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Home
Independent
Networking
1. Introduction
2. NetworkModel
3. Topology
4. PhysicalMedia
5. WirelessMedia
6. NetworkCard
7. Modems
8. Outside
Connections
9. WideArea
Network
Connections
10. Repeaters,
Bridges,Routers
11. NetworkTypes
12. Ethernet
13. TokenRing
14. ARCnet
15. AppleTalk
16. FDDI
17. Architecture
Comparisons
18. Categories
19. TCP/IP
20. IPX/SPX
21. NetBEUI
22. AppleTalk
23. SNA
24. Others
25. Suitesand
NetworkLayers
26. Installing
Drivers
27. DNS
28. Network
Operating
Systems
29. Applications,
mail,groupware,
DBMS
30. Backingupthe
network

NetworkingTerms
1. ADSPAppleTalkdatastreamprotocolmanagesthe
flowofdatabetweentwoestablishedsocketconnections.
2. AEPAppleTalkechoprotocolusesechoestotellifa
computer,ornode,isavailable.
3. AFPAppleTalkFilingprotocolMakesnetworkfiles
appearlocalbymanagingfilesharingatthepresentation
layer.
4. AGPAcceleratedGraphicsPort.Thisbusisdeveloped
forfastvideocards.Itiscurrentlyupto4Xmodespeed.
5. APIApplicationProgrammingInterface.
6. APPCAdvancedPeertoPeerCommunications
providespeertopeerservicesatthetransportand
sessionlayer.
7. APPNAdvancedPeertoPeerNetworkingsupportsthe
computerconnectionsatthenetworkandtransport
layers.
8. ArchitectureThemethodthatisusedtotransmit
packetsonanetwork.Sometimesthetermarchitecture
includestopology.Anexampleisethernet.
9. ARCnetAttachedResourceComputerNetworkisan
architectureusingstarandbustopology.
10. ARPAddressresolutionProtocolisusedtoresolvethe
hardwareaddressofacardtopackagetheethernetdata.
Itworksatthedatalinklayer.RFC826.
11. ARUPAppleTalkupdateroutingisanewerversionof
RTMP.
12. ASPAppleTalksessionprotocolcontrolsthestarting
andendingofsessionsbetweencomputerscallednodes.
Itworksatthesessionlevel.
13. ATMAsynchronousTransferModemaybeusedover
avarietyofmediawithbothbasebandandbroadband
systems.Itusesfixedlengthdatapacketsof53bytes
calledcellswitching.
14. ATPAppleTalkTransactionProtocolprovidesa
TransportLayerconnectionbetweencomputers.
15. attenuationsignallossduetoimpedance.
16. AUAccessUnitprovidesaccesstoresourceslikefax,
telex,andteletex.
17. AUIAttachmentuintinterfaceusedtoattachastation
toathicknetcable.
18. BackboneMaincableusedtoconnectcomputersona
network.
19. BandwidthIndicatestheamountofdatathatcanbe
sentinatimeperiod.MeasuredinMbpswhichisone
millionbitspersecond.
20. BasebandDatabitsaredefinedbydiscretesignal
changes.
21. BDCBackupDomainControllerisabackupforaPDC

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31. Troubleshooting
32. Web,SNMP,
admin,firewalls
33. Networking
Termsand
Definitions
34. Credits
Networking
Independent
Home

22. BGPBorderGatewayProtocol,adynamicrouting
protocol.RFC1267.
23. BNCBritishNavalConnector.
24. BOOTPBootProtocol.RFC951,1542.
25. BridgeReadtheoutermostsectionofdataonthedata
packet,totellwherethemessageisgoing.Itreducesthe
trafficonothernetworksegments,sinceitdoesnotsend
allpacketsbutonlysendspacketsintendedforthat
segmenttheyareattachedto.
26. BroadbandUsesanalogsignalstodividethecableinto
severalchannelswitheachchannelatitsownfrequency.
Eachchannelcanonlytransmitonedirection.
27. BroadcastAtransmissiontoallinterfacecardsonthe
network.
28. BrouterWillfunctionsimilartoabridgefornetwork
transportprotocolsthatarenotroutable,andwill
functionasarouterforroutableprotocols.
29. BSCBinarySynchronousCommunicationsendsbitsin
frameswhicharetimedsequencesofdata.Apossible
SNAcommunicationsarchitecture,
30. CCITTInternationalTelegraphandTelephone
ConsultativeCommittee.
31. CDDIAcopperversionofFDDIwhichusescategory
5cable.Obviouslythedistanceismorelimitedthan
FDDI.
32. CHAPChallengeHandshakeAuthenticationProtocol
isathreewayhandshakeprotocolwhichisconsidered
moresecurethanPAP.
33. CIDRClasslessInterDomainRouting.
34. ClientThiscomputerrequestsresourcesforitsuse
fromacomputerthatprovidestheresource(aserver).
35. CDPDCellularDigitalPacketDatawillallownetwork
connectionsformobileusersusingsatellites.
36. CSMA/CDCarriersensemultipleaccesswithcollision
detectionforcontrollingaccesstothenetworkmedia.
37. CSUChannelserviceunitusedtoconnecttodigital
leasedlinesonthelineside.
38. DASDualattachmentstationsareusedbyFDDI
networksforserversandconcentratorsareattachedto
bothrings.
39. DATDigitalAudioTape
DBMSDatabaseManagementSystemsareusedtosharedataonanetwork.
DCEDatacommunicationsequipment.
DDPDatagramDeliveryProtocolisaroutableprotocolthatprovidesfor
datapackettransportation.Itoperatesatthenetworklayeratthesamelevelof
theIPprotocol.
DDSDigitaldataserviceisaleaseddedicateddigitalline.
DECnetFromDigitalEquipmentCorporationisasuiteofprotocolswhich
maybeusedonlargenetworksthatintegratemainframeandminicomputer
systems
DHCPDynamicHostConfigurationProtocolisusedtoassignIPaddresses
dynamicallytonetworkcardsworksattheapplicationlayer.RFC1541.
DirectsequencemodulationThedataisbrokenintopartsandtransmitted
simultaneouslyonmultiplefrequencies.
DLCDataLinkControloperatesatthedatalinklayerandisdesignedfor
communicationsbetweenHewlettPackardnetworkprintersandIBM
mainframecomputersonaDECnetnetwork.

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DNADigitalNetworkArchitectureisatermfromDECNet
DNSDomainNameSystemisusedontheinternettocorrelatebetweenIP
addressandreadablenames.RFC1034,1035,15351537,1591.
DRDADistributedRelationalDatabaseArchitectureisfromIBM.
DSUDigitalserviceunitusedtoconnecttodigitalleasedlinesontheLAN
side.
DTDDocumentTypeDefinition.
DTEDataterminalequipment.
DUNDialupnetworking.
DVMDigitalvoltmeter.
EGPExteriorGatewayProtocol.Usedbetweenroutersofdifferentsystems.
EIAElectronicIndustriesAssociation.
EISAExtendedISAusedwhenthe80286through80486series
microprocessorswerebeingproduced.ItisbackwardcompatiblewithISA.
EMIElectromagneticInterference.
EthernetAnetworkarchitecturethatusescarriersensemultipleaccesswith
collisiondetection(CSMA/CD)forcontrollingaccesstothenetworkmedia
andbasebandbroadcasts.Itusesstartopology.
FDDIFiberDistributedDataInterfaceisanetworkarchitecturenormally
usedtosendlongerdistances.Topologyisringwithtwocounterrotating
ringsforreliabilitywithnohubs.Cabletypeisfiberoptic.
FrameRelayErrorcheckingishandledbydevicesatbothsidesofthe
connection.Framerelayusesframesofvaryinglengthanditoperatesatthe
datalinklayeroftheOSImodel.Apermanentvirtualcircuit(PVC)is
establishedbetweentwopointsonthenetwork.Framerelayspeedisbetween
56Kbpsand1.544Mbps.
FrequencyhoppingThetransmitterandreceiverchangepredetermined
frequenciesatthesametime(inasynchronizedmanner).
FTPFileTransportProtocolisaTCP/IPprotocolrunningattheapplication
layer.
GatewayAgatewaycantranslateinformationbetweendifferentnetwork
dataformatsornetworkarchitectures.ItcantranslateTCP/IPtoAppleTalkso
computerssupportingTCP/IPcancommunicatewithApplebrandcomputers.
Notthesameasadefaultgatewayusedbyaclienttosendpacketsto.
HTMLHypertextMarkupLanguageistheformatmanyfilesforweb
viewingarein.Itisalanguagewith"markup"textincludedforformatting.
HTTPHypertextTransferProtocolistheprotocolusedtocommunicate
betweenwebserversandwebbrowsersoftwareclients.
HubAtypeofrepeaterusedonseveralnetworkarchitectureswhichusually
connectsseveralstations.
IABInternetArchitectureBoard
IANAInternetAssignedNumbersAuthority.
ICMPInternetControlMessageProtocolisusedtoperformnetworkerror
reportingandstatus.Itworksatthetransportlayer.RFC792.
IETFInternetEngineeringTaskForce.SetsInternettechnicalstandards.
IGMPInternetGroupManagementProtocol,usedformanagingmulticast
groups.RFC1112.
IMAP4InternetMailAccessProtocolversion4isthereplacementforPOP3
ImpedanceTheamountofresistancetothetransmissiondevice.
InfaredInfaredisjustbelowthevisiblerangeoflightbetween100Ghzand
1000Thz.
InterferenceElectromagneticInterference(EMI).CrosstalkWhenwires
pickupelectromagneticsignalsfromnearbywiresalsocarryingsignals.
InterNICInternetNetworkInformationCenter,theauthorityforallocating
internetaddresses.
IntranetReferstousinginternettechnologiessuchasawebserveronan
internalnetwork.
IPInternetProtocolosusedforsoftwareaddressingofcomputersandworks
atthedatalinklayer.RFC791.
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IPIPtunnelingTunnelingIPpacketsinIPpackets.UsedforVPNtunneling.
IPSecInternetprotocolsecurity,developedbyIETF,implementedatlayer
3.itisacollectionofsecuritymeasuresthataddressdataprivacy,integrity,
authentication,andkeymanagement,inadditiontotunneling.UsedforVPN.
IPXInternetworkPacketExchangesupportsthetransportandnetwork
layersoftheOSInetworkmodel.Providesfornetworkaddressingand
routing.Itprovidesfast,unreliable,communicationwithnetworknodesusing
aconnectionlessdatagramservice.
IRQInterruptRequest
IRTFInternetResearchTaskforce.
ISAIndustryStandardArchitectureinternalcomputerbus.Usedwhenthe
original80888bitmicroprocessorbasedpersonalcomputerswereproduced.
(16bit).
ISAKMP/OakleyInternetSecurityAssociationandKeyManagement
ProtocolAuthentication.
ISDNIntegratedServicesDigitalNetworkisamethodofsendingvoiceand
datainformationonadigitalphoneline.Two64KbpsBchannelswithone
16KbpsDchannelisprovidedwithbasicISDNservice
ISPInternetServiceProvider
ISOCInternetSociety,promotesinternetpolicies.
ITUInternationalTelecommunicationUnion.
FTPFileTransferProtocol.
L2FLayer2Forwarding,worksatthelinklayeroftheOSImodel.Ithasno
encryption.BeingreplacedbyL2TP.ItisusedforVPN.
L2TPLayer2tunnelingprotocol(RFC2661).UsedforVPNtunneling.
LANLocalAreaNetwork
LDALocaldeliveryagentonthereceivingmachinereceivesthemailfrom
itsMTA.Thisprogramisusuallyprocmail.
LULogicalUnitsareportsthatusersusetoaccessnetworkresourcesisan
SNAterm.
MACMediaAccessControladdress.Basicallyanetworkcardunique
hardwareaddress.
MailnotifierThisprogramnotifiestherecipientthattheyhavemail.
Normallythisrequirestwoprograms,biffandcomsat.Biffallowsthe
administratororusertoturnoncomsatservice.
MANMetropolitanareanetworkreferstoanetworkwhichconnectsseveral
LANSovervariousmediathatislargeenoughtocoveranareathesizeofa
city.
MAPIMicrosoft'sMessagingAPIwhichisincorporatedthroughout
Microsoft'sofficeproductssupportsmailattheapplicationlevel.
MAUMultistationaccessunitusedbyTokenRingNetworks.
MBONEBeingontheMBONEmeansyouareonanetworkthatsupports
multicasting.
MCIMicrochannelarchitecturebyIBMandusedmainlyonIBMbrand
computersfortheinternalbus.Establishedin1988.(16or32bits).
MediaThehardwaremethodusedtoconnectcomputersoveranetwork.
Thethreemaintypesarecoppercable,fiberopticcable,andwireless.
MediaconverterUsedtoadaptfromonecabletypetoanother.
MHSMessageHandlingServicebyNovellisusedformailonNetware
networks.
MIBManagementInformationBASEspecifiesvariablesthenetwork
elementsmaintain.WorkswiththeTCP/IPprotocolSNMP.
MIMEMultipurposeInternetMailExtensionistheprotocolthatdefinesthe
wayfilesareattachedtoSMTPmessages.
MOTISMessageorientedtextinterchangesystem.
MSMessageStoreisastorageareaformessagesthatcan'tbedelivered
immediatelywhentherecipientisoffline.
MTAMessagetransferagentisusedtopassmailfromthesendingmachine
tothereceivingmachine.ThereisaMTAprogramrunningonboththe
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sendingandreceivingmachine.SendmailisaMTA.
MTUMaximumTransmissionUnitisthemaximumsizeofeachdata
packetfortheethernetprotocol.
MUAMailusersagent.Thisistheprogramauserwillusetotypeemail.It
usuallyincorporatesaneditorforsupport.Theusertypesthemailanditis
passedtothesendingMTA.Thismayalsobecalledtheuseragent(UA).
MulticastingTransmittingtoagroupofinterfacecardsonthenetwork.
NADNNearestActiveDownstreamNeighborisaTokenringArchitecture
term.
NAUNetworkAddressableUnitsisanSNAterm.
NAUNNearestActiveUpstreamNeighborisaTokenringArchitecture
term.
NATNetworkAddressTranslation.
NBFNetBIOSFrameProtocol.
NBNSNetBIOSNameServer.AserverthatmapsNetBIOSnamestoIP
addresses.ThisserviceisprovidedbythenmbddaemononLinux.
NBPNamebindingprotocoloftheAppleTalksuiteofprotocolstranslates
addressesintonames.
NBTNetBIOSoverTCP/IPdefinedbyRFC1002.
NCPNetWareCoreProtocolprovidesforclient/serverinteractionssuchas
fileandprintsharing.Itworksattheapplication,presentation,andsession
levels.
NCPNetworkControlProgramperformsrouting,sessionmanagement
tasks.Itrunsinthecommunicationscontroller.ItisanSNAnetworkingterm.
NDISNetworkDriverInterfaceSpecificationfromMicrosoft,isusedon
Microsoftnetworks.Itallowsmultipleprotocolstobeusedonanetworkcard
andsupportsthedatalinklayerofthenetworkmodel.
NetBEUINetBIOSExtendedUserInterfaceworksatthetransportlayerand
providesdatatransportation.Itisnotaroutabletransportprotocolwhichis
whyNBTexistsonlargenetworkstouseroutableTCPprotocolonlarge
networks.
NetBIOSNetworkBasicInputOutputSystembyMicrosoft.
NetworkOperatingSystemTypicallyusedtoruncomputersthatactas
servers,butmaybeusedonvarioustypesofcomputerstoday.
NFSNetworkFileSystem.AprotocolthatallowsUNIXandLinuxsystems
remotelymounteachother'sfilesystems.RFC1094
NICNetworkinterfacecard.AlsocalledLANadapters.
NNTPNetworkNewsTransportProtocolisusedtolinknewsgroupsfor
discussionsontheweb
OCOpticalCarrierlevel,seeSONET.
ODBCOpenDatabaseConnectivity(ODBC)fromMicrosoftlets
applicationdevelopersintegratedatabaseconnectionsinapplications.Itisan
applicationprogramminginterface(API).ODBCdriversconvertan
application'squeryintSQLandsendittothedatabaseengineprogram.
ODIOpenDatalinkInterfaceoperatesatthedatalinklayerallowingIPXto
workwithanynetworkinterfacecard.
OSIOpenSystemsInterconnectisasuiteofprotocolsdevelopedbythe
InternationalStandardsOrganization(ISO)whichcorrespondswiththelayers
oftheOSImodel.
OSPFOpenShortestPathFirst,adynamicroutingprotocol.RFC1247.
PAPPasswordAuthentificationProtocolisatwowayhandshakeprotocol
designedforusewithPPP.
PAPPrinteraccessprotocoloftheAppleTalksuiteofprotocolsmanages
informationbetweenworkstationsandprinters.
PCIPeripheralComponentInterconnectinternalcomputerbus.Thepopular
expansionbusofchoice.ItissignificantlyfasterthanEISA.Thisisa32bit
buswithplugandplaycapabilityfromIntel.
PDCPrimaryDomainControllerisanNTserverprovidingcentralcontrol
ofuseraccesspermissionsandaccountsonanetwork.
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PDLPagedescriptionlanguageisaprintinglanguage.
PDNPublicdatanetwork.
PeerAcomputerthatcanactasbothaclientandaserver.
PlenumSpaceaboveafalseceilinginanofficeareawhereheatductsand
cablesmayberun.Plenumcablingisspecialfireresistantcablingrequired
foruseintheseareasduetofirehazards.
POPPointofpresenceiseachpointattheendofthetransportmedia
(internet)whentalkingaboutVPN.
POP3PostOfficeProtocolversion3isusedbyclientstoaccessaninternet
mailservertogetmail.Itisnotatransportlayerprotocol.
ProtocolAsetofstandardssetsofstandardsthatdefinealloperationswithin
anetwork.Therearevariousprotocolsthatoperateatvariouslevelsofthe
OSInetworkmodelsuchastransportprotocolsincludeTCP,SPX.
PPPPointtoPointProtocol,usedforserialconnectionstoanetworkotthe
internet.(RFC1332,1548)
PPTPPointtopointtunnelingprotocol(RFC2637)UsedforVPN
tunneling.
PUPhysicalUnitsareanetworkdeviceusedtocommunicatewithhosts.It
isanSNAterm.
PVCPermanentvirtualcircuitissetuponceincommunicationswitchesto
establishapermanentcircuit.
RADIUSRemoteAuthenticationDialInUserServiceisusedfordialin
clientstoconnecttoothercomputersoranetwork.Itprovidesauthentication
andaccountingwhenusingPPTPorL2TPtunneling.
RAIDRedundantArrayofInexpensivedisksisafaulttolerantmethodof
storingdata,meaningthatafailurecanoccurandthesystemwillstill
function.
RARPReverseAddressResolutionProtocolusedfordisklesscomputersto
determinetheirIPaddressusingthenetwork.Itworksatthedatalinklayer.
RFC903.
RASRemoteAccessService(RAS)withWindowsNTallowsusers
connectingtothenetworkusingamodemtousenetworkresources.TheNT
RASservercanhandle256connections.
Redirectoritrunsonawindowsoperatingsystemanddirectsrequestsfor
networkresourcestotheappropriateserverandmakesnetworkresources
seemtobelocalresources.
RepeaterUsedonanetworktoregeneratesignalstobesentoverlong
distancesortiecomputerstogetheronanetwork.
ResolverUsedaspartofDNS,itistheclientsideaskingforDNS
information.
RIPRoutingInformationProtocol,adynamicroutingprotocol.Adistance
vectoralgorithmisusedtocalculatethebestrouteforapacket.RFC1058,
1388(RIP2).
RloginRemoteloginbetweenUNIXhosts.Thisisoutdatedandisreplaced
byTelnet.
RouterRoutesdatapacketsbetweentwonetworks.Itreadstheinformation
ineachpackettotellwhereitisgoing.
RPCRemoteProcedureCall.AprotocolinventedbySunMicrosystemto
allowremotecomputerstoinvokefunctionsonotherhosts.RFC1057.
RRResourceRecordsareapartoftheDNSdatabase.
RTMPRoutingtablemaintenanceprotocolisusedtoupdaterouterswith
informationaboutnetworkstatusandaddresstables.Thewholeaddresstable
issentacrossthenetwork.
S/KeyAonetimepasswordsystem,secureagainstreplays.RFC2289.
SAPServiceAdvertisingProtocolpacketsareusedbyfileandprintservers
toperiodicallyadvertisetheaddressoftheserverandtheservicesavailable.It
worksattheapplication,presentation,andsessionlevels.
SASSingleAttachmentstationsattachedtooneringandusedbyFDDI
networkstoattachworkstationstoconcentrators.
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SDHSynchronousDigitalHierarchy
SDLSSynchronousDataLinkControlisapossibleSNAcommunications
architecture.
SectorSparingAmethodoffaulttolerancethatautomaticallyidentifiesand
marksbadsectorsasnotavailable.Itisalsocalledhotfixing.
ServerForthemostpartitprovidesresourcesonthenetworkforother
computerstouse.
SGMLStandardizedGeneralMarkupLanguageisthebaselanguagefor
documentpublishingandisusedtodefineXML,HTMLandmore.
ShieldingUsedtominimizeinterference.
SLEDSingleLargeInexpensivediskTheconceptthatalargediskcosts
lessperamountofstoragethanseveralsmallerones.Somehowthisconceptis
usedasameansoffaulttolerance.
SLIPSerialLineinterfaceProtocolusedtoconnectseriallytoanetworkor
internet.RFC1055,1144(Compressed).ReplacedbyPPP.
SMAUSmartMultistationAccessUnit.
SMBServerMessageBlockprotocolworksatthepresentationlevelto
providepeertopeercommunication.
SMDSSwitchedMultimegabitDataServiceusesfixedlengthcell
switchingandrunsatspeedsof1.533to45Mbps.
SMSSMSSystemsManagementServerfromMicrosoftcancollect
informationofsoftwareoneachcomputerandcaninstallandconfigurenew
softwareontheclientcomputers.Itwillalsomonitornetworktraffic.
SMTPSimpleMailTransferProtocolisaTCPprotocolformailtransport
runningattheapplicationlayer.RFC821,822.
SNASystemNetworkArchitecturebyIBMisasuiteofprotocolsmainly
usedwithIBMmainframeandAS/400computers.
SNMPSimpleNetworkManagementProtocol.RFC1155,1157,1213,
1441.
SONETSynchronousOpticalNetworkisaphysicallayerstandardthat
definesvoice,data,andvideodeliverymethodsoverfiberopticmedia.It
definesdataratesintermsofopticalcarrier(OC)levels.
SpreadspectrumItusesseveralfrequenciesatthesametime.
SPXSequencedPacketExchangeoperatesatthetransportlayerproviding
connectionorientedcommunicationontopofIPX.
SQLStructuredQueryLanguageisadatabaseaccesslanguage.Itisusedby
mostclient/serverdatabaseapplications.
SSCPSystemsServicesControlPointmanagesallresourcesinthehost's
domain.AnSNAterm.
STPShieldedTwistedPaircable.100metermaximumlength.16155Mbps
speed.LowerelectricalinterferencethanUTP
STS
SVCSwitchedvirtualcircuitistemporarilysetupbyswitching
mechanisimstoestablishaconnectionbetweendevicesforasession.
TACACSOffersauthentication,accounting,andauthorization.
TCarrierMultiplexorsareusedtoallowseveralchannelsononeline.The
T1lineisbasicTCarrierservice.
TCPTransportControlprotocolisaconnectionorientedreliableprotocol
workingatthetransportlayer.RFC793.
TDITransportDriverInterfaceisastandardforpassingmessagesbetween
thedriversatthedatalinklayerandtheprotocolsworkingatthenetwork
layersuchasIPorNetBEUI.ItwasproducedbyMicrosoft.
TDRTimedomainreflectometersendsasonarlikeelectricalpulsedowna
cableandcandeterminethelocationofabreakinthecable.
TFTPTrivialFileTransferProtocol.RFC1350.
TelnetRemotesessionattheapplicationlayer.RFC854.
ThicknetHalfinchrigidcable.Maximumcablelengthis500meters.
Transmissionspeedis10Mbps.Expensiveandisnotcommonlyused.(RG
11orRG8).
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ThinnetThinnetusesaBritishNavalConnector(BNC)oneachend.
ThinnetispartoftheRG58familyofcable*.Maximumcablelengthis185
meters.Transmissionspeedis10Mbps.
TIATelecommunicationsIndustriesAssociation.
TLDTopLeveldomain
TokenRingAnetworkarchitecturedevelopedbyIBMwhichsendstokens
aroundaringofcomputerstoallowmediaaccess.StandardizedtoIEEE
802.5
TopologyTheshapeofthephysicalconnectionofanetworkwithregardto
repeatersandnetworkedcomputers.Thethreemaintypesarering,bus,and
star.
UAUsersagent.Thisistheprogramauserwillusetotypeemail.It
usuallyincorporatesaneditorforsupport.Theusertypesthemailanditis
passedtothesendingMTA.Thismayalsobecalledthemailuseragent
(MUA).
UDPUserDatagramProtocolisaconnectionlessunreliableprotocol
workingatthetransportlayer.RFC768.
UNCUniversalNamingConventionisusedtoallowtheuseofshared
resourceswithoutmappingadrivetothem.
UnicastAtransmissiontoasingleinterfacecard.
URLUniversalResourceLocationisatermusedtodescribethenameofa
webbasedresourcesuchasawebpageorlocationofafilefordownloading.
UTPUnshieldedTwistedPaircable.NormallyUTPcontains8wiresor4
pair.100metermaximumlength.4100Mbpsspeed.
VIMVendorIndependentMessagingprotocolfromLotussupportsmailat
theapplicationlevelandissupportedbymanyvendorsexclusiveof
Microsoft.
VPNVirtualPrivateNetworking.ThefunctionofVPNistoallowtwo
computersornetworkstotalktoeachotheroveratransportmediathatisnot
secure,butthenetworkismadesecurebyVPNsecurityprotocols.
W3CWorldWideWebConsortium,setsstandardsforthewebworking
withtheIETF.
WANWideAreaNetworkislargerthanaMANandmaybeanenterprise
networkoraglobalnetwork.
WINSWindowsInternetNameServiceistheMicrosoftimplementationof
NetBIOSnameservice.
wirelessbridgeMicrowaveorInfaredisusedbetweentwolineofsitepoints
whereitisdifficulttorunwire.
X.25ThisisasetofprotocolsdevelopedbytheCCITT/ITUwhichspecifies
howtoconnectcomputerdevicesoverainternetwork.
X.400InternationalTelecommunicationUnionstandarddefinestransfer
protocolsforsendingmailbetweenmailservers.
X.500Thisisarecommendationoutlininghowanorganizationcanshare
objectsandnamesonalargenetwork.ItishierarchicalsimilartoDNS,
definingdomainsconsistingoforganizations,divisions,departments,and
workgroups.
XMLExtensibleMarkupLanguageisasubsetofSGMLandisusedwidely
ontheweb.
ZIPZoneinformationprotocolusedwithRTMPtomapzones.Routersuse
zoneinformationtables(ZITs)todefinenetworkaddressesandzonenames.

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