Electric Power & Machines Dr.

Ahmed El-Shenawy

Electrical Power and Machines

Lecture 1

<Dr Ahmed El-Shenawy>

<Dr Hadi El Helw>

Electric Power & Machines Dr. Ahmed El-Shenawy

Course Contents
Review on electric circuits & Magnetic circuits.
The law of motor and generator action.
DC Motors and DC Generator.
Core Loss, transformer model and regulation.
AC rotating field.
3-phase induction motor.
Synchronous machines.
Single phase and small motors.
Electric power system.
Plant distribution system.
Protective devices and distribution of electricity in
buildings.
System protection & PF correction.

Electric Power & Machines Dr. Ahmed El-Shenawy

Power System Objectives?

Provide energy services
System criteria
Safe
Reliable
Cheap
Clean
any more?

Electric Power & Machines Dr. Ahmed El-Shenawy

Major Elements of Power Systems

Power Plant
Fossil fuel powered
Renewable energy

Transformers
Transmission Lines
Distribution Lines
Protection and Control
Customers

Electric Power & Machines Dr. Ahmed El-Shenawy

Power Systems Components

electric generator
is a device that converts mechanical energy to electrical energy In a
generator, moving a conductor through a stationary magnetic field generates
voltage. If a coil is rotated through a magnetic field as shown, an alternating
voltage will be produced.

Electric Power & Machines Dr. Ahmed El-Shenawy

A transformer is a device that transfers electrical energy from one circuit to another
through inductively coupled conductorsthe transformer's coils. A varying current in
the first or primary winding creates a varying magnetic flux in the transformer's core,
and thus a varying magnetic field through the secondary winding. This varying
magnetic field induces a varying electromotive force (EMF) or "voltage" in the
secondary winding. This effect is called mutual induction.

Electric Power & Machines Dr. Ahmed El-Shenawy

An electric motor uses electrical energy to produce mechanical energy, very typically
through the interaction of magnetic fields and current-carrying conductors.

Electric Power & Machines Dr. Ahmed El-Shenawy

A power cable is an assembly of two or more electrical conductors, usually held

together with an overall sheath. The assembly is used for transmission of electrical
power. Power cables may be installed as permanent wiring within buildings, buried in
the ground, or run overhead.

Electric Power & Machines Dr. Ahmed El-Shenawy

Introduction
The present day machines are based on the electro-magnetic
principles. Though one sees a variety of electrical machines in the
market, the basic fundamental principles of all these are the same. To
understand, design and use these machines the following laws must be
studied.
1. Electric circuit laws - Kirchoffs Laws
2. Magnetic circuit law - Amperes Law
3. Law of electromagnetic induction - Faradays Law

Electric Power & Machines Dr. Ahmed El-Shenawy

Review on electric circuits &

Magnetic circuits
Kirchhoffs Current Law
at every instant of time the sum of the currents flowing into any node of a
circuit must equal the sum of the currents leaving the node,

Electric Power & Machines Dr. Ahmed El-Shenawy

Example: Using Kirchhoffs Current Law. A node of a circuit is shown

with current direction arrows chosen arbitrarily.
Having picked those directions, i1 = 5 A, i2 = 3 A, and i3 = 1 A. Write an
expression for Kirchhoffs current law and solve for i4.

so that

Electric Power & Machines Dr. Ahmed El-Shenawy

Kirchhoffs Voltage Law

the sum of the voltages around any loop of a circuit at any instant is zero.

Electric Power & Machines Dr. Ahmed El-Shenawy

Power
Time rate of expending or absorbing energy

Energy
is the total amount of work done, energy is just the integral of power:

Electric Power & Machines Dr. Ahmed El-Shenawy

Electric Power & Machines Dr. Ahmed El-Shenawy

Series connection
R1
R3

R2

Req

Req R1 R2 R3 RN

i
+

Voltage division:

+
v1

R1

R1
R1 R2
R2
v2 v
R1 R2

v1 v

v
R2

v2
-

Electric Power & Machines Dr. Ahmed El-Shenawy

Parallel connection
R eq

R1R 2
R1 R 2

Current division:

i
+

i1
R1

i2
R2

R2
R1 R2
R1
i2 i
R1 R2

i1 i

Electric Power & Machines Dr. Ahmed El-Shenawy

Three-Phase Circuit
Three sinusoidal voltages form a set of balanced voltages when they have the same
amplitudes and frequency.
These voltages are shifted in phase by 120o with each other
The standard practice is to name those phases by a, b and c and use phase a as
reference.
These voltages represent phase a voltage, phase b voltage and phase voltage.

Electric Power & Machines Dr. Ahmed El-Shenawy

Three-Phase Circuit

Y-connected source

-connected source

Electric Power & Machines Dr. Ahmed El-Shenawy

Three-Phase Circuit

a) a wye-connected load

b) a delta-connected load

Electric Power & Machines Dr. Ahmed El-Shenawy

Three-Phase Circuit

Electric Power & Machines Dr. Ahmed El-Shenawy

Phasor Representation of R,L and C Circuits

Resistance
Both the current and voltage vary sinusoidally, and are in
phase with each other.

The root-meansquare

Electric Power & Machines Dr. Ahmed El-Shenawy

Phasor Representation of R,L and C Circuits

Inductive Reactance

Capacitive Reactance

Electric Power & Machines Dr. Ahmed El-Shenawy

Impedance: RLC Circuits