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A. Definition of Trigonometry
The term comes from two words , namely "trigonos" and "metron". Trigonos means
triangle and metron meaning measure.
Trigonometry means one unit of mathematics that describes the triangle measures
includes the amount of corners, the amount of sides, angles, and trigonometric functions.
Radian
A long time ago, people often used radian as the unit of degree.
In a radiant system, 1 radian is the angle of the magnitude of angle whose arc length
in front of the angle is equal to the radius of the circle.
^
r
PQ
POQ=
Radiant
=
r = 1 radiant
r
The angle of one full rotation is 360 .
2 r
=
360 =
2 radians,
r
Then 180 = radians.
o
x=
x.
rad
180
or
x rad=x .
180 o
B. Trigonometric function
Function that mapped the set of angle xo to the set of real number sin xo is called sinus
o
o
o
Or it can be written as f (x )=sin x
or f ( x )=sin x , x radiant .
Function that mapped the set of angle xo to the set of real number cos xo is called
o
o
cosines function. Denoted as f : x cos x .
o
o
Or it can be written as f (x )=cos x or f ( x )=cos x , xradiant
Function that mapped the set of angle xo to the set of real number tan xo is called
o
o
tangent function. Denoted as f : x tan x .
o
o
Or it can be written as f (x )=tan x or f ( x )=tan x , xradiant
2 : 1. In terms of trigonometry,
Sin (45o) = sin (A)
=
BC
AB
1
2
1
2
2
Sin 45o =
AC
AB
1
2
1
2
2
Cos 45o =
sin 45
o
cos 45
1
2
2
1
2
2
=1
Sin 60 o = 3
Sin 30 o = 3
Cos 60 o =
Cos 30 o = 3
Tan 60 o = 3
Tan 30 o = 1/3 3
Cosec 60 o = 2/3
Cosec 30 o = 2
a. Sinus Function
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Deriving use unit circle
30 odirection
= 2/3 3
We draw the unit circle, the circle of radius one. We use a positiveSec
reference
counter-clockwise.
Sec 60 o = 2
Cot 60 o = 1/3 3
Cot 30 o = 3
a. Sinus Function
By making radius r = OP = 1, then:
PQ
sin =
=PQ
r
PQ=0 when
=90.
=0,
and larger if
=360 . After that , the event will repeat and the next previous happen when
=720 o. The event repeat again and so on. A cycle event is called periodic. Then we
conclude :
Sin 0o = 0, sin 90 o = 1, sin 180 o = 0, sin 270 o = -1, sin 360 o = 0.
b. Cosines function
From the picture above , we obtain :
c. Tangent Function
tan =
sin
cos
0
1
0
It will be heading towards + if = 90o because at that time also PQ + and tan (-)
will lead to - . So tan value between - to + .
The value of tan = 1 when = 45o because at that time PQ = OQ
We can generalize it into :
in generalization :
360
|a|
for a 0
360
|a|
180 o
|a|
for a 0
for a 0
we know that
= sin a(
x+
k .360
ax is
360
|a|
360 o
0
a . Therefore, periodic of f : x sin ax for a 0 is
360 o
|a|
Example :
Determine periodic in the function below :
a. F:x
b. F:x
c. F:x
sin x
sin 2x
cos 3x
Answer :
a. Sin ( x +k.360 )= sin x for k { integers }, then periodic of F:x
( the smallest positive value of k.360 )
b. F:x
sin 2x
F (x) = sin 2x
= sin (2x + k.360)
sin x is 360
= sin 2(x+k.180 )
Then, the periode of the function is 180.
c. F: x
cos 3x
F(x) = cos 3x
= cos (3x+k.360)
= cos 3(x+k.120)
Then, the periode of the function is 120
E. Maximum and minimum value
Consider figure below
Sin a0 =
y
r
Cos a0 =
x
r
r
r
r
= 1 and minimum value of sin a is r
0
= - 1. The
Maximum and minimum value is reached for a = 90 + k. 360 and a = 270 + k.360 with
k is integers.
X maximum value is r and x minimum value is r ( consider point B and D ).
r
r
r
r
= - 1. The Maximum and minimum value is reached for a = k. 360 and a = 180
Sin x0
0
60
90
120
135
150
180
210
225
0
-
-
240
270
300
-1
-
315
330
360
-
0
2 ),...........,(360,0) at the
2) From the figure above, it can be made points projection of radius corner
which connect with special angles, make horizontal line parallel with xaxis.
3) put the values of special angles at the interval 0 x 360 in the x-axis.
Then make vertical lines parallel y-axis.
2) Cosines Function
To construct a cosine function graph using the unit circle, do the following steps :
1. Draw a circle with radius 1.
2. Draw the diameter of the circle that forms an angle of 30 , 45 , 60 , 120 ,
135 , and 150 to the x-axis.
3. Draw a horizontal line through the point of intersection between the diameter
of the circle you have created. The horizontal lines, from top to bottom, has
position 1, 1/2 3, 1/2 2, 1/2, and 0.. Thus, these lines can then be used as a
guide in painting cosine graph.
4. By using a horizontal guide lines that have been painted in step (2), plot the
points that fulfill the function y = f (x) = cos x.
5. Connect the dots have been plotted with a smooth curve.
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Xo
Y
0
1
30
3
60
90
0
120
-
150
- 3
180
-1
210
- 3
240
-
270
0
300
330
36
0
1
If considered, graphs cosine function has a shape similar to the graph of the function sine.
Why is that? Note that, cos x = sin (90 - x). Whereas sin (90 - x) = sin - (x - 90 ) = -
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sin (x - 90 ). Thus obtained, cos x = - sin (x - 90 ). Therefore, the graph of the function
is the result of a shift cosine function graph-sin x to the right as far as 90 or / 2.
3) Tangent Function
y = tan x, for 0o x 360o
1. Sketching sinus function graph by using table
To sketch the graph, we can use the table of function value.
First, we make the table function value f:x tan x for values of x such that value
of x can be determined.
Then, graph the points (0,0), (45,1 ), (135, -1),...........,(360,0) at the Cartesius
graph.
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5) From the figure above, it can be made points projection of radius corner
which connect with special angles, make horizontal line parallel with xaxis.
6) By determining intersection points between the lines in the previous steps,
then it can be made smooth curve, it can be obtained tangent function
graphic at the interval [0, 2]
4) Cosecant Function
y = cosec x, for 0o x 360o
x
0
30
45
60
90
120
135
150
Cosec x
2
1,41
1,15
1
1,15
1,41
2
13
180
210
225
240
270
300
315
330
360
-2
-1,41
-1,15
-1
-1,15
-1,41
-2
5) Secant Function
Make a graph of y = sec x with 0o < x < 360 o
1. Make a table of the value of y and x
2. Plot the points in the Cartesian diagram
3. Connecting the plots become a curve.
Xo
Y
0
1
30
2/33
60
2
90
-
120
-2
150
-2/33
180
-1
14
210
-2/33
240
-2
270
-
300
2
330
36
2/33
0
1
6) Cotangent Function
y = cotan x, for 0o x 360o
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Example 1.
x, y y 2 sin x dengan
domain x 2 x 2
The graph of the function is done by drawing first a few points that lie on the graph of
the function.
X
Y
-2
23
1
1
2
12
1
0
1
2
1
2
1
2
2
3
1
2
2
1
2
Here k = 2, so k> 1 when compared with the graph of y = sin x then the graph of y = 2 sin
x, the x-axis increases, being a point y can be obtained by multiplying by 2.
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Example 2
x, y y
1
2
Draw chart
In this example k =
.
1
2
seen here that the graph of y = cos x shrink or minimized times the x-axis.
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Example 3
Make a graph of function
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x , y y
1
2
1
= - 2 , - 1 <k <0 can be seen that the graph of y = -
1
2
direction on the x-axis with the graph of y = tan x or rotates 180 to the x axis. As for
the reduced form times the x-axis.
19
20
Example 4
x, y y 2 cos x dengan
domain x 2 x 2
In this example k = - 2 so k <-1. It can be seen that the graph of y = - 2 cos x is in the
opposite direction to the x-axis with the graph of y = cos x or rotates 180 to the x axis.
As for the shape of the graph over 2 times the x-axis.
2,5
2,0
y = -2 cos x
1,5
1,0
0,5
y = cos x
0,0
1
2
-1,0
-0,5
-1,5
1
2
-2,0
-2,5
21
1
m time from the period of
Example 1
2 x 2
.
22
23
From the figure above shows that the period of the function y = sin
2 x is 2 x 2
1
or 2 times the period of sin x. so for the function F ( 2 x) times the period of the period
2 F (x).
Example 2
x, y y sin 2 x dengan
domain x x
Period of the function sin (-2x) is or x 2 times the period of sin x. This means that
1
2
the period of sin (- 2x) is
graph of y = sin (- 2x) is also the graph of y = - sin 2x. Thus the graph of y = sin (- 2x) is
located opposite to the direction of the x-axis with the graph of y = sin 2x.
is a graph with
as Constant Angle
94 x 74
.
24
25
1
4
y = sin x
1
4
1,0
) is the same
shape with the graph of y = sin x, but
1
4
0,0
1
2
Example 2
x , y y
1
2
1
2
-1,0
3
2
kF [m (
12
1)
)].
means> 0 graphs can be obtained from the graph cos x by translating the
2) k = , 0 <k <1, then the graph can be obtained from the graph cos x to minimize
1
2
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1
2
y = cos x
1,5
1,0
0,5
3
2
0,0
1
2
-0,5
1
2
3
2
-1,0
-1,5
y
x, y y 2 sin x dengan
Draw a chart of function
domain x 2 x 2
.
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y = 2 + sin x
y = sin x
29
3,0
2,0
1,0
3
2
0,0
1
2
-1,0
1
2
y
30
3
2
REFERENCES
http://ceritabersama-tati.blogspot.com/2012/06/grafik-fungsi-trigonometri.html
http://www.scribd.com/doc/45279202/GRAFIK-FUNGSI-TRIGONOMETRI
http://yos3prens.wordpress.com/2013/02/26/melukis-grafik-fungsi-cosinus/
http://guru-indonesia.net/admin/file/f_11423_ARTIKELMENGGAMBAR
GRAFIKFUNGSITRIGONOMETRI.pdf
http://id.scribd.com/doc/45279202/GRAFIK-FUNGSI-TRIGONOMETRI
http://www.regentsprep.org/Regents/math/algtrig/ATT7/othergraphs.htm
Prayitno, Budhi. 1997. Matematika untuk SMU jilid 2A. Jakarta: Erlangga
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