Pendekatan dan Metode

Kualitatif
DK Sunjaya

 8 9: Pengantar Teori
9- 10: Praktik Wawancara
10-11: Praktik Transkripsi
11-15: Praktik Analisis: Coding,
Cathegory, Theme, Theory, Display
15-16: Praktik Penulisan Hasil

Paradigma

Interpretivism/
Constructivism
Naturalistic
Post
Positivisme
Postitivisme
Modernisme
Trial & Error
Otoritas & Tradisi
Spekulasi &
Argumentasi

Post
modernisme

Kekuatan Kata-kata

Contoh Pengalaman 1
Pengaruh kegiatan outreach dalam
program harm reduction terhadap perilaku
berisiko tertular HIV AIDS pada penasun
di Kota Bandung, Cimahi dan Kabupaten
Sumedang
Tesis mahasiswa S2 IKM
2010

Latar Belakang
AIDS di Indonesia: 16 964 kasus (Maret 2009)
Penasun : 42 %

STBP (2007)

4 Kota: 43 sd 56 % penasun HIV

< 30 % penasun mengikuti VCT
Hubungan sex: pasangan tetap, tidak tetap, WPS
Hubungan sex tanpa kondom

Harm reduction : pendekatan pragmatis dan

humanistik mengurangi kerusakan secara individu
maupun sosial
Outreach: komponen utama HR

Rumusan Masalah
Bagaimana kegiatan penjangkauan dan
pendampingan (outreach) dalam pogram
harm reduction berpengaruh terhadap
perubahan perilaku (menyuntik dan
hubungan seks) penasun
Bagaimana gambaran pencapaian tujuan dan
program harm reduction dalam merubah
perilaku berisiko penasun terhadap
penularan HIV-AIDS (baik kepada diri sendiri,
pasangan maupun orang lain)

Metode

Mixed method
Kuantitatif: cross sectional, instrumen
Kualitatif: FGD, in depth interview
Single study

Contoh Hasil
....responden menggunakan napza pada
usia 18 tahun ....
.. Rata-rata informan memakai napza
pada saat SLTP dengan menggunakan
ganja dan minuman beralkohol.
... Sejak SMP kelas 3.... Sebelum PT
menggunakan ganja dari temen-temen.
Pakai PT sejak kelas 1 SMA.....

 Heroin/putaw dan subutex/suboxon juga

masih merupakan jenis napza yang paling
banyak digunakan yaitu masing-masing
oleh 84 % dan 78 % responden. Namun
dari sisi frekuensi pengunaan, dalam
setahun lebih sering menggunakan
subutex (61%) dibanding putaw (31%)

.. Disuntik itu sebenarnya lebih enak sih

pak .... Cuman seringnya ritualnya....

Konsistensi penggunaan kondom

Hubungan
sex

selalu

sering

kadang2

Tidak pernah

Dg pasangan
tetap

32 %

3%

37 %

23 %

Dg pasangan
tidak tetap

40 %

7%

35 %

18 %

Dg PSK
(membeli)

50 %

15 %

18 %

18 %

Dg PSK
(menjual)

18 %

9%

27 %

45 %

rata2 35 %

8%

29 %

26 %

 ... Kadang-kadang, kadang liat dulu

ceweknya, apa pernah dengan orang lain
apa belum. Kalo belum ya ga pake
kondom.....
.. Kalau jarum tumpul ..juga pernah
kebablasan pak. Waktu itu main sama teman
berdua, terus ... Yah jajan , gitu. Kebetulan
engga bawa sarungnya, gitu. Karena sudah
kepingin, yah kejadian engga kuat...

Peta Konsep: Pengaruh outreach terhadap perilaku berisiko penasun

dengan tema motivasi dan faktor pendukung perubahan perilaku
Peran
sebaya

Role Model

Peran
Keluarga

Peran
Gender
Tekanan
Kelompok

Perilaku
Risiko

Perilaku
Kelompok

Kebersamaan

solidaritas

Penggunaa
n Napza
suntik dan
sex aman

Perubahan
Perilaku
Penasun

Keterbukaa
n

Kesadaran
Kolektif

Pembelajaran
Positif

Types of Qualitative Inquiry

Grounded Theory
Systematic generation of theory from data
that has been empirically collected &
analyzed (Glasser & Strauss, 1967)
creation of theory that is based on data
from fieldwork
Rich in meaning
Relatively inexpensive to use

 Intent : generate new insight by discovering the

social reality of those whose actions combine to
impact a given set of human phenomena
Can be used in any form of Qualitative inquiry
Embraces the perspective of multiple reality
Seeks to understand how interpretative meanings are
constructed

Can be found in Case study, action research,

ethnography

Methodology
Prolonged field engagement ( > 1 year)

Techniques : participant observation,

informal interviewing, document
examination
Note : GT is a process and a product of
of Qualitative methodology

Process: (Eagan 2002)

1. Initiation of the research

2. Data selection
3. Initiation of data collection
4. Data analysis
5. Concluding the research

 Aspects of the methodology (Hansen 2005)

Constant Comparison analysis

Iterative, repetitive, and replete with comparisons
New data are compared with existing data, new theoretical hunch is
compared with yesterdays idea

Coding and Categorical development

Coding : process of simultaneously reducing the data by dividing it into
units of analysis and identifying each conceptual units
Category : modified and organized into sets

Theoretical Sampling
form of sampling is not random and is not based o statistical probability
Purposefully design to pursue data collection to support categorical
development to the point of concept saturation, which occurs when the
data are stable and the pattern unlikely to change

Generating knowledge using GT research :

Theory must fit the topic of study
Must be understandable to the study s
informants as well as to those who
research and practice in that area
Must be general and abstract enough to
be generalized to a broader theory and
applicable to a variety of setting
Should provide control of action by
proposing relationship among concepts

Sunjaya (2008) :
Action research 2005 -2008
How Dinas Kesehatan Kota (public
organization) respon to a new rule (driving
force)

CHANGE

CHANGE

Support

Change

Driving
Forces

Shared
Vision

Vision

Ethnography
Thick description
An insightful comment that captures both
the value of descriptive methods, as well
as the multiple layers of meaning captured
by naturalistic, empathetic research
methods.

 Village-centered ethnography
Colonial administrator

to present a usefull accounting of the customs and modes of

live hood of indigenous peoples that had become the
administrator responsibilities
Explorers report : too superficial
Missionaries narratives: too colored by their own biases

Live among the villagers, eat their food, converse with

their elders in the local patois and participate in their
ritual
Deep hanging out
Doing nothing
Interfere as little as possible

Organizational ethnography

Model (Sengir et al 2004)

Develop research design
Collect data
Analyze data
Validate data
Develop typology
Validate typology
Final write up

Phenomenology
Seeks understanding of the meanings and
essence of experience rather than
explanation or measurement
Emphasizes the wholeness of experience
rather its objects or parts

 Phenomenological theory building

creates new understandings of what
experiences mean to individual who have
had them
Since phenomenology enables
comprehensive description and
understanding , particularly of novel or
unique experiences, it can be used for
theoretical explanation

 Phenomenological researcher must be

completely open, receptive and naiv in hearing
research participants describe their experiences
Phenomenology relies on intuition, imagination,
and openness for obtaining a picture of the
dynamics of the experience
It should not be used to create knowledge for
universal structures, standardization or
generalization

Historical Research
Process of systematically examining past events
to give an account of what has happened in the
past
Not a mere accumulation of facts and dates or
even a description past events
A flowing, dynamic account of past events that
involves an interpretation of the events in an
attempt to recapture the nuances, personalities
and ideas that influenced these events

 Goal :
communicate an understanding of past events

Reasons :
Uncover the unknown
Answer question
Identify the relationship that the past has to
present
Record and evaluate the accomplishment of
individuals, agencies or institutions
Assist in understanding the culture in which
we live

 Methodology :
Identification of the research topic and
formulation of the research problem or
question
Data collection or literature review
Evaluation of material
Data synthesis
Report preparation

Case Study
An empirical inquiry that investigates a
contemporary phenomenon within its real
context, especially when the boundary
between phenomenon and context are not
clearly evident (Yin2003)

Characteristic
Bounded
Embedded
Multivariate
Multimethod
Multidiciplinary
Multisite

Design
Identifying the problem, purpose and research
questions
Using literature
Selecting and bounding the case
Designing the study
Considering issues of validity and reliability in
designing case study research
Collecting the data
Analyzing the data
Integrating the study findings

Action research
Label for a way of conducting social
science that linked the generation of
theory to changing a social system trough
action
Method qualitative (prominent),
quantitative

Critical steps :
Initiating and Organizing the project :
Defining the problem and research question
Defining the roles and relationship among
those actively engaged in AR process and
entering the system
Deciding on how the problem will be studied
and choosing methods that will provide the
data necessary for answering the research
question

 Implementing the project

Gathering and interpreting the data trough
an appropriate analysis process
Identifying appropriate and meaningful
actions
Deciding on how the findings should be
disseminated and used

Regulation Function Planned Change

District Health Office
Case Bandung and Yogyakarta

Deni K Sunjaya

Survey

interview

Observasi

Kota Bandung

Document review

Action research

Document review

interview

Observasi

Kota Yogya
DIY

Case study Characteristic

Bounded : organization DHO Regulation
Function; organizational change
Embedded : (local) Health system
Multivariate : Man, culture, system
Multimethod : Action research,
quantitative, qualitative
Multidiciplinary : Management, Policy, Law
Multisite :Bandung, Yogya

Unfreezing

Pengumpulan
data

Umpan
balik

Diagnosis
bersama

Rencana
Aksi
bersama

Identifikasi
Masalah

Movement

Implementasi

Perubahan
Terencana;
Model Action
Research

Pengumpulan
data

Pelembagaan

refreezing

Supervision

Transformation
Evolution

Maximalis

Minimalis

Inertia

Ikes
Kandep

Merger
Kandep/
dinkes

New Dinkes

CHANGE

CHANGE

Support

Change

Driving
Forces

Shared
Vision

Vision

Praktik Wawancara

Praktik Transkripsi
Buat format
Tik semua hasil wawancara
Reduksi

Pengump
ulan Data
Display

Reduksi

Kesimpulan
drawing/ver
ifikasi

Miles -Hubbermann

Praktik Analisis
Coding
Cathegorizing
Penyusunan Tema
Content Analysis
Developping Theory

Praktik Penulisan Hasil

Kontek penelitian
Penulisan Hasil

Qualitative Research
Kate Seers
EBP: a Primer for Health Care
Professionals
Elsevier, 2005

The hammer and the nail

Problem

Question

Most
appropriate
approach

Qualitative Research
Concentrates on:
Peoples experiences, attitudes and beliefs
Perceptions of a situation
Aims:
to generate an UNDERSTANDING of what
is going on in an everyday setting

Q R can be used to:

generate NEW THEORY
Describe a POINT OF VIEW
Develop INSTRUMENTs
Illustrate MEANINGS
SENSITISE readers
Try to UNDERSTAND phenomena

 ...appropiate when we want to understand

perception, motives, and actions of
individuals and organizations
...involves conceptual development and
analysis of underlying patterns
.. Is not the opposite of quantitative research
.. Is not just a set of techniques for collecting
descriptive data
... Has a theoretical foundation
.. knowledge generated from qualitative
reasearch is to be seen as LEGITIMATE

 ....is concerned with the NEGOTIATION

and CONSTRUCTION of MEANINGs in
social interaction

Quanti, Quali, Mixed:

Asking a clear question
Using a sensible methodology to answer
question
Ensuring rigorous and systematic data
collection and analysis
Explaining and interpreting the data
Ensuring conclusions follow from the data

 Phenomenology: how people see their

world
Grounded theory: generate theory from
data
Ethnography: behavior within a culture
Hermeneutics: create a dialogue where
participants and observers meanings and
interpretation interact, producing a new
understanding
Critical theory: increase peoples
understanding of their situation and initiate
change. Eg. Action reasearch

E.g. Grounded theory:

Womens experiences of early motherhood
Becoming mother a mother was a difficult,
multifactorial process
Cathegories:

Being overwhelmed
Being unready
Feeling drained
Feeling alone
Experiencing a feeling of loss and gaining
confidence

Supporting women by health care

professionals

Karakteristik Kualitatif
Creswell 2009

Natural setting
Researcher as key instrument
Multiple source of Data
Inductive data analysis
Participants meaning
Emerging design
Theoretical lens
Interpretive
Holistic account

Instrumen Penelitian
Peneliti sebagai instrumen utama
Pedoman Wawancara
Tergantung teknik pengumpulan data:
wawancara terstruktur/ tidak terstruktur,
FGD, studi dokumen, observasi/ obs.
Partisipan
3 s/d 4 pertanyaan utama, 4 s/d 5 anak
pertanyaan
Ingat trustworthiness