Professional Documents
Culture Documents
PART 1 - GENERAL
1.1
RELATED DOCUMENTS:
A.
1.2
Drawings and general provisions of the Contract, including General and Supplementary
Conditions and DIVISION 01 Specification Sections, apply to this Section.
SUMMARY:
A.
Section includes cast-in-place concrete, including formwork, grout, reinforcing, mix design,
placement procedures, and finishes. The purpose of this Specification is to describe the
requirements for the materials, proportioning, mixing, placing, curing, coating, testing and all
other related items for the total production of durable concrete works on the project.
B.
C.
Related Sections:
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
1.3
Footings.
Slabs-on-grade.
Fill for steel deck.
Walls.
Equipment pads and bases.
Fill for steel pan stairs.
DEFINITIONS:
A.
1.4
General: All materials, workmanship and testing shall be in accordance with the following
documents, in their latest revisions, except that this Specification will have priority over any
duplicated requirements.
B.
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304
305
309
318M
504R
C.
C 579
C 618
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C 827
C 989
C 1064M
C 1105
C1107
C 1202
C 1240
C 1260
D 75
D 512
D 516
D 1190
D 1751
D 4791
E 154
E 1155M
D.
E.
PVC Waterstops.
F.
G.
H.
1.5
ACTION SUBMITTALS:
A.
Product Data: For proprietary materials and items, including reinforcement and forming
accessories, admixtures, patching compounds, waterstops, joint systems, curing
compounds, and others as requested by the Engineer.
B.
Shop Drawings:
1.
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C.
Samples: Samples of materials as requested by the Engineer, with names, sources, and
descriptions, including, but not limited to, the following:
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
1.6
Normal-weight aggregates.
Waterstops.
Vapor retarder/barrier.
Joint fillers.
Sealants.
Cementitious materials.
Admixtures.
Form release agents.
Steel reinforcement and accessories.
Curing compounds.
Floor and slab treatments.
Bonding agents.
Adhesives.
Repair materials.
INFORMATIONAL SUBMITTALS:
A.
Certificates:
1.
2.
Material certificates in lieu of material laboratory test reports when permitted by the
Engineer. Material certificates shall be signed by manufacturer and Contractor,
certifying that each material item complies with specified requirements. Provide
certification from admixture manufacturers that chloride content complies with
specified requirements.
A copy of the manufacturers test certificate for ultimate strength, elongation and cold
bending, together with the chemical analysis of the steel shall be submitted to the
Engineer for each consignment of reinforcing steel delivered to the Project site.
B.
Test Reports: Laboratory test reports for concrete materials and mix design testing as
specified in this Section. Reports of floor flatness and levelness measurements.
C.
1.7
QUALITY ASSURANCE:
A.
Concrete Quality Control Engineer: Contractor shall appoint a full-time Concrete Quality
Control Engineer (CQCE) to ensure that concrete is properly produced, placed, cured and
protected. The CQCE shall not report to his own companys site construction management
but to his own companys management and to the Engineer. The CQCE shall prepare a
Quality Control Program for the inspection and testing of concrete and the maintenance of
all reports and records to meet the specified requirements and requirements of the
Engineer.
1.
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B.
Engage a testing agency acceptable to the Engineer to perform material evaluation tests
and to design concrete mixes.
C.
Materials and installed work may require testing and retesting at any time during progress of
Work. Tests, including retesting of rejected materials for installed Work, shall be done at
Contractor's expense.
D.
Pre-Installation Conference:
requirements as follows:
1.
Contractor's superintendent.
Agency responsible for concrete design mixes.
Agency responsible for field quality control.
Ready-mix concrete producer.
Concrete subcontractor.
Primary admixture manufacturers.
Independent Testing Laboratory representative.
PART 2 - PRODUCTS
2.1
WATER
A.
Quality:
1.
2.
Water used for mixing concrete, ice production, washing and cooling aggregates and
curing concrete shall be free from impurities, acid, salts, alkali, organic matter and
other potential deleterious substances in accordance with AASHTO T26 and when
tested in accordance with ASTM D512 and ASTM D516 and QCS Section 4.
The following criteria apply to water for mixing concrete, cooling aggregates, and
making ice:
a.
b.
c.
d.
e.
f.
3.
The following criteria apply to water used for curing concrete and for washing
aggregates:
a.
b.
c.
B.
Testing:
1.
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2.2
2.
3.
4.
B.
2.
C.
Conform to ASTM C 150 Type I. Do not use cement meeting the requirements of
rapid hardening portland cement. Use OPC with the heat of hydration not exceeding
325 kj per kg when tested in accordance with ASTM C 186. Do not use OPC with the
C3A content less than 4% by weight as tested in accordance with ASTM C 114.
If necessary because of potential silica reactivity concerns as described in this
Specification, use low alkali OPC as defined in ASTM C 150.
Supply the Manufacturer's test certification with each delivery of cement that confirms
the material complies with the above requirements and submit not later than the day
of delivery. The Inspector may call for tests on each delivery of cement if necessary
to establish or confirm that the cement meets the above requirements.
Storage Silos or dry, weather tight and properly ventilated structures with floors
raised a minimum of 450mm above the ground with adequate provision to prevent
absorption of moisture.
3.
D.
Moisture content.
Loss of ignition.
Specific gravity.
Fineness.
SO3 content.
MgO content.
All GGBS shall be supplied from a single source. Should the Contractor wish to
change or supplement the original supplier he shall provide to the Engineer full test
certification for acceptance.
2.
Conform to ASTM C 1240 including the optional requirements for very high sulfate
resistance and, if necessary, the optional requirements for reactivity with cement
alkalis because of reactive aggregate concerns identified in the petrographic report
described in this Specification.
The Inspector shall have the right to call for tests on each delivery of SF if necessary
to establish or confirm that the SF meets the above requirements. The inspector may
call for tests on each delivery of SF if necessary to establish or confirm that the
cement meets the above requirements.
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2.3
AGGREGATES
A.
General:
1.
2.
B.
Coarse Aggregate:
1.
C.
Standard
ASTM C 131
Limit
30% maximum
ASTM C 142
ASTM C 117
1.0% maximum
1.0% maximum
Test Description
Material Finer than 75 micron for
crushed rock
Water Absorption
Chlorides as C1
Sulfates as S03
Magnesium Sulfate Soundness
Loss (5 cycles)
Flat and Elongated Particles
Shell Content
Standard
Limit
1.0% maximum
ASTM D 4791
2.0% maximum
0.03% maximum
0.4% maximum
15% maximum
< 15% at a 3:1 ratio
3.0% maximum
Fine Aggregate:
1.
Use fine aggregate consisting of crushed gravel, crushed stone, or natural sand that
is washed with water meeting the requirements of this Specification as necessary to
comply with ASTM C 33 with the following additional requirements or modified
acceptance criteria:
Test Description
Clay Lumps and Friable Particles
Material Finer than 75 micron
Organic Impurities
Water Absorption
Chlorides as Cl
Sulfates as S03
Shell Content
D.
BS 812
BS 812
ASTM C 88
Standard
ASTM C 142
ASTM C 117
ASTM C 40
BS 812
BS 812
Limit
1.0% maximum
3.0% maximum
Lighter than Standard
2.3% maximum
0.06% maximum
0.40% maximum
3.0% maximum
Size:
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1.
E.
Certification:
1.
F.
Limit the maximum size of coarse aggregate to 20 mm (nominal) for all grades of
concrete.
Submit Test Certification that confirms that each proposed aggregate source of
supply complies with the above requirements. This Certification must include the
results of each test.
Testing:
1.
When a source of supply for each type of aggregate has been established, take
samples of materials delivered to site from on-site stockpiles for testing in accordance
with the following minimum frequencies:
a.
b.
c.
d.
e.
f.
g.
h.
i.
j.
k.
l.
Grading daily.
Material finer than 0.075mm daily.
Clay lumps and friable particles daily.
Organic impurities Each month or per 200 cubic metre whichever is more
frequent.
Water absorption Every 7 days.
Specific gravity Every 7 days.
Shell content Each month or per 100 cubic metres whichever is more
frequent.
Particle shape 2 times per week.
Acid soluble chlorides 2 times per week.
Acid soluble sulphates 2 times per week.
Soundness (MgSO4) Each month.
Mechanical strength10% fines or impact value Every week.
1)
2)
m.
n.
o.
p.
2.
3.
G.
Petrographic analysis.
Note: Frequency ; cubic meters means per volume of concrete produced.
The Engineer has the right to at any time call for additional samples for testing of
aggregates delivered to site, or for aggregates at the source of supply, in order to
confirm that the aggregates meet the above requirements.
Testing frequency will be increased if unusual variations in results are observed.
Transportation:
1.
H.
Storage:
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1.
2.
2.4
Store aggregates under shade on a hard concrete surface. Store each size and type
in separate piles without intermixing. Protect storage piles from contamination by
foreign material including wind blown dust.
Separate aggregates in storage using by permanent, substantial partitions. Obtain
the Inspectors concurrence with the methods for storing, shading and cooling
aggregates.
ADMIXTURES
A.
B.
Superplasticizer may be used to increase workability of the concrete and/or retard the initial
set. Comply with ASTM C 494 Type G or F and obtain the acceptance of the Engineer prior
to use.
C.
D.
2.5
FORM MATERIALS:
A.
Forms for Exposed Finish Concrete: Plywood, metal, metal-framed plywood faced, or other
acceptable panel-type materials to provide continuous, straight, smooth exposed surfaces.
Furnish in largest practicable sizes to minimize number of joints and to conform to joint
system shown on Drawing.
1.
2.
3.
Use overlaid plywood complying with U.S. Product Standard PS-1 "A-C or B-B High
Density Overlaid Concrete Form," Class I.
Use plywood complying with U.S. Product Standard PS-1 "B-B (Concrete Form)
Plywood," Class I, Exterior Grade or better, mill-oiled and edge-sealed, with each
piece bearing legible inspection trademark.
Or similar and equally approved method proposed for use.
B.
Forms for Unexposed Finish Concrete: Plywood, lumber, metal, or another acceptable
material. Provide lumber dressed on at least two edges and one side for tight fit.
C.
D.
2.6
REINFORCING MATERIALS
A.
Unless otherwise indicated on the Drawings, provide the following reinforcing materials:
B.
Reinforcing Bars:
1.
Conform to BS 4449, 460B, deformed, uncoated.
C.
D.
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E.
Mechanical Splices:
1.
Mechanical Rebar Splices: Standard, transition, and position couplers for rebars as
follows:
a.
b.
Conform to ASTM A576 and AISI 11L37 and shall develop an ultimate tensile
strength of 550 MPa.
Meet all applicable requirements of ACI 318M and IBC.
F.
G.
Furnish new material only that is free of loose rust, loose mill scale, and deleterious
amounts of salts and coatings which reduce or destroy bond. Tight rust and mill scale or
surface irregularities are acceptable if the weight and dimensions, including height of
deformations and tensile properties, of a test specimen that has been wire-brushed by hand,
are not less that those required by the applicable Standards.
H.
Support reinforcement using concrete spacer blocks made of the same materials to the
same specified requirements and with the same inherent properties as the parent material
with the exception that the maximum aggregate size shall be appropriate for the thickness of
cover to the reinforcement.
I.
Accurately bent, cut or formed reinforcing to the dimensions and configuration shown on
Drawings within the tolerances specified in ACI 117. Cold bend reinforcing using pin sizes
in accordance with ACI 117. Do not rebend or straighten reinforcement shall without prior
acceptance of the Engineer.
J.
K.
Do not weld or tack reinforcing unless specifically shown on the Drawings or permitted as an
exception and then only after approval of the welding method appropriate to the grade of
steel and the type of welding rod to be used.
2.7
2.8
WATERSTOPS:
A.
Flexible Rubber Waterstops: CE CRD-C 513, with factory-installed metal eyelets, for
embedding in concrete to prevent passage of fluids through joints. Factory fabricate
corners, intersections, and directional changes.
1.
Greenstreak.
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b.
2.
3.
B.
2.
3.
C.
2.9
VAPOR RETARDERS:
A.
B.
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C.
D.
Sheet Vapor Retarder: Polyethylene sheet, ASTM D4397, not less than 0.25 mm thick.
E.
Bituminous Vapor Retarder: 2.8-mm-thick, semi flexible, 7-ply sheet membrane consisting
of reinforced core and carrier sheet with fortified asphalt layers, protective weather coating,
and removable plastic release liner. Furnish manufacturer's accessories including bonding
asphalt, pointing mastics, and self-adhering joint tape.
1.
2.
3.
4.
2.10
RELATED MATERIALS
A.
Granular Fill: Clean mixture of crushed stone or crushed or uncrushed gravel; ASTM D448,
Size 57, with 100% passing a 37.5-mm sieve and 0 to 5% passing a 2.36-mm sieve.
B.
Fine-Graded Granular Material: Clean mixture of crushed stone, crushed gravel, and
manufactured or natural sand; ASTM D448, Size 10, with 100% passing a 9.5-mm sieve,10
to 30% passing a 0.15-mm sieve, and at least 5% passing 0.075-mm sieve; complying with
deleterious substance limits of ASTM C33 for fine aggregates.
C.
Absorptive Cover: Burlap cloth made from jute or kenaf weighing approximately 0.30 kg/m2
(minimum) washed before use.
D.
E.
Curing Compound: Comply with ASTM C 309, Type I, Class B. In addition to curing, the
compound must also act as a sealer and primer coat for most subsequent coatings. Obtain
confirmation from the supplier of the curing compound that it is compatible with the final
applied finishes and meets the above requirements.
F.
G.
Bonding Agent: Polyvinyl acetate or acrylic base. Subject to compliance with requirements,
products that may be incorporated in the Work include, but are not limited to, the following:
1.
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d.
2.
H.
Asphalt-saturated fiberboard.
Granulated cork with asphalt binder encased between 2 layers of saturated felt or
glass fiber felt of width and thickness indicated.
Elastomeric Sealant:
1.
2.
K.
Bituminous Fiber Joint Filler: Preformed strips of one of the following, complying with ASTM
D 1751:
1.
2.
J.
Epoxy Adhesive: ASTM C 881, Type II, Grade 2, Class B and C, non-solvented epoxy resin
based adhesive for use on dry or damp surfaces.
1.
I.
; Falcon Chemicals.
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L.
2.11
A.
In all cases, when calculating the w/cm ratio, cm equals the weight of the OPC plus the
cement replacement (SF or PFA or GGBS).
B.
Cement Replacements:
1.
2.
5
5
320
360
320
300
320
300
25
25
25
25
25
25
25
25
25
25
5 to 7
8 to 10
8 to 10
8 to 10
8 to 10
kg
400
320
320
kg
20
20
20
20
20
10
20
20
20
20
20
mm
Maximum PFA
MPa
35
35
35
35
35
35
35
35
40
15
40
MPa
Minimum Cementitious
Materials Content
Substructure
Slab-on-Grade
Suspended Slab 1
Building Frame
Suspended Slab 2 (OPTIONAL MIX)
Suspended Slab 3 (OPTIONAL MIX)
Building Frame 2 (OPTIONAL MIX)
Building Walls
Apron
Blinding
Hangar Slab-on-Grade
Design mixtures to provide normal weight concrete with the following properties:
C.
For structural concrete that contains PFA, replace no more than 25 percent of OPC
by weight and meet the absorption requirements in this Specification.
For structural concrete the mix proportion of cement with that of GGBS shall not be
less than 50% GGBS and not greater than 70% GGBS by total weight of cementitious
material and meet the absorption requirements in this Specification.
%
0.4
0.4
0.4
0.4
0.4
0.4
0.4
0.4
0.4
0.45
0.4
5.5
5.5*
5.5*
5.5
5.5*
5.5*
5.5
5.5
5.5
5.5
5.5*
The slump of the various concrete mixes must be such that the concrete can be transported,
placed into the forms, and compacted without segregation in accordance with this
Specification. Slump shall be as determined in approved trial mixtures. If the concrete is
superplasticized, it must be cohesive and resistant to segregation. Measure slumps using
samples obtained from the discharge of the transport vehicle.
E.
Submit written reports to Engineer of each proposed mix for each class of concrete at least
15 days prior to start of Work. Do not begin concrete production until proposed mix designs
have been reviewed and accepted by Engineer.
F.
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1.
Chlorides:
a.
2.
Sulfates:
a.
G.
2.
The maximum duration between the time cement is first introduced to the batch and
the placement of the concrete shall not exceed 1 hour. The total time between mixing
and initial set shall be at least of 2 hours. There shall be a maximum setting time of 6
hours, but it is desirable for this to be as soon after the initial set as possible.
When trial mixes are made to determine the workability of the concrete the initial
setting time of the cement paste shall be determined using the method defined in
ASTM C 191, but at the maximum allowable temperature, and with the same
proportions of PFA or GGBS (if any) and retarding superplasticizer.
Trial Mixtures:
1.
2.
3.
4.
b.
c.
d.
e.
5.
I.
The total sulfate content of the concrete from all sources, expressed as S03,
when tested in accordance with BS 1881, shall not exceed 4% by weight of dry
cement, inclusive of cement replacement.
H.
The total chloride content of the concrete from all sources, expressed as
chloride ion, when tested in accordance with BS 1881, for acid soluble
chlorides, must not exceed 0.3 percent by weight of dry cement, inclusive of
PFA or SF or GGBS.
Once accepted for use and used successfully, new mixtures may be qualified by the
historical data method in accordance with ACI 301M provided that all strength and
performance data for the mixture is obtained from concrete placed at this project.
Absorption Test: The absorption of the hardened concrete from the trial mixes that contain
PFA and GGBS shall be tested as a measure of the concretes ability to resist the ingress of
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aggressive salts. No absorption tests shall be required for blinding or mudmat concrete.
Perform absorption tests in accordance with modified BS 1881 Part 122 as follows:
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
After trial mixes have been accepted, cast three 75 mm diameter by 150 mm long
cylinders rodded in accordance with ASTM C 192 from each grade of concrete and
immerse in water at 20 deg C for 7 days.
At the end of the curing period, trim each end of the cylinder to an overall length of
75mm.
Dry the specimens in an oven at 105 deg C for 72 hours.
Cool the specimens in a dry airtight vessel for 24 hours, weigh them, and then
immediately immerse them in a tank containing water at 20 deg C with the
longitudinal axis of the cores horizontal, and with 25 mm depth of water over the
specimens.
Keep the specimens immerse for 24 hours, then remove, shake, surface dry and
reweigh. Calculate the absorbed water as the increase in mass resulting from
immersion, expressed as a percentage of the dry mass.
If the cores lengths differ from 75 mm, apply the correction factor given in BS 1881.
Calculate the mean of the corrected absorption figure for each concrete grade. The
absorption of the concrete mixes will be acceptable if the mean absorption is less
than 6 percent. Record the mean absorption figure and the lowest absorption figure
for each grade and use for comparison purposes with absorption tests carried out on
cores cut from in situ concrete, as scheduled in this Specification.
PART 3 - EXECUTION
3.1
CONCRETE PRODUCTION
A.
General:
1.
2.
3.
B.
Batching:
1.
2.
3.
C.
Mixing:
1.
2.
3.
4.
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5.
D.
2.
3.2
All concrete mixed on the Project site shall be in a batch mixer of approved size and
design complying with ACI 304 and producing a uniform distribution of the materials
throughout the mixed concrete in accordance with ASTM C94 uniformity test. The
contents of the drum shall be completely discharged before re-charging.
The temperature of concrete at the time of discharge from the conveying vehicle shall
not exceed 32C. Delivery time from the batch plant when the air temperature is
above 32 deg. C shall not exceed 60 minutes, when air temperature is between 30
deg. C and 32 deg. C delivery time will be 75 minutes.
Make adequate provision before normal production concrete commences for the
means of keeping within this temperature limit, taking into account the anticipated site
temperatures during the period of concrete production.
FORMWORK:
A.
Design formwork in accordance with ACI 347 to meet the requirements of the structure and
the required surface finish of the concrete, as described in this Specification. Design and
construct forms so that the concrete can be properly placed, thoroughly consolidated, and
conform accurately to the required shape, position and level.
B.
Internal form ties shall be of such a nature that no permanent metallic part has less
cover than the reinforcement.
Snap-ties or through-bolts shall not be used. Use ties that can allow removal of the
ends or end fasteners by unskilled workmen without causing spalling at the faces of
the concrete. Use form ties that when removed will result in a recess having a
maximum surface dimension of 25mm and a depth not greater than the required
cover to the reinforcing.
C.
Design forms so that they are capable of being cleaned out immediately prior to concreting,
with temporary access holes provided as necessary. Before concreting begins, thoroughly
clean the forms and previously cast concrete surfaces. Assure that the surfaces are free of
sawdust, tie wire, shavings, dust, dirt and other debris. Coat forms with an approved
release agent before the reinforcement is placed. The release agent must be non-staining,
non-reactive, rust preventive and guaranteed to be compatible with subsequent surface
applications to the concrete. Remove surplus coating on the formwork prior to concrete
placement. Do not allow any of the release agent to get on existing concrete or
reinforcement.
D.
E.
Formwork shall be provided to the top face of sloping work where the slope exceeds 15
from the horizontal.
F.
Chamfer all exposed finished edges of concrete by fillets cut from nominal 25mm x 25mm
timber unless special architectural finishes are specified.
G.
Construct forms from wood or steel, provided that where plywood is used for exposed
surfaces it is of a type (plastic coated marine plywood, etc.) to achieve the specified finish.
The number of uses of any particular formwork shall be such that the quality of the specified
finish is maintained and, where the concrete has subsequently to be coated, that the coating
can be effectively applied.
H.
Formed Surfaces:
1.
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2.
3.
I.
Concrete surface texture is that imparted by form-facing material used, with tie holes
and defective areas repaired and patched, and fins and other projections exceeding 7
mm in height rubbed down or chipped off. This finish class is not applicable to
elements where backfill is to be placed against the concrete.
Smooth-Formed Finish: Provide a smooth-formed finish on formed concrete surfaces
exposed to view or to be covered with a coating material applied directly to concrete,
such as waterproofing, dampproofing, veneer plaster, painting, or another similar
system. This is an as-cast concrete surface obtained with selected form-facing
material, arranged in an orderly and symmetrical manner with a minimum of seams.
Repair and patch defective areas with fins and other projections completely removed
and smoothed. No ledges shall be permitted at the position of joints in the formwork.
Related Unformed Surfaces: At tops of walls, horizontal offsets, and similar unformed
surfaces adjacent to formed surfaces, strike-off smooth and finish with a texture
matching adjacent formed surfaces. Continue final surface treatment of formed
surfaces uniformly across adjacent unformed surfaces unless otherwise indicated.
Tolerances: The concrete work shall be constructed to an accuracy which shall permit the
proper assembly of components and installations and shall be compatible with the finish.
The accuracy of the Work shall be within the tolerances shown on the Drawings or specified
elsewhere and, in the absence of any other requirements, shall comply with the following:
Laying out dimensions
Sections of concrete members
Surface of foundations against ground
Top surfaces of foundations, bases and piers
Surface level of floor slabs (5m straight edge)
Surface level of floor slabs to datum
J.
Cover:
1.
Unless otherwise indicated on the Drawings, provide the following concrete cover
over the reinforcing including links or ties:
a.
b.
2.
3.
3.3
5mm
5mm
10mm
20mm
5mm
10mm
Concrete in contact with the soil and up to 300mm above finish grade and in
foundations up to structural steel or equipment base plate level: 75mm.
Cover for all other above grade concrete: 50mm.
Transportation:
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
B.
Contractor shall complete and sign a "pour card" form provided by the Engineer. The
Engineer shall countersign the card prior to commencing the pour. The pour card is a
pre-placement checklist and release record to document acceptance of commodities
such as formwork, line and grade, reinforcing, anchor bolts, and other embedded
items.
After mixer discharge, transport concrete as rapidly as possible to the pump,
conveyor, or its final position in the works in agitator trucks.
Keep the containers that convey the concrete clean and free from hardened or
partially hardened concrete at all times.
The addition of water at the point of discharge is prohibited. Disconnect the water
tank completely from the drum.
Do not use aluminum pipe, chutes, or other conveying equipment to be in contact
with fresh concrete.
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1.
C.
Do not place concrete unless the positioning, fixing and condition of the reinforcement
and other items to be embedded, and the cleanliness, alignment and suitability of the
containing surfaces have been inspected and accepted. Allow adequate time for
inspection when concrete pours are scheduled.
Placement:
1.
2.
Place concrete in general conformance with ACI 301M and 304, unless stated
otherwise below.
Do not place concrete when the ambient temperature is greater than 43C if the
temperature is falling or greater than 40C when the temperature is rising. Hot
weather placement should comply with the requirements of ACI 305 and as specified.
a.
b.
c.
d.
3.
4.
5.
D.
Do not allow concrete to free fall exceeding 2 meters unless specifically approved for
special cases such as cast-in-place piles.
Place concrete within 1 meters of its final position in a manner that minimizes
segregation and displacement of the reinforcement or formwork. Deposit the
concrete in lifts not exceeding 600mm thickness unless otherwise directed. Where
placement consists of layers, place each layer while the preceding layer is still plastic
to prevent cold joints.
Prevent foreign matter from being introduced into the concrete from any source.
Structural concreting against open excavation is not permitted.
2.
3.
3.4
Use power driven immersion-type vibrators for consolidation in accordance with ACI
309R. Insert vibrators vertically spaced within the radius of action for the vibrator
being used. Assure that the vibrators penetrate the full depth of the layer and, when
the underlying layer is of fresh concrete, enter and re-vibrate the underlying layer. Do
not over vibrate. Withdraw Immersion vibrators slowly to prevent the formation of
voids.
Do not use vibrators to work the concrete along the forms, or in a manner that will
cause the mixture to segregate.
Do not use external, form vibrators without prior acceptance of the Engineer.
CONCRETE JOINTS
A.
General: Position joints in concrete, so far as is possible, so that saline water from any
source cannot collect and pond over them. Apply the same cover requirements for
reinforcing to expansion and contraction joints.
B.
Construction Joints:
1.
Position construction joints where shown on the Drawings. Obtain prior acceptance
of the Engineer to add, relocate, or delete construction joints. If construction joints
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2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
C.
2.
D.
2.
3.
3.5
Grooved Joints: Form contraction joints after initial floating by grooving and finishing
each edge of joint to a radius of 3.2 mm. Repeat grooving of contraction joints after
applying surface finishes. Eliminate groover tool marks on concrete surfaces.
Sawed Joints: Form contraction joints with power saws equipped with shatterproof
abrasive or diamond-rimmed blades. Cut 3.2-mm-wide joints into concrete when
cutting action will not tear, abrade, or otherwise damage surface and before concrete
develops random contraction cracks.
Isolation Joints in Slabs-on-Grade: After removing formwork, install joint-filler strips at slab
junctions with vertical surfaces, such as column pedestals, foundation walls, grade beams,
and other locations, as indicated.
1.
E.
are not shown on the Drawings, submit proposed construction joint locations to the
Engineer for prior acceptance.
Place joints perpendicular to main reinforcement. Continue reinforcement across
construction joints unless otherwise indicated. Do not continue reinforcement through
sides of strip placements of floors and slabs.
Form keyed joints as indicated. Embed keys at least 38 mm into concrete.
Locate joints for beams, slabs, joists, and girders in the middle third of spans. Offset
joints in girders a minimum distance of twice the beam width from a beam-girder
intersection.
Locate horizontal joints in walls and columns at underside of floors, slabs, beams,
and girders and at the top of footings or floor slabs.
Space vertical joints in walls as indicated. Locate joints beside piers integral with
walls, near corners, and in concealed locations where possible.
Use a bonding agent at locations where fresh concrete is placed against hardened or
partially hardened concrete surfaces.
Use epoxy-bonding adhesive at locations where fresh concrete is placed against
hardened or partially hardened concrete surfaces.
Extend joint-filler strips full width and depth of joint, terminating flush with finished
concrete surface unless otherwise indicated.
Terminate full-width joint-filler strips not less than 13 mm or more than 25 mm below
finished concrete surface where joint sealants, specified in DIVISION 07 Section
"Joint Sealants," are indicated.
Install joint-filler strips in lengths as long as practicable. Where more than one length
is required lace or clip sections together.
Doweled Joints: Install dowel bars and support assemblies at joints where indicated.
Lubricate or asphalt coat one-half of dowel length to prevent concrete bonding to one side of
joint.
PLACING REINFORCEMENT
A.
General: Comply with CRSI recommended practice for "Placing Reinforcing Bars," for
details and methods of reinforcement placement and supports and as specified. Avoid
cutting or puncturing vapor retarder/barrier and waterproofing membranes during
reinforcement placement and concreting operations. Repair damages before placing
concrete.
B.
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a.
b.
c.
d.
2.
Bars for separate buildings or large structures shall not be bundled together.
Bars for small structures may be bundled together but each bar or group of
bars which have the same piece mark shall be tagged and coded.
Metal tags or approved equal shall be provided and labeled with legible
markings.
All bundles shall be tagged at each end. Tags shall show piece marks
corresponding to the mark numbers on the placement drawings and on the bar
list.
Bars shall be bundled in the largest size practical for handling and shipping.
C.
Clean reinforcement of loose rust and mill scale, earth, and other materials that reduce or
destroy bond with concrete.
D.
Accurately position, support, and secure reinforcement against displacement. Locate and
support reinforcing on concrete blocks of a size to give the correct cover to the
reinforcement. Concrete spacer blocks shall be made of the same materials, to the same
specified requirements and have the same inherent properties as the parent material, but
with the exception that the maximum aggregate size shall be appropriate for the thickness of
cover to the reinforcement.
1.
Chairs made of reinforcement shall be used to support the top mats of slab
reinforcement and they shall be so dimensioned as to be stable during concreting
operations. The chairs shall themselves be supported on concrete blocks as
specified above.
E.
F.
Concrete Cover:
1.
2.
G.
Install welded wire fabric in lengths as long as practicable. Lap adjoining pieces at least one
full mesh and lace splices with wire. Offset laps of adjoining widths to prevent continuous
laps in either direction.
H.
All lap splices shall be in accordance with ACI 318 class B tension lap splice unless
otherwise shown on Drawings. All reinforcement bars shall be developed in accordance
with ACI 318 unless otherwise shown on Drawings. Welded wire fabric shall be lapped 1.5
mesh plus the extension on the wires unless otherwise shown on Drawings.
3.6
EMBEDDED ITEMS
A.
Position and secure anchor bolts and other embedded items in accordance with ACI 301
and 304R requirements and as required by this Specification.
B.
Use steel templates to securely position all column anchor bolts. Use steel templates for
other anchor bolts when directed by the Contractor. Support the templates independent of
the reinforcing steel.
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C.
Install other embedded items, such as plates and anchor bolts that are supplied by others
as identified on the design drawings.
D.
Locate anchor bolts within the tolerances defined in the AISC Code of Standard Practice.
Apply these tolerances to all anchor bolts, including those for equipment bases, unless more
stringent tolerances are noted on the design or equipment drawings.
E.
Locate embedded steel items within the tolerances defined in ACI 117.
F.
Unless shown otherwise, set anchor bolts perpendicular to the theoretical bearing surface.
G.
Install reglets to receive top edge of foundation sheet waterproofing and to receive throughwall flashings in outer face of concrete frame at exterior walls, where flashing is shown at
lintels, relieving angles, and other conditions.
H.
3.7
DOWEL BARS
A.
3.8
The sleeves for dowel bars used in expansion joints shall be metal or other type of an
approved design to cover 50mm to 75mm of the dowel, with a closed end and with a
suitable stop to hold the end or the bar at least 25mm from the closed end of the sleeve.
Sleeves shall be of such design that they will not collapse during construction.
UNFORMED FINISHES
A.
Scratch Finish: Apply scratch finish to monolithic slab surfaces receiving concrete floor
topping or mortar setting beds for tile, portland cement terrazzo, and other bonded applied
cementitious finish flooring material, and where indicated. After placing slabs, finish surface
to tolerances of F(F) 15 (floor flatness) and F(L) 13 (floor levelness) measured in
accordance with ASTM E 1155M. Slope surfaces uniformly to drains where required. After
leveling, roughen surface before final set with stiff brushes, brooms, or rakes.
B.
Nonslip Broom Finish: Apply a nonslip broom finish to exterior concrete platforms, steps,
ramps, and elsewhere as indicated. Immediately after float finishing, slightly roughen
concrete surface by brooming with fiber-bristle broom perpendicular to main traffic route.
Coordinate required final finish with Engineer before application.
C.
Float Finish: Apply float finish to monolithic slab surfaces receiving trowel finish and other
finishes as specified; slab surfaces to be covered with membrane or elastic waterproofing,
membrane or elastic roofing, or sand-bed terrazzo; and where indicated. After screeding,
consolidating, and leveling concrete slabs, do not work surface until ready for floating.
Begin floating, using float blades or float shoes only, when surface water has disappeared,
or when concrete has stiffened sufficiently to permit operation of power-driven floats, or
both. Consolidate surface with power-driven floats or by hand floating if area is small or
inaccessible to power units. Finish surfaces to tolerances of F(F) 18 (floor flatness) and
F(L) 15 (floor levelness) measured in accordance with ASTM E 1155M. Cut down high
spots and fill low spots. Uniformly slope surfaces to drains. Immediately after leveling,
refloat surface to a uniform, smooth, granular texture.
D.
Trowel Finish: Apply a trowel finish to monolithic slab surfaces exposed to view and slab
surfaces to be covered with resilient flooring, carpet, ceramic or quarry tile, paint, or another
thin film finish coating system. This finish is also applicable to tops of buried foundations
since they have to be subsequently coated.
1.
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a.
b.
c.
d.
2.
E.
2.
3.
Dry-Shake Floor Hardener Finish: After initial floating, apply dry-shake floor hardener to
surfaces according to manufacturer's written instructions and as follows:
1.
2.
3.
3.9
Immediately after float finishing, slightly roughen trafficked surface by brooming with
fiber-bristle broom perpendicular to main traffic route. Coordinate required final finish
with Architect before application.
Slip-Resistive Finish: Before final floating, apply slip-resistive aluminum granule finish
where indicated and to concrete stair treads, platforms, and ramps. Apply according to
manufacturer's written instructions and as follows:
1.
H.
Comply with flatness and levelness tolerances for trowel-finished floor surfaces.
Broom Finish: Apply a broom finish to exterior concrete platforms, steps, ramps, and
elsewhere as indicated.
1.
G.
Finish and measure surface so gap at any point between concrete surface and an
unleveled, freestanding, 3.05-m-long straightedge resting on two high spots and
placed anywhere on the surface does not exceed 4.8 mm.
Trowel and Fine-Broom Finish: Apply a first trowel finish to surfaces indicated or where
ceramic or quarry tile is to be installed by either thickset or thin-set method. While concrete
is still plastic, slightly scarify surface with a fine broom.
1.
F.
Specified overall values of flatness, F(F) 25; and of levelness, F(L) 20; with
minimum local values of flatness, F(F) 17; and of levelness, F(L) 15.
Specified overall values of flatness, F(F) 35; and of levelness, F(L) 25; with
minimum local values of flatness, F(F) 24; and of levelness, F(L) 17; for slabson-grade.
Specified overall values of flatness, F(F) 30; and of levelness, F(L) 20; with
minimum local values of flatness, F(F) 24; and of levelness, F(L) 15; for
suspended slabs.
Specified overall values of flatness, F(F) 45; and of levelness, F(L) 35; with
minimum local values of flatness, F(F) 30; and of levelness, F(L) 24.
Uniformly apply dry-shake floor hardener at a rate of 49 kg/10 sq. m unless greater
amount is recommended by manufacturer.
Uniformly distribute approximately two-thirds of dry-shake floor hardener over surface
by hand or with mechanical spreader, and embed by power floating. Follow power
floating with a second dry-shake floor hardener application, uniformly distributing
remainder of material, and embed by power floating.
After final floating, apply a trowel finish. Cure concrete with curing compound
recommended by dry-shake floor hardener manufacturer and apply immediately after
final finishing.
CURING
A.
General:
1.
Wet cure for seven days. After five days, a pigmented liquid membrane forming
curing compound in accordance with ASTM C 309 may be applied and wet curing
may be terminated.
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2.
3.
B.
Horizontal Surfaces:
1.
C.
2.
3.
A.
Penetrating Liquid Floor Treatment: Prepare, apply, and finish penetrating liquid floor
treatment according to manufacturer's written instructions.
2.
3.
2.
3.
4.
5.
3.11
A.
Remove curing compounds, sealers, oil, dirt, laitance, and other contaminants and
complete surface repairs.
Do not apply to concrete that is less than 14 days old.
Apply liquid until surface is saturated, scrubbing into surface until a gel forms; rewet;
and repeat brooming or scrubbing. Rinse with water; remove excess material until
surface is dry. Apply a second coat in a similar manner if surface is rough or porous.
Polished Concrete Floor Treatment: Apply polished concrete finish system to cured and
prepared slabs to match accepted mockup.
1.
C.
Start wet curing of non-load bearing elements immediately after form removal. Cure
these surfaces continuous water spraying or with pre-saturated hessian in the same
manner as described for horizontal surfaces.
Drape the forms for load bearing elements with wet hessian as soon as concrete is
placed. Keep the hessian wet until forms are removed.
If the form removal operation is expected to last more than four hours, spray all
surfaces as they are exposed with water until the curing system is installed.
1.
B.
Vertical Surfaces:
1.
3.10
Do not use curing compounds on any construction joint or in areas that will be coated
unless the coating manufacturer certifies that the curing compound is compatible with
the coating.
Use water for curing that meets the requirements of this Specification.
Machine grind floor surfaces to receive polished finishes level and smooth and to
depth required to reveal aggregate to match approved mockup.
Apply penetrating liquid floor treatment for polished concrete in polishing sequence
and according to manufacturer's written instructions, allowing recommended drying
time between successive coats.
Continue polishing with progressively finer grit diamond polishing pads to gloss level
to match approved mockup.
Control and dispose of waste products produced by grinding and polishing
operations.
Neutralize and clean polished floor surfaces.
Sealing Coat: Uniformly apply a continuous sealing coat of curing and sealing compound to
hardened concrete by power spray or roller according to manufacturer's written instructions.
REMOVING FORMS
Formwork not supporting weight of concrete, such as sides of beams, walls, columns, and
similar parts of the work, may be removed as soon as the concrete has gained sufficient
strength so as not to be damaged by the form removal operations.
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B.
Formwork supporting weight of concrete, such as beam soffits, joists, slabs, and other
structural elements, may not be removed in less than 14 days or until concrete has attained
at least 75 percent of the specified 28 day design compressive strength. Determine
potential compressive strength of in-place concrete by testing field-cured specimens
representative of concrete location or members.
Where pozzolons and retarding
superplasticizers were used, the actual removal time shall be adjusted with the results from
temperature matched test cubes.
C.
Form-facing material may be removed 4 days after placement only if shores and other
vertical supports have been arranged to permit removal of form-facing material without
loosening or disturbing shores and supports.
3.12
REUSING FORMS
A.
Clean and repair surfaces of forms to be reused in the Work. Split, frayed, delaminated, or
otherwise damaged form-facing material will not be acceptable for exposed surfaces. Apply
new form-coating compound as specified for new formwork.
B.
When forms are extended for successive concrete placement, thoroughly clean surfaces,
remove fins and laitance, and tighten forms to close joints. Align and secure joint to avoid
offsets. Do not use patched forms for exposed concrete surfaces except as accepted by
Engineer.
3.13
A.
Concrete exposed by the removal of formwork shall be inspected by Engineer before any
remedial work, subsequent coating or other treatment that would hinder the proper
inspection of the concrete is carried out. Any concrete not complying with this requirement
shall be liable for rejection.
B.
Concrete not meeting the specified requirements shall be removed and rebuilt without delay
unless Engineer accepts that a repair may be satisfactorily effected. This agreement shall
not preclude the subsequent rejection of the repaired work by Engineer. The proposed
method for removal and replacement of defective work shall be submitted to Engineer for
acceptance for each concrete placement before the removal commences.
C.
3.14
CONCRETE PROTECTION
A.
The following are typical concrete protection for below grade elements.
B.
General: All concrete shall have surface holes investigated and filled with a filler compatible
with the coating to be applied (if that coating alone cannot fill the hole) provided that they
are small and formed by air bubbles caught against the formwork. For surface holes having
any dimension greater than 10 mm, refer to in this Specification.
C.
Blinding or Mudmat Concrete: Unless otherwise shown on Drawings, place all foundations
and slab on grade on 50mm thick blinding or mudmat concrete. Prior to placing this
concrete, assure that the subsoil is well consolidated and free from loose material.
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D.
Impervious Membrane: Concrete shall be cast onto impervious sheeting complying with
ASTM E 154 laid over the concrete blinding or mudmat. Overlap shall be 150 mm and the
sheeting shall extend 150 mm beyond the edge of all foundations.
E.
F.
2.
G.
3.15
A.
Exposed external concrete surfaces for a depth of 150 mm below and 300 mm above
ground level, or to the underside of base plates (whichever is lowest), shall be primed
with a low viscosity primer and coated with 2 coats of a light gray colored epoxy paint
with a minimum thickness of 125 microns per coat. Coating shall be as specified in
Article 2.8 "Related Materials" paragraph "Epoxy Protective Paint."
Application trials shall be carried out on the chosen coating. Concrete surface
preparation and application shall be in accordance with the manufacturers
instructions.
Exposed External Surfaces Above Ground Level: General exposed exterior surfaces above
grade shall be coated as specified in 3.14 F of this Specification. The coating shall extend
to the underside of the base plates; i.e., cover the grout.
2.
Underside and vertical sides of the pad foundations, spread footings and
ground beams, top of foundations, and all other buried elements: Use selfadhesive waterproofing sheet such as Bituthene 8000 Membrane System by
W.R. Grace & Co., or another listed manufacturer's waterproofing sheet
material as specified in Division 7 Section "Self-Adhering Sheet
Waterproofing." Membrane system shall be protected with protection boards.
Membrane to be compatible with system used for underside of elements.
B.
Alternative waterproofing systems may be submitted to Engineer for review and acceptance.
Submittal shall include technical data and case histories sufficient for Engineer to do a
technical evaluation of the proposed systems.
C.
D.
Submit the following to Engineer for acceptance before beginning the work:
1.
2.
3.
List of all membrane materials, joint compounds, and concrete surfacers to be used in
the Work. List shall identify the specific products by manufacturer and catalog
number.
Procedures for material storage and handling, surface preparation, environmental
control, application sequence, overlap dimensions, touch up and repair, curing, and
inspection of the membrane system. The membrane manufacturers published
instructions and installation details shall be attached as part of submitted procedures.
Conflicts between the material manufacturer's recommendations and Contract
Documents shall be noted in writing to Engineer for resolution.
Cleaning and installation verification forms for daily inspection records. A detailed
cleaning and installation verification report in accepted form shall be completed each
day during the work and submitted for record. The final verification report shall
include a statement of completion conformance verifying that the required materials
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4.
5.
were used and that the accepted application procedures and specified requirements
were followed.
Details concerning corners, bottom slab to wall tie-ins, slab/wall/roof penetrations,
terminations, control joints, expansion joint, and crack control.
Manufacturer material safety data sheets for all materials used in the execution of the
work.
E.
F.
Joints: Unless otherwise shown on design drawings, joints shall be designed and
constructed in accordance with ACI 504R. Details and positioning of joints, together with
the materials to be used, shall be submitted for Engineers acceptance.
1.
3.16
GROUTING
A.
Preparation: Concrete foundation top shall be cleaned of dirt, laitance, oil and grease.
Anchor bolt boxes and sleeves shall be cleaned of all polystyrene and other deleterious
material. The surface of the concrete shall be thoroughly wetted just prior to grouting but
shall contain no excess water, particularly in the bolt boxes and sleeves.
B.
Materials:
1.
2.
3.
C.
For interior bases protected from weather and saline bearing waters and not subject
to heavy or vibratory loads, grout shall consist of one part Portland cement to two
parts well-graded sand by volume. Sand shall comply with this Specification. A
retarding superplasticizer may be used if necessary to obtain the correct fluidity in
high ambient temperatures.
For all heavily loaded structural column bases or equipment bases subjected to
vibrational loads, a proprietary non-shrink high strength grout shall be used. The
grout shall be non-metallic and shall comply with ASTM C 1107, Grade B or C.
For all other exterior work exposed to potential saline ingress, a proprietary general
purpose non-shrink grout, especially formulated for high temperature work, such as
Masterflow MB-928 by Master Builders, Inc. or approved equal, shall be used.
Placement:
1.
2.
Grout strength shall not be less than 35 N/sq. mm at 28 days and Contractor shall
document to Engineer that this strength is being achieved. Grouting shall not
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3.
3.17
A.
proceed until the steel work or equipment has been leveled and plumbed with the
bases being supported in the meantime by steel packers and shims.
Completely fill anchor bolt sleeves with grout before placing grout under base plates.
The gravity grouting method shall be used wherein the flowable self-leveling grout is
poured on one side of a base until it flows out at the opposite side. Packers and
shims used to level bases shall be removed after the grout has set and the resulting
pocket repaired with similar grout.
Testing Laboratory:
a.
b.
2.
B.
Quality Control Testing on Fresh Concrete: Testing of composite samples of fresh concrete
obtained according to ASTM C172 shall be performed as follows:
1.
2.
Testing Frequency: Obtain one composite sample for each day's pour of each
concrete mixture exceeding 4 cu. m, but less than 19 cu. m, plus one set for each
additional 38 cu. m or fraction thereof.
Testing Frequency: Obtain at least one composite sample for each 76 cu. m or
fraction thereof of each concrete mixture placed each day.
a.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
Slump: ASTM C143/C143M; one test at point of placement for each composite
sample, but not less than one test for each day's pour of each concrete mixture.
Perform additional tests when concrete consistency appears to change. Slump
tolerance shall be in accordance with ACI 117.
Air Content: ASTM C231, pressure method, for normal-weight concrete; ASTM
C173/C173M, volumetric method, for structural lightweight concrete; one test for each
composite sample, but not less than one test for each day's pour of each concrete
mixture.
Concrete Temperature: ASTM C1064/C1064M; one test hourly when air temperature
is 4.4C and below and when 27C and above, and one test for each composite
sample.
Unit Weight: ASTM C567, fresh unit weight of structural lightweight concrete; one
test for each composite sample, but not less than one test for each day's pours of
each concrete mixture.
Compression Test Specimens: ASTM C31/C31M.
a.
8.
Cast and laboratory cure two sets of two standard cylinder specimens for each
composite sample.
b.
Cast and field cure two sets of two standard cylinder specimens for each
composite sample.
Compressive-Strength Tests: ASTM C39/C39M; test one set of two laboratory-cured
specimens at 7 days and one set of two specimens at 28 days.
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a.
b.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
16.
C.
Test one set of two field-cured specimens at 7 days and one set of two
specimens at 28 days.
A compressive-strength test shall be the average compressive strength from a
set of two specimens obtained from same composite sample and tested at age
indicated.
When strength of field-cured cylinders is less than 85% of companion laboratorycured cylinders, Contractor shall evaluate operations and provide corrective
procedures for protecting and curing in-place concrete.
Strength of each concrete mixture will be satisfactory if every average of any three
consecutive compressive-strength tests equals or exceeds specified compressive
strength and no compressive-strength test value falls below specified compressive
strength by more than 3.4 MPa.
Salt Content: Measure the total concentration of sulfates and chlorides in fresh
concrete at least once a week for all structural grades of concrete in accordance with
this Specification. Concentrations of each ion shall not exceed the specified limits. If
these limits are exceeded, the concrete pour from which the samples were taken
shall be rejected and further tests performed on the cast concrete in accordance with
this Specification to determine the total extent of the problem.
Test results shall be reported in writing to Architect, concrete manufacturer, and
Contractor within 48 hours of testing. Reports of compressive-strength tests shall
contain Project identification name and number, date of concrete placement, name of
concrete testing and inspecting agency, location of concrete batch in Work, design
compressive strength at 28 days, concrete mixture proportions and materials,
compressive breaking strength, and type of break for both 7- and 28-day tests.
Nondestructive Testing: Impact hammer, sonoscope, or other nondestructive device
may be permitted by Architect but will not be used as sole basis for approval or
rejection of concrete.
Additional Tests: Testing and inspecting agency shall make additional tests of
concrete when test results indicate that slump, air entrainment, compressive
strengths, or other requirements have not been met, as directed by Architect. Testing
and inspecting agency may conduct tests to determine adequacy of concrete by
cored cylinders complying with ASTM C42/C42M or by other methods as directed by
Architect.
Additional testing and inspecting, at Contractor's expense, will be performed to
determine compliance of replaced or additional work with specified requirements.
Correct deficiencies in the Work that test reports and inspections indicate do not
comply with the Contract Documents.
2.
3.
General: Engineer may request samples to be taken and tests carried out on any
hardened structural grade concrete as specified below if he suspects that the
concrete does not meet the specified requirements. If the tests confirm that the
concrete does not meet the requirements of this Specification, then Engineer may
require the concrete to be removed at Contractors expense. If the tests confirm that
the concrete meets the requirements of this Specification, then the cost of taking and
testing the samples shall not be at Contractors expense.
Compressive Strength Tests: Engineer may request cores to be drilled from a
particular pour. Drill 100 mm diameter cores as requested, in accordance with ASTM
C 42, and send for compressive strength testing. Test cores in the saturated
condition. If the cores from that pour have an average compressive strength less
than 85 percent of the specified strength, or any individual core has a compressive
strength less than 75 percent of the specified strength, concrete from which it was
taken will be deemed to be non-compliant.
Concrete Cover: Engineer may check the concrete cover over the reinforcement with
a cover meter. Any indication that the cover is generally less than the requirements
specified in this Specification shall be checked by limited surface concrete removal. If
it is confirmed that the actual cover is generally less than specified, then the concrete
shall be removed at Contractors expense. In the case of localized lack of cover and
where appearance is not important, the area must be repaired by removal of the
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4.
5.
D.
inadequate cover and the cutting back of concrete for 50 mm behind the
reinforcement. Resurfacing of the concrete with the specified cover shall be carried
out as a repair by a specialist subcontractor as specified in Article 3.13.
Absorption: A sample of three 75 mm diameter cores, 75 mm long, shall be taken
from hardened concrete when directed by Engineer and tested in accordance with
this Specification. Should the absorption of any core exceed by more than 1 percent
the highest approved test result, then the concrete from which it was cut shall be
removed. No absorption test shall be required for blinding or mudmat concrete.
Salt Content: Engineer may request samples to be taken from two 20 mm diameter
drillings into the concrete surface, spaced 75 mm apart. Each drilling shall proceed in
25 mm increments for a total depth of 100 mm and the dust from the 4 samples in
each hole shall be sent for sulfate and chloride content analysis in accordance with
BS 1881. Should the tests show that the limits specified herein are exceeded, the
concrete shall be removed.
Measure floor and slab flatness and levelness according to ASTM E1155M within 24 hours
of finishing.
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