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CHAPTER G H
Hinduism
Endures:
1100 to
1850
India responded to centuries
of Muslim invasion and rule
and later British colonization
by both armed resistance and
spiritual resolve. The country
remained overwhelming Hindu
despite foreign domination
and religious oppression.
India was one of the very
s. rajam
few ancient societies to
survive into modern times
with its religion and social The Rajput princess Mirabai devoted her life to the joyful worship of Lord
structure largely intact. Krishna. The poet saint danced and sang throughout North India.
Note to Students, Parents and Teachers pressive time. This is a difficult part of history to teach, but
This Educational Insight is the third chapter in our series necessary for a proper understanding of our modern world.
on Hindu history intended for use in US primary and sec- This lesson was written and designed by the editorial
ondary schools. Most textbooks presenting Indian history staff of HINDUISM TODAY in collaboration with Dr. Shiva Baj-
between 1100 and 1850 focus on the Muslim and British pai, Professor Emeritus of History, California State University,
rule. They tend to ignore the adverse material and religious Northridge.
impact of this rule on Hindus, who made up 80% of the Academic reviewers: Dr. Klaus Klostermaier, Professor of Religious
population during most of this period. This chapter is in- Studies, University of Manitoba; Dr. Jeffrey D. Long, Chair, Department
of Religious Studies, Elizabethtown College; Dr. Anantanand Ram-
tended to fill this gap and serve as a supplement to other bachan, Professor of Religion, St. Olaf College; Dr. T.S. Rukmani, Pro-
texts, not as a comprehensive overview of all events of this fessor and Chair in Hindu Studies, Concordia University; Dr. Michael
time. It is meant to explain what happened under India’s K. Ward, Visiting Lecturer in History, California State University, North-
foreign invaders and protracted alien rule and how Hindus, ridge. Research Assistant: Justin Stein, MA, University of Hawaii, and
their religion and way of life survived this violent and op- former middle school teacher in New York.
to 632
Centuries
• Mecca
to 751
first successful conquest was of the Sindh
to 1400
region in 712, with the fall of the temple
towns of Debal and Multan. By 870, Arabs
What You Will Learn... If YOU lived then... conquered the Hindu kingdoms of south-
India Mughal Period
Outside invaders have conquered the kingdom next to the one you western Afghanistan, then were stopped by Ghur • • Kabul
Main Ideas • Ghazni And Later Power
the kings of north and northwest India.
1. People today must come live in. The king calls for young men to join his army. Your father Centers
There were three types of conquerors
to terms with violent decides to take the family and flee to another kingdom, away from • Kandahar
er
Mughal Empire Limits
during this time. Some simply raided a city, • Lahore
Riv
times of the past. • Multan
ann ——— 1538
the fighting. You may either join the army or go with the family. Your
Yamuna Rive
us
2. From the eighth to the robbed its wealth and left. Others defeated ——— 1605, Under Akbar
Ind
S
eighteenth century, Mus- father leaves it up to you. a kingdom, reinstated the defeated king and SIKH
• D Delhi
——— 1707, At height
lims invaded and then Nepal
What do you do, and why? ordered him to pay regular tribute. The JAT
S Mathura
•
r
ruled much of India. Sindh • Agra
• K
Kannauj M
3. By the nineteenth century, third and most effective conquerer annexed TS
• Ajmer AHO
PU Patna • • Nalanda
the British East India Compa- the captured territory to his own kingdom. RAJ Ga
• Chittor ng
ny went from being traders in BUILDING BACKGROUND: Horses thrive in Central Asia, Iran and Arabia, The next wave of invasions began around
Debal • • Udaipur
ipur
urr
u Murshidabad • aR
ive
r
GAL
India to being rulers of India. but they do poorly in the hot climate of the Indian plains. Invaders on 1000. These attacks were not by Arabs, BEN • C
Calcutta (British)
horseback armed with swords and bows had an advantage over the but by Turks from central Asia who had • Surat ATH
AS • Pandharpur
Somnath • MAR
foot soldiers and even the elephants of the Indian armies. Later, Indian converted to Islam. One Turkic leader, SSA
➸
1100
300 CE
CE 1200
400 1300
500
5
5000 1400
600 1500
700 1600
800 1700 1800 1857
1030 1221 1270 1398 1541 1674 1699 1764 1857
Arab scholar Invading Mongols Maratha Turkic warrior Timur Jesuit missionary Shivaji founds Guru Gobind Singh British East India Hundreds of thousands of Indian
Al-Biruni writes under Genghis Vaishnava saint conquers Delhi, killing St. Francis Xavier Maratha Empire; founds Sikh Khalsa Company takes direct soldiers revolt in widespread
extensive account Khan reach India’s Jnaneshvara tens of thousands of arrives in Goa; frees large order, militarizing rule of Bengal; a uprising called India’s First
of Indian religion, border; Mongol and Namdeva residents and carrying eventually calls areas from his followers devasating famine War of Independence or the
science and raids continue are born off great wealth for an Inquisition Muslim control occurs in 1770 Sepoy Mutiny. After brutal
geography into 14th century and many slaves which leads to suppression, the British Crown
many deaths and takes formal control of India
Jnaneshvara forced conversions
I-4 h i n d u i s m t o d ay october/november/december, 2009 october/november/december, 2009 h i n d u i s m t o d ay I-5
2
In a joyous festival, the Deity is paraded in a giant chariot, pulled by
SECTION
Surviving a men holding two thick ropes. Hindus delight in sacred festivities,
which bless the community and strengthen their shared faith.
Time of Trial
What You Will Learn... If YOU lived then...
Main Ideas An army of the Muslim emperor Aurangzeb has just destroyed the
1. Most Muslim rulers temple in your Hindu village. The emperor has also reimposed a heavy
were intolerant of other tax on Hindus. Your father must always carry a receipt showing he paid
religions, with a few
exceptions, such as Akbar.
the tax or else he could be punished. If your family converts to Islam,
2. Muslims and Catholics he won’t be forced to pay the tax.
baps/mystic india
alike worked to convert
India’s Hindus. Do you think your family should convert?
3. During this difficult era,
Hinduism remained strong
due to the influence of
BUILDING BACKGROUND: The Roman Catholic Inquisition took place in
culture and saints. the Portuguese trading colony of Goa from 1560 to 1812. Church of- THE IMPACT
ficials arrested, tortured, tried and executed Hindus, Jews, Muslims and als could perform on their own. By sitting of the personal God. They were enlight- TODAY
Catholics for breaking Church laws, including restrictions against prac- alone under a tree and chanting the name of ened persons filled with a sense of divine
➸
Tolerance
ticing any religion other than Roman Catholicism. Rama, singing bhajana or meditating on God, ecstasy. Vaishnavas especially revere for religious
The Big Idea the common Hindu could find the spiritual Chaitanya and Mirabai as divine beings. differences has
strength to endure hardship and persecution. A second tradition began with Rama- greatly increased
Most Hindus remained
around the world
passionately devoted Hinduism Under Non-Hindu Rule The great philosophers Madhva (1017-1137) nanda’s disciple Kabir (1398-1518). He in modern times,
to Hinduism despite In about 1030, the Muslim scholar Al-Biruni wrote, “The Hindus and Ramanuja (1238-1317) were forerun- was adopted as a child and raised by a in part because
centuries of persecution of the growing
believe with regard to God that He is eternal, without beginning and ners of popular saints during our period who low-caste Muslim, a weaver. He wrote
influence of
end, acting by free will, almighty, all-wise, giving life, ruling, pre- strengthened Hindus and discouraged con- hundreds of spiritual poems in Hindi, Hindu ideals.
Key Terms serving.” He explained, “According to Hindu philosophers, liberation version. An early Vaishnava saint, Jayadeva (c. the language of the people (rather than
polytheism, p. I-8 is common to all castes and to the whole human race, if their inten- 1200), wrote the famous Gita Govinda, popular Sanskrit). His poems are easy to under-
Sufism, p. I-9 tion of obtaining it is perfect.” He described Hindu beliefs, scripture in Orissa and Bengal. Among the Vaishnava stand, even today, and millions still follow
Ajlafs, p. I-9 and practices that were little different than those of today. He ob- saints from Maharashtra were Jnaneshvara his teachings. Kabir’s philosophy, mostly ACADEMIC
served that Hindus were not inclined to war with others for religious (1275-1296), Namdeva (1270-1350), Eknatha drawn from Hinduism, was simple and VOCABULARY
HINDUISM TODAY’S reasons and praised India’s religious tolerance. (1548-1600), Tukarama (1598-1649) and Sam- direct. It appealed both to Hindus and
TEACHING STANDARDS persecution
Al-Biruni noted, with approval, that the Muslim raids had “utterly artha Ramdasa (1606-1682). Muslims. He rejected the caste system to be treated
ruined the prosperity of the country.” Historians today estimate that In North India, Swami Ramananda (ca 1400- and ridiculed many Hindu and Muslim with hostility
5. Describe how the saints of
between 1000 and 1100 ce, 20 million Indians—ten percent of the 1470) promoted the worship of Lord Rama, religious practices. Seeking to promote because of one’s
the Bhakti Movement were
able to inspire Hindus to new population—perished. By the 16th century, tens of millions more died praising him as “Hari,” a name of Vishnu. religious harmony, Kabir taught that there beliefs
levels of religious devotion. through war and famine, while tens of thousands of temples had been Ramananda discouraged caste, saying, “Let no is only one God for all religions. ecstasy
6. Give examples of how destroyed. Hindus survived this long period of adversity through one ask about another’s caste or with whom he The Sikh religion was also a powerful feeling or
religious loyalty and devotion devotion to God and continued loyalty to community and tradition. eats; he who worships Hari is Hari’s own.” force. Its founder, Guru Nanak (1469- expressing
inspired Hindus to resist overwhelming
Two traditions arose from Ramananda’s 1539), taught, “Realization of Truth is
conversion and alien rule. joy in God
Responding with Devotion popular teachings. One group, including Nim- higher than all else. Higher still is truthful
7. Analyze the rationale and
strategies behind attempts
The Bhakti Movement, explained in Chapter Two, was a powerful barka (13th century), Chaitanya (1486-1534), living.” He emphasized the continuous
to forcibly convert Hindus force throughout our period all over India. It stressed one’s personal Surdasa (1483-1563), Mirabai (1503-1573) and recitation of God’s name and declared that
to Islam and Christianity. relationship with God and offered many spiritual practices individu- Tulsidasa (1532-1623), emphasized worship meditation is the means to see God, who
helped inspire the Maratha people toward freedom. Ramdasa had demolished Kashi
1,100 disciples, each an excellent preacher, including 300 women. tually absorbed into mainstream Hindu foreign ancestry—the descendants of Arabs, Vishwanath Temple
Ramdasa taught devotion to Lord Rama, especially through chanting society. This was also true of many tribal Turks, Afghans, etc.—are called Ashrafs in the 11th century.
the mantra “Shree Ram, Jaya Ram, Jaya Jaya Ram”—”Victory to Lord communities within India. The Muslim and have a higher status than Hindu con-
SAINT AND KING Rama.” By one account, Shivaji offered Ramdasa his entire kingdom,
which Ramdasa returned to him to rule in the name of Lord Rama.
rulers—with the exceptions of Akbar and verts, who are called Ajlafs. The Ajlafs are
some others—made great effort to convert divided into occupational castes, just as
At the time of Shivaji’s birth in 1627, the Marathas German scholar Max Weber wrote in the 19th century, “Shivaji ACADEMIC
had been under Muslim domination for hundreds of was no bigot and allowed equal freedom to all faiths. He was served their Hindu subjects. They used persuasion, are Hindus. Likewise, Christian converts VOCABULARY
years. At age 17 this courageous Maratha warrior led as zealously by the Muslims as by the Hindus. He built a mosque heavy taxes, legal discrimination and force, retained their caste status. The lowest, such
mystical
his first military campaign, capturing the Torna Fort opposite his palace for the use of his Muslim subjects.” While Shivaji but had only limited success. as Untouchables, or Dalits, even have sepa- concerned with
from the Bijapur Sultanate in 1645. Within ten years, was not above sacking an enemy’s city if he needed the money, he Christian conversion efforts in India, rate churches and graveyards. the soul or spirit,
he gained control of enough territory to alarm Mu- did not kill noncombatants, take slaves or damage Muslim holy sites. though sustained and sometimes vigorous, rather than
were not very successful. The East India The Common Man’s Plight material things
is omnipresent. Like Kabir and Ramananda, flourished during this period such as Company found missionary efforts bad for Altogether, the common Hindu did not fare pilgrimage
Guru Nanak discouraged ritual worship Kashmir Saivism, Natha saints and the business and did not encourage them. well during this time. He faced military at- to travel to a
ACADEMIC and caste discrimination. Gorakha Panthi yogis. They all were part of At their worst, invaders and later rulers tacks, discrimination as a kafir, oppressive special religious
VOCABULARY place
Nine Sikh gurus followed Nanak. The India’s ongoing vibrant religious spirit. destroyed Hindu temples and killed those taxes and sustained pressure to convert.
omnipresent eighth, Tegh Bahadur (1621-1675), was who would not convert. According to the Hindu rulers collected from farmers a tax
existing executed by Aurangzeb for defending The Conqueror’s Religious Goals Muslim accounts of the time, thousands of of one-sixth of their crop. Under Muslim
everywhere at
once, said of
religious freedom. His son and successor, The Arab and Turkic Muslim invaders who temples were looted and torn down, includ- and British rule, taxes soared to as much as
God Gobind Singh, transformed the Sikhs into swept across the Middle East, Africa, Cen- ing hundreds at major pilgrimage destina- one-half, plunging the people of the once
flourish a warrior community called the Khalsa. tral and South Asia were intent on religious tions, such as Somnath, Mathura, Vrindavan wealthy country of India into poverty.
to grow well Gobind Singh decreed that he was the last domination, demanding conversion from and Varanasi. Many mosques were built on .
and thrive Sikh guru and after his death the Guru those they conquered. They made an excep- the same sites from the temple materials. Section 2 Assessment
polytheist Granth Sahib, their holy scripture, would tion for “People of the Book,” Christians and Among the Muslims, the Sufi preachers
one who be the guide. From that time forward, the Jews, because certain parts of the Torah and were most responsible for making converts. REVIEWING IDEAS, TERMS AND PEOPLE
believes in or Sikhs have been an influential political and the Bible are regarded as revealed scripture Sufism is a mystical tradition within Islam, 1. Explain: What evidence do we have that Hinduism in
worships more military force in North India. by the Muslims as well. They did not force with some elements similar to the Bhakti 1030 was similar to today’s Hinduism?
than one God 2. Analyze: What are some reasons for Kabir’s continued
As you have studied, South India largely Christians and Jews to convert, but humili- Movement. Sufism was much stronger dur-
popularity in India?
escaped the oppressive Muslim domina- ated them and imposed the jizya tax. ing this period than it is today. Sufis worked 3. Explain: How did Shivaji’s faith and religious tolerance
tion of North and Central India. To this day The Muslims treated Hindus as kafirs, closely with Muslims rulers and helped help him lead the Maratha people against the Mughals?
the South retains the most ancient Hindu lowly non-believers. The Christians judged secure their rule by converting conquered 4. Analyze: Why do Hindus see no contradiction between
culture and has many grand temples. Influ- Hindus to be polytheists, and some, as in people to Islam. Many persons captured and worshiping the Supreme God and revering many Gods?
✎
ential saints of the time include Meykandar, Goa, used violence to convert them. Mus- enslaved during raids on Hindu towns and
FOCUS ON WRITING
Arunagirinathar, Tayumanavar, Vallab- lims and Christians both consider monothe- villages converted to Islam knowing they
5. EEven when
h th threatened,
t d many Hi Hindus refused to convert to
hacharya and Kumaraguruparar. ism (the belief that there is only one God) would be treated better or even released. another religion. Why did they choose to resist?
Other religious movements also to be the right conviction. As explained in The caste system was a main obstacle
72 71 70 69 68 67 66 65 64
dull qualities active qualities good qualities plane of creation plane of Siva plane of Vishnu plane of bliss plane of inner space plane of nature
55 56 57 58 59 60 61 62 63
ego plane of first sound plane of air plane of light plane of truth positive intellect negative intellect happiness darkness
54 53 52 51 50 49 48 47 46
plane of devotion plane of water plane of violence earth plane of austerity River Ganga River Yamuna Goddess of Wisdom conscience
37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45
wisdom plane of energy plane of elimination plane of circulation creative plane plane of fire human birth false knowledge right knowledge
36 35 34 33 32 31 30 29 28
clarity netherworld plane of flavor plane of fragrance plane of devas nature spirits good tendencies false faith true faith
19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27
plane of karma giving atonement plane of dharma heavenly plane bad company good company sorrow selfless service
18 17 16 15 14 13 12 11 10
plane of joy mercy jealousy underworld lower astral plane higher astral plane envy devas of music purification
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
birth illusion anger greed earth plane delusion conceit or vanity avarice plane of sensuality
a. manivel
october/november/december, 2009
Hindu Games
Snakes and Ladders
The Western children’s game Snakes and Ladders, or Chutes and move forward. Nowadays dice are used. If the player lands on a lad-
Ladders, comes from the Indian game for adults called Gyan der, he jumps to the square at the top of the ladder. If he lands on
Chaupar, the “Game of Knowledge.” Gyan Chaupar teaches the the head of a snake, he slides back down the snake to a low square.
Hindu spiritual path to moksha, which is liberation from reincarna- The object of the game is to land exactly on square 68, the center
tion. There are 72 numbered squares on the board listing various of the top row. This square represents liberation from rebirth and
virtues, vices, states of consciousness and planes of existence. The entry into heaven. If he lands past 68, he continues to play until he
h i n d u i s m t o d ay
ladders start from squares with virtues, such as devotion, and move reaches 72, which takes him back to 51 for another try. The game is
the player up the board. Snakes are found on squares of vices, such an entertaining way to learn about making progress on the spiritual
as jealousy, and take the player back down the board. path. By cultivating a virtue, such as devotion, one advances. By
Play begins at square one in the lower left corner. In the old falling prey to egotism, one goes backwards.
days, the player threw six cowrie shells on the floor. The number Play the game online or download the board and full instructions
of shells that landed upright indicated the number of squares to at www.hinduismtoday.com/resources/snakesandladders.
I-10
SECTION
3 Music, Art, Dance days. A highly skilled storyteller will recount
episodes from sacred texts, such as the
Ramayana, then lead the audience in singing
related bhajanas.
range from the simple and most common
eight-beat Adi tala to elaborate rhythms such
as the Dhamar tala, composed of 14 beats
divided as 5, 2, 3 and 4.
THE IMPACT
TODAY
Modern katha
performers
and Architecture
attract crowds of
Alongside these basic musical traditions is Songs were written in Sanskrit and increas- thousands in the
US and England,
India’s classical Carnatic music. Three great ingly in the regional languages, such as and hundreds
innovators of this ancient system lived in Hindi, Telegu and Tamil. Singers and musi- of thousands
What You Will Learn... If YOU lived then... South India in the late 18th and early 19th cians improvise upon the basic melody while in India.
Main Ideas Your father is an artist hired by Mughal Emperor Akbar in Delhi. The centuries: Tyagaraja, Muthuswami Dikshitar keeping within the chosen raga and tala.
and Syama Sastri. They systematized and The results are always creative, akin to the ACADEMIC
1. India has rich artistic traditions emperor has brought great painters from Persia. He wants to develop VOCABULARY
of music, dance, drama, improved upon the existing framework of improvisations in Western jazz. This is one
a new art style. You have been an apprentice to your father for several systematize
painting and architecture. raga and tala, the essentials of Indian music. key way that Indian classical music differs
2. These arts are closely tied years now, but now you both must learn a new artistic style. Your father to arrange in an
Hindustani is a related musical system that from Western classical music, which is usu-
to the Hindu religion. thinks it will be valuable to learn from the Persians. orderly fashion
arose in the North as musicians blended Per- ally played exactly as it was composed.
3. Muslim rule brought improvise
Persian influence to Indian How do you feel about learning the new art form? sian elements into the Indian tradition. in music, to
painting and architecture. First, the composer selects a raga in which A Meeting of Art Styles create and
to write his song. A raga is a pattern of notes The Mughal emperors were responsible for perform
BUILDING BACKGROUND: The arts, such as painting, music, dance and upon which a melody is made. Ragas include a major advancement in painting which spontaneously
➸
architecture, are essential parts of every culture. Flourishing civiliza- notes from the seven-note Indian scale (sa, eventually influenced much of India. Earlier
The Big Idea tions develop new artistic styles over time. Fresh ideas appear and ri, ga, ma, pa, dha, ni) as well as micro- Muslim rulers started the process by bring-
blend with old traditions, allowing artists to express the culture,
Islamic culture influenced some tones, which are like the sharps and flats of ing artists to India to illustrate the elaborate
forms of Indian art, while others thoughts and emotions of the time in beautiful, uplifting works. Western music, only more numerous. This handwritten books of the time (see top left
remained largely unaffected. multiplicity of tones allows for the creation on page 14). These painters had been influ-
Artistic Achievements of thousands of ragas. Next, the composer enced earlier by Chinese artists who were
Key Terms Art within Hindu India was already highly developed prior to the selects a tala, or rhythmic pattern. Talas brought to Persia by conquering Mongols.
bhajana, p. 12 Arab, Turkic and Mughal invasions. Some art forms, such as music
katha, p. 13 and dance, were less affected by these invasions, especially in INDIA’S MUSICAL INSTRUMENTS
raga, p. 13 the South where Hindu rule was the norm. In the North, Persian The double-sided
tala, p. 13 Cymbals, drums, horns and stringed instruments commonly accompany the singer in the drum, mridangam, is
building design, with its arches and domes, became common, and in popular in South India
mudras, p. 15 various types of Indian music. In concerts, the singer and the drum or horn player will
painting, the Mughal emperors stimulated a harmonious blending of engage in a kind of duet, with each improvising upon the other’s melody line and rhythm.
composition and method, thus creating the Indo-Islamic art style.
v&a museum
c o u r t e s y k a n i s h k a pat e l
When the first Bharatanatyam dancers came to Europe in 1838,
banned music and dance. He judged their work
a reviewer wrote, “The dancers of all Europe dance with their feet,
contrary to Islamic teachings that prohibit the but that is all. The Indians dance in a different manner. They dance
depiction of religious themes in any art form. Hindu with their whole frame. Their heads dance, their arms dance. Their
and Muslim artists turned to independent local rul- eyes, above all, obey the movement and fury of the dance. Their
ers across India for support. Many applied the new feet click against the floor; the arms and the hands flash in the air;
techniques to Hindu subjects, especially illustrating the eyes sparkle; their mouths mutter; the whole body quivers.”
the Mahabharata and stories of Lord Krishna.
Indian painting before this time was two-dimen-
dmitry rukhlenko
sional, as seen in the example at top left. The new A Bharatanayam dancer in the
style adopted typical Indian colors, used delicate pose of Siva Nataraja; (left)
brush lines (some made with a brush of a single hand gestures, called mudras:
squirrel hair) and introduced better lighting effects. picking flowers, greeting, lotus
Advancements were also made in the preparation
of pigments and paints, allowing for a greater range in design with many Hindu elements. Com- not breakkd d the
down under h alien
l l so
rule, ACADEMIC
the social structure remained stable. Most VOCABULARY
and depth of color. pleted in 1653, it took 20,000 craftsmen
During the British rule, a blending of painting working 22 years to build and was a great Hindus did not convert to Islam, despite Nataraja
“King of Dance,”
styles was attempted between Indo-Islamic and drain on the treasury. Shah Jahan was over- heavy pressure. The arrival of the East In-
a form of Lord
European art. The result, called Company style, thrown and imprisoned by his son, Aurang- dia Company changed the political situa- Siva
tended toward realism, and was later displaced by zeb, shortly after its completion. tion. By force and skillful tactics, the Brit-
the invention of photography. ish slowly gained complete control of India.
ehrenfeld collection
1. We need to understand even unpleasant history because: 8. Which of the following was NOT a hardship endured by
A We can then punish the people responsible Hindus during this period?
B It helps us learn to live in peace today A The heavy religious tax
C It helps us see that some religions are bad B The destruction of temples
D We should never forgive our attackers C The powerful Bhakti Movement
D Being regarded as kafirs
2. What military advantage did Muslim invaders have?
A Support from people in the invaded regions 9. Why did the British East India Company not encourage
B Many more soldiers than the Indian kings missionary efforts to convert Hindus?
C Bigger elephants and more of them A They found these efforts to be bad for business
D Horses, better weapons, tactics and training B They considered Hindus to be ‘People of the Book’
C They found the missionaries’ methods unethical
3. Why is the rule of Mughal Emperor Akbar remembered as D They thought Hinduism was a better religion
exceptional?
A He destroyed many Hindu temples 10. The game of Gyan Chaupar was intended to:
B He created the largest empire in the world A Teach the path to spiritual liberation
C He was tolerant of other religions B Be entertaining for children
D He formed strong alliances with British merchants C Convert Hindus to Christianity
D Show that going to heaven is not the goal of life
4. How did the British East India Company gain control of
India? 11. When did Hindus make and enjoy music?
A They set up puppet rulers under their control A In formal concerts with musicians
B They created their own army B During their work day
C They played one ruler against another C At the special events called kathas
D All of the above D All of the above
5. How did the Bhakti Movement help preserve Hinduism? 12. What terms best describe Indian music?
A It strongly supported the caste system A Improvisation
B Followers were exempt from the religious tax (jizya) B Raga
C Its devotional practices made each Hindu strong C Tala
D It organized military resistance to the Muslims D All of the above
6. Converts to Islam and Christianity found themselves 13. Which Indian art forms changed during Muslim times?
A Welcomed as equals A Music and dance
B At the same social level as before their conversion B Painting and architecture
C Still subject to the religious tax C Music and painting
D All of the above D All of the above
7. When Shivaji offered his guru the kingdom, the guru 14. Why did India remain mostly Hindu?
A Took over the kingdom and moved into the palace A The caste system
B Told Shivaji to rule it in the name of Lord Rama B Loyalty to the Hindu religion
C Refused to accept it C The personal nature of Bhakti worship
D Divided the kingdom among his followers D All of the above