RDSE 007 - Full Length Paper - A K Roy - IITR

Recent Developments in Structural Engineering (RDSE-2007), Department of Civil
Engineering, Manipal Institute of Technology, Manipal, India,

30, 31st August and 1st September 2007.
WIND LOADS ON GABLE TYPE CANOPY ROOF

A. K. Roy1, A. K. Ahuja2 and V. K. Gupta3
1
Research Scholar, Deptt. of Civil Engineering, I. I. T. R., Roorkee, India, amrit_ju2002@rediffmail.com

2
Associate Professor, Deptt. of Civil Engineering, I. I. T. R., Roorkee, India, ahuja_ak@rediffmail.com
3
Professor, Deptt. of Civil Engineering, I. I. T. R., Roorkee, India, vkgfce@rediffmail.com
Abstract
Low-rise buildings are designed against wind using pressure coefficients on wall and roof
surfaces as available in relevant code of practices. In case of canopy roofs very limited
information is available in code of practices. The present paper describes the efforts taken to
collect more information in this area. Wind pressure distribution on 150 mm x 300 mm gable
type canopy roof was determined in the wind tunnel, in a simulated, terrain category 2 (as per
IS:875-1987 [3]) boundary layer flow at a length scale of 1/40. Gable type canopy roof
models made of perspex sheets tested in the closed-circuit wind tunnel having cross section
1.3 m (width) x 0.85 m (height). Mean, R.M.S, Maximum and Minimum pressures has been
measured on the surfaces of the model for 7 wind directions namely 00, 150, 300, 450, 600, 750
and 900 in order to study the influence of wind incidence angle. Contour plots of local point
pressures indicate that the largest pressures are experienced close to the leading edges and
the ridge line of both the upper and lower surface of the roof at a wind orientation of 30, 60
and 75. The largest area averaged pressure coefficients are obtained on the leading sections
of both the upper and lower surface of the roof at a wind orientation of between 30 and 75.
Area averaged pressures on rectangular strips in regions close to the leading edges and ridge
line experience pressures substantially larger than those on rest of the roof.
Keywords : Canopies, Pitch (inclination), Wind tunnel tests, Different wind incidence angle,
Pressure distribution, Contours.
INTRODUCTION
Calculation of occasional loads like wind loads on structures require information on design
wind speed and pressure or force coefficients, which can be obtained from the relevant codes
of practice or literature to the extent it is available [AS/NZS: 1170.2 (2002) [1], ASCE:7-02
(2002) [2], IS:875 (part-3)-(1987) [3], NBC (Part-4) (1995) [4]].
According to Indian code of practices for design wind loads for building and structures IS:
875 (Part-3)-(1987) [3], the pressure coefficients (C p) for gable type canopy roof are available
only for few parameters. For different wind incidence angle the pressure coefficients are not
available. Further, available information does not include wind pressure coefficients (C p) on
corners where high pressure or suction is expected especially in case of skew angles.

Gumley (1984) [5] carried out a comprehensive study of wind pressures on various types of
canopy-roofed structures. However, available information is yet not sufficient for the designer
to design a canopy roof for wind loads. Therefore, an effort has been made in the present
study to investigate experimentally the distribution of wind loads acting on canopy roof for
different wind incidence angle.
EXPERIMENTAL PROGRAM
The experiment was conducted on the gable type canopy roofed building model in the closedcircuit wind tunnel at IIT Roorkee. For the benefit of the readers, a brief introduction of the
experimental setup is given next.
Details of Test Models
In the present study full-scale building with gable type canopy roof is taken as length=12m,
width=6m and height=3m. The experimental study is conducted by making 1:40 scale models
of canopy-roof building using perspex sheets with pressure points on upper as well as lower
surfaces. Dimensions of the model are 300 mm (length) 150 mm (width) 75 mm (height)
[Fig. 1(a)].
The corner pressure taps were densely arranged close to the short roof edge as it is shown in
Fig. 1(b).

Fig. 1. Schematic Diagram of (a) Typical Experimental Model and (b) Pressure Tap
Layout.
Flow Characteristics
The model is tested in boundary layer flow corresponding to terrain category 2 as per IS: 875
(part-3)-(1987) [3] in the closed-circuit wind tunnel having cross section 1.3 m (width) x 0.85
m (height) [Fig. 2].
6.1 m
Ref. Pitot Tube
Grid
Flow
Flow
500
3.5 m
Model
2.6 m
(a)
(b)
Fig. 2. Wind Tunnel Model of Gable Roof. (a) Schematic Diagram Showing Model
Placed at Test Section in Wind Tunnel and (b) Setup in Wind Tunnel.
Mean, R.M.S, Maximum and Minimum pressures has been measured on both the upper and
lower surfaces of the models for 7 wind directions namely 00, 150, 300, 450, 600, 750 and 900
in order to study the influence of wind incidence angle.
The pressure taping installation of the experimental gable type roof model is shown in Fig. 3.
In this figure P1, P2 and P3 are the pressure tapping point on the upper surface of the roof
model and P4, P5 and P6 are the pressure taping points on the lower surface of the model.
P1
P2
P3
P5
P6
5
5
P4
Fig. 3. Pressure Tubes Arrangements in Roof Section.

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
Systematic measurements were conducted at the experimental model. The collected data then
used to calculate Mean, R.M.S, Maximum and Minimum pressures.
The mean pressure contours superimposed on the typical structural framing patterns on both
the upper and lower surface of the roof for different wind directions are shown in Fig. 4 to 7.
It is observed that largest pressures are experienced close to the leading edges and the ridge
line of both the upper and lower surface of the roof at a wind orientation of 30, 60 and 75.

This is also noticeable in that figures of contour plots of local point pressures that the largest
area averaged pressure coefficients are obtained on the leading sections of both the upper and
lower surface of the roof at a wind orientation of between 30 and 75. Rectangular strips in
regions close to the leading edges and ridge line experience pressures substantially larger than
those on rest of the roof.
290
290
270
270
250
250
230
230
210
210
190
170
150
L e n g th (m m )
L e n g th (m m )
190
F ace B
F ace A
130
110
Wind Direction
170
F ace B
150
F ace A
130
110
90
90
70
70
50
50
30
30
10
10
30
50
70 80
100
120
140
10
W id th (m m )
10
30
50
100
120
140
100
120
140
(a)
(a)
290
290
270
270
250
250
230
230
210
210
190
190
170
F ace B
F ace A
150
L e n g th (m m )
L e n g th (m m )
70 80
W id th (m m )
Wind 0 to Ridge
130
170
Face A
150
130
110
Wind Direction
110
90
90
70
70
50
50
30
30
10
10
30
50
70 80
100
120
W id th ( m m )
140
10
10
30
50
70 80
W id th (m m )
Wind 0 to Ridge
(b)
(b)
4

Fig. 4. Mean Pressure Coefficient Contours of the Gable Roof on the (a) Upper and (b)
Lower Surface for Wind Flow along 0 to Ridge and on the (c) Upper and (d) Lower
Surface for Wind Flow along 15 to Ridge.
290
290
270
270
250
250
230
230
210
210
Wind direction
190
170
L en g th (m m )
L e n g th (m m )
190
F ace B
F ace A
150
130
110
Wind Direction
F ace B
170
F ace A
150
130
110
90
90
70
70
50
50
30
30
10
10
30
50
70 80
100
120
140
10
10
W id t h ( m m )
30
(a)
100
120
140
120
140
290
270
270
250
250
230
230
210
210
F ace B
190
190
170
L e n tg th (m m )
L e n g th (m m )
70 80
(a)
290
Wind Direction
50
W id th (m m )
150
130
F ace A
110
Wind Direction
150
110
90
70
70
50
50
30
30
10
30
50
70 80
W id t h ( m m )
(b)
100
120
140
F ace B
130
90
10
F ace A
170
10
10
30
50
70 80
100
W id th (m m )
(b)

Wind Direction
290
290
270
270
250
250
230
230
210
210
190
190
170
170
L e n g th (m m )
L e n g th (m m )
F ace A
150
F ace B
130
F ace A
F ace B
150
130
110
110
Wind Direction
90
90
70
70
50
50
30
30
10
10
10
30
50
70 80
100
120
10
140
30
50
70 80
270
270
250
250
230
230
210
210
190
190
170
L e n g th (m m )
L e n g th (m m )
Wind Direction
290
F ace A
F ace B
130
120
140
120
140
(a)
(a)
290
150
100
W id th (m m )
W id th (m m )
110
F ace B
F ace A
170
150
130
110
Wind Direction
90
90
70
70
50
50
30
30
10
10
30
50
70 80
W id th (m m )
(b)
100
120
140
10
10
30
50
70 80
100
W id th (m m )
(b)
6

290
290
270
270
250
250
230
230
210
210
190
190
170
Face B
F ace A
150
Wind 90
to Ridge
130
L e n g th (m m )
Wind 90
to Ridge
L e n g th (m m )
170
F ace A
150
130
110
110
90
90
70
70
50
50
30
30
10
10
10
30
50
70 80
W id th (m m )
100
120
140
F ace B
10
30
50
70 80
100
120
140
W id th (m m )
(a)
(b)
Fig. 7. Mean Pressure Coefficient Contours on the (a) Upper and (b) Lower Surface of
the Gable Roof for Wind Flow along 90 to Ridge.
CONCLUSIONS
The effect of gable type canopy-roof construction in extreme wind environments is significant
in mitigating wind damage.
The following conclusions are drawn from the study reported in this paper.
(i) Rectangular strips in regions close to the leading edges and ridge line experience pressures
substantially larger than those on rest of the roof.
(ii) Largest pressures are experienced close to the leading edges and the ridge line of both the
upper and lower surface of the roof at a wind orientation between 30 and 75.
(iii) The largest area averaged pressure coefficients are obtained on the leading sections of
both the upper and lower surface of the roof at a wind orientation of between 30 and 75.

(iv) Pressure coefficients for gable type canopy-roof should be incorporated in future
revisions of wind loading codes so that designers may directly utilize the amplitude
reductions and spatial distributions that improve the survival of gable type canopy-roofed
structures.
REFERENCES
[1] AS/NZS: 1170.2, Structure Design Actions, Part-2: Wind Actions, Standard
Australia/Standards New Zealand, Sydney, Wellington, 2002.
[2] ASCE: 7-02, Minimum Design Loads for Buildings and other Structure, Str. Engg.
Institute of the American Society of Civil Engineers, Reston, 2002.
[3] IS: 875 (part-3), Code of practice for the design loads (other than Earthquake) for
buildings and structures, B. I. S. New Delhi, India, 1987.
[4] NBC (Part-4), Structural Commentaries, National Research Council of Canada, Canada,
1995.
[5] S. J. Gumley, A parametric study of extreme pressure for the static design of canopy
structures, J. of Wind Engg. and Ind. Aerodyn., 1984, pp. 43-56.

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RDSE 007 - Full Length Paper - A K Roy - IITR

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Recent Developments in Structural Engineering (RDSE-2007), Department of Civil

Engineering, Manipal Institute of Technology, Manipal, India,

WIND LOADS ON GABLE TYPE CANOPY ROOF

Research Scholar, Deptt. of Civil Engineering, I. I. T. R., Roorkee, India, amrit_ju2002@rediffmail.com

Recent Developments in Structural Engineering (RDSE-2007), Department of Civil

Recent Developments in Structural Engineering (RDSE-2007), Department of Civil

Fig. 3. Pressure Tubes Arrangements in Roof Section.

Recent Developments in Structural Engineering (RDSE-2007), Department of Civil

Recent Developments in Structural Engineering (RDSE-2007), Department of Civil

Recent Developments in Structural Engineering (RDSE-2007), Department of Civil

Recent Developments in Structural Engineering (RDSE-2007), Department of Civil

Recent Developments in Structural Engineering (RDSE-2007), Department of Civil

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