What We Know About Fluid Mechanics: Lecture 3 Morrison Transport I CM3110 9/8/2014

Lecture 3 Morrison Transport I CM3110
9/8/2014
What we know about Fluid Mechanics

1.
2.
3.
Image from: joeforamerica.com
4.
5.
6.
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Faith A. Morrison, Michigan Tech U.

1. MEB (single input, single output, steady,
incompressible, no rxn, no phase change, little
heat; good for pipes, pumps; Moody chart;
Fanning friction factor versus Re )
9/8/2014

2. Fluid Statics (Pbot=Ptop+gh; same elevation, same
pressure; good for manometers, water in tanks)

2. Fluid Statics (Pbot=Ptop+gh; same elevation, same
pressure; good for manometers, water in tanks)
3. Math is in our future
9/8/2014
CM3110
Transport Processes and Unit Operations I
How do fluids behave?

1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
Viscosity
Drag
Boundary Layers
Laminar versus Turbulent Flow
Lift
Supersonic
Surface Tension
Curved Streamlines
Magnetohydrodynamics
(Ch2)
www.chem.mtu.edu/~fmorriso/cm310/cm310.html
5
2.1 Viscosity,
A measure of a liquids resistance to flow
water
(modest viscosity)
honey
(high viscosity)
9/8/2014
oil
honey
Momentum Flux
Viscosity
determines the
magnitude of
momentum flux
Momentum () = mass * velocity
Viscous fluids
transmit
stress from
one location
to another.
vectors
top plate has momentum, and it transfers this

momentum to the top layer of fluid
z
y
vz V
V
momentum flux
vz 0
vz (y)
9/8/2014
How is force to move plate related to V?
v z y 0 v z y H
F
V

A
H
H 0
(Note choice of
coordinate system)
v
z
y
Stress on a y-surface in
the z-direction
dv
yz z
dy
(See discussion of sign
convention of stress; this
is the tension positive
convention)
yz
F
A
Newtons
Law of
Viscosity
9
force kg m / s 2 kg m / s
yz
area
area
s area
Momentum
Flux
f
9 stresses
at a point
in space
y z
e y
f A( yx ex
yy e y yz ez )
stress on a y-surface
in the z-direction
yz
A surface
in the y-direction
flux of z-momentum
whose unit
normal is in the
(See discussion of sign convention of stress;
y-direction
this is the tension positive convention)
10
9/8/2014
(p110)
Example 2.1: What are the units of viscosity?
dvz
dy
yz
Newtons Law
of Viscosity
Viscosity, Greek letter mu
11
Viscosity
A measure of a liquids resistance to flow
Viscous fluids
transmit stress from
one location to
another.
Viscosity is responsible for the
development of pressure distributions
in laminar flow.
12
9/8/2014
(p110)
Example 2.2: How much force does it take to inject a water-like

solution through a 16-gauge needle (inner diameter=1.194 mm,
L=40mm)?
f plunger
Dp
13
Need to know: p(Q )

From the methods of this course, we
shall see that for Newtonian fluids:
Hagen-Poiseuille equation
(slow flow through tubes)
p0 pL R 4
Q
8L
14
9/8/2014
In the momentum balance, viscosity produces a force:
f ma
all forces
Forces
(including
viscous
forces)
Rate of
change of
momentum
Inertia
15
2.2 Drag
Fdrag
The retarding force on an object due to a

fluid (retarding implies opposite in
direction to the fluid velocity)
We study how to:

Calculate drag,
Image from: www.g4tv.com
Drag is a
consequence of
viscosity
1. Calculate velocity
2. Calculate force on the object surface
3. Calculate the component of that force in the
direction of the flow
Microscopicmomentum
balance
When impossible to calculate,

1. Measure force on model in a wind/water tunnel
2. Correlate using dimensional analysis
3. Scale up to system of interest
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9/8/2014
Without drag, objects of different weights, shapes,

fall at the same speed:
In 1971, astronaut David Scott conducted Galileos

experiment on the moon as part of Apollo 15.
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Drag Coefficient, CD
True at high
speeds
CD
Fdrag
1
v
2
Ap
reference area
Image from: www.autoevolution.com

Image from: www.seriouswheels.com
18
9/8/2014
(p117)
Example 2.4: How much faster will a bicycle racer traveling at 40

mph go if she adopts a racing crouch rather than riding upright?
CD 0.88
CD 0.50
CD 0.12
19
CD 1.1
Under what conditions is drag a simple matter of

knowing CD?
Could vary with:
Flow speed
Shape
Density
Viscosity
Temperature
...
CD
Fdrag
1
v
2
Ap
(i.e., Why is this so?

When is this so?)
20
10
Drag behavior of a sphere
9/8/2014
Pipe friction: Moody

Drag on spheres: this
21
2.3 Boundary Layers
Form at high speeds
Regions near solid surfaces in which viscosity

dominates the flow behavior, especially at high speeds
22
11
9/8/2014
There is relative motion near the surfaces

(viscosity is important);
Newtons Law of
Viscosity
dv z
dy
yz
Away from surfaces, the flow is uniform

(viscosity is not important; inertia dominates)
23
Attached boundary
layer near surface
Boundary layer
detaches
angle of
attack
Source: Illustrated experiments
in fluid mechanics: the NCFMF
book of film notes, MIT Press,
1972
24
Faith A. Morrison Michigan Tech. U.
12
9/8/2014
Why is the surface of a

golf ball designed the
way it is?
25
Manipulate boundary-layer
separation
smooth ball
H. Schlichting, Boundary Layer

Theory (McGraw-Hill, NY 1955.
When the boundary layer is

turbulent, it detaches farther
back (yielding lower drag)
rough ball
26
13
9/8/2014
cover: This image from a

simulation of wind blowing past
a building (black square)
reveals the vortices that are
shed downwind of the building;
dark orange represents the
highest air speeds, dark blue
the lowest. As a result of such
vortex formation and shedding,
tall buildings can experience
large, potentially catastrophic
forces. (Courtesy of the
computational fluid dynamics
group at Rowan William Davies
and Irwin Inc.)
27
(p124)
Example 2.5: A new tower hotel, cylindrical in shape and 100 ft in diameter,
has been built in a resort town near the sea on the windward side of an island.
Hotel guests complain that there are often uncomfortably high winds near
several of the entrances to the tower. How do the wind speed and pressure
vary with position around the tower and with on-shore wind speed?
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9/8/2014
The full Navier-Stokes is hard to solve; when viscosity is zero,

however, its easy to solve the N-S for v and p
Boundary Layers
Viscosity is NOT zero; however, outside the boundary layer,

viscosity is not important.
STRATEGY: When away from surfaces, solve for outer
(viscosity=0) flow
For inviscid flows:
v comes from stream function, ; (Diff Eqns)
Pressure comes from v and the Bernoulli equation:
Bernoulli equation
p v 2

z constant along a streamline
29
Velocity outside boundary layer
Boundary Layers
cylinder in
uniform flow:
(potential flow
solution)
R2
U 1 2 cos
r

2
R
v U 1 2 sin
r z
Pressure outside boundary layer

Bernoulli equation
p v2

2
30
15
9/8/2014
Boundary Layers in Internal Flow:
Entrance flow field in pipe flow
Entrance region
Boundary layer
Fully developed
flow
31
Faith A. Morrison Michigan Tech. U.
2.4 Laminar versus Turbulent Flow
Viscosity dominates
Inertia dominates
32
16
9/8/2014
Reynolds Experiment
Viscosity
dominates
Inertia
dominates
33
CM3110
Transport Processes and Unit Operations I

1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
Viscosity
Drag
Boundary Layers
Laminar versus Turbulent Flow
Lift
Supersonic
Surface Tension
Advanced
Curved Streamlines
Magnetohydrodynamics
(Ch2)
www.chem.mtu.edu/~fmorriso/cm310/cm310.html
34
17
9/8/2014
Take-Away from Today:

1. Viscosity
2. Drag
dvz
dy
yz
CD
Fdrag
1
2
v Ap
2
3. Boundary Layers
Viscous effects within BL; no viscous effects in main stream;
Bernoulli equation (like MEB) assumes no viscous effects
(outside the
boundary layer)
p v2

4. Laminar versus Turbulent Flow

(we know about this already)
35
Take-Away from Today:

1. Viscosity
Viscous
stress
2. Drag
Viscous
effects
dominate
near walls
CD
Fdrag
1
v
2
Ap
3. Boundary Layers
Viscous effects within BL; no viscous effects in main stream;
Bernoulli equation (like MEB) assumes no viscous effects
(outside the
boundary layer)
Inertial
effects
dominate
dvz
dy
yz
p v2

4. Laminar versus Turbulent Flow

(we know about this already)
36
18
9/8/2014

2. Fluid Statics ; same elevation,
same pressure; good for manometers, water in
tanks)
3. Math is in our future
4.
5.
6.
37

2. Fluid Statics ; same elevation,
same pressure; good for manometers, water in
tanks)
3. Newtons Law of Viscosity (fluids transmit forces
through momentum flux)
4. Momentum flux (=stress) has 9 components
5. Drag is a consequence of viscosity
6. Boundary layers form (viscous effects are
confined near surfaces at high speeds)
38
19
9/8/2014

8. Sometimes viscous effects dominate;
sometimes inertial effects dominate
39
Need one more tool:
Control Volume
(Ch3)
Following fluid
particles is complex:
It is simpler to observe
the flow pass through
a fixed volume
control volume
40
20
9/8/2014
Control Volume
A chosen volume in a flow

on which we perform balances
(mass, momentum, energy)
control volume
Shape, size are arbitrary; choose to be convenient

Because we are now balancing on control volumes
instead of on bodies, the laws of physics are written
differently
41
Mass balance, flowing system

(open system; control volume):
rate of
net mass
accumulation
flowing in
of mass
in
out
steady
state
42
21
9/8/2014
Momentum balance, flowing system

(open system; control volume):
f ma
all forces
rate of
sum of forces net momentum

accumulation
acting on control vol flowing in
of momentum
oni
in
out
steady state
momentum
momentum
flowing in flowing out 0

i
i in the streams
in the streams
note that momentum is

a vector quantity
43
We are ready to try a momentum balance.

Tools:
Mass balance (mass conserved)

Newtons 2nd law (momentum conserved)
Control volume
Newtons law of viscosity
Calculus 3 (multivariable calculus)
44
22
9/8/2014
CM3110
Transport I
Part I: Fluid Mechanics: Microscopic Balances
Professor Faith Morrison

Department of Chemical Engineering
Michigan Technological University
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What We Know About Fluid Mechanics: Lecture 3 Morrison Transport I CM3110 9/8/2014

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