TRANSFORMATION OF SENTENCES ( 2 )

1). Conversion of Simple Sentences into Compound

Sentences
476. Simple Sentences may be changed into Double Sentences by taking a word or phrase,
and expanding it into a Co-ordinate Clause.
(1) Using the Conjunctions and, both...and, not only....but also ; as,
*) Simple.
: Seeing a bear coming , he lay on the ground.
Compound : He saw a bear coming, and lay on the ground.

Simple
:
Compound :

She received praise and reward.

She was both praised and rewarded.

Simple
:
Compound :

Besides being industrious he is wise.

He is not only industrious but also wise.

(2) Using the Conjuntions but, yet, neverthless ; as ,

*) Simple.
: In spite of his riches, he is unhappy.
Compound : He is very rich, but still he is unhappy.

Simple.
Compound

: Notwithstanding his sorrow, he is hopeful.

: He is sorrowful but yet hopeful.

Simple
Compound

: In the face of many obstacles he persevered.

: He met with many obstacles, nevertheless he persevered.

(3) Using the Conjunctions or, either...or, otherwise; as,

*) Simple
: You must confess your fault to escape being fined.
Compound : You must confess your fault or you will be fined.

Simple
Compound

:
:

To avoid punishment you must apologize.

Either you must apologize, or you will be punished.

Simple
Compound

:
:

You must run away at once to escape being caught.

You must run away at once otherwise you will be caught.

2. Conversion of Compound Sentences into Simple

Sentences
477. Compound Sentences may be changed into Simple Sentences in the following ways :-(1) By substituting a Participle for a Finite Verb ; as,
Compound
Simple

: He took his hat and set off.

: Taking his hat, he set off.

Compound
Simple

: The sun rose and the fog disappeared.

: The sun having risen, the fog disappeared.

Compound
Simple

: He finished his work and returned home.

: Having finished his work, he returned home.

( 2 ) By substituting a Preposition, etc., for a Clause ; as ,

Compound
Simple

:
:

He not only made a promise, but kept it too.

Besides making a promise he kept it.

Compound
Simple

:
:

He shaved himself and then took his bath.

After shaving himself, he took his bath.

Compound
Simple

:
:

You must not be late or you will be fined.

In the event of your being late, you will be fined.

(3) By substituting an Infinitive for a Clause ; as,

Compound
Simple

:
:

You must work hard or you will not win the first prize.
You must work hard to win the first prize.

Compound
Simple

:
:

Either you must confess your fault or you will be punished.

To escape punishment, you must confess your fault.

( 3 ) Conversion of Simple Sentences into Complex

Sentences
478. A Simple Sentence can be changed into a Complex Sentence by expanding a word or
a phrase into a Subordinate Clause ( Noun, Adjective or Adverb.).

1. Noun Clause
Simple.
Complex

:
:

We heard of her failure.

We heard that she had failed.

Simple
Complex

:
:

I do not know the day of his death

I do not know when he died.

Simple
Complex

:
:

We all know the reason of his popularity.

We all know why he is popular.

Simple
Complex

:
:

The time of his coming no one knows.

When he will come no one knows.

Simple
Complex

:
:

She hoped to win the first prize.

She hoped that she would win the first prize.

2. Adjective Clause
Simple
:
Complex :

He is a man of his word.

He is a man who keeps his word.

Simple
Complex

A man of prudence is respected by all.

A man who is prudent is respected by all.

:
:

Simple
:
Complex :

A liar is seldom trusted.

A person who tells lies is seldom trusted.

Simple
Complex

:
:

The reason of her failure is known to all.

The reason why she failed is known to all.

Simple
Complex

:
:

He told us the time of his arrival.

He told us the time when he would arrive.

3. Adverb Clause
Simple
Complex

:
:

You may go anywhere.

You may go wherever you like.

Simple
:
Complex :

At sunset he returned home.

When the sun set he returned home.

Simple
:
Complex :

Do it to the best of your ability.

Do it as well as you can.

Simple
:
Complex :

On seeing the snake I ran away.

As soon as I saw the snake, I ran away.

Simple
:
Complex :

He was absent on account of illness.

He was absent because he was ill.

Simplex
Complex

:
:

Simple
:
Complex :

The news is too good to be true.

The news is so good that is cannot be true.

Without your help I can do nothing.

Unless you help me I can do nothing.

4. Conversion of Complex Sentences into Simple

Sentences
479. A Complex Sentence can be changed into a Simple Sentence by converting a Clause
( Noun, Adjective or Adverb ) into a phrase or word.

1. Noun Clause
Complex : He admitted that he had done wrong.
Simple.
: He admitted his fault.

Complex : He pleaded that he was not guilty.

Simple
: He pleaded not guilty.

Complex : That you should be present is essential.

Simple
: Your presence is essential.

Complex : No one knows when he died.

Simple
: No one knows the day of his death.

Complex : Tell me where your brother lives.

Simple
: Tell me the address of your brother.

Complex : What he spoke on that occasion was unworthy of him.

Simple
: His speech on that occasion was unworthy of him.

2. Adjective Clause
Complex : People who work hard prosper in the world.
Simple
: Hard-working people prosper in the world.

Complex : He is a man who possesses great courage.

Simple
: He is a very courageous man.

Complex : We saw the place where Tagore was born.

Simple

: We saw the birthplace of Tagore.

Complex : The man who wrote this book was a poor man.
Simple
: The author of this book was a poor man.

Complex : Delhi, which is the capital of India, is situated on the Jamuna.

Simple
: Delhi, the capital of India, is situated on the Jamuna.

Complex : This is the place where the rebels meet.

Simple
: This is the rebels meeting-place.

Complex : Time which is once lost is lost for ever.

Simple
: Time once lost is lost for ever.

3. Adverb Clause
Complex : He was pleased that he had won a prize.
Simple
: He was pleased at having won a prize.

Complex : He is so exhausted that he cannot walk.

Simple
: He is too exhausted to walk.

Complex : I was wonder-struck when I heard her saying this

Simple
: I was wonder-struck to hear her saying this.

Complex : We eat that we may live.

Simple
: We eat to live.

Complex : When he had finished his work, he went out to play.

Simple
: Having finished his work, he went out to play.

Complex : Because she was ill she stayed at home.

Simple
: Owing to her illness she stayed at home.

5. Conversion of Compound Sentences into Complex

Sentences
480. It is possible to change a Compound Sentence into a Complex Sentence by turning
one of the Co-ordinate Clauses into a Subordinate Clause.

Compound : Spare the road and spoil the child.

Complex
: If you spare the road, you spoil the child.

Compound : Work hard or you will fail.

Complex
: Unless you work hard, you will fail.

Compound : He did not work hard ; therefore he failed.

Complex
: He failed because he did not work hard.

Compound : He is poor, but honest.

Complex
: Although he is poor, he is honest.

Compound : He wishes to become rich ; therefore he works hard.

Complex
: He works hard that he may become rich.

Compound : keep quiet or you will be fined.

Complex
: Unless you keep quiet, you will be fined.

Compound : He heard the news, and set off at once.

Complex
: When he heard the news he set off at once.

6. Conversion of Complex Sentences into Compound

Sentences
481. We can convert a Complex Sentence into a Compound Sentence by changing the
Subordinate Clause into a Co-ordinate Clause.

Complex
: I am certain that he has made a mistake.
Compound : He has made a mistake, and of this I am certain.

Complex
: I have found the pen that I had lost.
Compound : I had lost a pen, but I have found it.

Complex
: If you do not work hard you will not pass.
Compound : You must work hard or you will not pass.

Complex
: Unless you study regularly, you will make no progress.
Compound : Study regularly or you will make no progress.

Complex
: He works hard that he may become rich.
Compound : He aims at becoming rich and works hard.

Complex
: As soon as he saw the lion, he ran away.
Compound : He saw the lion, and at once he ran away.

7. Interchange of principal and Subordinate Clauses

482. Study the following examples :---

1. No sooner did the sun rise than the fog disappeared.

The fog disappeared as the soon as the sun rose.

2. Unless you confess your guilt, you will be punished.

Confess your guilt that you may not be punished.

3. He is not such a wise man as he was reputed to be.

He was reputed to be a wiser man than he is.

4. My coat was not returned until it had been washed.

My coat had been washed before it was returned.