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1. PRELIMINAY OBSERVATIONS:
a) State: Amorphous ; carbonates or borates
Crystalline ; chlorides, sulphates, nitrates.
b) Color: Blue; copper salts
dark brown; ferric salts
light green; ferrous salts
pale pink; manganous salts.
c) Odor: ammoniacal smell; ammonium salt.
d) Solubility test: take 0.02-0.03 g of the given salt in the test tube. Add 1-2 ml of one of the
following solvents in the order given below, to get a clear solution. Try the solubility in cold
solvent, if partially soluble, warm to dissolve completely.
solvent
Water
Cold
Hot
Dil.HCl
Cold
Hot
Conc.HCl
Cold
Hot
Dil.HNO3
Cold
Hot
Conc. HNO3
Cold
Hot
solubility
OBSERVATION
a) Brisk effervescence takes
place with the evolution of
colourless gas.
b) colourless gas is not
liberated
INFERENCE
a) May be CO32- or S2- or SO32or NO2-.
b) Group-I acid radicals are
absent.
OBSERVATION
Lime water turns milky.
INFERENCE
CO3 or SO32- is present.
2-
a) CO32- is confirmed.
NO2- Is confirmed.
OBSERVATION
a) Colorless gas is liberated.
b) Brown fumes are evolved
and the solution turns brown.
c) Violet gas or vapours are
evolved with black deposits in
the inner side of test tube.
d) Colorless fumes with slight
brown gas but the solution is
not brown.
e) Colorless, odorless gas.
f) Colorless vapours with
vinegar smell.
INFERENCE
a) May be chloride.
b) May be bromide.
GROUP-II
EXPERIMENT
Salt + Conc.H2SO4. Warm if
necessary.
c) May be iodide.
d) May be nitrate.
e) May be oxalate.
f) May be acetate.
OBSERVATION
Red vapours are evolved.
INFERENCE
Cl- is present.
Cl- is confirmed.
Cl- is confirmed.
solution.
EXPERIMENT
C.T for Br-:
i) Silver nitrate test:
Salt + dil.HNO3 + AgNO3
solution.
ii) Globule Test:
Aq. Soln of the salt + chlorine
water + 2 drops of CCl4. Mix
well.
EXPERIMENT
C.T for I-:
i) Silver nitrate test:
Salt + dil.HNO3 + AgNO3
solution.
ii) Globule Test:
Aq. Soln of the salt + chlorine
water + 2 drops of CCl4. Mix
well.
EXPERIMENT
C.T for NO3-:
i) Salt + copper + conc.H2SO4
+ heat.
ii) Brown Ring Test:
Aq. Soln of the salt + Conc.
H2SO4 + cool & add freshly
prepared FeSO4.
EXPERIMENT
C.T for CH3COOi) oxalic acid test:
Salt + oxalic acid + 2-3 drops
of water, rub.
ii) ester test:
Salt + conc.H2SO4 + ethyl
alcohol. Heat.
NH4OH is obtained.
OBSERVATION
INFERENCE
Br- is confirmed.
Br- is confirmed.
OBSERVATION
INFERENCE
I- is confirmed.
I- is confirmed.
OBSERVATION
INFERENCE
NO3- is confirmed.
NO3- is confirmed.
OBSERVATION
Vinegar smell.
INFERENCE
CH3COO- is confirmed.
CH3COO- is confirmed.
EXPERIMENT
C.T. for C2O42- :
i) Salt soln + acetic acid +
CaCl2 solution.
ii) Salt + dil.H2SO4, warm and
add 2-3 drops of KMnO4
solution.
OBSERVATION
INFERENCE
C2O42- is confirmed.
C2O42- is confirmed.
GROUP-III
Test for sulphate:
EXPERIMENT
i) Barium Chloride Test:
Soln.of the salt + barium
chloride soln + dil.HCl.
ii) Match Stick Test:
mix the salt with Na2CO3.
Make its paste. Fuse a little
paste on the end of match
stick. Dip the fused mass in
sod.nitroprusside solution.
OBSERVATION
A white ppt insoluble in
dil.HCl is obtained.
INFERENCE
SO42- is confirmed.
Purple steaks.
SO42- is confirmed.
OBSERVATION
Yellow ppt is formed in cold
or on slight warming.
INFERENCE
PO43- is confirmed.
PO43- is confirmed.
A small amount of the salt is dissolved in a suitable solvent to get a clear solution which is called
Original Solution.
GROUP-ZERO:
Test for NH4+:
EXPERIMENT
A] Salt + NaOH solution.
Boil.
a) expose a glass rod dipped in
HCl to the gas.
b) Expose a moist red litmus
paper to the gas.
B] NESSLERS REAGENT
TEST: O.S + Nesslers reagent
+ NaOH solution.
OBSERVATION
Pungent smelling gas is
evolved.
Dense white fumes are
observed.
red litmus paper turns blue.
INFERENCE
NH4+ is present.
NH4+ is confirmed.
OBSERVATION
a) no white ppt
b) a white ppt is formed.
INFERENCE
a) 1st group cations are absent.
b) 1st group cations are
present. May be Pb2+.
Lead is confirmed.
Lead is confirmed.
OBSERVATION
a) no ppt
b) a black or yellow ppt is
obtained.
INFERENCE
a) 2nd group cations are absent.
b) 2nd group cations are
present. [If black, May be Pb2+
or Cu2+. If yellow, may be
As3+].
NH4+ is present.
NH4+ is present.
GROUP-I
EXPERIMENT
O.S + dil.HCl.
BLACK PPT:
Heat the black ppt with
a) Pb2+ is present.
b) Pb2+ is absent. May be Cu2+.
a) Cu2+ is present.
b) Cu2+ is absent.
Lead is confirmed.
Lead is confirmed.
Cu2+ is confirmed.
Cu2+ is confirmed.
As3+ is confirmed.
As3+ is confirmed.
OBSERVATION
a) no ppt.
INFERENCE
a) 3rd group cations are absent.
YELLOW PPT:
Dissolve the yellow ppt in
conc.HNO3 and divide it into
two parts.
C.T for As3+:
i) to the first part of the
solution add ammonium
molybdate solution and heat.
ii) to the second part of the
solution add NH4OH solution
and magnesia mixture.
GROUP-III
EXPERIMENT
O.S + conc. HNO3. Boil for
b) if white ppt.
if brown ppt.
Al3+ is confirmed.
Al3+ is confirmed.
Fe3+ is confirmed.
Fe3+ is confirmed.
OBSERVATION
a) no ppt.
b) ppt is obtained.
If black ppt.
If buff (flesh) colored ppt.
If dull white ppt.
INFERENCE
a) 4 group cations are absent.
b) 4th group cations are present
may be Co2+ or Ni2+.
May be Mn2+.
May be Zn2+.
GROUP-IV
EXPERIMENT
O.S + conc. HNO3. Boil for
some time. Add NH4Cl and
boil again. Cool the solution
under tap water and add
excess of amm.hydroxide
solution and pass H2S gas.
th
BLACK PPT:
Observe the color of the
original solution. If the salt is
purple or deep violet in color
perform C.T for Co2+ and if it
is greenish, perform C.T for
Ni2+ with the original salt.
C.T for Co2+:
i) POTASSIUM NITRITE
TEST:
O.S + amm hydroxide + acetic
acid + a crystal of potassium
nitrite, warm the solution.
ii) AMM. THIOCYANATE
ETHER TEST: O.S + ether +
a crystal of amm. Thiocyanate,
shake the test tube. Allow to
settle.
C.T. for Ni2+:
i) Dimethyl glyoxime test:
O.S + amm. Hydroxide + few
drops of Dimethyl glyoxime.
ii) sodium hydroxide- Br2 test:
O.S + NaOH in excess + Br2
water. Boil.
BUFF colored PPT:
C.T for Mn2+:
i) sodium hydroxide- Br2 test:
O.S + NaOH, shake the
solution.
To the white ppt add Br2
water.
ii) lead peroxide test:
to the black ppt obtained in
the above test add conc.HNO3
and lead peroxide. Boil, cool
and allow to settle.
Co2+ is confirmed.
Co2+ is confirmed.
Ni2+ is confirmed.
Ni2+ is confirmed.
A black ppt is formed.
Mn2+ is confirmed.
A white ppt is formed.
It turns black or brown.
Mn2+ is confirmed.
Pink-colored solution is
formed.
GROUP-V
EXPERIMENT
O.S + NH4Cl, boil, cool and
add NH4OH in excess, then
add (NH4)2CO3 solution.
OBSERVATION
a) no ppt.
b) a white ppt is formed.
INFERENCE
a) 5th group cations are absent.
b) 5th group cations are
present. May be Ba2+ ,Sr2+ or
Ca2+.
Ba2+ is confirmed.
Ba2+ is confirmed.
Sr2+ is confirmed.
Sr2+ is confirmed.
Ca2+ is confirmed.
Ca2+ is confirmed.
GROUP-VI
EXPERIMENT
C.T for Mg2+:
OBSERVATION
INFERENCE
i) amm.phosphate test:
O.S + solid NH4Cl + NH4OH
solution in slight excess. Add
amm phosphate solution and
scratch the sides of the test
tube with a glass rod.
Mg2+ is confirmed.
RESULT:
The given salt contains ___________ as acid radical(anion) and _____________ as basic
radical (cation). Hence the given salt is _____________.