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ABSTRACT: Inflation in fuel prices and unprecedented shortage of its supply has promoted the interest
in development of the alternative sources for petroleum fuels. India is looking at renewable alternative
fuel sources to reduce its dependence on foreign imports of oils. As India imports 70% of the oil, the
country has been hit hard by increasing cost and uncertainty. Biofuels have the potential to become
alternative fuel for fossil fuels. Among all the alternative fuels mahua oil is also one. This review has been
taken up to identify the performance and emission using mahua biodiesel.
Key words: Mahua biodiesel, blends, CI engine, performance, emission.
I.
INTRODUCTION
Increasing petroleum prices, increasing threat to the environment from exhaust emissions and global
warming have generated interest in developing alternative non-petroleum fuels for engines. The use of vegetable
oil in engines is not a recent innovation. In the present scenario, oil has become a finite resource and its price
tends to increase exponentially, as its reserves are fast depleting. Recent report says that lower smoke levels and
higher thermal efficiencies are offered more by the methyl ester of vegetable oils than neat vegetable oils.
Further, it has been reported that the thermal efficiency of the engine increases with an increase in the methanol
fraction in diesel. Intensive research is going on throughout the globe for a suitable diesel substitute. In this race
among different alternatives, vegetable oils have attained primary place as some of their physical, chemical and
combustion related properties are nearly similar to that of diesel fuel. Vegetable oils can be used directly or can
be blended with diesel to operate compression ignition engines. As mahua grows mainly in jungle area and also
in waste and uncultivated land its cultivation would not produce any impact on food production but would in
long way improve the environmental condition by massive aforestation. Mahua oil is non-edible vegetable oil,
which is available in large quantities in India. In a country like India it is observed that biodiesel can be a viable
alternative automotive fuel. Biodiesel is a fastest growing alternative fuel and India has better resources for its
production. The vegetable oils cannot be used directly in diesel engines as alternative fuel because of high
viscosity of vegetable oils leads to problem in pumping and spray characteristics. The best way to use vegetable
oils as fuel in diesel engines is to convert it into biodiesel. It is a fact that biodiesel is a safer, more economical
and infinitely more environmentally friendly than the conventional petroleum diesel that the majority of people
currently use. Mahua Biodiesel is a vegetable oil-based fuel that can be used to replace diesel fuel.
II.
Raw Mahua oil is generally collected from the kernel of Mahua tree. It is basically a medium size tree
found in different parts of India. It is available in most of the rural areas in India. Mahua tree is a deciduous tree
which grows to a height of 60-70 feet and has a life span of 7-20 years and fruits till 55 years. Each of these
trees produces approximately around 20-40 kg of seeds per year. The average Mahua oil yield per annum is
1,35,000 million tons in India. The raw oil is greenish yellow in colour.
III.
TRANSESTERIFICATION REACTION
It is most commonly used and important method to reduce the viscosity of vegetable oils. In this
process triglyceride reacts with three molecules of alcohol in the presence of a catalyst producing a mixture of
fatty acids, alkyl ester and glycerol. The process of removal of all the glycerol and the fatty acids from the
vegetable oil in the presence of a catalyst is called esterification.
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Mahua Glyceride
Alcohol
Glycerine
Mahua Biodiesel
IV.
Properties
Kinematic viscosity at 40C (cSt)
Specific gravity at 15C
Flash point (C)
Fire point (C)
Calorific value (MJ/kg)
Cloud point (C)
Pour point (C)
PROPERTIES OF FUELS
Diesel
4.57
0.8668
54
68
42
-3
-18
Mahua biodiesel
5.39
0.8712
157
183
37.3 42.2
16
2
V.
LITERATURE REVIEW
1. A.Haiter Lenin, R.Ravi and K.Thyagarajan [1]
Conducted experiments on performance characteristics of a diesel engine using Mahua biodiesel as
alternate fuel. In this work various proportions of Mahua methyl ester fuel blends (25% and 50%) were used for
conducting the performance tests at varying load conditions.
Results showed that, there was an increase in brake thermal efficiency of the diesel with fuel blends of
Mahua biodiesel. The Mahua B50 gives higher brake thermal efficiency than the diesel fuel at all load
conditions. At full load condition the brake thermal efficiency of the biodiesel blend B25 was lower than that of
standard diesel. At low load condition the specific fuel consumption of fuel blends B25 was lower than that of
diesel. At full load condition the specific fuel consumption of the fuel blends B25 and B50 was higher than the
diesel fuel. The specific fuel consumption decreases with the increase of injection pressure. The exhaust gas
temperatures of mahua B25 and B50 blends were lower than that of diesel fuel. At high load condition for
Mahua biodiesel blend B50, exhaust gas temperature is similar to the diesel fuel. The hydrocarbon emissions of
the biodiesel blends were lower than the standard diesel. The Mahua biodiesel B50 gives lower hydrocarbon
emissions than that of the other designed fuels. The maximum carbon monoxide emission was observed at full
brake power of the engine. The fuel blend of B50 gave low carbon monoxide emission than other fuels. The
carbon dioxide emission using diesel fuel was lower than biodiesel blends. At all loads conditions NOx emission
of biodiesel blends was always higher than that of standard diesel. At all load conditions the smoke density of
the biodiesel blends were always higher than that of diesel fuel. The fuel blend B25 gives high smoke emission
than all the other used fuels. Peak pressure for diesel was 67.5 bar. The peak pressure of fuel blends B25 and
B50 was lower than that of standard diesel. The premixed heat release of Mahua methyl ester blend was lower
than that of diesel. The heat release rate of B25 blend was higher than the B50 blend.
2.
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4.
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Conducted experiments on experimental investigations on the use of Mahua oil methyl ester produced
using Magnesium Phosphate catalyst as fuel in a compression ignition engine. This paper presents the results of
investigations carried out on performance of biodiesel obtained from Mahua oil and its blends with diesel from
15%, 25%, 35% & 45% by volume for running a diesel engine.
Results showed that, the maximum brake thermal efficiency obtained in this experiment was 29.5%
(MB45), 28.2% (MB25) for 200bar injection pressure. The specific fuel consumption for the blend MB25 was
close to diesel. The exhaust gas temperature increases with increase in load for all blends. At all loads, Petro
diesel was found to have the lowest temperature. Biodiesel blends give less carbon monoxide as compared to
petro diesel. When the percentage of blend of biodiesel increases, carbon monoxide decreases. At 28 Nm load,
all blends & Petro diesel shows sudden increase in CO emissions. HC emission of the various blends was lower
at partial load, but increased at higher engine load. Biodiesel blends give relatively lower HC as compared to the
diesel. At higher power output conditions, the NOx values were likely higher for both biodiesel and Petro diesel
fuel. NOx emissions increase when fuelled with diesel biodiesel fuel blends as compared to conventional
diesel fuel. The CO emission for all blends were less as compared to petro diesel at all loads.
| IJMER | ISSN: 22496645 |
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VI.
CONCLUSION
Mahua biodiesel satisfies the important fuel properties as per ASTM specification of biodiesel. Engine works
smoothly on mahua methyl ester with performance compared to diesel operation. The mahua biodiesel can be
successfully substituted as alternative fuel for CI engine.
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[4].
[5].
[6].
[7].
[8].
[9].
[10].
[11].
[12].
[13].
[14].
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