Professional Documents
Culture Documents
CHAPTER ONE
1. Vectors. Examples and Uses.
i.e.
b
. This means for example, that (3,4)
a
b
(angles being measured as usual counterclockwise
a
!
Its magnitude will be written a . Note that this looks like absolute value. In fact
for real numbers it is. 3 has magnitude 3 (its distance from the origin) because ! 3 = 3.
Saying (3,4) has magnitude 5 is written | (3,4) | = 5 . The arrow over the (3,4) tells us we
are thinking of it as a vector.
!
Note that a is a positive real number and must be distinguished from the vector
!
! !
a itself. It makes little sense to talk about a + a . After all, what does | (3,4) | +5 mean? It
does make sense to talk of 3 + |-3| of course, but this is the exceptional circumstance.
This means, for example that a northerly wind is never equal to an easterly wind,
regardless of their magnitudes.
N
A
45
E
It is easy to confuse the notation with that of early geometry class. There, OA =
! !
! !
!
1. Find i) | AC |
!
ii) | CA |
! !
! !
ii) Does | DE | = | DF | ?
2. i) Does DE = DF ?
! !
e.g. DE = EB
! !
Find x so that i) (x,4) = (3,4)
D
5.
! !
! !
vectors. What is the angle between AB and AC ?
!!!
ii) Yes
3. Yes No
! ! ! ! ! ! ! !
4. AE = EC , DE = EB , AD = BC , AB = DC
5. i) x = 3
ii) x = 4 or 4
150 m.p.h.
50 m.p.h.
Wind
Plane
Draw a diagram so that the plane vector and the wind vector are joined together, as
follows:
Plane 150
50
Wind
The dotted vector represents the addition of the wind
and aeroplane vectors. In fact the plane is flying at
158.1 m.p.h. (Pythagoras) in a direction 18.43 west of
150
Example
To find the addition of the two vectors in the diagram it is best to redraw the diagram as
10
6
Note that the flow of the arrows is continuous.
The addition of these two vectors produces a vector (called a resultant) whose magnitude
is 10 (Pythagoras). The direction of the resultant depends upon the directions of the
original vectors.
Example
To add
redraw as
a
a +b +c
Note that it is important that arrows of a , b and c on the diagram be continuous, i.e. if a
person were to walk from the beginning of a to the end of c he would not be stabbed
i.e.
b
Is not a representation of a + b + c
because the person would be
stabbed at the first corner.
Example
An object is being pulled by 3 forces as in the diagram.
10
45
20
25
Example
B
A
thinking of this is AB = OB ! OA
This is an important idea and will be used often, later on, where O is considered as the
origin.
Exercise 1.2
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
In parallelogram ABCD
B
E
D
Represent each of the following as a single vector.
i) AB + BE
ii) AE + EC
iii) BE + EC
iv) EC + CD + DA
v) BC + EA
vi) AB + AD
vii) DE + BA + EA
viii) AE + DE + BC
6.
True or False?
i) a + b ! a
ii) AB = DC means ABCD is a parallelogram
iii) a + b = a + c means b = c
iv) a + b > a + b
v) . (a + b) + c = a + (b + c)
10
7.
E
OAGCFEDB is a cube.
G
A
O
i) Yes
ii) Yes
iii) No
4.
5.
i) AE
ii) AC
vii) CA
viii) AC
6.
i) False
7.
i) OC
iii) BC
iv) EA
v) BE vi) AC
ii) True
iii) True
iv) True
v) True
ii) OF
iii) OF
iv) EB
v) EB
11
Example
Parallelogram ABCD
Here
A
E
AB = !CD
1
DE = DB
2
1
AE = AC
2
1
EC = ! CA
2
Example
Here
1
1
AB = ! BA
2
2
1
MN = BC
2
AM =
When subtracting vectors it is best to think of adding (-1) times the vector, e.g.
AB ! CB means AB + (!1)CB which is AB + BC i.e. AC .
Example
A
AB ! CB = AB + BC = AC
C
B
12
Example
A
ABCD is a parallelogram.
1
i) AB ! DB = AB ! EB = AB + BE = AE.
2
ii)
D
BC ! DC + ED = BC + CD + ED
1
3
= BD + ED = BD + BD = BD
2
2
Exercise 1.3
A
1.
AB and AC only.
2.
E
OAGCFEDB is a cube.
i) Express GO in terms of OA, OB, OC
ii) Express CD in terms of OA, OB, OC
G
A
O
13
3.
M is the mid-point of AE
q
i) Express BM in terms of p, q, r, s
p
E
M
4.
A
Let OA = a , let OB = b . C,D are mid-points
of AB, OC respectively.
a
C
i) Express AB in terms of a and b
ii)
14
5.
O
R bisects PQ. PS =
1
PQ
3
Let OP = p , OQ = q
6.
B
A
C
ABCD is a parallelogram
Let AD = p , DC = q
F is the mid-point of BC
Express the following in terms of p and q
A
D
7.
i) AC
ii) BD
iii) DB
vi) ED
v) FD
vi) FE
8.
True or False?
i) 2a = 2 a
ii) ! 3a = 3 a
iii) a + b " a ! b
iv) a + b = a ! b implies b is the zero vector
15
v) ma = n b implies a =
n
b (assume m 0)
m
vi) ma + n b = pc implies a +
n
p
b = c (assume m 0)
m
m
vii) a + b = a + c implies b = c
viii) r a + s a = (r + s) a for any scalars r and s
9.
1
a
a?
1
a
a+
a+
1
b
1
b
b =2
b = 2
11.
D,E,F are the mid-points of the sides BC, AC and AB respectively in triangle
ABC. Show that AF + BD + EA equals the zero vector, i.e. has magnitude
zero.
12.
13.
14.
!
a
!
b
16
1.
1
1
AC ! AB
2
2
2.
! OA ! OC, OA + OB + OC
3.
i)
4.
i)
b!a
ii)
1
1
a+ b
4
4
5.
i)
1
1
p+ q
2
2
ii)
2
1
p+ q
3
3
6.
i)
p+q
ii)
p!q
iv)
1
1
p! q
2
2
v)
1
1
1
1
p+ q + r + s
2
2
2
2
ii)
1
1
1
1
p+ q + r ! s
2
2
2
2
iii)
iii)
1
p!q
2
q!p
1
vi) ! q
2
7.
!
2b
!
b
!
a
!
a
8.
i)T
ii) T
9.
i) 1
ii) 0 iii) 90
10.
15
13.
Trapezoid, parallelogram
!2 !2
a + b = a + b + 2a b cos!
14.
a !b =
iii)F
iv) F
!2 !2
a + b ! 2a b cos"
v) T
vi) T
vii)T viii)T
1
1
p! q
6
6
17
B
E
! AE + EB = EC + DE
! AB = DE + EC = DC
! ABCD is a parallelogram.
Example
To prove that the line segment joining the mid-points of two sides of a triangle is
parallel to the third side and equal in length to one half of it.
18
A
Given !ABC with D,E mid-points of
AB and AC respectively.
E
D
DE = DA + AE
1
1
= BA + AC
2
2
1
= (BA + AC)
2
1
= BC
2
19
i.e.
PQ
= ! . This means that PQ = !PR
PR
Note : OQ = OP+ PQ
= OP+ !PR
= OP+ !(OR " OP)
= !OR + (1" !) OP
3
3 2
3
: then PQ = PR (i.e. ! = ) and hence
5
5 5
5
3
2
OQ = OR + OP.
5
5
3
multiplies OR (not OP as one might at first think) i.e. there
5
is a cross-over effect of the scalars. A good way to think of this is to imagine ! as being
nearly equal to 1
e.g. let ! =
7
. Q is then close to R.
8
1
Q 8 R
7
8
20
1
1
OP + OR
2
2
Note that the converse is also true; namely that if OQ = mOP + n OR where m + n = 1
then P, Q, R are collinear. Furthermore if m or n is negative the converse statement is still
true. For example, if OQ = 3OP ! 2OR then this can be easily rearranged to
1
2
OP = OQ + OR . It is best to do this because this rearrangement avoids all difficulties
3
3
related to external division and immediately tells you that P is the point which is between
the other two.
Exercise 1.5
1. If AC +
2
3
DA = AB find out which three points are collinear and which point is
5
5
4
7
3
7
Z
Write OY in terms of OX and OZ
!!!"
!!!"
!!!"
3. 3OP = mOR ! 2OQ. Find m, a scalar, so that P, Q, R are collinear. Determine
which point is between the other two.
21
4.
A
F,D are mid-points of AB, CF
respectively. CE: EB =
F
1 3
: .
4 4
Let AC = a and AB = b
D
B
C
ii) DE
1
5. OP = 2OA + OR and OA = mOQ + n OR
2
8. Convince yourself that if O,P,Q, R are four points such that P, Q, R are collinear,
then mOP + n OQ + pOR = O where m + n + p = 0.
22
9.
D
C
OG =
1
1
1
1
OA + OB + OC + OD
4
4
4
4
1
(OA 1 + OA 2 + ....OA n ) where A1, A2, A3 An is a
n
regular n-gon whose centroid is G and where O is any point. Does it make any
difference if the n-gon is not regular?
23
3
4
OX + OZ
7
7
3. m = 5. P R Q
4. i)
1
3
a! b
2
4
ii)
1
a . DE is parallel to AC.
4
1
4
5. m + n =
6. Because OR =
1
5
OP + OQ.
6
6
5 1
:
6 6
12. i) True
ii) Yes, conjecture is now false. (You might like to think about the
5
6
2
5
and
BE: EA =
D
F
1 5
:
6 6
1
6
2 3
:
5 5
24
Method
In equations and we equate the scalars of a and b separately then we would have a
solution for m and n. Later on we shall see that this is the only solution.
i.e.
5
m = 1 n (equating scalars of b in and )
6
and 1 m =
3
n (equating scalars of a in and )
5
4 1
:
5 5
1 2
:
3 3
1
4
and m = .
3
5
25
Exercise 1.6
1.
A
3
5
4
7
3 2
4 3
:
and AE:EB = :
5 5
7 7
3
7
2
5
Find i) BF:FD
ii) CF: FE
2.
A
In triangle ABC, D and E are on AC
and AB respectively so that D is the
mid-point of AC and BE:EA =
E
1 2
:
3 3
D
F
C
Find
i) BF:FD
and
ii) CF:FE
26
D
F
B
i) Prove that CF: FE =
C
2 1
2 1
: and BF: FD = :
3 3
3 3
ii) Join AF and extend to point G on BC. Show that AG is a median and hence
deduce medians of a triangle are concurrent.
6. True or False? ( means implies)
i) a = b a = b
ii) a + b = b + a
iii) a = b a = b
iv) a ! b = b ! a
v) a + b = a ! b
vi) a = m b a and b are parallel
vii) ( AB = BC and AD = BC) ABCD is a rhombus
viii) m( a ! b ) = ma ! m b
ix) a ! (b ! c) = (a ! b) + c
27
B
ABCD is a square. E, F are mid-points
of AB and AD respectively.
Find DP: PE.
F
P
8. Three forces act on a body so that it is in equilibrium (i.e. resultant is zero vector).
The magnitude of the forces are 7, 3, and 8 units. Find the angle between lines of
directions of the smallest and largest force.
9.
A
In the diagram, F is the mid-point of
2
3
EC and BE: EA =
1
2
D
F
1
3
1
2
1 2
:
3 3
28
10.
A
B
ABCDEF is a regular hexagon.
CD = x and DE = y
x
E
1. i)
15 8
:
23 23
ii)
14 9
:
23 23
2. i)
1 1
:
2 2
ii)
3 1
:
4 4
3. m = 3, P R Q.
6. i)F
ii) T
iii) T iv) T
7.
2 3
:
5 5
8. 120
9.
2 1
3 1
: and :
3 3
4 4
10. 2 x ! 2 y
v) F
vi) T
1 2
:
3 3
x) T
xi) T