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b. Observational
c. Not Generalizable
d. All of the Above
9. Which observational design would be most
appropriate in studying characteristics of individuals
with antisocial personality disorder by comparing
them to those without the diagnosis?
a. Case Study
b. Case Control
c. Case Cohort
d. Case Sectional
10. All of the following are relevant for single subject
designs except:
a. Continuous Assessment
b. Moderate Generalizability
c. Strong Baseline
d. Assessment of Performance over Time
11. Elizabeth collects her dissertation sample by word of
mouth. This is an example of:
a. Stratified Random Sampling
b. Convenience Sampling
c. Cluster Sampling
d. Snowball Sampling
12. AIU is using GRE scores, undergraduate GPA, and
gender to predict achievement in a doctoral program.
What is the dependent variable?
a. GRE scores
b. Undergraduate GPA
c. Gender
d. All of the Above
13. Dr. Gevirtz tells you that your basic design is flawless,
however, you will not be able to generalize to a large
population. You must have good ______________ but
poor ___________.
a. Reliability, Validity
b. Internal Validity, External Validity
c. Validity, Reliability
d. External Validity, Internal Validity
14. All of the following are threats to external validity except:
a. Instrumentation
b. Sample Characteristics
c. Test Sensitization
d. Demand Characteristics
Statistical Inference and Other Concepts
15. I am studying depression among students in a statistics
course and have students from Dr. Gevirtzs and Dr.
Dalenbergs class each take the Beck Depression
Inventory. Students in each class then receive a
ranking of how depressed they are relative to each
other (1st, 2nd, 3rd). This depression data is:
a. Categorical
b. Nominal
c. Ordinal
d. Interval
16. Alice is the teaching assistant for statistics and tells
you the mode of the final exam was an 82%. This
value represents the:
a. Average of the scores
b. Middle point of the scores
c. Curve of the test
2
Std. Dev = 9.82
Mean = 8.2
N = 25.00
0
0.0
5.0
10.0
15.0
20.0
25.0
30.0
35.0
40.0
VAR00003
a. Leptokurtotic
b. Positively Skewed
c. Significant
d. Bimodal
19. Power is an estimate of:
a. How sure we are that differences exist
b. Sensitivity of the experiment to find real
differences
c. How big the differences are
d. All of the above
20. In a normal distribution,
a. Mean = Median = Mode
b. Mode < Mean < Mode
c. Median < Mean < Mode
d. None of the above
21. Population distributions are developed based on
what studies?
a. Repeated Measures
b. Monte Carlo
c. Boxs M
d. Hosmer and Lemeshow
Univariate Statistics
22. When comparing 2 groups on one dependent
variable (i.e. CBT vs. Control for treatment of
depression), the best analysis used is:
a. One Way Analysis of Variance
b. One Way Multivariate Analysis of Variance
c. Analysis of Covariance
d. Point Biserial
23. The larger the differences between the groups, the
___________ the F statistic:
a. More Accurate
b. Less Accurate
c. Larger
d. Smaller
24. If F is not significant, check your:
a. Power
b. Magnitude of Effect
c. Homogeneity of Variance
d. Independence of Observations
25. The sum of the squared deviations of individual
scores from the group mean is referred to as:
a. Sum of Squares within group
b. Error
c. Sum of Squares between groups
d. Both a and b
33.
34.
35.
36.
c. Central limit
d. None of the above
_____ is the correlation between 2 variables while
_____ is the correlation between multiple variables.
a. r, r2
b. R, r2
c. r2, R
d. r, R
Kathryn wants to predict whether individuals in a
motor vehicle accident will use narcotics or not 6
months following the accident. Which analysis
would you recommend?
a. Analysis of Variance
b. Logistic Regression
c. Discriminant Analysis
d. Path Analysis
At the local crisis house you are asked to design a
method of assessing suicidality. Your supervisor wants
you to be able to detect all individuals who will attempt
suicide but doesnt want you to be so particular that you
end up detecting some who will not attempt suicide. He
is looking for a measure that contains:
a. Low sensitivity and low specificity
b. Low sensitivity and high specificity
c. High sensitivity and low specificity
d. High sensitivity and high specificity
In the following path, the exogenous variable is:
Metabolism
Exercise
Weight Loss
Caloric Intake
a. Metabolism
b. Weight Loss
c. Caloric Intake
d. Both a and c
37. In the above model, the endogenous variable is:
a. Metabolism
b. Weight Loss
c. Caloric Intake
d. Both a and c
38. A study has suggested that cell phone use causes
radiation which then causes cancerous tumors.
Radiation is considered a:
a. Moderator
b. Mediator
c. Confound
d. Semipartial
b. Causal
c. Confirmatory
d. This is a principal components analysis
40. Which of the following are not used in factor
analysis/principal components analysis?
a. Boxs M test
b. Eigenvalues
c. Scree plot
d. Kaiser criteria
41. Bob wants to compare treatment modalities (group
therapy vs. individual therapy vs. control group) on
quality of life, beck depression inventory, and beck
anxiety inventory. Which analysis is most appropriate?
a. Analysis of Variance
b. Multivariate Analysis of Variance
c. Analysis of Covariance
d. Multivariate Analysis of Covariance
42. Which of the following assumptions is crucial to
Analyses of Covariance and Multivariate Analyses of
Covariance and requires that the covariate-dependent
variable relationship is the same across all levels of
the independent variables?
a. Homogeneity of Regression
b. Homogeneity of Variance
c. Homogeneity of Variance-Covariance
d. None of the above
Interpretation of Measures
43. Comprehensive Exams are _____________ tests
whereas Symptom Inventories are _______________
tests.
a. Criterion References, Norm Referenced
b. Domain Referenced, Norm Referenced
c. Empirical Keyed, Norm Referenced
d. All of the above
44. On a measure assessing relationship satisfaction,
endorsing the item I have filed for divorce implies
that all other milder statements such as I have
thought about divorce would also be endorsed. This
is an example of what kind of scaling?
a. Thurstone
b. Guttman
c. Likert
d. Semantic Differential
45. Which theory states that observed scores are the
outcome of error added to ones true score.
a. Classical Measurement
b. Generalizability
c. Domain Sampling
d. None of the above
46. Gary tells you that the range of IQ score for subject #1
is 90-110. The statistic he used was:
a. Confidence Interval
b. Standard Error
c. Both a and b
d. None of the above
Reliability of Measurement
47. All of the following are true for reliability except:
a. Good reliability = Good consistency
d. Construct contamination
55. Which of the following are not frequently used in
selecting personnel for employment?
a. Taylor Russell Model
b. Thurstone Model
c. Naylor Shine Model
d. Predictive Validity
Test Construction, Features, and Utility
56. Item Response Theory uses Item Characteristic
Curves to assess:
a. Difficulty
b. Discriminability
c. Mastery
d. Both a and b
57. Bret believes that GRE scores are better predictors of
grad school success for only US students not for
Foreign-born students. In response, Dr. Foster, states
that his results actually show that GRE scores are
systematically overpredicting US performance and
underpredicting foreign-born performance. This bias
is referred to as:
a. Item
b. Slope
c. Intercept
d. None of the above
58. Dr. Gevirtz gives a pop quiz on the first day of
statistics to determine the ability/skill level of students
before beginning the course. What was Dr. Gevirtz
interested in?
a. Achievements
b. Criterion Keying
c. Latency
d. Aptitude
Answers Test I
1. b
2. a
3. a
4. d
5. c
6. a
7. a
8. d
9. b
10. b
11. d
12. d
13. b
14. a
15. c
16. d
17. c
18. b
19. b
20. a
21. b
22. a
23. c
24. a
25. d
26. b
27. c
28. d
29. a
30. d
31. c
32. a
33. d
34. b
35. d
36. d
37. b
38. b
39. c
40. a
41. b
42. a
43. d
44. b
45. a
46. c
47. b
48. c
49. d
50. a
51. c
52. c
53. d
54. a
55. b
56. d
57. c
58. d
9.
The following review questions were not taken from past comp
exams or review packets. They were created by the reviewer
(Lynn Vogel) and will not represent all of the material that may
be on the exam. This is intended to serve as a review and not
your sole means of studying for the exam.
Research Design
1. A measured variable is called a(n):
a. Covariate
b. Independent Variable
c. Dependent Variable
d. Confound
2. Random assignment is used to be reasonably sure that:
a. Any person from the population is equally
likely to be chosen to participate
b. All subjects are equally likely to be in any level
of the independent variable
c. All groups are equal (i.e. gender, age, ses)
d. Both b and c
3. An experimental design comparing 2 treatments for
depression controls for pretesting effects by
including a pretest and posttest for depression. This
design is called:
a. Pre-Post Control
b. Post Only Control
c. Time Series
d. Solomon 4 Group
4. A within subjects design in which the dependent
variable
is
administered
at
pretreatment,
posttreatment, and follow-up is called a ____ design.
a. Time Series
b. Factorial
c. Pre Post Control
d. Solomon 4 Group
5. Gender is a _______ independent variable while
Treatment Group is a ______ independent variable.
a. Patched, Manipulated
b. Static, Manipulated
c. Patched, Static
d. Gender cannot be an independent variable
6. Quasi-Experimental designs are unlike experimental
designs primarily due to:
a. Having at least one static independent variable
b. No true random assignment
c. Both a and b
d. Neither a nor b
7. Which observational design would be best to study the
risk factors associated with a particular outcome?
a. Cross Sectional
b. Retrospective Cross-Sectional
c. Cohort
d. Observational designs cannot be used
8. I am interested in assessing differences in IQ
between 15, 25, and 35 year olds. What design
would you use?
a. Cross Sectional
b. Retrospective Cross Sectional
c. Case Control
d. Cohort
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
40
30
20
10
Std. Dev = 1.63
Mean = 5.4
N = 95.00
0
2.0
4.0
6.0
8.0
10.0
VAR00004
a. Leptokurtotic
b. Skewed
c. Platykurtotic
d. Mesokurtotic
20. Which of the following does not measure the spread
of scores?
a. Variance
b. Sum of Squares
c. Degrees of Freedom
d. Mean Squares
Nonparametric Statistics
21. Which of the following is not a nonparametric
analysis for rank data?
a. Chi Square
b. Kruskal Wallis
c. Mann Whitney U Test
d. Wilcoxon Signed
Univariate Statistics
22. The assumption of homogeneity of variance can be
tested by which of the following statistics?
a. Levenes
b. Brown Forsythe
c. F-Max
d. All of the above
23. An F of 1 indicates:
a. Groups differ significantly
b. F values must be lower than 1
c. Groups are the same
d. F values must be greater than 1
24. If F is significant, the next step is to check:
a. Power
b. Magnitude of Effect
c. Homogeneity of Variance
d. Independence of Observations
Answers Test II
1. c
2. d
3. d
4. a
5. b
6. c
7. b
8. a
9. d
10. d
11. c
12. a
13. a
14. b
15. d
16. d
17. b
18. c
19. a
20. c
21. a
22. d
23. c
24. b
25. d
26. d
27. b
28. a
29. d
30. b
31. b
32. a
33. d
34. b
35. a
36. b
37. c
38. b
39. c
40. a
41. d
42. a
43. c
44. d
45. b
46. a
47. a
48. d
49. a
50. c
51. b
52. a
53. d
54. c
55. a
56. b
57. a
Research Design
1. A psychologist wants to compare the effects of
behavior
therapy,
cognitive
therapy,
and
psychodynamic therapy on anxiety as measured by a
self-report level of anxiety, heart rate, and the Taylor
Manifest Anxiety Scale. Identify the independent
variable(s).
a. Therapy
b. Level of Anxiety
c. Heart Rate
d. Taylor Manifest Anxiety Scale
2. A psychologist wants to compare the effects of
behavior
therapy,
cognitive
therapy,
and
psychodynamic therapy on anxiety as measured by a
self-report level of anxiety, heart rate, and the Taylor
Manifest Anxiety Scale. Identify the dependent
variable(s).
a. Taylor Manifest Anxiety Scale
b. Level of Anxiety
c. Heart Rate
d. All of the above
3. To investigate the effects of television violence on
aggressive behavior, a social psychologist has male
and female children who have been identified as
either very aggressive, moderately aggressive,
mildly aggressive, or nonaggressive watch either a
violent or neutral film. Following the film, each
child is observed during a 60 minute free play period
and coded for the number of aggressive acts the
child exhibits. Identify the independent variable(s).
a. Gender of Child
b. Level of identified aggression
c. Number of aggressive acts
d. Both a and b
4. To investigate the effects of television violence on
aggressive behavior, a social psychologist has male
and female children who have been identified as
either very aggressive, moderately aggressive,
mildly aggressive, or nonaggressive watch either a
violent or neutral film. Following the film, each
child is observed during a 60 minute free play period
and coded for the number of aggressive acts the
child exhibits. Identify the dependent variable(s).
a. Gender of Child
b. Level of identified aggression
c. Number of aggressive acts
d. Both a and b
5. In a research study, what is being measured is
referred to as the:
a. Dependent Variable
b. Predictor Variable
c. Criterion Variable
d. All of the above
6.
Reliability of Measurement
42. When a tests reliability coefficient is equal to 1.0,
its standard error of measurement:
a. Is equal to 1.0
b. Is equal to 0.0
c. Is greater than 0 but less than 1
d. Is equal to the tests standard deviation
43. To reduce consensual observer drift, you would:
a. Have observers check each others ratings
b. Have observers work independently
c. Use a single blind technique
d. Use a double blind technique
Validity of Measurement
44. To determine the criterion-related validity of a test, a
psychologist administers the test to current
employees and correlates their test scores with
available supervisor ratings. This is an example of a
___________________ validation study.
a. Convergent
b. Predictive
c. Concurrent
d. Construct
45. In a multitrait multimethod matrix, a tests validity
would be confirmed if the:
a. Monotrait monomethod coefficients are low and
the heterotrait heteromethod coefficients are high
b. Monotrait heteromethod coefficients are high and
the heterotrait monomethod coefficients are low
c. Monotrait monomethod coefficients are high and
the monotrait heteromethod coefficients are low
d. Heterotrait monomethod coefficients are high and
the heterotrait heteromethod coefficients are low
46. Criterion contamination tends to artificially _______
a predictors criterion-related validity coefficient.
a. Invalidate
b. Prove
c. Inflate
d. Deflate
Test Construction, Features, and Utility
47. A screening test developed to identify children with
learning disabilities is administered to 100 children,
60 who have a learning disability and 40 who do
not. The test correctly identifies 50 of the 60
children with learning disabilities and 25 of the
children who do not have learning disabilities. The
number of false positives in this situation is:
a. 50
b. 25
c. 15
d. 10
Research Design
1. An educational psychologist wants to test the
hypothesis that the effectiveness of a mastery
learning method (versus a traditional method) for
learning college algebra is a function of both math
aptitude and math anxiety. Identify the independent
variable(s).
a. Math aptitude and anxiety
b. Learning method
c. College algebra achievement
d. Both a and b
2. An educational psychologist wants to test the
hypothesis that the effectiveness of a mastery
learning method (versus a traditional method) for
learning college algebra is a function of both math
aptitude and math anxiety. Identify the dependent
variable(s).
a. Math aptitude and anxiety
b. Learning method
c. College algebra achievement
d. Both a and b
3. A researcher asks a sample of male and female
mental health professionals to describe a healthy
male adult and a healthy female adult. Based on
his review of the literature, the researcher
hypothesizes that the adjectives used by both male
and female mental health professionals to describe a
healthy male adult will be more positive than the
adjectives used to describe the healthy female adult.
Identify the independent variable(s).
a. Gender of mental health professional
b. Gender of healthy adult
c. Descriptive adjectives
d. Both a and b
4. A researcher asks a sample of male and female
mental health professionals to describe a healthy
male adult and a healthy female adult. Based on
his review of the literature, the researcher
hypothesizes that the adjectives used by both male
and female mental health professionals to describe a
healthy male adult will be more positive than the
adjectives used to describe the healthy female adult.
Identify the dependent variable(s).
a. Gender of mental health professional
b. Gender of healthy adult
c. Descriptive adjectives
d. Both a and b
5. In a research study, different treatment groups that
are being compared represent the different levels of
the:
a. Dependent Variable
b. Independent Variable
c. Static Variable
d. Control Variable
6.
Correlational Techniques
35. Which of the following correlation coefficients is
most appropriate for the relationship between gender
and SAT score?
a. Spearman
b. Point Biserial
c. Biserial
d. Chi Square
36. A ____ correlation indicates that people scoring low
on one variable tend to obtain high scores on another.
a. Positive
b. Zero
c. Perfect
d. Negative
37. If the correlation between X and Y is .70, this means
that _____% of the variability in Y is explained by X.
a. 49
b. 30
c. 70
d. 7
Multivariate Statistics
38. The sum of the deviations of data points from a
regression line:
a. Is always positive
b. Is always negative
c. Always equals 0
d. Is equal to the variance explained
39. A researcher is likely to conduct a _______ rotation in a
factor analysis if he believes that the factors underlying
the tests included in the analysis are correlated.
a. Oblique
b. Orthogonal
c. Varimax
d. Both b and c
40. Which analysis would you use if you were to test
theories about relationships between variables?
a. Path Analysis
b. Logistic Regression
c. Multiple Regression
d. None of the above
41. If the relationship between two variables disappears
when you take away another variable, you have a:
a. Mediator
b. Confound
c. Moderator
d. Covariate
42. Multicollinearity:
a. Increases the probability that a correlation will be
statistically significant
b. Refers to high correlations between predictors and
is a problem for multiple regression
c. Refers to high correlations between the predictor
and outcome and is not a problem
d. Provides semi-partial correlations for each
predictor
Interpretation of Measures
43. The test taken to qualify for a drivers license is an
example of a:
a. Criterion referenced test
b. Normed test
c. Validation test
d. Construct validity
Reliability of Measurement
44. To maximize a tests reliability coefficient, you
would:
a. Make sure the test is homogenous with regard
to content domain
b. Include in the tryout sample individual who are
homogenous with regard to the attribute
measured by the test
c. Use a true-false item format
d. Make sure the test is valid
45. Which of the following would be the least
appropriate for assessing the reliability of a 20 item
arithmetic test?
a. Test Retest
b. Coefficient Alpha
c. Split-Half
d. All of the above are appropriate
Validity of Measurement
46. Convergent and Discriminant validity are both
methods for assessing ___________ validity.
a. Predictive
b. Construct
c. Criterion Related
d. Discriminative
47. A test developed would you multitrait multimethod
matrices in order to assess a tests:
a. Differential validity
b. Incremental validity
c. Concurrent and predictive validity
d. Convergent and discriminant validity
48. The difference between predictive and concurrent
validity is most related to:
a. The time interval between administration of the
predictor and the criterion
b. The type of statistic used to analyze data
collected on the predictor and the criterion
c. The nature of the construct measured by the
predictor
d. The sources of measurement error
Test Construction, Features, and Utility
49. A 25-item test is administered to a group of
examinees and the resulting distribution of scores is
negatively skewed. Adding a few items to the test
that have difficult index between .00 and .50 will
most likely:
a. Increase the negative skewness of the
distribution
b. Cause the distribution to become positively
skewed
c. Change shape of the distribution so that it is
closer to normal
d. Change the shape of the distribution so that it is
less than normal
Answers Test IV
1. d
2. c
3. d
4. c
5. b
6. c
7. c
8. d
9. a
10. c
11. c
12. c
13. a
14. b
15. b
16. d
17. d
18. c
19. c
20. b
21. c
22. a
23. a
24. a
25. a
26. d
27. b
28. b
29. d
30. d
31. a
32. b
33. c
34. d
35. b
36. d
37. a
38. c
39. a
40. a
41. a
42. b
43. a
44. a
45. a
46. b
47. d
48. a
49. c
7.
The following review questions were not taken from past comp
exams or review packets. They were created by the reviewer
(Lynn Vogel) and will not represent all of the material that may
be on the exam. This is intended to serve as a review and not
your sole means of studying for the exam.
Research Design
1. An educational psychologist believes that children
will be better spellers if they are provided with
spaced rather than massed practice. Identify the
independent variable(s).
a. Spaced Practice
b. Massed Practice
c. Type of Practice
d. Spelling ability
2. An educational psychologist believes that children
will be better spellers if they are provided with
spaced rather than massed practice. Identify the
dependent variable(s).
a. Spaced Practice
b. Massed Practice
c. Type of Practice
d. Spelling ability
3. A psychologist suspects that a teachers expectations
about a students academic performance will have a
self-fulfilling prophecy effect on the students
actual academic achievement but that the magnitude
of effect will depend on the students level of selfesteem. Identify the independent variable(s).
a. Self Esteem
b. Academic performance
c. Teachers Expectations
d. Both a and c
4. A psychologist suspects that a teachers expectations
about a students academic performance will have a
self-fulfilling prophecy effect on the students
actual academic achievement but that the magnitude
of effect will depend on the students level of selfesteem. Identify the dependent variable(s).
a. Self Esteem
b. Academic performance
c. Teachers Expectations
d. Both a and c
5. In a true experiment, the variable that subjects are
randomly assigned to is referred to as the:
a. Dependent Variable
b. Independent Variable
c. Static Variable
d. Control Variable
6. A researcher divides the population into subgroups
according to certain characteristics (i.e. age,
ethnicity, etc) and then randomly selects subjects
from each subgroup. This sampling technique is
known as:
a. Stratified Random
b. Cluster Sampling
c. Quota Sampling
d. Stratified Clusters
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
Validity of Measurement
46. Tenured professors would be asked to review items
for an observational scale used to rate the
performance of 1st year instructors in order to
establish the scales ___________ validity.
a. Construct
b. Face
c. Criterion
d. Content
47. A school psychologist develops a test for high
school freshmen to identify students who are likely
to quit school prior to graduation. The psychologist
will be most interested in establishing which type of
validity for this test?
a. Content
b. Construct
c. Convergent
d. Criterion-Related
48. Which of the following is a measure of construct
validity?
a. Convergent
b. Divergent
c. Discriminative
d. All of the above
Test Construction, Features, and Utility
49. Which item difficulty level is associated with the
greatest differentiation of examinees:
a. +1
b. .5
c. .01
d. -1
50. When using an objective test:
a. An examinee will obtain the same score
regardless of who scores the test
b. Items included in the test have been found to
correlate highly with an objective criterion
c. The test must be administered in accord with
clearly defined guidelines
d. Both a and c
51. A D index refers to an items:
a. Discriminability
b. Difficulty
c. Distractibility
d. Both a and b
52. Mortality in a study refers to:
a. The death of subjects
b. The death of researchers
c. Loss of respondents to a treatment group
d. Both a and b
Answers Test V
1. c
2. d
3. d
4. b
5. b
6. a
7. a
8. b
9. d
10. b
11. b
12. a
13. b
14. c
15. c
16. a
17. b
18. a
19. a
20. d
21. c
22. b
23. b
24. c
25. a
26. c
27. b
28. b
29. c
30. c
31. c
32. d
33. b
34. c
35. c
36. d
37. a
38. b
39. d
40. b
41. a
42. a
43. a
44. c
45. a
46. d
47. d
48. d
49. b
50. a
51. a
52. c