SECTION 600 CULVERTS, DRAINAGE AND PROTECTION WORKS

601 SCOPE OF SECTION

PART A. CULVERTS AND DRAINAGE
602 ORDER OF WORKS
603 CLASSIFICATION OF EXCAVATION
604 EXCAVATION FOR CULVERTS AND DRAINAGE STRUCTURES
605 EXCAVATION IN ROCK
606 FOUNDATIONS AND ABUTMENTS CAST AGAINST EXCAVATED SURFACES
607 BACKFILLING FOR CULVERTS AND DRAINAGE STRUCTURES
608 PRECAST STEEL REINFORCED CULVERT UNITS
609 BEDDING AND LAYING OF CULVERTS
A Bedding and Laying of Concrete Culverts on In-situ or Imported Fill or
Imported Granular Material
B Bedding and Laying of Concrete Units on a Concrete Bed
610 JOINTING CONCRETE CULVERTS
A Rigid Joints
B Protective Bituminous Coating and Taping
C Culvert Ends
611 CONCRETE BEDS, SURROUNDS AND HAUNCHES
612 DRAINAGE STRUCTURES
613 OUTFALL CHANNELS, DAMS AND SCOUR CHECKS
614 CLEANING AND MAINTENANCE
615 CONCRETE EDGE KERBS CHANNELLING AND LINING
A Materials
B Construction
C Tolerances and Surface Finish

2
2

4
7
7
7
7

10

PART B. RIVER TRAINING AND PROTECTION WORK

12

616 BANKS AND DYKES

617 RIPRAP
618 IN-SITU OR PRECAST REINFORCED CONCRETE SCOUR PROTECTION
619 STONE PITCHING
620 SCOUR CHECKS
621 PRECAST REINFORCED CONCRETE GRID SLOPE
PROTECTION WITH STONE INFILL

14
14
16
16
17

600-1

17

601 SCOPE OF SECTION

This section covers the following:
1.
2.
3.
4.

excavation and backfilling for culverts and drainage structures,

provision, installation and repair of Precast Concrete Pipe culverts;
provision, installation and repair of Concrete Box Culverts;
construction of drainage structures including pipe culvert inlet and outlet structures, scour
checks, catch pits, lined channels, cascades and the like in in-situ or precast concrete as
instructed;
5. construction of drainage protection works.

PART A - CULVERTS AND DRAINAGE

Existing pipe culverts shall be extended or lengths of existing pipe culvert replaced as shown on the
drawings and remedial works schedules. All existing culverts shall be cleaned and their inlet and
outfall channels shall be reinstated such that existing culverts are free of draining prior to the
submission of longitudinal sections, cross-sections and other information pursuant to Section 300 of
these specifications.

602

ORDER OF WORKS

Based on longitudinal and cross sections for designated culvert locations, as to be submitted by the
Contractor, precise details of Culverts length, skew and invert levels will be issued to the Engineer
from time to time as construction proceeds. The Contractor shall allow in his programme a period
of 21 days between submission of longitudinal and cross-sections in accordance with Section 300
above and the issue of precise culvert details.
The Contractor shall normally construct culverts and drainage works prior to constructing
embankments above or adjacent to culverts or drainage works unless permitted otherwise by the
Engineer, and he shall programme the Works accordingly.
Where the Contractor considers that drainage conditions are such that it is not necessary to
construct a culvert ahead of the embankment, the Engineer at his discretion may consent to its
installation after construction of the embankment on the following conditions:
The Contractor will be responsible for any damage or delay to the culvert or to the embankment
earthworks; and the construction of the culvert shall follow immediately after embankment
earthworks.
Where culverts are to be constructed under a road in cutting, excavation and backfill shall be carried
out after the bulk earthworks are completed but before the processing of the 300 mm layer below
formation level in cuttings. The Engineer at his discretion may consent to the excavation for these
culverts being carried out before the earthworks are completed but payment for the excavation of
the trench will only be made for the volume excavated below formation level.

600-2

603

CLASSIFICATION OF EXCAVATION

All excavation for culverts and drainage structures shall be classified as follows:
Rock excavation is material which can be excavated only after blasting with explosives or barring
and wedging or the use of a mechanical breaker fitted with a rock point in good condition and
operated correctly. Single boulders of size more than 0.30m3 shall be classified as rock excavation.
Common excavation is all material other than rock excavation, including that which is suitable and
unsuitable for reuse.

604

EXCAVATION FOR CULVERTS AND DRAINAGE STRUCTURES

The Contractor shall carry out all excavations for culverts and structures to the lines, levels,
inclinations, and dimensions shown on the Drawings or instructed by the Engineer.
In the event that the Contractor excavates to a greater depth or width than is necessary, then he
shall at his own cost backfill the excess excavation with approved materials, compacted to the
density of the adjacent ground, all to the correct levels and dimensions and to the approval of the
Engineer.
The Contractor shall carefully set aside the various suitable materials encountered so that they may
be reused for backfilling. If excavated materials are unsuitable, the Contractor may remove the
material to tip after approval by the Engineer.
The Contractor shall keep all excavations clean and free from water, and he shall dig diversion
channels, erect cofferdams, pump or otherwise de-water the excavation.
Where, in the opinion of the Engineer, the surface of the excavation has become soft or unsuitable
due to the Contractors method of working, the Contractor shall at his own cost remove and replace
the unsuitable material with approved granular material or non-structural concrete as instructed by
the Engineer.
The Contractor shall compact the final excavated surface on which culverts or structures are to be
constructed to a dry density of at least 95% MDD (ST RK 1285-2004) to a depth of 150 mm. All
particles larger than 20 mm shall be removed prior to compaction.
For culverts which are to be constructed approximately on the existing ground after the removal of
topsoil, the Contractor shall level the existing ground by excavating and/or filling in layers. He
shall then compact the ground for 150 mm below invert or underside of bedding material to a dry
density of 95% MDD (ST RK 1285-2004) such that the foundation for the culvert or bedding is true
to Class and of uniform density over the whole length of the culvert.
The Engineers approval to the final excavated and prepared soil/rock foundation below the culvert
shall be obtained prior to the installation of culverts and associated structures.

600-3

The sides of pits, trenches and other excavations shall, where required, be adequately timbered and
supported, and all such excavations shall be of sufficient size to enable the culvert units and
concrete to be laid accurately, and proper refilling and compaction to be carried out.
All shoring and timbering shall be kept in trenches and other excavations as the Engineer instructs.
Where ground conditions are such that a satisfactory foundation cannot be achieved, the Contractor
shall, if instructed by the Engineer, remove the unsuitable material either until suitable material is
encountered or to the depth and width instructed by the Engineer. The Contractor shall backfill the
resultant excavation with approved material compacted to dry density of 95% MDD (ST RK 12852004). Approved material shall be selected backfill /suitable fill material in accordance Clause 510.
Before any drainage channel, culvert or other drainage structure is brought into use, the Contractor
shall ensure that such channel or structure is free from all silt and extraneous material to the
satisfaction of the Engineer, and the removal and disposal of all such material shall be at the
Contractor's expense.

605

EXCAVATION IN ROCK

Where rock or similar hard material is encountered in trenches for concrete pipe culverts, the
Contractor shall excavate it so that no hard material protrudes within 50 mm of the pipe barrel. He
shall place and compact a regulating layer of non-structural concrete of minimum thickness 50 mm
on the excavated hard material surface, the top of which shall be at the level of the underside of the
pipe barrel. The maximum thickness of regulating layer shall be 150 mm. Where both soft and hard
material are encountered in the trench either the soft material shall be removed to a depth of 300
mm or to such depth as instructed by the Engineer, or if directed by the Engineer the hard material
shall be removed to a depth of 300 mm or to such depth as instructed by the Engineer and backfilled
to 95% MDD (ST RK 1285-2004) with material similar to that in the remainder of the trench invert.

606

FOUNDATIONS AND ABUTMENTS CAST AGAINST EXCAVATED

SURFACES

Where the Drawings show or the Engineer instructs that a foundation and/or abutment shall be cast
against an excavated surface, the Contractor shall carry out the excavation neatly to the specified
slope and shape. Should any over-excavation occur the Contractor shall backfill the space between
600-4

the foundations and/or abutment and the excavated surface with cement concrete Class B15. Such
backfill shall be placed at the Contractors expense.

607

BACKFILLING FOR CULVERTS AND DRAINAGE STRUCTURES

The Contractor shall obtain the Engineers approval prior to commencing any filling around a
structure or backfilling a trench or excavation, or to loading any structure.
The Contractor shall obtain the Engineers approval to his proposed sequence of filling and
backfilling behind and around a structure and to the height of fill at any time between fill levels.
The Contractor shall obtain backfill for concrete culverts and minor drainage structures from suitable
material from the excavation. In the event of there being insufficient excavated material or the culvert is laid
close to or above existing ground level then he shall obtain selected backfill/suitable fill material (in
accordance with the Section 500) from borrow pits. All backfill whether from excavated material or borrow
pits shall be as approved by the Engineer.

For culverts which have been placed and where no concrete haunch or surround is specified, the
Contractor shall place selected fill/suitable fill material (in accordance with the Section 500). He
shall mix in water or dry the material, such that the moisture content at the time of compaction shall
be within the range of 1% above or 2% below the Optimum Moisture Content (ST RK 1285-2004),
and compact it thoroughly along the remainder of the underside of the barrel of the pipe and in the
joint holes. He shall lay and compact similar selected/ suitable fill material in layers not exceeding
150 mm loose thickness, mixed, dried or watered as necessary, and bring it up uniformly on both
sides of the culvert to a height of not less than 300 mm over the crown.
The Contractor shall backfill the remainder of the trench with selected fill/suitable fill material,
placed in layers not exceeding 150 mm loose thickness, mixed, watered or dried as necessary, and
compacted.
The Contractor shall compact all backfilling material to a minimum dry density of 95% MDD (ST
RK 1285-2004).
Where timbering or sheeting have been installed for the purposes of supporting the excavation the
Contractor shall, unless approved otherwise by the Engineer, remove them by easing them up 150
mm at a time in step with the backfill layer, and he shall compact backfill under and behind such
timber or sheeting.
For culverts which have been constructed close to or above the existing ground or where the culvert
protrudes above the existing ground the Contractor shall place and compact the backfill material
under the sides and alongside and over the culverts in layers not exceeding 150 mm after
compaction to a density of at least the density required for the material in adjoining layers of fill.
The width of backfilling along the flanks of the culvert shall be at least (2 + 1.5h) metres from each
side of the culvert (where h is the height from the underside of the layer being compacted to the
crown of the pipe in metres).
All existing ground under this backfill shall be compacted to 95% MDD (ST RK 1285-2004) to a
depth of 150 mm.
600-5

The material used for filling alongside the culvert above existing ground shall be the same material
as will be used for the adjacent fill and no additional payment will be made other than provided for
the fill in Section 500 above.
The Contractor shall carry out backfilling simultaneously and equally on both sides of the culvert to
avoid unequal lateral forces.
The Contractor shall not drive any construction equipment over culverts under construction and
where it is absolutely necessary to do so, he shall obtain advance permission from and provide
protection measures as approved by the Engineer.
Where shown on the Drawings or instructed by the Engineer, the Contractor shall place selected
granular fill material (in accordance with Clause 510) and/or porous filter material approved by the
Engineer. The Contractor shall use a sliding form or other means approved by the Engineer during
backfilling such that the porous layer is brought up and compacted at least 150 mm ahead of the
selected granular fill material, and that the selected granular fill material is brought up and
compacted at least 150 mm ahead of the adjacent earthworks fill. The interface between selected
granular fill material conforming to this Section 700 and the adjacent earthworks carried out in
accordance with Section 500 above shall be as shown on the Drawings or instructed by the
Engineer. Where selected granular fill is not specified or instructed, the Contractor shall backfill
behind and around the structure and up to ground level using suitable excavated material. Above
ground level the Contractor shall use the same material as that being used for the adjacent
embankment.

608

PRECAST STEEL REINFORCED CULVERT UNITS

Concrete pipes shall be manufactured and tested in accordance with the Technical Conditions OST
S 35-27.0-85, typical project Pipe and box pipe chains for road load 14, -120 and 180. Issue 1. Round chains. Request 04-08. Kazdorproject LLP, 2008, and the section 900
below and details shown in the drawings. Structures and dimensions of the culverts shall comply to
OST 35-27.1-85 and typical Pipe and box pipe chains for road load 14, -120 and -180.
Issue 1. Round chains. Request 04-08. Kazdorproject LLP.
Rectangular Precast Concrete culvert and other structural units shall comply with the requirements
of the Technical Conditions OST 35-27.0-85, typical project Pipe and box pipe chains for road
load 14, -120 and -180. Issue 1. Box chains. Request 04-08. Kazdorproject LLP,
2008, and the section 900 below and details shown in the drawings. Structures and dimensions of
the culverts shall comply to OST 35-27.1-85 and typical Pipe and box pipe chains for road load
14, -120 and -180. Issue 1. Box chains. Request 04-08. Kazdorproject LLP.

600-6

3.501.1-144

1
2
3
4

IPE SEGMENT
Design series 3.501.1-144

rand Name

2.100
ZKP
2.100

2.200
ZKP
2.200

6.100
ZKP
6.100

6.200
ZKP
6.200

1000
1000
120
30

2000

1000

2 000

1000

1500

1 500

120

160

160

30

30

30

Overall dimensions, mm
Length
Internal diameter
Wall thickness
Concrete class

600-7


PIPE SEGMENTS

..

..
Brand name according

Length

External
Diameter

Internal
Diameter

,
Thickness

10
I10

1000

700

500

100

11
I11

1000

910

750

80

13
I13

1000

1240

1000

120

14
I14

1000

1490

1250

120

600-8


PORTAL STRUCTURE FOR THE CULVERT PIPES

,

Brand name

Length

Width

eight

CT-8
ST-8

1850

1500

350

CT-9
ST-9

2350

2260

350

CT-10
ST-10

2720

1220

680

CT-11
ST-11

2930

1420

680

CT-12
ST-12

3250

1760

680

CT-13
ST-13

3570

2100

680

17
Block 17

4200

2740

680

600-9


PRODUCT CHARACTERISTICS

Concrete
class

Segment
brand
2100
RS 2100
8.100
RS 8.100

Size of mouthof pipe,
m

Length

Width

eight

1000

1220

1780

1,0x1,5

1000

1740

2430

1,5x2,8

30

30

30

10.100
RS 10.100

1000

2260

2380

2,0x2,0

30

11.100
RS 11.100

1000

2260

2500

2,0x2,0

30

12.100
RS 12.100

1000

2320

2680

2,0x2,0

35

13.100
RS 13.100

1000

2760

2450

2,5x2,0

35

14.100
RS 14.100

1000

2840

2570

2,5x2,0

600-10

35

19.100
RS 19.100

1000

4300

3130

4x2,5

35

20.100
RS 20.100

1000

4420

3170

1,0x1,13

10

35

21.100
RS 21.100

1000

4600

3370

1,0x1,13

1220
1740
2260
2750

2120

4360

3400

1,0x1,5
1,5x2,0
2,0x2,0
2,5x2,0
4x2,5

CULVERT HEADS
11
12
13
14
15

30
30
30
35
35

32
34
35
36
38

1000
1000
1000
1000
1000

2700
2740
2800

CURVED BLOKS

Brand name

Length

600-11

Width

eight

. 4
Curved block 4

2010

1190

430

. 5
Curved block 5

1500

1190

430

. 8
Curved block 8

2010

1600

520

. 9
Curved block 9

1500

1600

520

. 24
Curved block 24

1320

1300

460

. 26
Curved block 26

1320

1780

560

. 6
Curved block 6

2010

1390

480

. 7
Curved block 7

1500

1390

480

600-12

609

BEDDING AND LAYING OF CULVERTS

Culverts shall be bedded directly above soil material. Where the soil conditions are unsuitable, the
Contractor shall excavate the invert and backfill it as specified in the Section 600.

A BEDDING AND LAYING OF CONCRETE CULVERTS ON EXISTING OR IMPORTED

FILL MATERIAL OR IMPORTED GRANULAR MATERIAL
The Contractor shall compact the bottom of the excavation to 95% MDD (ST RK 1285-2004).
Where the pipe is to be laid directly on the in-situ foundation, the foundation shall be accurately
shaped so that the barrel of the pipe rests uniformly on the foundation over at least one-third of its
diameter and for the full length of the barrel.
Where the pipe is to be bedded on pipe bedding material, well graded granular material shall be
used with a maximum stone size of 20 mm and a maximum 10% passing the 75m sieve. The
material shall be compacted to 95% M.D.D. (ST RK 1285-2004).
In both cases, the Contractor shall form voids under the sockets to allow pipe jointing. When the
pipe joint has been completed, the void shall be rammed with well graded granular pipe bedding
material.

610
A

BEDDING AND LAYING OF CONCRETE UNITS ON A CONCRETE BED

1)

Where units are required to be laid on a concrete bed, the Contractor shall bed the
units on 1:3 cement mortar: sand mortar at least 50 mm thick, 150 mm wide and
extending the full length of the barrel.

2)

After the joints have been formed, the Contractor shall pack concrete Class B15
hard under the barrel and sockets of the culvert and extend it upwards on each side of
the culvert to the height shown on the Drawings.

JOINTING CONCRETE CULVERTS

RIGID JOINTS
1)

Contractor shall clean spigots and sockets of rigid-jointed concrete pipes

with integral sockets to remove all mud, oil, grease or other deleterious matter before
entering a pipe spigot into its socket. He shall wrap a gasket of tarred hemp yarn, cut
to length so that it forms a butt joint at the crown of the pipe, round the spigot which
600-13

shall then be fully entered into the socket and the gasket caulked up hard into the joint.
He shall then fill the joint completely with a plastic mortar composed of one part of
cement to two parts of sand and finished off with a fillet at an angle of 45.

2)

Rigid jointed sleeves used to join two spigots shall be jointed in the same
manner as integral sockets.

3)

If the Engineer requires ogee jointed pipes to be laid with a mortar joint, the
Contractor shall make the joint at the time of laying. He shall apply mortar as
described above to the lower semi-circumference of the socket and to the upper semicircumference of the spigot, and draw the pipe hard into the socket. The outside of the
joint shall be pointed up with a fillet of 1:2 cement : sand mortar, 75 mm wide and 25
mm thick, all the way round and central over the joint.

4)

The Contractor shall saturate all pipes with water before jointing and scrape
clean inside and finish off the joint with 1:2 cement : sand mortar.

5)

The Contractor shall protect all joints from the wind, sun and rain by a
covering approved by the Engineer, and shall keep them constantly damp for a period
of at least three days.

6)

The Contractor shall ensure that the pipes are not disturbed in any way for
at least 48 hours after jointing.

PROTECTIVE BITUMINOUS COATING AND TAPING

Where directed by the Engineer a protective bituminous coating shall be applied to the outside
surfaces of the culvert barrel to provide a water-proof membrane seal. The paint shall be a mastic
asphalt or similar propriety product approved by the Engineer.
Where directed by the Engineer the joints between culvert units shall be taped on the outside using
two layers of DENSA sealing tape or equivalent approved by the Engineer.
C

CULVERT ENDS

Unless otherwise specified pipe ends shall be left normal.

Portal and rectangular units shall not be provided with skewed ends. These culvert units shall be
supplied square and the portion that would otherwise be cut off shall project outside the culvert
head walls.

611 CONCRETE BEDS, SURROUNDS AND HAUNCHES

The Contractor shall clean, trim and compact the floor of the trench before any bed, surround or
haunch is placed and obtain the approval of the Engineer before commencing concreting.
All concrete for beds, surrounds and haunches shall be Class B15 complying with Section 900
below, formed to the dimensions shown on the Drawings or instructed by the Engineer.
600-14

Unless otherwise instructed by the Engineer, the Contractor shall place 150 mm of concrete
surround to concrete pipes in the following circumstances:
a) concrete pipes up to and including 600 mm with cover less than 600 mm or more than 3.0m;

b) concrete pipes over 600 mm diameter and not exceeding 900 mm diameter with cover less than
1.0m or more than 3.0m;
c) concrete pipes over 900 mm diameter, at any depth.

612

DRAINAGE STRUCTURES

Drainage structures shall include headwalls, wing walls and apron slabs in culvert inlet and outlet
structures. They shall also include minor structures such as catch pits, cascades, chutes, channels,
spillways and the like, working details for which will be issued by the Engineer from time to time
during the Contract.
Culvert inlet and outlet structures shall be in accordance with typical highway project No 3.501-1156 Lengipritransmost, 1989.
In-situ or pre cast concrete for drainage structures shall be Class B20 in accordance with Section
900 below unless otherwise shown on the Drawings. The surface finish shall comply with the
requirements of the typical highway project.
Unless otherwise specified or shown on the Drawings concrete shall be reinforced in the back and
front faces of all walls and the top and bottom of all slabs, as directed by the Engineer, both
horizontally and vertically to form a mesh. The reinforcement shall be fixed in accordance with, and
shall comply with, the requirements of Section 900.

613

OUTFALL CHANNELS, DAMS AND SCOUR CHECKS

Outfall channels, earth dams and scour checks shall be formed at the locations and to the lines and
levels shown on the Drainage or as instructed by the Engineer.
Where shown on the Drawings or instructed by the Engineer the Contractor shall construct earth
dams in side drains, cut-off drains, catch water drains, mitre and outfall drains to prevent the flow
overshooting the drainage works or to direct flows into culvert inlets. Similar earth structures may
also be used as erosion checks.
Earth dams shall be formed in selected/suitable fill material compacted to a minimum dry density of
95% MDD (ST RK 1285-2004). Where stone pitching is instructed it shall be in accordance with
the Section 600. Where top soiling is instructed it shall be in accordance with Section 500 above.
The Contractor may also excavate in the invert of drains for scour checks to be located as shown on
the Drawings or directed by the Engineer. The width and the depth of the scour check will be
determined by the drain and scour check dimensions and shall be as directed by the Engineer.

600-15

Concrete for scour checks shall be Class B20 which shall comply with the requirements of Section
900 below.

614

CLEANING AND MAINTENANCE

The Contractor shall be responsible for maintaining the existing and new including temporary
drainage systems during construction of culverts and all other drainage works such that water is
passed along and across the Works without damage to the Works and all cofferdams, diversions,
pumping, temporary drainage works or other works necessary shall be provided and maintained at
the Contractors cost. Any damage caused to the Works by the Contractors failure to make
adequate provision for drainage of the Works shall be repaired at the Contractors cost.

615

CONCRETE EDGE KERBS CHANNELLING AND LINING

This section covers the construction of concrete edge kerbing and channelling, open concrete chutes
and concrete lining of open drains in accordance with typical highway project 503-09-7.84
Souzdorproject, 1984 y, and to the details shown on the Drawings or as directed by the Engineer.
Precast elements of drainage structures are accepted in accordance with the typical highway project
of the No. 3.503.1-66, Souzdorproject, 1984 y.

A MATERIALS
All concrete work shall be carried out in accordance with the requirements of Section 900 of these
Specifications.
1)

Edge Kerbs

Edge kerbs include barrier kerbs, mountable and semi-mountable kerbs which may be constructed
in Class B20 pre-cast concrete to the dimensions shown on the Drawings
2)

Chutes (Cascades)

Chutes shall be manufactured in Class B20 pre-cast concrete to the dimensions shown on the
Drawings, and the units shall fit neatly into each other.
3)

Channels

Channels shall be constructed from Class B20 concrete and reinforced with high yield steel mesh
reinforcement in both faces as indicated in the drawings or directed by the Engineer.
4)

Joint Sealant

Cold-poured joint sealant shall be a two-part polysulphide sealing compound.

5)

Bedding Material
600-16

The material on which concrete kerbs and channels are to be bedded shall consist of crushed stone,
cinders, slag, sand or other approved porous material with a maximum particle size of 15 mm.
Where concrete bedding material is shown on the drawings, it shall comply with the requirements
of non-structural concrete of Section 900.

CONSTRUCTION
1)

Excavation and Bedding

Trenches for kerbs and channels shall be excavated to the required depth and all unsuitable material
shall be removed and replaced with a layer of selected bedding material at least 75 mm thick. The
bedding shall be compacted and accurately shaped to the required grade. No concrete shall be
placed on uncompacted or disturbed material. Excavation for channel drains shall be constructed
and paid for in accordance with the provisions of this Section. All loose material shall be compacted
to a density of not less than 95% MDD (ST RK 1285-2004).
Where channel excavation is in rock the conditions of the Section 600 shall be applied.
Excavations for chutes shall be neatly trimmed. All loose material shall be compacted and where
overbreak occurs in hard material it shall be backfilled with non-structural concrete.
2)

Precast concrete edge Kerbs

Pre-cast concrete kerbing shall be laid and bedded in Class B15 concrete with close joints of 3:1
sand: cement mortar at the ends. The joints may not exceed 10 mm in thickness and must be neatly
pointed with a pointing trowel. Guide lines and straight-edges shall be used to ensure that the
exposed faces of kerbs and edgings are set true to line and elevation. Kerbing around curves shall be
laid along the full curve length before the joints are made, unless otherwise allowed by the
Engineer.
3)

Concrete Channels

Concrete channels shall be cast in alternate sections. The lengths of sections shall be uniform
throughout and shall be equal to 2 m for every 100 mm average thickness or depth of concrete
measured perpendicular to the bed, except where shorter sections are necessary for closures or
where otherwise shown on the Drawings or required by the Engineer. The exposed surfaces of the
concrete shall be finished in accordance with Section 900 below. The concrete shall be cured in
accordance with the requirements of Section 900 below.
Abutting joints shall be painted with mastic asphalt coating before intermediate sections are cast.
Guidelines and straight-edges shall be used to ensure that the exposed are formed to line and
elevation.
When curing is complete the joints shall be sealed with an application of joint sealant as specified.
600-17

4)

Concrete Chutes in cascades on side slopes of fills and cuts

The units shall be neatly laid to line and grade from the bottom upwards so that each consecutive
unit fits neatly into the previous one, with the bottom unit resting against the outlet structure.
A transition section shall be constructed at the inlet to lead the water into the chute as shown on the
Drawings.
5)

Concrete-Lined Open Drains

Concrete lining shall be constructed from Class B20 concrete and shall be laid to the shape and
levels indicated on the Drawings and directed by the Engineer. The surface of the excavation
against which the lining is to be placed shall be covered by polythene sheet 0.15 mm thick and all
joints in the sheeting shall overlap by at least 150 mm. The concrete lining shall be cast in alternate
panels and cold joints shall be painted as specified before adjoining slabs are cast.
6)

Transition Sections

Transition sections for chutes shall be constructed in situ in Class 20/20 concrete to the dimensions
indicated on the drawings or as directed by the Engineer. They shall be built to the same standards
as described for the edge kerbing.
Where kerbs and channels are laid after construction of the base, the spaces between the concrete
and adjoining base shall be filled with compacted pre-mixed bituminous material and the cost shall
be included in the rates for the items.

TOLERANCES AND SURFACE FINISH

1)

Concrete Edge Kerbs and Channelling

Concrete kerbing and channelling shall be constructed to within the following dimensional and
alignment tolerances:
(i) Horizontal Alignment
The maximum deviation of edges, centre line or vertical surfaces from the specified position shall
be 25 mm.
Maximum deviation of edges, centre line or vertical surfaces from the specified alignment shall be
1:500 when taken over any section more than 10 m in length.
(ii) Vertical Alignment and Level
The inside edge of channelling shall nowhere be above the finished road level nor more than 10 mm
below the finished road surface. The invert level of channels and drains and the top of kerbing shall
nowhere deviate more than 10 mm from the required level and nowhere shall channels or drains
have any adverse grade.

600-18

(iii) Trueness of exposed surfaces

When tested with a 3 m straight-edge, no surface irregularities shall exceed 6 mm.
(iv) Cross-Sectional Dimensions
All cross-sectional dimensions shall be within 6 mm of the specified dimensions, except that the
underside of channelling may extend up to 25 mm below the level at which it would have the
required thickness.
2)

Concrete Chutes and Concrete-Lined Open Drains

Concrete-lined open drains and concrete chutes shall be constructed to within the following
tolerances:
(i) Horizontal Alignment
The maximum deviation from the true position of the edges or centre line shall be 25 mm.
Maximum deviation of edges, centre line or vertical surfaces from the specified alignment shall be
1:500 when taken over any section more than 10 m in length.
(ii) Vertical Alignment
The invert level of concrete-lined open channels shall nowhere deviate more than 25 mm from the
required level and nowhere shall the open-drain inverts have an adverse grade.
(iii) Trueness of Exposed Surfaces
When tested with a 3 m straight-edge, no exposed surface shall show surface irregularities of more
than 10 mm.
(iv) Cross-Sectional Dimensions
All cross-sectional dimensions shall be within 10 mm of the specified dimensions and the average
thickness of any invert of side slab shall not be less than the specified thickness when considering
any complete slab or any slab section having a surface area of 10 m 2 or more and disregarding any
thickness of more than 10 mm in excess of the specified thickness.

PART B - RIVER TRAINING AND PROTECTION WORK

616

BANKS AND DYKES

The alignment and layout of dykes shall be as indicated on the drawings or as directed by the
Engineer.
The construction of embankments for dykes shall conform to provisions of Section 500 above and
shall be measured and paid for accordingly.
Pitching, filter underneath pitching, rip-rap in apron, toe protection etc. shall be as per these
specifications.

600-19

617

RIPRAP

Stone for rip-rap shall consist of well shaped hard dense durable rock. At least 50 per cent of the
pieces shall have a volume greater than 0.03 m3 and not more than 5 per cent shall have a volume of
less than 0.01 m3. The stone for rip-rap shall consist of two sizes:
a)

Primary stones shall consist of hard angular pieces with no dimension less than 65 mm nor any
dimension more than 250 mm. The specific gravity of the stone material shall not be less than 2.50 and
the individual pieces of stone shall weigh not less than 20 kg and not more than 35 kg.

b) Choke stones shall consist of fragments or spalls smaller than the primary stones and properly
sized to wedge satisfactorily between the primary stones.
The aggregate for filter underlay shall consist of hard durable particles or fragments of crushed
stone or natural gravel, screened or crushed to meet the following grading requirements:
Sieve size
70 mm
5 mm
0.071 mm

Percent passing
100
20-50
0-10

The ground surface to be protected shall be shaped to the correct lines and profiles within a
tolerance of +25 mm. Protection shall begin in a ditch excavated at the toe of the slope, having
depth up to 0.6 mm and the side of the ditch next to the fill or cut shall have the same slope. The toe
trench shall be backfilled after the slope protection has been placed.
Filter underlay shall be placed on the prepared ground to the required thickness with a thickness
tolerance of +10 mm. The thickness of the filter underlay shall be one-third the thickness of the
stone rip-rap as shown on the drawings or as directed by the Engineer. The filter underlay shall be
compacted to the extent necessary to hold it in place during the placement of the stone rip-rap
protection.
Stone rip-rap protection shall be placed to the specified thickness and limits with a thickness
tolerance of +15 mm. Stones shall be hand placed and fitted to each other to form a neat, uniform,
reasonably continuous and compact layer.
The stones shall be laid with close joints from the bottom of the slope of embankment or existing
ground. Larger stones shall be placed first with their longitudinal axis normal to the slope face and
so arranged that each stone above the foundation course has a three point bearing on underlying
stones. The foundation course is placed on the slope in contact with the filter layer. Stones shall not
be placed by dumping. Interstices between larger stones shall be tightly hand-packed with choke
stones upward. The surface shall be hand packed, carefully bedded and tightly wedged with suitable
spalls to form an even surface.

600-20

Stone rip rap shall be laid so that the line and level of the finished surface does not vary by more
than +20mm from the drawings or as otherwise instructed by the Engineer. The thickness shall not
vary by more than +15mm or 0mm from that shown on the drawings.

618

IN-SITU OR PRECAST STEEL REINFORCED CONCRETE SCOUR

PROTECTION

In-situ or precast steel reinforced concrete scour protection shall be class 20/20 in accordance with
Section 900. The surface finish shall be U1 for unformed finishes and F1 for formed finishes.
Reinforcement shall be 10mm diameter, 200mm x 200mm square

619

STONE PITCHING

The work consists of providing protection to the sides and bottoms of open drains at selected
locations using hand-placed stone pitching backed by filter underlay and grouted from top. Lined
drains shall be constructed to Drawings or as instructed by the Engineer and subject to the
requirements further indicated herein.
The stone for pitching shall consist of two sizes:
Primary stones shall consist of hard angular pieces with no dimensions less than 75 mm nor any
dimension more than 250 mm. In one of the directions, the stone shall measure between 125 to 165
mm. The specific gravity of the stone material shall not be less than 2.50.
Choke stones shall consist of fragments or spalls smaller than the primary stones and properly sized
to wedge satisfactorily between the primary stones.
The aggregate for filter underlay shall consist of hard durable particles or fragments of crushed
stone or natural gravel, screened or crushed to meet the following gradations requirements:
Sieve size
50 mm
20 mm
5 mm
0.071 mm

Percent passing
100
85-100
20-50
0-10

The sides and bottom of drain to be lined shall be excavated to the correct line and level within a
tolerance of +15 mm. Placement of filter underlay and stones shall begin at the bottom of the drain
and be extended upwards along the sides of the drain.
Filter underlay shall be placed on the prepared ground to a thickness of 75 mm with a thickness
tolerance of +10 mm. The filter underlay shall be compacted to the extent necessary to hold it in
place during the placement of the stone pitching.
Stone pitching shall be placed to a thickness of 150 mm with a thickness tolerance of +15 mm.
Stone shall be hand placed and fitted to each other to form a neat uniform, reasonably continuous

600-21

and compact layer. Larger stones shall be placed first with their longitudinal axis normal to the
slope face and interstices between larger stones shall be tightly hand-packed with choke stones.
Stone pitching shall be laid so that the line and level of the finished surface does not vary by more
than +20mm from the drawings or as otherwise instructed by the Engineer. The thickness shall not
vary by more than +15mm or 0mm from that shown on the drawings.
The grout shall be prepared using one part of Portland cement and three parts of sand (70 to 100 %
passing 1.18 mm sieve and not more than 10% passing 0.075 mm sieve) thoroughly mixed with
water to produce a workable mix. Before grouting, stones shall be well moistened with water after
placement. The grout shall be applied while the stone is moist and worked into the interstices to fill
the voids completely. Grout shall not placed in rainy weather and when the temperature is below
2oC.

620

SCOUR CHECKS

Steel reinforced concrete for scour checks shall be Class B20 and shall comply with the
requirements of Section 900 of this Specification. Formwork, complying with the requirements of
Section 900 of this Specification, shall be provided for all concrete placed above the level of the
drain profile. Unless otherwise specified or shown on the Drawings, concrete for scour checks shall
be reinforced in the back and front faces with 10 mm diameter high yield stress deformed bars
placed at 200 mm centres both horizontally and vertically to form a mesh. The reinforcement shall
be fixed in accordance with, and shall comply with, the requirements of Section 900 of this
Specification.

621

PRECAST
REINFORCED
CONCRETE
PROTECTION WITH STONE INFILL

GRID

SLOPE

Reinforced concrete precast grids will be placed on the embankment slopes, tied with steel
embedded into the embankment as shown in the drawings or as directed by Engineer.
Crushed stones of 10-40 mm size, 100 mm thick shall be laid and compacted within the reinforced
precast concrete grids. All crushed stones shall be hard, tough, frost-resistant and shall have
Abrasion value under ST RK 1213-2003 not less than 30 and frost resistance ST RK 1284-2004 not
more than 10% (F25).
Concrete shall be of Class B20 and shall comply with the requirements of Section 900 of this
Specification. Steel/reinforcement shall meet the requirements of Section 900 as detailed in the
drawings.

600-22