Bridge Decks -- New

Construction and
Overlays
(Fly Ash and Silica Fume
Combination)

Project:
Bridge Deck Construction
New York State DOT
High-Performance Concrete
Requirements:
Resist chloride ion penetration
Minimize cracking

Concrete Mixture:
Portland cement
Fly ash
Silica fume
w/cm
Slump
Air
Wet cure

500 lb/yd3
135 lb/yd3
40 lb/yd3
0.40
3-4 inches
6.5 %
7 days

Concrete Performance:
Rapid chloride
permeability:

< 1,600 coulombs

Compressive strength,
28 days:

> 5,400 psi

Results indicated that Class HP decks

performed better than previously specified
concrete in resisting both longitudinal and
transverse cracking.

Project:
Bridge Deck Construction
New York State DOT
High-Performance Concrete
Requirements:
Resist chloride ion penetration
Minimize cracking

Concrete Mixture:
Portland cement
Fly ash
Silica fume
w/cm
Slump
Air
Wet cure

300 kg/m3
80 kg/m3
25 kg/m3
0.40
75-100 mm
6.5 %
7 days
SI

Concrete Performance:
Rapid chloride
permeability:

< 1,600 coulombs

Compressive strength,
28 days:

> 37 MPa

Results indicated that Class HP decks

performed better than previously specified
concrete in resisting both longitudinal and
transverse cracking.

SI

Bridge Deck Overlay

(High Silica Fume Content)

Project:
Bridge Deck Overlay, Ohio DOT
Beverly, Ohio
Requirements:
Resist chloride ion penetration
4,500 psi at 28 days
RCP < 1,000 coulombs

Concrete Mixture:
Portland cement, Type I
Silica fume
w/cm
Slump
Air
HRWRA
WRA, Type D

700 lb/yd3
70 lb/yd3
0.36
4-8 in.
6-10%
20 fl oz/cwt
3 fl oz/cwt

Concrete Performance:
Rapid chloride
permeability

600 coulombs

Compressive strength,
28 days
7,000 psi

Project:
Bridge Deck Overlay, Ohio DOT
Beverly, Ohio
Requirements:
Resist chloride ion penetration
31 MPa at 28 days
RCP < 1,000 coulombs

Concrete Mixture:
Portland cement, Type I 415 kg/m3
Silica fume
41.5 kg/m3
w/cm
0.36
Slump
100-200 mm
Air
6-10%
HRWRA
1.3L/100 kg
WRA, Type D
165 ml/100 kg

Concrete Performance:
Rapid chloride
permeability

Compressive strength,
28 days

600 coulombs

48 MPa

Parking Structure

Project:
Parking Structure
General Mitchell Airport
Milwaukee, Wisconsin
Requirements:
Resist chloride ion penetration
2,000 psi at 36 hours
5,700 psi at 56 days

Concrete Mixture:
Portland cement, Type I
Fly ash, Class C
Silica fume
w/cm
WRA
Slump, maximum

565 lb/yd3
100 lb/yd3
39 lb/yd3
0.35
12 fl oz/yd3
9 in.

Additional WRA and HRWRA in SF slurry

Concrete Performance:

Compressive strength,
36 hours:

> 2,000 psi

Cores taken at 2 - 10 months averaged

< 1,000 coulombs
Slump used:

6 - 7.5 in.

Project:
Parking Structure
General Mitchell Airport
Milwaukee, Wisconsin
Requirements:
Resist chloride ion penetration
14 MPa at 36 hours
40 MPa at 56 days

Concrete Mixture:
Portland cement, Type I
Fly ash, Class C
Silica fume
w/cm
WRA
Slump, maximum

335 kg/m3
60 kg/m3
17 kg/m3
0.35
440 mL/m3
230 mm

Additional WRA and HRWRA in SF slurry

Concrete Performance:
Compressive strength,
36 hours

> 14 MPa

Cores taken at 2 - 10 months averaged

< 1,000 coulombs
Slump used:

150- 90 mm

High-Rise Columns

Project:
Key Bank Tower
Cleveland, Ohio
Requirements:
High ultimate strength, > 12,000 psi
High modulus, > 6,800,000 psi
Pumpable, 57 stories

Concrete Mixture:
Portland cement, Type I
GGBFS
Silica fume
w/cm
Slump, minimum
HRWRA
WRA, Type A

685 lb/yd3
285 lb/yd3
80 lb/yd3
0.24
10 in.
30-50 fl oz/cwt
4 fl oz/cwt

Concrete Performance:
Modulus

> 7,000,000 psi

Compressive strength,
28 days
56 days

> 14,000 psi

> 15,000 psi

Project:
Key Bank Tower
Cleveland, Ohio
Requirements:

High ultimate strength, > 83 MPa

High modulus, > 47 GPa
Pumpable, 57 stories

Concrete Mixture:
Portland cement, Type I
GGBFS
Silica fume
w/cm
Slump, minimum
HRWRA
WRA, Type A

406 kg/m3
169 kg/m3
47 kg/m3
0.24
250 mm
2.0-3.3 L/100 kg
260 mL/100 kg

Concrete Performance:
Modulus

> 48 GPa

Compressive strength,
28 days
56 days

> 97 MPa
> 103 MPa

HPC Bridge

Project:
I-25 and Yale Bridge, Colorado DOT
Denver, Colorado
Requirements:
Reduced number of spans with
shallow superstructure depth
Compressive strength: 10,000 psi

Concrete Mixture:
Portland cement, Type I 730 lb/yd3
Silica fume
35 lb/yd3
w/cm
0.29
HRWRA
44-131 fl oz/yd3
WRA
15-58 fl oz/yd3

Project:
I-25 and Yale Bridge, Colorado DOT
Denver, Colorado
Requirements:
Reduced number of spans with
shallow substructure depth
Compressive strength: 69 MPa

Concrete Mixture:
Portland cement, Type I
Silica fume
w/cm
HRWRA
WRA

433 kg/m3
21 kg/m3
0.29
1.7-5.1 L/m3
0.6-2.2 L/m3

Shotcrete
Rehabilitation

Project:
Seismic Retrofit
Littlerock Dam, California
Requirements:
Provide adequate seismic stability
for maximum credible earthquake
Compressive strength of 6,000 psi
at 28 days in a 4-in. thick overlay

Concrete Mixture:
Portland cement, Type I
Silica fume
Steel fibers
w/cm
Slump

682 lb/yd3
70 lb/yd3
100 lb/yd3
0.45
2-4 in.

Concrete Performance:
Compressive strength, cores,
> 21 days, average
7,300 psi
Pulloff testing of cores satisfied project
requirements of 150 psi
Average shotcrete thickness: 4.7 in.

Project:
Seismic Retrofit
Littlerock Dam, California
Requirements:
Provide adequate seismic stability
for maximum credible earthquake
Compressive strength of 41 MPa at
28 days in a 100-mm thick overlay

Concrete Mixture:
Portland cement, Type I
Silica fume
Steel fibers
w/cm
Slump

405 kg/m3
41 kg/m3
60 kg/m3
0.45
50 - 100 mm

Concrete Performance:
Compressive strength, cores,
> 28 days, average
> 50 MPa
Pulloff testing of cores satisfied project
requirements of 1.0 MPa
Average shotcrete thickness: 119 mm

HPC Constructability

Project:
Canister Storage Building
Hanford Nuclear Site, WA
Requirements:
Ease of placement
Temperature control of mass concrete
High early strength for stripping
High durability

Concrete Mixture:
Portland cement, Type I
Fly ash, Class F
Silica fume
w/cm
Slump
HRWRA
Mid-range WRA

391 lb/yd3
150 lb/yd3
60 lb/yd3
0.37
8 in.
150 fl oz/yd3
60 fl oz/yd3

Concrete Performance:
Concrete temperature,
as delivered
in place

< 70 deg F
< 100 deg F

Compressive strength,
28 days
90 days

> 6,300 psi

> 7,500 psi

Concrete Mixture:
Portland cement, Type I
Fly ash, Class F
Silica fume
w/cm
Slump
HRWRA
Mid-range WRA

232 kg/m3
89 kg/m3
36 kg/m3
0.37
200 mm
5.8 L/m3
2.3 L/m3

Concrete Performance:
Concrete temperature,
as delivered
in place

< 21 deg C
< 38 deg C

Compressive strength,
28 days
90 days

> 43 MPa
> 52 MPa