Constitutive Properties

Unit Strength Method

Compressive strength:
A. Prism testing (ASTM C1314): Two unit high prism with full bedding
B. Unit strength method: Spec Table 1 and Table 2
Modulus of Elasticity (1.8.2.2.1):
Clay: Em 700 f m
CMU: Em 900 f m

Grout:

E g 500 f g

Masonry
Type

Unit Strength
(psi)

Clay

8000

C
Concrete

1900

Prism Strength (psi)

Modulus of Elasticity (psi)

M or S
mortar

N mortar
t

M or S
mortar

N mortar
t

2930

2440

2.05x106

1.70x106

1350

1.35x106

1.22x106

1500

Chord modulus from 5% to 33% of fm

Strength design requires prism strength of 1500 psi (3.1.8.1.1)

Shear Modulus (1.8.2.2.2):

Creep (1.8.6):

Ev 0.4 Em

Clay: 0.7x10-7/psi

0.25

CMU: 2.5x10-7/psi

Constitutive Properties

Constitutive Properties

Prism Testing - C1314

Example

1. Build 2-unit high stack bond prism. Can be half units.

2. Prism is sealed in moisture-tight bag until 2 days before testing.
3. Grouting (if performed) is done between 24 and 48 hours after prism
construction.
4. Do not disturb or move prisms for first 48 hours. Strap or clamp
prisms during transport.
5. Cap with sulfur or high-strength gypsum cement. Age caps 2 hours
before testing. Average thickness of cap 1/8 in.
6. Use bearing plate with thickness distance from edge of spherical
bearing to most distant corner of prism.
7. Align centroidal axes of prism with center of thrust of testing machine.
8. Correct strength for hp/tp ratio (hp = height or prism; tp = least lateral
dimension).
dimension)
hp/tp
Correction factor

1.3

3.0

1.5

2.0

2.5

4.0

5.0

0 75 0.86
0.75
0 86

10
1.0

1 04 1.07
1.04
1 07 1.15
1 15 1.22
1 22

Given: 10 ft high wall built with Type S mortar and is subjected to a

compressive load of 300 psi.
Required: Long term deformation of a CMU and of a clay masonry wall
Item
El ti Strain
Elastic
St i
Creep Strain

CMU

Clay Masonry

-300psi/1.35x10
300 i/1 35 106psi=
i
-0.000222

-300psi/2.05x10
300 i/2 05 106psi=
i
-0.000146

-300psi(2.5x10-7/psi) =
-0.000075

-300psi(0.7x10-7/psi) =
-0.000021

0.5(-3.3x10-4) = -0.000165

Shrinkage Strain
Moisture Expansion

0.000300

Total Strain

-0.000462

+0.000133

Deformation of wall

-0.055 inch

+0.016 inch

Total differential movement about 1/16 inch

Constitutive Properties

Constitutive Properties

Reinforcing Steel
Designation

Diameter (in)

Area (in2)

W1.1 (11 gage)

W1.7
W1
7 (9 gage)
W2.1 (8 gage)
W2.8 (3/16 wire)
W4.9 (1/4 wire)

0.121
0 148
0.148
0.162
0.187
0.250

0.011
0.017
0
017
0.020
0.027
0.049

#3
#4
#5
#6
#7
#8
#9
#10
#11

0.375
0
375
0.500
0.625
0.750
0 875
0.875
1.000
1.128
1.270
1 410
1.410

0 11
0.11
0.20
0.31
0.44
0 60
0.60
0.79
1.00
1.27
1 56
1.56

Development Length (2.1.9.3, 3.3.3.3)

Joint reinforcement: (1.15.2.3)

>W1.1 (adequate crack control)
1/2 joint thickness (free flow of
mortar around wire)
Joint reinforcement cover (1.15.4.2)
1/2 in
i nott exposed
d tto weather
th
5/8 in exposed to weather

Two bars may be bundled (1.15.3.4)

2-#3 can replace a #4; 2-#4 give 90% of
area of #6

lde

0.13d b2 f y
K f m

K = min{masonry cover, clear spacing between adjacent bars, 5db}

=1.0 (#3 - #5)

=1.3 (#6, #7)

=1.5 (#8, #9; #10, #11 ASD)

Reinforcing bar cover (1.15.4.1)

(1 15 4 1)
11/2 in not exposed to weather
11/2 in exposed to weather, #5
or smaller
2 in exposed to weather,
larger than #5

Strength design prohibits bundling (3.3.3.6)

Constitutive Properties

Constitutive Properties

Development Length
Bar Size

Hooks
Allowable stress design (2.1.9.5.1)
Hook provides equivalent tensile embedment of 11.25db.

Development Length (in)

8 in
in. CMU

12 in
in. CMU

15

15

20

20

25

25

43*

39

59*

46

91*

60

118*

73*

Strength design (3.3.3.2)

H k provides
Hook
id equivalent
i l t ttensile
il embedment
b d
t off 13db.

12db
4db, 2.5 in minimum

fm = 1500 psi, fy=60 ksi, bars centered in wall

* denotes K is controlled by masonry cover
Constitutive Properties

Constitutive Properties

Splices

Mechanical Splices

Splice length = development length, minimum of 12 in. (2.1.9.7.1.1,

3.3.3.4(a))

Welded splice,
splice develop 1
1.25f
25fy (2.1.9.7.2,
(2 1 9 7 2 3
3.3.3.4(b))
3 3 4(b))
Mechanical splice, develop 1.25fy (2.1.9.7.3, 3.3.3.4(c))

Zap Screwlock

Noncontact splices: (2.1.9.7.1.2,

(2 1 9 7 1 2 3
3.3.3.3.1)
3 3 3 1) Spaced transversely no
more than 1/5 lap length or 8 in.

BPI Barsplicer; uses standard

coarse threads on rebar

L
Lenton
S
Standard
d d
Couplers; uses
patented taper
threads
Cadweld exothermic
welded splices;
internally grooved
sleeve is filled with
CADWELD filler
material.

Constitutive Properties

Embedded Conduits, Pipes, and Sleeves

(1 19 2)
(1.19.2)
Space not more than 3 diameters on center
Should not displace more than 2% of cross
section in columns and pilasters
Do not embed aluminum unless coated
Electrical fields from conduits make the
problem worse

Constitutive Properties

11

BPI Grip System; hydraulic press

cold-swages coupling onto bar

Constitutive Properties

10