when an
assesse transfers his equity shares to his minor son he knows that the Income from the shares
will be clubbed with his own income. But clubbing would also cease after minor attains
majority.
(b) Permissive tax planning is tax planning under the express provisions of tax laws. Tax
laws of our country offer many exemptions and incentives.
(c) Purposive tax planning is based on the measures which circumvent the law. The
permissive tax planning has the express sanction of the Statute while the purposive tax
planning does not carry such sanction. For example, under Sections 60 to 65 of the Incometax Act, 1961 the income of the other persons is clubbed in the income of the assesse. If the
assesse is in a position to plan in such a way that these provisions do not get attracted, such a
plan would work in favour of the tax payer because it would increase his disposable
resources. Such a tax plan could be termed as Purposive Tax Planning
AURO UNIVERSITY
TAX PLANNING
Free Trade Zone (FTZ) [Section 10A] Special Provision in respect of Newly
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TAX PLANNING
1. Conditions to be satisfied
In order to get deduction, an undertaking must satisfy the following conditions:
Condition 1: It must begin manufacture or production in free trade zone:
It has begun or begins to manufacture or produce during the previous year relevant to the
assessment year
(a) Commencing on or after 1-4-1981, in any free trade zone; or
(b) Commencing on or after 1-04-1994, in any software technology park or electronic
hardware technology park or;
(c) Commencing on or after the 1-04-2001 in any special economic zone;
Conditions 2: It should not be formed by splitting / reconstruction of business.
Conditions 3: It should not be formed by transfer of old machinery:
It is not formed by the transfer to a new business of machinery or plant previously used for
any purpose.
1. 20% of second value machinery allowed: Where in the case of an undertaking, any
machinery or plant or any part thereof previously used for any purpose is transferred
to a new business and the total value of the machinery or plant or part so transferred
does not exceed 20% of the total value of the machinery or plant used in the business,
then, the condition specified therein shall be deemed to have been complied with.
2. Imported Machinery allowed: Any machinery or plant which was used outside India
by any person other than the assesse shall not be regarded as machinery or plant
previously used for any purpose, if the following conditions are fulfilled, namely :
i.) Such machinery or plant was not previously used in India
ii.) Such machinery or plant is imported into India from any county outside India ; and
iii.) No deduction on account of depreciation in respect of such machinery or plant has
been allowed or it allowable under the provisions of the Act in computing the total
income of any person for any period prior to the date of the installation of machinery
or plant by the assesse.
(Value of imported machine can exceed 20% of the Total Value of Machine)
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TAX PLANNING
'Export Turnover'':
received in, or brought into India by the assesse in convertible foreign exchange in
accordance with sub-section (3), but does not include
i.)
ii.)
iii.)
Freight,
telecommunication charges or
insurance attributable to the delivery of the articles or things or computer software
iv.)
outside India or
expenses, if any, incurred in foreign exchange in providing the technical services
outside India
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TAX PLANNING
Out of the total income of an assesse a deduction of 90% of such profits and gains as are
derived by an undertaking from the export of articles, or things or computer software shall be
allowed.
Rate of deduction for unit set up in Special Economic Zone on or after 1-4-2003 shall be as
follows for first 10 assessment years:
First 5 Years 100 % of profits and gains derived from the export of such articles or
things or computer software for a period of five consecutive assessment years
beginning with the assessment year relevant to the previous year in which the
undertaking begins to manufacture or produce such articles or things or computer
software, as the case may be, and thereafter,
Next 2 Years: 50% of such Profit and Gains is deductible for further 2 assessment
years.
Next 3 Years: for the next three consecutive assessment years, so much of the amount
not exceeding 50% of the profit as is debited to the profit and loss account of the
previous year in respect of which the deduction is to be allowed and credited to a
reserve account (to be called the ''Special Economic Zone Re-investment Allowance
Reserve Account'') to be created and utilised for the purposes of the business of the
assesse.
4. Transfer under a Scheme of Amalgamation or Demerger
In case an undertaking eligible for deduction under this section is transferred, before the
expiry of the specified period, to another Indian company in a scheme of amalgamation or
demerger
(a) No deduction shall be admissible under this section to the amalgamating or the demerged
company for the previous year in which the amalgamation or demerger takes place; and
(b) The provisions of this section shall apply to the amalgamated or the resulting company as
if the amalgamation or demerger had not taken place.
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TAX PLANNING
2. Amount of Deduction
3. Consequence for mercer and demerger.
1. Conditions to be satisfied
The following conditions should be satisfied to claim deduction u/s 10AA:
Condition 1: Assesse, being an entrepreneur as referred to in clause (j) of section 2 of the
Special Economic Zones Act, 2005. Entrepreneur is a person who has been granted a letter of
approval by the Development Commissioner to set a unit in a Special Economic Zone.
Conditions 2: The Unit in Special Economic Zone who begins to manufacture or produce
articles or things or provide any services during the previous year relevant to any assessment
year commencing on or after the 1st day of April, 2006.
Conditions 3: It is not formed by the splitting up, or reconstruction, of a business already an
existence.
Conditions 4: It not formed by the transfer to a new business, of old plant and machinery.
However, it can be formed by transfer of old plant or machinery to the extent of 20%.
Condition 5: The assesse has income from export of articles or thing or from services from
such unit. In other words, the assesse has exported goods or provided services out of India
from the Special Economic Zone by land, sea, air, or by any other mode, whether physical or
otherwise.
Conditions 6: Books of Accounts of the taxpayer should be audited. The Tax payer should
submit Audit Report in Form No.56F along with the return of income.
2. Amount Of Deduction:
Deduction depends upon quantum of Profit derived from Export of Articles or things or
services (including computer software). It is calculated as under-
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TAX PLANNING
Deduction for First 5 Assessment Years 100% of Profits and Gains derived for a
period of five consecutive assessment years beginning with the assessment year
relevant to the previous year in which the Unit begins to manufacture or produce such
articles or things or provide services.
Deduction for 6th Assessment Year to 10th Assessment Years : 50% of such Profits
and Gains for further five assessment years and thereafter;
Deduction for 11th Assessment Year to 15th Assessment Year: Amount not exceeding
50% of the profit as is debited to the profit and loss account of the previous year in
respect of which the deduction is to be allowed and credited to a reserve account (to
be called the Special Economic Zone Re-investment Reserve Account) to be created
and utilized for the purposes of the business of the assesse.
3. Consequences For Merger And Demerger:
Where any undertaking is transferred, before the expiry of the period specified in this section,
to another undertaking, under a scheme of amalgamation or demerger No deduction shall be admissible under this section to the amalgamating or the
demerged Unit for the previous year in which the amalgamation or the demerger
takes place.
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TAX PLANNING
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TAX PLANNING
No deduction under section 10B shall be allowed to any undertaking from the assessment
year beginning on the 1st day of April, 2010 and subsequent years.
For the removal of doubts, it is hereby declared that the profits and gains derived from on site
development of computer software (including services for development of software) outside
India shall be deemed to be the profits and gains derived from the export of computer
software outside India.
4. Transfer Under A Scheme Of Amalgamation Or Demerger:
In case an undertaking eligible for deduction under this section is transferred, before the
expiry of the specified period, to another Indian company in a scheme of amalgamation or
demerger
(a) No deduction shall be admissible under this section to the amalgamating or the demerged
company for the previous year in which the amalgamation or demerger takes place; and
(b) The provisions of this section shall apply to the amalgamated or the resulting company as
if the amalgamation or demerger had not taken place.
1. Conditions to be satisfied
This section applies to any undertaking which fulfils all the following conditions, namely:Deduction under section 80-IA is available only to the following businesses carried on by an
undertaking:Conditions 1: An enterprise carrying on the business of (i) developing or (ii) operating and
maintaining any infrastructure facility.
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TAX PLANNING
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TAX PLANNING
(b) It has been approved by the Petroleum and Natural Gas Regulatory Board and notified by
the Central Government in the Official Gazette;
(c) One-third of its total pipeline capacity is available for use on common carrier basis by any
person other than the assesse or an associated person;
(d) It has started or starts operating on or after the 1st day of April, 2007; and
(e) Any other condition which may be prescribed.
Assessee
Period of
commencement of
business
Deductions
Infrastructure facility(ne
w undertaking;
agreement with the
Central Govt.)
Indian Company
On or after 1-4-1995
Telecommunication
(New undertaking: new
Plant)
Any undertaking . In
case of domestic
satellite Indian
Company
1-4-95 to 31-3-2005
Any undertaking
Any undertaking
Substantial renova.
1-4-2004 to 31-32006.
It means AY specified by the assesse at his option to be initial year not falling beyond 15 AY
starting from the AY in which the enterprise begins to generate power; or commences
transmission or distribution of power. However, deduction can be claimed only for 10
consecutive AY falling within a period of 15 AY beginning with the AY in which an assessed
begins business.
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TAX PLANNING
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TAX PLANNING
17
When Set up
AURO UNIVERSITY
Rate
Period
TAX PLANNING
Compan
y
Others
100%
30%
25%
100%
100%
30%
25%
1.10.94 to 31.3.2004
100%
100%
1.10.94 to 31.3.2002
30%
25%
1.10.94 to 31.3.2004
100%
100%
1.10.94 to 31.3.2002
30%
25%
1.4.91 to 31.3.2002
30%
25%
12 years for co
op. other 10
years
1.4.91 to 31.3.1995
30%
25%
----do----
100%
100%
First 7 years
From 1.10.98
onwards
100%
100%
First 7 years
From 1.10.98 ,
Project must be
completed by
31.3.2003
100%
100%
100%
100%
30%
25%
1-4-93 to 31-3-2004
1.10.93 to 31.3.2004
V. Profit from an
undertaking engaged in the
integrated business of
handling, storage and
transportation of food
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From 1.4.2001
onwards
AURO UNIVERSITY
TAX PLANNING
grains [ 80-IB(11A)]
VI. Setting up of multiplex
theaters.
1.4.2002 to 31.3.2005
50%
50%
VII. Setting up of
convention center
1.4.2002 to 31.3.2005
50%
50%
1.4.90 to 31.3.1994
and
50%
Nil
50%
Nil
VIII. Hotel :
(a) in hilly area or in rural
areas outside municipal
limits.
1.4.97 to 31.3.2001
1.4.97 to 31.3.2001
50%
Nil
1.4.91 to 31.3.1995
30%
Nil
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TAX PLANNING
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TAX PLANNING
(viii) Substantial expansion means increase in the investment in the plant and machinery by
at least fifty per cent of the book value of plant and machinery (before taking depreciation in
any year), as on the first day of the previous year in which the substantial expansion is
undertaken;
(ix) Theme Park means such parks, which the Board, may, by notification in the Official
Gazette, specify in accordance with the scheme framed and notified by the Central
Government.
3. Amount & Period Of Deduction:
If the aforesaid conditions are satisfied, the deduction u/s 80 IC may be computed as under:
Name of States
Nature of article
Period of
commencement of
Business
Amount of Deduction
Sikkim
In
Any other
notified
area
area
Any
article
Article
other than
specified
the article
in
specified
Schedule
in
XIV
Schedule
XIII
HP or Uttaranchal
In
Any other
notified
area
area
Any
article
Article
other than
specified
the article
in
specified
Schedule
in
XIV
Schedule
XIII
North-Eastern States
In
Any other
notified
area
area
Any
article
Article
other than
specified
the article
in
specified
Schedule
in
XIV
Schedule
XIII
23-12-2002 to 31-32012
7-1-2003 to 31-32012
24-12-1997 to 31-32007
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TAX PLANNING
(1) Where the gross total income of an assessee includes any profits and gains derived by an
undertaking from any business referred to in sub-section (2) (such business being hereinafter
referred to as the eligible business), there shall, in accordance with and subject to the
provisions of this section, be allowed, in computing the total income of the assessee, a
deduction of an amount equal to hundred per cent of the profits and gains derived from such
business for five consecutive assessment years beginning from the initial assessment year.
(2) This section applies to any undertaking,
(i) Engaged in the business of hotel located in the specified area, if such hotel is
constructed and has started or starts functioning at any time during the period beginning on
the 1st day of April, 2007 and ending on [the 31st day of March, 2010]; or
(ii) Engaged in the business of building, owning and operating a convention centre,
located in the specified area, if such convention centre is constructed at any time during the
period beginning on the 1st day of April, 2007 and ending on [the 31st day of March, 2010];
(iii) Engaged in the business of hotel located in the specified district having a World
Heritage Site, if such hotel is constructed and has started or starts functioning at any time
during the period beginning on the 1st day of April, 2008 and ending on the[31st day of
March, 2013.]
(3) The deduction under sub-section (1) shall be available only if
(i) The eligible business is not formed by the splitting up, or the reconstruction, of a
business already in existence;
(ii) The eligible business is not formed by the transfer to a new business of a building
previously used as a hotel or a convention centre, as the case may be;
(iii) The eligible business is not formed by the transfer to a new business of machinery or
plant previously used for any purpose.
Explanation: The provisions of Explanations 1 and 2 to sub-section (3) of section 80-IA
shall apply for the purposes of clause (iii) of this sub-section as they apply for the purposes of
clause (ii) of that sub-section;
(iv) The assesse furnishes along with the return of income, the report of an audit in such
form and containing such particulars as may be prescribed, and duly signed and verified by
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TAX PLANNING
an accountant, as defined in the Explanation below sub-section (2) of section 288, certifying
that the deduction has been correctly claimed.
(4) Notwithstanding anything contained in any other provision of this Act, in computing the
total income of the assessee, no deduction shall be allowed under any other section contained
in Chapter VIA or section 10AA, in relation to the profits and gains of the undertaking.
(5) The provisions contained in sub-section (5) and sub-sections (8) to (11) of section 80-IA
shall, so far as may be, apply to the eligible business under this section.
(6) For the purposes of this section,
(a) Convention centre means a building of a prescribed area comprising of convention halls
to be used for the purpose of holding conferences and seminars, being of such size and
number and having such other facilities and amenities, as may be prescribed;
(b) Hotel means a hotel of two-star, three-star or four-star category as classified by the
Central Government;
(c) Initial assessment year
(i) In the case of a hotel, means the assessment year relevant to the previous year in
which the business of the hotel starts functioning;
(ii) In the case of a convention centre, means the assessment year relevant to the previous
year in which the convention centre starts operating on a commercial basis;
(d) Specified area means the National Capital Territory of Delhi and the districts of
Faridabad, Gurgaon, Gautam Budh Nagar and Ghaziabad.
AURO UNIVERSITY
TAX PLANNING
Case 1
Case 2
Number of partners
Profit-sharing ratio
Equal
Equal
10,00,000
15,00,000
6,00,000
12,00,000
60,000
50,000
80,000
50,000
Tax on firm
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TAX PLANNING
Income of firm
6,00,000
12,00,000
Less: salary
3,78,000
Interest
7,02,000
1,20,000
1,80,000
1,02,000
3,18,000
31,518
98,262
10,506
24,566
Salary
1,26,000
1,75,500
Interest
40,000
45,000
60,000
50,000
1,46,000
2,20,500
Net income
Tax on partners
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TAX PLANNING
Nil
6,232
10,506
30,798
Case 2
6,00,000
12,00,000
Number of partners
2,00,000
3,00,000
60,000
50,000
1,80,000
3,00,000
2,060
14,420
8,446
16,378
deduction)
To avoid high tax incidence on firms, firms may be converted into sole proprietorship.
Partnership firm
The following basic assumptions have been made
a.) There are two partners X and Y with an equal share of profit.
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TAX PLANNING
b.) They want to draw the maximum permissible amount as salary. Both the partners will
draw equal salary.
c.) Income is from business (not from profession)
d.) They are entitled to simple interest at the rate of 12 per cent on the capital
contribution of RS.10,00,000.
e.) Partners do not have any income.
The table given below compares tax benefits available to a firm, LLP (Limited Liability
Partnership) and Company:
Firm
LLP
Tax rates
Applicability of surcharge
2011-12
2011-12
Not applicable
Not applicable
Dividend tax
Not applicable
Not applicable
Firm
LLP
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TAX PLANNING
shareholders or partners
taxable
taxable
in
the
hands
of
in
the
hands
of
partners.
partners.
Deductible if permitted by
or shareholders
should be satisfied.
be satisfied.
Firm
LLP
Remuneration to partners or
Deductible if conditions of
Deductible
shareholders
satisfied.
deductible
balance.
balance.
Section 78 is applicable
Section 78 is applicable
Firm
LLP
if
conditions
Aggregate
amount
cannot,
however,
in
the
list
of
shareholders of a company
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of
TAX PLANNING
Applicable
Applicable
Firm
LLP
Applicable
Not applicable
Cannot
be
claimed
as
under
However, deduction
section 36(1)(iX)
section
and 37
Whether weighted deduction
under
section
35(2AB)
Not applicable
Not applicable
is
available
Referencing:
Books:
Dr. Monica Singhania Dr. V. K. Singhania, 2011. Corporate Tax Planning &
Business Tax Procedures. Edition. Taxmann Publications Pvt. Ltd..
Websites:
2015. . [ONLINE] Available at: http://www.icsi.edu/. [Accessed 19 January 2015].
Tax Management - Tax Ready Reckoner, Tax Planning & Saving, HUF Formation,
Management & Tax Planning, Income Tax Act,, Laws & Rules - Direct Tax - Indirect
Tax - Gift Tax - Wealth Tax - Sales Tax. 2015. Tax Management - Tax Ready
29
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36(1)(ix).
can
be
TAX PLANNING
Reckoner, Tax Planning & Saving, HUF Formation, Management & Tax Planning,
Income Tax Act,, Laws & Rules - Direct Tax - Indirect Tax - Gift Tax - Wealth Tax Sales Tax. [ONLINE] Available at: http://incometaxmanagement.com/. [Accessed 20
January 2015].
Vakilno1.com -
India
Law, Online
Legal
Advice,
Legal
Documents
Provided that this sub-section shall not apply in a case where the provisions of section 42 or
section 44D or 61[section 44DA or] section 115A or section 293A apply for the purposes of
computing profits or gains or any other income referred to in those sections.
(2) The amounts referred to in sub-section (1) shall be the following, namely :
(a) The amount paid or payable (whether in or out of India) to the assessee or to any person
on his behalf on account of the provision of services and facilities in connection with, or
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supply of plant and machinery on hire used, or to be used, in the prospecting for, or extraction
or production of, mineral oils in India; and
(b) The amount received or deemed to be received in India by or on behalf of the assessee on
account of the provision of services and facilities in connection with, or supply of plant and
machinery on hire used, or to be used, in the prospecting for, or extraction or production of,
mineral oils outside India.
(3) Notwithstanding anything contained in sub-section (1), an assessee may claim lower
profits and gains than the profits and gains specified in that sub-section, if he keeps and
maintains such books of account and other documents as required under sub-section (2) of
section 44AA and gets his accounts audited and furnishes a report of such audit as required
under section 44AB, and thereupon the Assessing Officer shall proceed to make an
assessment of the total income or loss of the assessee under sub-section (3) of section 143 and
determine the sum payable by, or refundable to, the assessee.
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