where:

?MiI is mass of component I in gridblock i

?qijI is the interblock flow rate of component I from neighbor block j to block
i
?qiI is a well term
With transposition, this equation is represented by fiI = 0, the Ith equation of
gridblock i. All n equations fiI = 0 for the block can be expressed as the vect
or equation Fi = 0 where fiI is the Ith element of the vector Fi. Finally, the v
ector equation
RTENOTITLE....................(2)
represents the entire model, where the ith element of the vector F is Fi. F is a
function of the N vector unknowns Pi, where the Ith scalar element of Pi is PiI
. Application of the Newton-Raphson method gives
RTENOTITLE....................(3)
where dP is Pl +1 Pl and the N N matrix A represents the Jacobian ?F/?P. The eleme
nt Aij of A is itself an n n matrix ?Fi/?Pj with scalar elements ars = ?fir /?Pj
s, r and s each = 1,2,..., n. Eq. 3 is solved by the model s linear solver. The ma
trix A is very sparse because Aij is 0 unless block j is a neighbor of block i.
The calculations for a timestep consist of a number of Newton (nonlinear or oute
r) iterations terminated by satisfaction of specified convergence criteria. Each
Newton iteration requires:
?Linearization of the constraint equations and conservation Eq. 1.
?Linear algebra to generate the A matrix coefficients.
?Iterative solution of Eq. 3 (inner or linear iterations).
?Use of the new iterate Pl+1 to obtain from Eq. 1 the moles of each component in
the gridblock.
?A flash to give phase compositions, densities, and saturations which allow gene
ration of the A matrix coefficients for the next Newton iteration.
Model formulations
A major portion of the model s total CPU time is often spent in the linear solver
solution of Eq. 3. This CPU time in turn reflects the many multiply operations r
equired. The model formulation has a large effect on the nature and expense of t
hose multiplies.
Implicit vs. explicit
The interblock flow term in Eq. 1,
RTENOTITLE....................(4)
uses phase mobilities, densities, and mol fractions evaluated at the upstream bl
ocks. A gridblock is implicit in, say, the variable Sg if the new time level val
ue Sgn+1 is used to evaluate interblock flow terms dependent upon it. The block
is explicit in Sg if the old time level value Sgn is used.
The implicit formulation
The implicit formulation[16] expresses interblock flow terms using implicit (new
time level) values of all variables in all gridblocks. As a consequence, all no
nzero Aij elements of the A matrix of Eq. 3 are full n n matrices. The resulting
multiplies in the linear solver are then either matrix-matrix or matrix-vector
multiplies, requiring work (number of scalar multiplies) of order n3 or n2, resp

ectively.
The IMPES formulation
Early paper[17][18][19] presented the basis of the IMPES (implicit pressure, exp
licit saturations) formulation for the black-oil case: take all variables in the
interblock flow terms explicit, except for pressure, and eliminate all nonpress
ure variables from the linearized expressions for MiIn+1 in Eq. 1. The obvious e
xtension to any type model with any number of components was presented later,[20
] and numerous IMPES-type compositional models have been published.[13][14][15][
21]
The model Eq. 3 can be written as:
RTENOTITLE....................(5)
If all variables but pressure are explicit in the interblock flow terms, then al
l entries but those in the last column of the n n Aij (j ? i) matrix are zero (r
ecall, the n th variable in each gridblock, Pin, is pressure pi). This allows el
imination of all nonpressure variables and reduction of the vector Eq. 5 to the
scalar equation in pressure only[22]:
RTENOTITLE....................(6)