Science Fourth Period 2.

015

Colegio Gimnasio Campestre San Sebastin

NOMBRE:_______________________________________________
PERIODO: FOURTH

AREA: SCIENCE

GRADO:

8TH

GRADE

MISS SOPHIE CORZO PREZ

The

environment

pathogens,

consists

which

are

of

numerous

agents,

usually

microorganisms that cause diseases in their

hosts. A host is the organism that is invaded
and often harmed by a pathogen. Pathogens
include bacteria, protists, fungi and other
infectious

organisms.

We

are

constantly

exposed to pathogens in food and water, on

surfaces, and in the air. Mammalian immune
systems evolved for protection from such
pathogens;

they

are

composed

of

an

extremely diverse array of specialized cells

and soluble molecules that coordinate a rapid
and flexible defense system capable of
providing protection from a majority of these
disease agents.

Components of the immune system constantly search the body for signs of pathogens. When pathogens
are found, immune factors are mobilized to the site of an infection. The immune factors identify the nature
of the pathogen, strengthen the corresponding cells and molecules to combat it efficiently, and then halt
the immune response after the infection is cleared to avoid unnecessary host cell damage.

The immune system can remember pathogens to which it has been exposed to create a more efficient
response upon re-exposure. This memory can last several decades. Features of the immune system,
such as pathogen identification, specific response, amplification, retreat, and remembrance are essential
for survival against pathogens. The immune response can be classified as either innate or active. The
innate immune response is always present and attempts to defend against all pathogens rather than
focusing on specific ones. Conversely, the adaptive immune response stores information about past
infections and mounts pathogen-specific defenses.
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Science Fourth Period 2.015

Questionnaire # 1: THE IMMUNE SYSTEM
1. What the environment is made?
2. What is a host?
3. What are pathogens?
4. What is the function of the immune factors?
5. What is the function of the innate immune response?
6. What is the function of the adaptive response?

Quick Check # 1:
Draw the immune system with parts.

Immunisation - vaccination - injection?

Question: Do these words all mean the same thing?
Answer: Not quite.
Immunisation means putting a special type of substance (a vaccine) into your body so that your body can
learn how to fight an infection. That way, you will be protected (or immune) from getting sick if someone
around you has the germs for that infection.

There are immunisations for many different infections, including some rather nasty ones. Immunisation is
an easy and very safe way of protecting you.

Immunisations are usually given as an

injection (by a needle in your arm or leg) or
sometimes as a medicine that you drink.

Vaccination means pretty much the same

thing as immunisation - getting a vaccine
(usually by injection) that will help your body
to protect itself from an infection in the future.

Injection means the act of sticking a needle

into your body, usually just under the skin or
into a muscle, and squirting in a small
amount of liquid. Most immunisations involve
an injection given by a doctor or nurse in the
arm or leg, where there is plenty of flesh and
it won't hurt too much.
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Science Fourth Period 2.015

Of course, injections are not just for immunizations - doctors give patients injections of other things, like
antibiotics, and some people give themselves medicines by injection (e.g. people with diabetes may inject
themselves with insulin several times each day).

A vaccine is a fluid that helps your body to become immune

to a disease caused by certain germs. The vaccine contains
some part of the germ or the poison that the germ makes,
but the vaccine does not make you sick - it helps your body
to protect itself from getting sick in the future.

Sometimes the vaccine contains a living virus that has been

changed so that you don't get sick (like the measles
vaccine),

or

it

might

contain

parts

of

germs

(like

meningococcal bacteria), or even bits of a poison (called a

toxin) like the toxin made by tetanus bacteria.

Your body's immune system will recognise that these vaccines do not belong in your body, and will work
out how to get rid of them. For some diseases, you will need a few doses of the vaccine - each time you
have the same vaccine, your immune system will get better at removing the germs or poisons.
Then later on, if you get exposed to the living germs for that disease, your immune system will be able to
kill them, and you won't get sick!

Questionnaire # 2: IMMUNISATION - VACCINATION - INJECTION?

1. What is immunization?
2. When immunization is given?
3. What is immunization?
4. What is an injection?
5. What is a vaccine?
6. What is the function of the vaccine?
7. What contains the vaccine?
8. What happens to the immune system with vaccines?

Quick Check # 2:
Answer some question about the reading
1. Is it important to know about immune system? Argue your answer
2. What are the elements that immune system need?
3. Where can the body obtain the vital elements for the immune system, from?
4. What are the kinds of defends of the body?

5. What are the most recognized defenders in the human body?

Science Fourth Period 2.015

Immune System

What is the immune system?

The immune system helps to protect us against diseases caused by tiny invaders (called pathogens) such
as viruses, bacteria, and parasites. The immune system is made up of specialized organs, cells, and
tissues that all work together to destroy these invaders. Some of the main organs involved in the immune
system include the spleen, lymph nodes, thymus, and bone marrow.

How does it work?

The immune system develops all kinds of cells that help to destroy disease causing microbes. Some of
these cells are specifically designed for a certain kind of disease. All throughout the body, disease fighting
cells are stored in the immune system waiting for the signal to go to battle. The immune system is able to
communicate throughout the entire body. When pathogens are detected, messages are sent out, warning
that the body is being attacked. The immune system then directs the correct attacking cells to the problem
area to destroy the invaders.

Antigens and Antibodies

Scientists call the invaders that can cause disease antigens. Antigens trigger an immune response in the
body. One of the main immune responses is the production of proteins that help to fight off the antigens.
These proteins are called antibodies.
How do the antibodies know which cells to attack?
In order to work properly, the immune system must know which cells are good cells and which are bad.
Antibodies are designed with specific binding sites that only bind with certain antigens. They ignore "good"
cells and only attack the bad ones. You can see from the picture below that the antibodies each have a
specially designed binding site. They will only bind with the antigen that has a "marker" that matches up
perfectly.

Types of Immunity Cells

The immune system has cells that perform specific functions. These cells are found in the blood stream
and are called white blood cells. B cells - B cells are also called B lymphocytes. These cells produce
antibodies that bind to antigens and neutralize them. Each B cell makes one specific type of antibody. For
example, there is a specific B cell that helps to fight off the flu.

T cells - T cells are also called T lymphocytes. These cells help to get rid of good cells that have
already been infected.

Helper T cells - Helper T cells tell B cells to start making antibodies or instruct killer T cells to
attack.

Killer T cells - Killer T cells destroy cells that have been infected by the invader.

Memory cells - Memory cells remember antigens that have already attacked the body. They help
the body to fight off any new attacks by a specific antigen.
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Science Fourth Period 2.015

How do we get immunity?
The immune system is very smart and can adapt to new infections. Our bodies gain immunities in two
ways: natural and acquired. Natural - When we are born, our bodies already have some immunity. Babies
get antibodies from their mother as they are growing in the womb. They may also gain some antibodies
from their mother's milk. Acquired - Our bodies also learn immunities over time. When we get sick, our
body learns how to fight off the disease. The next time that disease invades, our body is ready for it and
can quickly produce antibodies to prevent infection. We can also gain immunity from vaccines.

How Vaccines Work

Vaccines introduce microbes that are already killed or modified so we don't get sick. However, the
immune system doesn't know this. It builds up defenses and antibodies against the disease. When the
real disease tries to attack, our body is ready and can quickly neutralize the antigens.

Interesting Facts about the Immune System

Some immunity eventually goes away, so we need a new vaccine after a period of time. Different people
have different levels of immunity to certain diseases. This is why some people get sick more often than
others. Sometimes the immune system can get confused and attack good cells. Type I diabetes is caused
when T cells attack insulin producing cells in the pancreas. T cells and B cells are stored in lymph nodes
throughout the body. They enter the blood stream when they are needed to defend against disease. Your
body responds much faster and stronger the second time it sees an antigen.

Questionnaire # 3: ANTIGENS AND ANTIBODIES

1. What is the function of the immune system?
2. How the immune system is composed?
3. How the immune system works?
4. What are antigens?
5. What are antibodies?
6. What is the function of T cells?
7. What is the function of helper T cells?
8. What is the role of killer T cells?
9. What is the role of memory cells?
10. How vaccines work?

Quick Check # 3:
What does mean disease?
How does the immune system work?

Science Fourth Period 2.015

Look for in the word search some words

Unscramble the words:

Science Fourth Period 2.015

1. Order these sentences

a. infections/ system/ is very/ The immune/ smart/ and can adapt/ to new/
_________________________
_________________________

b. our bodies/ we/ are born/ immunity/ already/ have/ When/ some/
_________________________
_________________________

c. the disease/ we get sick/ to fight off/ When/ learns/ how/ our body/
_________________________
_________________________

d. the disease/ builds up/ defenses/ Vaccines/ against/ and antibodies/

_________________________
_________________________

e. antigens/ call/ the invaders/ Scientists/ can cause/ disease/ that/

_________________________
_________________________

2. Draw these elements related with immune system

Vaccine

Injection

virus

Illness

Flu

Bacteria

Science Fourth Period 2.015

1. Select the corresponding answer

Science Fourth Period 2.015

Science Fourth Period 2.015

ASPECTS TO EVALUATE
I didnt have any difficulty along the development of the worksheet.

YES

NO

I developed all the activities in order and dedication.

I felt myself comfortable doing all the activities.
I reinforced and acquired new knowledge to the activities planned in the
worksheet.

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